As one of the significant carbon pool within terrestrial ecosystems, changes in soil carbon in peatlands have considerable implications for the global carbon balance. Soil enzymes and iron are important substances which affect the decomposition of soil organic matter. This article focuses on the Baijianghe peatland as the research subject, with soil samples collected from the natural area, drained, and water level restoration area at depths of 0-20 cm in April 2021. Soil physical and chemical properties, different forms of iron contents, soil enzyme activity, iron contents, Fe-bound soil organic carbon, and soil organic carbon were measured. The aims of this study were to clarify the relative importance of ‘enzyme latch’ and ‘iron gate’ mechanisms in soil organic carbon cycling within peatlands and to provide a data foundation for carbon pool management during the restoration of degraded peatlands. The results showed that after two years of rewetting, soil pH increased but soil total nitrogen content decreased. Soil Fe2+ and pyrophosphate-extractable iron oxides (Fep) exhibited a trend where the restoration area surpassed the drained area. In contrast, the contents of soil Fe3+, oxalate-extractable iron oxides (Feo), and dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate-extractable iron oxides (Fed) demonstrated a trend of the drained area exceeding the restoration area.Soil hydrolytic activities of the 0-5 cm depth decreased but the oxidase activities increased after rewetting. However, the activities of soil enzymes in the 5-20 cm depth did not change uniformly. Changes in soil enzyme activities were mainly affected by soil total nitrogen and iron content. In general, soil organic carbon and Fe-bound soil organic carbon contents in the restoration area were higher than those in the drained area. After rewetting, soil pyrophosphate-extractable iron oxides content increased which was benefit for the increasing of Fe-bound soil organic carbon content. However, the 'iron gate' mechanism was not the main cause of soil organic carbon increasing after rewetting. Soil iron regulated soil organic carbon mainly through affecting enzyme activities. The ‘enzyme latch’ mechanism was found to play a crucial role in regulating soil organic carbon during the rewetting process of degraded peatlands in spring.
Zooplankton as a significant biological constituent within the wetland food web, plays a crucial role in the assessment of wetland water quality and system health. To investigate the effects of environmental factors on the community structure of metazooplankton in typical northern swamp wetlands, a study was conducted in July 2023 in the Momoge National Nature Reserve in Jilin Province. A total of 24 sampling sites were established in typical swamp wetlands (12 in shallow water zones and 12 in deep water zones). Surveys of metazooplankton and water environmental factors were conducted, and a comparative analysis was performed to explore the structural characteristics of metazooplankton communities as well as their influencing factors in both shallow water and deep water zones. The results of the study revealed that a total of 84 metazooplankton species were documented, among which rotifers constituted the dominant group with 50 species. The average abundance and biomass of metazooplankton were 18.10 ind./L and 50.46 μg/L, respectively. There were six dominant species overall, with five found in shallow waters and four in deep waters.The Pielou evenness index for metazooplankton communities was significantly higher in shallow waters than in deep waters, whereas the Shannon-Wiener diversity index and Margalef richness index showed no significant difference between the two regions. The results of non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis demonstrated that the community structure of rotifer groups exhibited large spatial variations, while the communities of copepods and cladocerans presented small differences. Water depth (WD), nitrate-nitrogen concentration (NO3--N), total nitrogen content (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) content have been identified as the principal environmental factors influencing the community structure of metazooplankton.
Rural small wetlands perform significant ecological services, but most of these wetlands lack adequate management and protection. In order to scientifically understand and protect rural small wetlands, this study investigated the vascular plant composition of a total of 27 small wetlands in rural small lakes, reservoirs, and channels in Gong’an County, Jingzhou City, Hubei Province, as well as the anthropogenic factors such as surrounding land use, slope protection mode, human interference intensity, present function, number of water pollutant species and water nutrient degree, and viewed them as the driver factors to analyse the species richness. The results showed that a total of 115 species of vascular plants were found in 42 families and 84 genera in the small wetlands of Gong’an County. The distribution types of family and genus were mainly world distribution type and tropical distribution type. Angio-sperms were absolutely dominant, and the dominant families were Gramineae and Cyperaceae, and the life types of plants were mainly perennials. The results of non-metric multidimensional scaling showed that there were differences in the vegetation composition of the three types of small wetlands. There was no significant difference in species richness among the three types of small wetlands and the species richness was lower in autumn than that in summer. Furthermore, the drivers of species richness were ranked by importance using the shapley additive explanation model and a structural equation model was constructed. The results showed that the most important driving factor was the surrounding land use form, followed by the slope protection mode. The surrounding land use form was the most significant interaction affecting species richness, which had a direct positive effect on species richness, and had negative and positive effects on species richness through the impact of present function and slope protection mode.
