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王果,男,1969年生,正高级工程师,主要从事铀矿地质勘查与科研工作。E-mail:363395265@qq.com |
收稿日期: 2024-12-02
修回日期: 2025-04-11
网络出版日期: 2025-11-06
基金资助
中国核工业地质局项目“鄂尔多斯盆地北部鄂托克前旗-东胜地区铀矿资源调查评价与勘查”(202201)
内蒙古自治区“草原英才”项目“鄂尔多斯盆地北部铀资源成矿理论创新和铀矿大基地资源保障能力提升”和中国工程科技发展战略内蒙古研究院项目“内蒙古铀矿大基地资源保障能力研究”(2024NMYB-07)
Geological characteristics and metallogenic mechanism of Lower Cretaceous uranium mineralization in northern Ordos basin
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WANG Guo,male,born in 1969,senior engineer,PhD,focusing on uranium exploration and scientific research. E-mail:363395265@qq.com. |
Received date: 2024-12-02
Revised date: 2025-04-11
Online published: 2025-11-06
Supported by
China Nuclear Geology Bureau Project “Investigation,Evaluation and Exploration of Uranium Resources in EtuoKe QianQi-Dongsheng Area,Northern Ordos Basin”(202201)
Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region “Grassland Talents”project “Uranium resource mineralization theory innovation in the north of Ordos basin and the improvement of resource support capacity of large uranium mine base”;the Inner Mongolia Research Institute of Engineering Science and Technology Development Strategy project “Inner Mongolia Uranium Mine Resource Support Capacity”(2024NMYB-07)
鄂尔多斯盆地为我国第二大能源盆地,发现了多个大型、特大型铀矿床。盆地内下白垩统环河组上段为主要的找矿层位。通过铀成矿地质特征、蚀变矿物组合和岩石地球化学等方法研究鄂尔多斯盆地北部下白垩统环河组的铀矿化特征、成矿机理,建立成矿模式。下白垩统环河组3个叠加体系域组成细-粗-细的地层结构,为后期铀成矿流体的运移提供建造基础。在成矿早期氧化带的规模有限,主要的蚀变矿物为赤铁矿、褐铁矿、黄铁矿、黄铜矿、闪锌矿、方解石和铀石等,成矿环境的还原能力较强,成矿流体的碱性较强,发生强烈的水-岩作用。在成矿作用中晚期,氧化带向盆地内推进,发生强烈的氧化-还原反应,原矿石带、还原带被氧化,成矿环境保持早期的较强还原性。该时期主要蚀变矿物为赤铁矿、褐铁矿、黄铁矿、蒙脱石、绿泥石和铀石等。随着成矿流体的混合,成矿流体逐渐转为弱碱性,硅酸铀酰离子分解,形成大量铀石。
王果 , 刘波 , 白一鸣 , 王龙辉 , 李华明 , 芦帅帅 . 鄂尔多斯盆地北部下白垩统环河组铀成矿地质特征及成矿机理研究[J]. 世界核地质科学, 2025 , 42(3) : 485 -503 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-0636.2025.03.002
The Ordos basin is the second largest energy basins in China,and several large uranium ore deposits have been discovered. The upper member of Lower Cretaceous Huanhe formation in the basin is the main prospecting horizon. In this paper,the uranium mineralization characteristics and metallogenic mechanism of Lower Cretaceous Huanhe formation in northern Ordos basin are studied by means of geological characteristics,altered mineral association,rock geochemistry and the metallogenic model is established. The three superimposed system domains of Lower Cretaceous Huanhe formation formed a fine-coarse-fine stratigraphic structure,which provided a foundation for the migration of uranium ore-forming fluids in the later period. In the early stage of mineralization,the scale of the oxidation zone was limited,and the main alteration minerals were hematite,limonite,pyrite,chalcopyrite,sphalerite,calcite and coffinite,etc. The metallogenic environment were of strong reducing capacity,the ore-forming fluid were strongly alkaline,and intense water-rock interaction occured. In the middle and late stage of mineralization,the oxidation zone advanced into the basin,a strong REDOX reaction developed ,the primary ore zone and reduction zone were formed,and the metallogenic environment maintained the early strong reducibility. The main altered minerals in this period were hematite,limonite,pyrite,montmorillonite,chlorite and uranite. With the mixing of ore-forming fluids,ore-forming fluids gradually turn to weak alkaline,uranyl silicate ions decomposed,and a large amount of uranite was formed.
