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第一作者:乔麓伊,女,1998年生,在读硕士研究生,核质谱研究与应用方向。E-mail:qiaoluyi@qq.com |
收稿日期: 2025-03-19
修回日期: 2025-03-25
网络出版日期: 2025-10-24
基金资助
核技术研发项目(测H2402)
Performance validation of a Daly detector for thermal ionization mass spectrometry
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First author:QIAO Luyi,female,born in 1998,master’s degree candidate,focusing on nuclear mass spectrometry research and application. E-mail:qiaoluyi@qq.com |
Received date: 2025-03-19
Revised date: 2025-03-25
Online published: 2025-10-24
Supported by
Nuclear Technology Research and Development Projects,China Atomic Energy Authority(测H2402)
为满足热电离质谱仪(TIMS)测定低丰度同位素的要求,在TIMS上配置二次电子倍增器(SEM)或Daly检测器离子计数检测器很有必要。与SEM相比,Daly具有高增益、低噪声、线性好、使用寿命长、光电倍增管位于仪器真空系统外且易于更换等特点,性价比更高。研制的Daly检测器由检测腔体、离子转换打拿极、塑料闪烁体、快响应光电倍增管、前置放大器、单光子计数器、供电电源和测控软件组成。Daly检测器的响应门控可在0.1~2 V间调节,光电倍增管高压坪介于800~900 V之间,离子计数本底低于0.1 cps,最高计数率为40 Mcps。通过铀同位素组成测定对制作的Daly检测器进行性能验证,结果表明,Daly对CRM0002同位素丰度的测试内精密度235U/238U为0.073 %,UTB500同位素丰度的测试内精密度234U/238U、235U/238U和236U/238U分别为0.139 %、0.056 %和0.214 %,满足ASTM C1625—19要求。
乔麓伊 , 郭冬发 , 李伯平 , 刘桂方 , 向波 , 韦梓渝 , 汤书婷 , 谭靖 , 张泽 , 王若鸣 , 李黎 , 董守智 , 吴磊 , 戴光钏 , 李梦清 . 用于热电离质谱仪的Daly检测器铀同位素分析性能验证[J]. 世界核地质科学, 2025 , 42(2) : 423 -435 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-0636.2025.02.016
To meet the requirements of thermoionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) for the determination of low-abundance isotopes,it is necessary to configure a secondary electron multiplier (SEM) or Daly detector ion counting detector on the TIMS. Compared to SEM,Daly offers high gain,low noise, good linearity,long service life, and the photomultiplier tube is located outside the instrument’s vacuum system and easy to replace,making it more cost-effective. The authors developed Daly detector consists of a detection chamber,an ion conversion pole,a plastic scintillator,a fast-response photomultiplier tube,a preamplifier,a single-photon counter,a power supply,and the measurement and control software. The response gating of the Daly detector can be adjusted between 0.1~2 V,the photomultiplier tube has a high voltage of 800~900 V,the ion counting background is less than 0.1 cps,and the highest count rate is 40 Mcps. In this paper,the performance of the Daly detector was verified by uranium isotope composition determination, and the results showed that the intra-test precision of Daly for the CRM0002 isotope abundance of 235U/238U was 0.073 %,and the intra-test precision of the isotope abundance of UTB500 was 0.139 %,0.056 % and 0.214 % respectively for 234U /238U,235U /238U and 236U /238U,which met the requirements of ASTM C1625—19.