In Heilongjiang Mulan Songhuajiang national wetland park, the seed plants were investigated in field using the sample line method and quadrat method from May to September 2017, July to August 2018, and June to October 2023, to reveal the composition characteristics of seed plants and analysis the species floristics. The results showed that a total of 53 families, 155 genera, and 217 species (including 2 subspecies and 6 varieties) of seed plants were occurred in the wetland park. The dominant families included Asteraceae (18 genera and 37 species), Poaceae (21 genera and 24 species), and Polygonaceae (4 genera and 17 species). The dominant genera included Persicaria (9 species), Carex (7 species), Artemisia and Potentilla (both 5 species). The vegetation type of the wetland park was composed of deciduous broad-leaved forests, deciduous broad-leaved shrub, meadow, herbaceous marsh, and aquatic vegetation. The main formations included Form. Salix sungkianica, Form. Carex schmidtii, and Form. Potamogeton distinctus, etc. At the species level, the flora exhibited a typical temperate distribution type, along with some tropical and subfrigid-frigid types, and had a low degree of endemism.
The brooding period is the key stage of bird breeding period. The study of bird brooding period behavior is helpful to reveal the living conditions of bird in the environment and has positive significance for bird conservation. In June 2022, a comparative study on the brooding period behavior of Oriental White Stork (Ciconia boyciana) was carried out in Bainiao Lake and Xingkai Lake, Heilongjiang, China. The brooding period behavior of Oriental White Stork in Bainiao Lake and Xingkai Lake was observed and compared by instantaneous scanning and frequency ratio statistical methods. The results showed that in terms of time budget, there was a significant difference in the time budget of Oriental White Stork between Bainiao Lake and Xingkai Lake. Adults of Oriental White Stork in Bainiao Lake spent less time on foraging behavior, and spent more time on preening, vigilance and nesting behavior. Chicks of Oriental White Stork in Bainiao Lake spent less time on resting behavior, and spent more time on walking, standing and nesting. In terms of behavior diurnal rhythm, the Oriental White Stork in Bainiao Lake and Xingkai Lake had certain rhythms, however there were adaptive changes under different environmental conditions, resulting in obvious differences; the peak of adult vigilance behavior of Oriental White Stork in Bainiao Lake coincided with the peak of traffic flow, however the adult vigilance behavior of Oriental White Stork in Xingkai Lake did not show obvious daily rhythm.
The water level fluctuation zone is a distinctive seasonal wetland ecosystem between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. It serves crucial functions such as sediment trapping and the absorption of non-point source pollutants. To reveal the current status of vegetation at the water level fluctuation zone of the Heilongtan Reservoir, the plant communities' types and their distribution patterns were quantitatively evaluated using field belt surveys coupled with the Two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN) classification method in June 2023. The results showed that the seed plants in the water level fluctuation zone of the Heilongtan Reservoir were comprised of 32 species within 16 families and 29 genera, with a predominance of annual herbaceous plants. The flora mainly consisted of tropical flora and northern temperate flora. As water levels ascend, there was a noted increase in the species importance value of the perennial herbaceous plants in the water level fluctuation zone, in contrast to the annual herbaceous plants, which exhibit a decline in importance with rising waters. The water level fluctuation zone of the Heilongtan Reservoir hosted a diversity of plant communities, with 10 distinct types identified, among which the Cynodon dactylon, Abutilon theophrasti, Alternanthera philoxeroides, and the Juncus alatus-Echinochloa caudata communities were notably dominant. The plant community composition within the water level fluctuation zone was significantly influenced by the depth, duration, and frequency of water inundation, with pronounced variations observed across different water level elevations. Dominant species and community structures within the water level fluctuation zone demonstrated perceptible shifts in response to the water level fluctuations, underscoring the intricate interplay between aquatic and terrestrial dynamics in this ecologically sensitive area.
