为了明确天津蓟州区独乐寺危害壁画和泥塑的文物害虫,本研究对寺内的泥塑与壁画害虫进行了系统调查,根据形态特征和 DNA 条形码技术进行分类鉴定。结果显示:①危害壁画的害虫主要有黑颚条蜂（Anthophora melanognatha）、花斑皮蠹（Trogoderma variabile）、衣蛾（Tineola sp.）、壁钱（Uroctea sp.）及拟裸蛛甲（Gibbium aequinoc-tiale）等;②对所有发生虫害孔洞信息进行统计分析表明,大多数害虫集中发生在直径小于 0.80 cm 、深度小于 7.00 cm的孔洞内;③壁钱与衣蛾、花斑皮蠹、黑颚条蜂栖息孔洞的深度存在显著差异(P<0.05),黑颚条蜂与衣蛾栖息孔洞的深度存在显著差异(P<0.05),衣蛾与壁钱、黑颚条蜂栖息孔洞的直径存在显著差异(P<0.05),花斑皮蠹与黑颚条蜂栖息孔洞的直径存在显著差异(P<0.05);④危害泥塑的害虫主要为花斑皮蠹、壁钱、拟裸蛛甲及一些泥蜂 （Sphecidae sp.）,在十一面观音像胸部还发现黑颚条蜂筑巢;⑤在相关害虫发生期,综合采用色板、诱虫液诱杀和药剂滴孔、药棉填塞、熏杀等方法进行综合防治,取得良好效果。
To clarify the cultural relics pests that damage the frescoes and clay sculptures in the Dule Temple in Jizhou Dis- trict of Tianjin,the pests occurring in the frescoes and clay sculptures in this temple were investigated.The classification and identification were conducted based on morphological characteristics and DNA barcoding technology.The results illustrated that:① The main pests of frescoes were Anthophora melanognatha,Trogoderma variabile,Tineola sp.,Uroctea sp.and Gibbium aequinoctiale;② The statistical analysis of all the holes of frescoes showed that the most pests inhabited in the holes with diameter less than 0.80 cm and depth less than 7.00 cm ;③ The depth of holes of Uroctea sp.had significant dif- ference with that of Tineola sp.,Trogoderma variabile,and A nthophora melanognatha (P<0.05),the depth of holes between Anthophora melanognatha and Tineola spp.also had significant differences (P<0.05),Tineola sp.had significant difference with Uroctea sp.and Anthophora melanognatha in the diameter of the holes (P<0.05) ,and there was also significant differ- ence in the diameter of the holes between Trogoderma variabile and Anthophora melanognatha (P<0.05);④The main pests of the clay sculpture were Trogoderma variabile,Uroctea sp.,Gibbium aequinoctiale,and Sphecidae sp.,and Anthophora melanognatha also nested in the chest of the Eleven-faced Avalokitesvara clay sculpture;⑤The related pests were eliminat- ed comprehensively using different methods and equipment,including insect-attracting method through colorful sticky boards,sugar-acetic acid-ethanol liquid,as well as pesticide spraying,injection and fumigation,etc.
[1] 莫娜,黄纳.中国三大古建筑的考察与思考[J].沈阳建筑大学学报 (社会科学版),2014,16(3):240-244.
MO N,HUANG N.The investigation and thinking of the Chinese three ancient buildings[J].Journal of Shenyang Jianzhu University(Social Science),2014,16(3):240-244(in Chinese).
[2] 纪烈敏. 独乐寺观音阁壁画调查[J].文物,2004(3):78-87.
JI L M.The hall of bodhisattva at the dule temple[J].Cultural Relics, 2004(3):78-87(in Chinese).
[3] 赵智慧,高树影.浅谈独乐寺的十一面观音造像[J].中国民族博览, 2019(5):231-233.
ZHAOZ H,GAO S Y.On the eleven Guanyin statues in Dule Temple[J]. China National Exhibition,2019(5):231-233(in Chinese).
[4] 汪万福,吉爱红,武发思,等.仿爱夜蛾成虫在莫高窟模拟壁画表面的运动行为及其损害机理[J].昆虫学报,2014,57(6):703-709.
WANG W F,JI A H,WU F S,et al.Locomotive behavior and damag- ing mechanism of adult Apopestes spectrum(Lepidoptera:Noctuidae) on mural surface in a simulated cave of Mogao Grottoes,Dunhuang[J]. Acta Entomologica Sinica,2014,57(6):703-709(in Chinese).
[5] 胡瑜兰,秦玥,张秉坚.古建筑、壁画及土遗址中常见害虫防治研究的现状与展望[J].昆虫学报,2023,66(8):1117-1127.