Key words: thermal ionization mass spectrometer; Daly detector; preamplifier; FPGA
图1 Daly检测器机械位置图a—Daly检测器示意图;b—Daly检测器腔体内部结构;c—Daly检测器实物图。 Fig. 1 Mechanical position diagram of Daley detector a—Schematic diagram of Daly detector;b—Mechanical diagram of the internal structure of Daly detector cavity ;c—Physical diagram of Daly detector. |
表1 不同屏蔽条件下的本底计数对比Table 1 Comparison of background counts under different shielding conditions |
| 序号 | 实验条件 | 本底计数/cps |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 光电倍增管模块外部无避光,开启日光灯 | 138~156 |
| 2 | 光电倍增管模块外部无避光,关闭日光灯 | 49~54 |
| 3 | 光电倍增管模块外部缠绕黑色胶带,开启日光灯 | 28~35 |
| 4 | 光电倍增管模块外部缠绕黑色胶带,关闭日光灯 | 27~33 |
| 5 | 光电倍增管模块外部缠绕锡纸及黑色胶带,开启日光灯 | 22~27 |
| 6 | 光电倍增管模块外部缠绕锡纸及黑色胶带,电路接地电阻<1 Ω,开启日光灯 | 20~25 |
| 6 | 光电倍增管模块外部缠绕锡纸及黑色胶带,开启日光灯,提高甄别器阈值0.6 V | 1.2~3.5 |
| 7 | 光电倍增管模块外部缠绕锡纸及黑色胶带,开启日光灯,进一步提高甄别器阈值0.8 V | 0.03~0.16 |
图6 光电倍增管高压与计数率关系图注:测试条件:灯丝电离电流:中心带:4.5 A,边带:3.0 A;离子透镜参数:加速电压:7 997 V,源电压:7 447 V,引出电压:2 401 V,左偏转电压:4 961 V,右偏转电压:4943 V,狭缝聚焦电压:64 V,上偏转电压:2 986 V,下偏转电压:3 019 V;WARP滤镜参数:外电极:2 000 V,中心电极:6 800 V,内电极:2 000 V;闪烁体高压:200 V;转换打拿极高压:-27 kV;甄别器阈值:0.7 V。 Fig. 6 Relationship between high voltage and counting rate of photomultiplier tube Note:Test conditions:filament ionization current:centerband:4.5 A,sideband:3.0 A;Ion energy:7 997 V,Source:7 447 V,Extraction:2 401 V,D-focus:4 961 V,D-bias:4943 V,Slit:64 V,Z-focus:2 986 V,Z-bias:3 019 V;WARP filter parameters: outer electrode:2 000 V,central electrode:6 800 V,inner electrode:2 000 V;Scintillator high voltage:200 V;Daly konck:-27 kV;Discriminator threshold:0.7 V. |
图7 阈值与计数率关系图注:测试条件:灯丝电离电流:中心带:4.5 A,边带:3.0 A;离子透镜参数:加速电压:7 997 V,源电压:7 447 V,引出电压:2 401 V,左偏转电压:4 961 V,右偏转电压:4943 V, 狭缝聚焦电压:64 V,上偏转电压:2986 V,下偏转电压:3 019 V;WARP滤镜参数:外电极:2 000 V,中心电极:6 800 V,内电极:2 000 V;闪烁体高压:200V;转换打拿极高压:-27 kV;光电倍增管高压:800 V。 Fig. 7 Relationship between threshold and count rate Note:Test conditions:filament ionization current: centerband:4.5 A,sideband:3.0 A;Ion energy:7 997 V,Source:7 447 V,Extraction:2 401 V,D-focus:4 961 V,D-bias:4943 V,Slit:64 V,Z-focus:2 986 V,Z-bias:3 019 V;WARP filter parameters: outer electrode:2 000 V,central electrode:6 800 V,inner electrode:2 000 V;Scintillator high voltage:200 V;Daly konck: -27 kV;PMT:800 V. |
图8 WARP滤镜中心电极电压与计数率关系图注:测试条件:灯丝电离电流:中心带:4.5 A,边带:3.0 A;离子透镜参数:加速电压:7 997 V,源电压:7 447 V,引出电压:2 401 V,左偏转电压:4 961 V,右偏转电压:4 943 V,狭缝聚焦电压:64 V,上偏转电压:2 986 V,下偏转电压:3 019 V;闪烁体高压:200 V;转换打拿极高压:-27 kV;光电倍增管高压:800 V;甄别器阈值:0.7 V。 Fig. 8 Relationship between the voltage of the center electrode and the count rate of the WARP filter Note::Test conditions:filament ionization current: centerband:4.5 A,sideband:3.0 A;Ion energy:7 997 V,Source:7 447 V,Extraction:2 401 V,D-focus:4 961 V,D-bias:4943 V,Slit:64 V,Z-focus:2 986 V,Z-bias:3 019 V;Scintillator high voltage:200 V;Daly konck: -27 kV;PMT:800 V,Discriminator threshold:0.7 V. |