Tianjin, as a crucial wetland area in the Bohai Bay region and a sensitive zone under the dual pressures of land-sea interaction, faces significant ecological security challenges exacerbated by global climate change and human development activities, including the degradation of wetland ecosystem services, disruption of ecological network patterns, and the shrinking of safe habitats for waterbirds. This study focus on wetland waterbirds in Tianjin, adopts a “species-habitat-restoration” perspective to identify ecological source areas based on habitat suitability. By using habitat suitability evaluation results, the initial resistance surface is modified. And ecological corridors were extracted using the least-cost resistance model to construct the ecological security pattern for waterbirds in the wetlands of Tianjin City. The results indicate that the total area of waterbird ecological source in Tianjin’s wetland is 2 695.06 km2, accounting for 21.05% of the city’s total area, mainly distributed in Binhai New Area, Baodi District, Jizhou District, Ninghe District and Jinghai District. A total of 120 key ecological corridors, with a spoon-shaped distribution, are mainly located along the source areas and river systems, ensuring the connectivity between the waterbirds habitats in Tianjin City. A comprehensive plan for the identified source areas and ecological corridors is proposed, including strategies for constructing ecological corridors for waterbird activities, establishing waterbird activity protection hotspots, and designating of key protected plots for waterbird activities. Macroscopically, this forms a wetland waterbird ecological security pattern of “two screens, three corridors, six areas and multiple points”. The approach of identifing source areas based on habitat suitability and modifying the basic resistance surface through habitat suitability results comprehensively considers the significance of ecological processes in the construction of the wetland waterbird ecological security pattern. This study provides a practical pathway and scientific guidance for solving the problem of wetland waterbird ecological security in Tianjin City.
The Baiyangdian Wetland Nature Reserve is situated in Xiong'an New Area, Hebei Province. From January 2021 to December 2022, a bi-monthly survey of Odonata was conducted in seven representative areas. Through species identification and statistical analysis, the abundance and diversity indices of Odonata were examined. The findings revealed a total of 21 species from 17 genera and 6 families within the Odonata, with the Libellulidae exhibiting the highest number of species at 52.38% of the total, followed by Coenagrionidae at 23.81%, which represented an increase of four species compared to previous surveys. Ischnura elegans emerged as the most dominant species alongside four other dominant ones: Ischnura asiatica, Paracercion plagiosum, Crocothemis servilia and Rhyothemis fuliginosa. A total count of 2 724 adult Odonata was recorded during the two-year survey period while June showing the highest species abundance and richness observed while July exhibited the highest Shannon-Wiener diversity index. In compared with Shannon-Wiener diversity index H′, Pielou evenness index and interspecific random encounter rate PIE, Margalef richness index showed significant discrimination in monthly Odonata communities in Baiyangdian wetland and proved more suitable for evaluating population dynamics of Odonata in this area.
In order to scientifically and accurately study the spatial allocation of plants in wetland parks, a habitat suitability curve was established based on the requirements of wetland plants and waterfowls on water level of key habitat factors. Combined with the spatial distribution of wetland water level, a comprehensive habitat model based on the habitat requirements of wetland plants and waterfowls was constructed. The spatial distribution of Habitat suitability index (HIS) of wetland plants and waterfowls under the current control water level of 4.2 m and the restored control water level of 4.5 m in Nanjing Lvshuiwan Wetland Park was simulated. At the same time, the Weighted usable area (WUA) and the area of high-quality habitat were calculated, and the two methods considering only plant habitat and the comprehensive consideration of plant and waterfowls habitat were analyzed and compared, and the plant spatial allocation scheme was proposed. The results showed that the area of high-quality wetland plant habitat calculated by the comprehensive method was smaller than that obtained by the single method, and the variation amplitude of floating leaves and water-supporting plants was larger than that of submerged plants, and the impact of changing water level on the habitat area of floating leaves and water-supporting plants was greater than that of submerged plants. The method of plant allocation in wetland park based on the needs of plants and waterfowls provides a reference for ecological restoration of wetland park.