HU Y L,QIN Y,ZHANG B J.Control of common insect pests in an- cient buildings,murals and earthen sites:Research status and pros- pects[J].Acta Entomologica Sinica,2023,66(8):1117-1127(in Chi- nese).
[6] 刘根宇,甄刚,贾甲,等.天津蓟州独乐寺古建筑群昆虫多样性及关键害虫防治[J].西北农业学报,2024,33(2):341-354.
LIU G Y,ZHEN G,JIA J,et al.Insect biodiversity and key pest man- agement in ancient architectural complex of Dule Temple in Tianjin[J]. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Occidentalis Sinica,2024,33(2):341-354 (in Chinese).
[7] NINA V,NATAŠA T,MATJAŽ K.Streamlining DNA barcoding pro- tocols:Automated DNA extraction and a new cox1 primer in arachnid systematics[J].PLoS One,2014,9(11):113-130.
[8] 钟慧娴,袁霄,陈勇平.木结构古建筑常见虫害特征及防治分析[J].木材科学与技术,2022,36(3):96-100.
ZHONG H X,YUAN X,CHEN Y P.Characterization and prevention of wood insects in ancient timber structures[J].Chinese Journal of Wood Science and Technology,2022,36(3):96-100(in Chinese).
[9] 于保庭,楼旭亮,赵建明,等.古建筑白蚁危害防控体系建设探讨[J].中华卫生杀虫药械,2023,29(2):180-183.
YU B T,LOU X L,ZHAO J M,et al.Exploration on the prevention and control system of termite infestation in ancient buildings[J].Chi- nese Journal of Hygienic Insecticides &Equipments,2023, 29(2): 180-183(in Chinese).
[10] BASTIAN F,ALABOUVETTE C,SAIZ-JIMENEZ C.The impact of arthropods on fungal community structure in Lascaux Cave[J].Journal of Applied Microbiology,2009,106(5):1456-1462.
[11] 卫国. 西藏博物馆藏品虫害调研与防治[J].文物保护与考古科学, 2019,31(5):91-98.
WEI G.Investigation and control of pest damage on cultural relics col- lected by Tibet Museum[J].Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology, 2019,31(5):91-98(in Chinese).
[12] BASTIAN F,JURADO V,NOVÁKOVÁ A,et al.The microbiology of Lascaux cave[J].Microbiology,2010,156(Pt 3):644-652.
[13] JURADO V,SANCHEZ-MORAL S,SAIZ-JIMENEZ C.Entomogenous fungi and the conservation of the cultural heritage:A review[J].Inter- national Biodeterioration &Biodegradation,2008,62(4):325-330.
[14] STORY K O.Approaches to Pest Management in Museums[M].Suit- land:Smithsonian Institution, 1985.
[15] LINNIE M J.Pest control:A survey of natural history museums in Great Britain and Ireland[J].International Journal of Museum Management and Curatorship,1987,6(3):277-290.
[16] FOHRER F,MARTINEZ M,DORKELD F.A database devoted to the insects of the cultural heritage[J].Journal of Entomological and Acaro- logical Research,2011,43(2): 95.
[17] 汪万福,马赞峰,蔺创业,等.昆虫对石窟壁画的危害与防治研究[J].敦煌研究,2002(4):84-91,112-120.
WANG W F,MA Z F,LIN C Y,et al.Insects damage to murals in grottoes and the ways of prevention and treatment[J].Dunhuang Re- search,2002(4):84-91,112-120(in Chinese).
[18] 马燕天,杜烨,向婷,等.壁画的生物腐蚀与防护研究进展[J].文物保护与考古科学,2014,26(2):97-103.
MA Y T,DU Y,XIANG T,et al.A review on bio-deterioration and protection of wall paintings[J].Sciences of Conservation and Archaeolo- gy,2014,26(2):97-103(in Chinese).
[19] 汪怡珂,罗昔联,陈思宇,等.文物的赋存环境及其预防性保护问题[J].文物保护与考古科学,2020,32(2):95-102.
WANG Y K,LUO X L,CHEN S Y,et al.The environment of cultural relics and relevant preventive conservation problems[J].Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology,2020,32(2):95-102(in Chinese).
[20] 屈静. 大气污染对 20 世纪建筑遗产石材的影响及预防性保护措施探究[J].建筑与文化,2022(10):220-222.
QU J.The influence of air pollution on the stone of architectural her- itage in the 20th century and preventive conservation measures[J].Ar- chitecture &Culture,2022(10):220-222(in Chinese).
[21] 温巧燕. 馆藏纸质文物预防性保护应用研究:以温州博物馆为例[D].杭州:浙江大学, 2019.
WEN Q Y.Study of the Application of Preventive Preservation of Paper Collection:Taking Wenzhou Museum as An Example[D].Hangzhou: Zhejiang University,2019(in Chinese).