图9 打拿极高压计数强度的影响注:测试条件:灯丝电离电流:中心带:4.6 A,边带:4.0 A;离子透镜参数:加速电压:8 015 V,源电压:7 937 V,引出电压:5 544 V,左偏转电压:5 732 V,右偏转电压:5 748 V,狭缝聚焦电压:210 V,上偏转电压:1 223 V,下偏转电压:1 279 V;WARP滤镜参数:外电极:2 000 V,中心电极:6 800 V,内电极:2 000 V;闪烁体高压:200 V;光电倍增管高压:800 V;甄别器阈值:0.7 V。 Fig. 9 Effect of Daly knob high voltage on counting intensity Note:Test conditions:filament ionization current: centerband:4.5 A,sideband:3.0 A;Ion energy:7 997 V,Source:7 447 V,Extraction:2 401 V,D-focus:4 961 V,D-bias:4943 V,Slit:64 V,Z-focus:2 986 V,Z-bias:3 019 V;WARP filter parameters: outer electrode:2 000 V,central electrode:6 800 V,inner electrode:2 000 V;Scintillator high voltage:200 V; PMT:800 V,Discriminator threshold:0.7 V. |
表2 测试条件汇总表Table 2 Summary of test conditions |
| 序号 | 测试条件 | 条件参数 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 灯丝电离电流/A | 中心带:4.3,边带:2.5 |
| 2 | 离子透镜参数/V | 加速电压:8 015,源电压:7 937,引出电压:1 405,左偏转电压:4 472,右偏转电压:4 475,狭缝聚焦电压337,上偏转电压:3 713,下偏转电压:3 731 |
| 3 | WARP滤镜参数/V | 外电极:2 000,中心电极:6 800 ,内电极:2 000 |
| 4 | 光电倍增管高压/V | 800 |
| 5 | 闪烁体高压/V | 200 |
| 6 | 转换打拿极高压/kV | -27 |
| 7 | 甄别器阈值/V | 0.7 |
表3 CRM0002 Daly测试结果Table 3 Test results of CRM0002 Daly |
| 序号 | 235U Daly计数值/cps | 238U Daly计数值/cps | 235U/238U比值结果 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1 407 | 8 027 914 | 0.000 175 263 |
| 2 | 1 465 | 8 345 490 | 0.000 175 544 |
| 3 | 1 415 | 8 062 356 | 0.000 175 507 |
| 4 | 1 448 | 8 249 740 | 0.000 175 521 |
| 5 | 1 463 | 8 328 970 | 0.000 175 652 |
| 6 | 1 473 | 8 392 320 | 0.000 175 518 |
| 平均值 | 0.000 175 501 | ||
| 标准偏差 | 1.278 73 E-07 | ||
| 相对标准偏差/% | 0.073 | ||
注:CRM0002同位素235U/238U比值参考值:0.000 175 531。 |
表4 UTB500 Daly测试结果Table 4 Test results of UTB500 Daly |
| 序号 | 234U Daly计数值/cps | 235U Daly计数值/cps | 236U Daly计数值/cps | 238U Daly计数值/cps | 234U/238U比值结果 | 235U/238U比值结果 | 236U/238U比值结果 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 8 331 | 729 530 | 2 935 | 713 513 | 0.011 676 03 | 1.022 435 | 0.004 113 |
| 2 | 8 164 | 715 700 | 2 876 | 700 075 | 0.011 661 61 | 1.022 449 | 0.004 108 |
| 3 | 9 378 | 824 264 | 3 313 | 806 153 | 0.011 633 03 | 1.022 388 | 0.004 110 |
| 4 | 8 628 | 757 480 | 3 033 | 741 021 | 0.011 643 39 | 1.022 236 | 0.004 093 |
| 5 | 8 860 | 776 810 | 3 116 | 760 230 | 0.011 654 37 | 1.022 467 | 0.004 091 |
| 6 | 8 410 | 735 771 | 2 950 | 720 647 | 0.011 670 069 | 1.020 986 69 | 0.004 093 544 |
| 平均值 | 0.011 656 42 | 1.022 040 035 | 0.004 103 | ||||
| 标准偏差 | 1.624 1E-05 | 0.000 568 838 | 8.79E-06 | ||||
| 相对标准偏差/% | 0.13 9 | 0.056 | 0.214 | ||||
注:UTB500同位素比值参考值234U/238U:0.011 638,235U/238U :1.022 4,236U/238U:0.004 117 |
本工作得到国家原子能机构、中国核工业集团有限公司、中核铀业有限责任公司、核工业北京地质研究院的资助。在实验过程中得到了项目跟踪专家指导,分析测试研究所崔建勇、葛祥坤和闫俊正高级工程师、刘宇昂工程师、王娅楠助理工程师和前分析测试研究所范增伟高级工程师及陈博涛助理工程师参加部分工作,对此表示衷心感谢!
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