Eutrophic water often experience algal blooms, with Microcystis being the dominant species that triggers algal blooms. It usually exists in the form of colonies, and the formation of Microcystis colonies is the critical causes in the important stages leading to algal blooms. This purpose is to reveal the mechanism of blooms through the morphological characteristics of Microcystis colony formation and the physicochemical properties of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). The results showed that Ca2+ effectively induces the formation of Microcystis colonies, which consisted of three stages: cell aggregation, colony amplification, and colony maintenance. The stages of cell aggregation and colony amplification were dominated by the cell adhesion mechanism. Individual cells rapidly aggregated to form loose Microcystis colonies within 1 day of the experiment starting. The experimental groups with Ca2+ mass concentrations of 100 mg/L, 500 mg/L, and 1 000 mg/L achieved the maximum median diameter of 28.12 μm, 29.40 μm, and 33.26 μm at 5 d, 3 d and 3 d, respectively. During the colony maintenance stage, large colonies broke up into smaller ones, but the algal cells preserve the colony shape by cell division mechanism, and the median diameter was stable at 18.19 μm to 20.39 μm by day 9. Extracellular polymeric substance of different components played unique function in the three stages of Microcystis colony formation. Soluble extracellular polymeric substance plays a key role in the cell aggregation stage, whereas bound extracellular polymeric substance contributes significantly to amplification and maintenance of Microcystis colony. This proposes a method for evaluating Microcystis colony morphological characteristics while also analyzing secretion patterns and physicochemical properties of extracellular polymeric substance. It emphasizes the role of soluble extracellular polymeric substance in the colony aggregation, providing a theoretical foundation for understanding the mechanism and action of Microcystis colony formation in the early stages of algal blooms.
Three kinds of sampling sites of mudflat bare land, natural grassland and abandoned farmland were selected in Taohuayu floodplain of the Henan section of Yellow River. Soil samples at a depth of 0-10 cm were analyzed for the activity of four hydrolytic enzymes (N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase, β-1,4-xylosidase, cellobiohydrolase, and leucine aminopeptidase) and one oxidase (peroxidase), as well as for the physicochemical properties of the soil under the three different land use types. The results showed that the mean activities of the four hydrolytic enzymes were 0.82 nmol/(h·g) for N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase, 0.83 nmol/(h·g) for β-1,4-xylosidase, 1.69 nmol/(h·g) for cellobiohydrolase, and 3.24 nmol/(h·g) for leucine aminopeptidase. Compared to mudflat bare land and abandoned farmland soils, the activities of four hydrolytic enzymes were significantly higher in natural grassland soils. In contrast, peroxidase activity was highest in mudflat bare land soils, exceeding that in natural grassland and abandoned farmland soils. Correlation and redundancy analyses revealed that the activity of soil hydrolytic enzymes was significantly positively correlated with soil total carbon and total nitrogen contents, but significantly negatively correlated with soil pH. Peroxidase activity was positively correlated with soil ammonium and nitrate nitrogen contents. In the Henan section of Yellow River, natural restoration of floodplain promoted the activity of soil hydrolases and contributed to the improvement of soil quality.
In order to research the environmental carcinogenic risks and sources of 238U and 232Th in the water of the Haihe River, Concentrations of 238U and 232Th were measured by ICP-MS. The pollution levels and carcinogenic risks of 238U and 232Th in the water of the Haihe River were evaluated based on a Monte Carlo simulation combined with the Nemerow Index and Carcinogenic Risk models. The source apportionment was fulfilled by Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient method and the Positive Matrix Factorization model (PMF 5.0). The results showed that the activity concentrations of 238U and 232Th were (36.5±25.2) mBq/L and (0.041±0.037) mBq/L in the water of the Haihe River, respectively. Activity concentrations of 238U were much higher than 232Th. 238U activity concentrations were highest in January, followed by April and October, with a minimum in July. The concentrations of 238U and 232Th in the middle and lower reaches were higher than those in the feeding rivers and upper reaches. The probabilities of pollution of 238U and 232Th were less than 20% in April, July, and October. However, there was a high risk of pollution in January. The probabilities of pollution in the feeding river and the upper reaches were extremely low. The risk of pollution occurring in the both middle and lower reaches ranged from 11% to 14%. The carcinogenic risk index in the Haihe River is between
10-4 and 10-6, suggesting that there was a potential risk of cancer. The order of total carcinogenic risks was Children, Adults and Teenagers. The results of source apportionment showed that there were four pollution sources for 238U, namely, agricultural, industrial, cosmic rays, and soil. Their contributions were 61.4%, 12.6%, 8.9% and 17.1%, respectively. There were three pollution sources for 232Th, that was, industrial, cosmic rays, and soil, with contributions of 18.1%, 59.8%, and 22.1%, respectively. The scientific based for the prevention of uranium and thorium pollution in the Haihe River are provided from this work.