图4 鄂尔多斯盆地北部下白垩统环河组上段砂体厚度(a)、含砂率(b)、泥岩厚度(c)、泥岩层数(d)、氧化率(e)等值线图及氧化分带(f)和沉积体系(g)与铀矿体的分布图注1:砂体厚度通过岩心编录统计所得 注2:含砂率通过单孔统计所得(计算公式:砂岩累计厚度/层厚×100 %) 注3:氧化率通过单孔统计所得(计算公式:红色、褐红色、褐色砂岩累计厚度/砂岩总厚度×100 %) Fig. 4 Contour map of the thickness (a),sand content (b),claystone thickness (c),number of claystone layers (d),oxidation rate (e) of the Lower Cretaceous sandstone in the northern Ordos basin,the distribution map of oxidation belt (f) and sedimentary system (g) as well as uranium ore body |
图5 鄂尔多斯北部下白垩统铀矿石中典型的蚀变矿物组合(1)a—红色砂岩中石英碎屑(Qz)被溶蚀,在溶蚀孔洞中发育铀石(U);b—铀石分布于石英(Qz)的溶蚀孔洞中;c—红色砂岩中石英(Qz)被溶蚀,在溶蚀孔洞中发育铀矿物,石英颗粒的边缘被赤铁矿(Hem)包裹,赤铁矿吸附铀(U);在砂岩的孔隙中发育其他赤铁矿化(Hem)(保留黄铁矿的假晶);d—红色砂岩孔隙中的球状黄铁矿被氧化成赤铁矿(Hem),保留黄铁矿的假晶;e—针状赤铁矿边缘被铀矿物包裹;f—在石英的溶蚀孔洞中发育铀矿物和铁氧化物(Hem),赤铁矿吸附铀,同时石英被铀矿物(U)包裹;g—红色砂岩中石英被强烈的溶蚀,在溶蚀孔洞及石英颗粒的边缘发育铁氧化物,铁氧化物吸附铀;h—红色氧化砂岩中石英颗粒边缘分布的铀矿物,在铀矿物中发育硒铅矿(PbSe)。 Fig.5 Typical altered mineral association in Lower Cretaceous uranium ore in northern Ordos(1) a-Dissolved Quartz debris (Qz) in red sandstone and uranite in dissolution hole (U); b-Coffinite the dissolution hole of quarts(Qz);c-Dissolved quartz (Qz)in red sandstone,which coated by hematite absorbing uranium and filled by uranium minerals in the dissolution holes. Hematization (Hem) (pseudocrystalline with pyrite retained) developed in the pores of the sandstone;d- Globular pyrite oxidized to hematite (Hem) in the pores of red sandstone and retained as the pseudocrystalline of pyrite;e-The acicular hematite coated with uranium minerals;f-Uranium minerals and iron oxides (Hem) develop in the solution holes of quartz,hematite adsorbs uranium,and quartz coated with uranium minerals (U);g-Strongly dissolved Quartz in red sandstone and iron oxides developing around the dissolution holes and quartz particles and adsorbing uranium;h-Uranium minerals distributed around the quartz grains in red oxidized sandstone and containing PbSe |
图6 鄂尔多斯北部下白垩统铀矿石中典型的蚀变矿物组合(2)a—褐灰色砂岩孔隙中发育大量的球状黄铁矿(Py),球状黄铁矿由多个自形的黄铁矿(Py)颗粒组成;铀矿物(U)分布于黄铁矿间及其表面;b—铀矿物分布于石英颗粒(Qz)的边缘及球状黄铁矿(Py)间及其表面;c—褐灰色砂岩砂岩孔隙中发育方铅矿(PbS),在方铅矿(PbS)和石英颗粒(Qz)的边缘发育铀矿物;d—褐灰色砂岩孔隙中铅锌矿和方解石间发育铀矿物;e—褐灰色砂岩中发育黑云母(Bi),在黑云母的解理和边缘分布大量的铀矿物(U);f—褐灰色砂岩的孔隙中分布大量胶状的铀矿物(U)、方解石(Dol)和黄铁矿(Py);g—草莓状黄铁矿边缘(Py)和颗粒间分布铀矿物(U);h—植物包腔中发育大量的铀矿物(U)。 Fig. 6 Typical altered mineral association in Lower Cretaceous uranium ore in northern Ordos(2) a-Spheroidal pyrites (Py) developed in the pores of brown gray sandstone which is composed of many idiomorphic pyrite (Py) particles and with uranium mineral (U) in and around the grain;b-Uranium minerals distributed around the quartz particles (Qz),between and around the spheroidal pyrite (Py);c-Lead-zinc ore (PbS) developed in the sandstone pores,and uranium minerals developed in the margins of lead-zinc ore (PbS) and quartz particles (Qz);d-Uranium minerals developed between lead-zinc ore and calcite in the pores of brown gray sandstone;e-Biotite (Bi) developed in brown gray sandstone with a large number of uranium minerals (U) distributed in the cleavage and around the margin;f-A large number of colloidal uranium minerals (U),calcite (Dol) and pyrite (Py) distributed in the pores of brown gray sandstone;g-Uranium mineral(U) developed in and between the strawberry pyrite grain (Py);h-A large amount of uranium mineral (U) developed in plant envelope. |
图8 鄂尔多斯北部不同类型砂岩微量元素配分模式图(球粒陨石数据引自文献[29])a—红色砂岩;b—绿色砂岩;c—灰色砂岩和褐灰色砂岩。 Fig. 8 Chondrite normalized spider diagram of trace elements in different types of sandstones in northern Ordos a-Red sandstone;b-Blue sandstone;c-Gray sandstone |
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