The geographical differentiation pattern of rural settlement land use is the scientific basis for the spatial classification and governance of the country. The spatial analysis, landscape pattern index, and the countryside order-scale rule were used to compare the spatial and temporal evolution patterns and influencing factors of rural settlements in the Northern Diversion Irrigation Area, Central Arid Zone and Southern Mountainous Area of Ningxia from 1990 to 2020. The results show that: （1）The spatial structure of rural settlements in the Northern Yellow Diversion Irrigation Area evolves in a high density cluster-wide banded-cluster pattern; the Central Arid Zone evolves in a low density dispersed-middle density scattered pattern; and the Southern Mountainous Area evolves in a medium density nested cluster pattern. （2）The land use has been integrated, firstly, the land use is mainly new and expanding, encroaching on agricultural production and grassland ecological space; after 2005, there is a tendency to compensate for agricultural production and ecological space. （3）Large scale settlements in the Northern Yellow Irrigation Area and Southern Mountainous Areas are poorly developed, and small scale settlements need to be integrated. The evolution pattern of rural settlements in different geographical zones of Ningxia has both commonalities and individualities.
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