长江经济带发展战略是我国进入新发展阶段后的重大区域发展战略，其实施对于长江经济带产业结构升级产生重大影响。基于2005~2019年地级市面板数据，运用双重差分法研究实施长江经济带发展战略对长江经济带产业结构升级的作用及影响机制。研究发现，长江经济带发展战略的实施显著推动该区域产业结构高级化和合理化，该结论在多种稳健性检验后仍然成立；根据可持续发展理论，这种影响通过环境规制、科技创新和基础设施建设来实现。异质性分析表明，长江经济带发展战略显著推动沿江城市、污染型城市产业结构合理化，但对产业结构高级化的推动作用不显著；对于非沿江城市，长江经济带发展战略则显著促进当地产业结构高级化，但对产业结构合理化的促进效应不显著；对于非污染型城市，长江经济带发展战略则显著推动当地产业结构高级化和合理化。研究结论为我国进一步贯彻实施长江经济带发展战略提供理论支撑和政策启示。

The Yangtze River Economic Belt Development Strategy is a major regional development strategy after China has entered a new stage of development. The implementation has an important impact on the development of the Yangtze River Economic Belt. Based on the panel data of prefecture-level cities from 2005-2019, this paper used the difference-in-differences method to study the effects and mechanism of the implementation of the Yangtze River Economic Belt Development Strategy on the industrial structure upgrade of this region. It was found that the implementation of the Yangtze River Economic Belt Development Strategy significantly promoted the advancement and rationalization of industrial structure in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, which was still valid after multiple robustness tests. According to the sustainable development theory, this effect was mainly achieved through three aspects: environmental regulation, innovation and infrastructure construction. Heterogeneity tests showed that the Yangtze River Economic Belt Development Strategy significantly promoted the rationalization of industrial structure in riverine cities and polluting cities, but not the advancement of industrial structure; For non-riverine cities, the Yangtze River Economic Belt Development Strategy significantly promoted the advancement of industrial structure, but not the rationalization of industrial structure; For non-polluting cities, the Yangtze River Economic Belt Development Strategy significantly promoted both the advancement and the rationalization of local industrial structure. These findings may provide theoretical support and policy enlightenment for the further implementation of the Yangtze River Economic Belt Development Strategy.