Mudflats vegetation is important spawning medium and place for fish, which is closely related to the bait for Yangtze finless porpoise. Investigating the distribution of plant resources in the mudflat wetlands were important foundation and prerequisite for evaluating and managing the habitat status of the Yangtze finless porpoise. In the Anqing section of the Yangtze River mudflat wetland, the wild vascular plants were investigated using the combination of sample lines and sample plots surveys method to explore the composition characteristics and flora types, from April to October, 2023. The results showed that 58 families, 164 genera and 242 species of vascular plants were recorded in the mudflat wetland. Among theme, there exist ferns plants of 6 families, 7 genera and 7 species, gymnosperms plants of 1 families, 1 genera and 1 species, Angiospermae plants of 51 families and 156 genera and 234 species. Asteraceae, Poaceae and Cyperaceae are the dominant families, containing 35 species, 32 species and 27 species respectively, and the dominant genera are not obvious. The area-types of families of mudflats wild vascular plants were divided into 4 areal types and 1 subtypes, that of genera were divided into 12 areal types and 5 subtypes. And it also shows obvious concealment and the dual nature of tropical and temperate zone. In general, the mudflats wetlands in the Anqing section of the Yangtze River have a high level of vascular plant species diversity, and the natural area with large plant cover. Higher vegetation coverage not only to improve water quality of the Yangtze River, but also provides a suitable breeding and spawning ground for many fish, which own positive significance to maintain the food resources and habitat for the Yangtze finless porpoise.
Bird diversity is an important component of wetland ecosystems. From February 2022 to March 2023, bird surveys were conducted in four habitats (lake, farmland, shelterbelt, and pond) of Anhui Yingshang Balihe Provincial Nature Reserve using sample point and line transects. Multidimensional diversity was applied to analyze the spatiotemporal patterns of avian communities. Throughout this period, the park hosted 138 distinct bird species, totaling 35 838 individuals. Among these, 2 species was designated under the National Key Protected Wildlife Category I and 15 under Category II, 1 critically endangered species and 5 vulnerable species listed on the IUCN Red List. According to the analysis, there were significant differences in bird diversity among the four types of habitats in spring, the multidimensional diversity of bird species was higher in the farmland habitat during summer. Lake habitats had their highest species richness (38.00), functional richness (128.64), and phylogenetic diversity (1 264.71) in autumn, the species richness (39.67), functional richness (69.30), and phylogenetic diversity (1 254.96) of lake habitats were significantly higher than those of other habitats in winter. In different habitats, the Shannon-Wiener index (2.32), taxonomic diversity (67.53), functional richness (128.64), and phylogenetic diversity (1 264.71) exhibited peak values in the lake habitat during autumn, while species richness (39.67) and the number of individuals (17 592) reached their zenith in winter. Within the farmland habitat, avian species richness (28.33), Shannon-Wiener index (2.77), functional richness (48.81), and phylogenetic diversity (976.28) attained their highest levels in summer and lowest in winter. Notably, the Shannon-Wiener index (2.44), Simpson index (0.89), and Pielou index (0.86) in the shelter forest were markedly elevated during autumn compared to the other three seasons. Meanwhile, species richness (19.67) was maximal in winter and minimal in spring within the pond habitat. The observation in the reserve during a single survey revealed that both the Common Pochard and the Great Cormorant exceeded 3 000 individuals, surpassing 1% of the population of these species along the East Asia-Australia flyway, meeting the criteria for an internationally important wetland. Additionally, the survey discovered 2 new records, the Long-tailed Duck and the Common Goldeneye, in Anhui. Anhui Yingshang Balihe Provincial Nature Reserve provided an excellent foraging and habitat environment for birds, particularly waterbirds, serving as a crucial stopover and wintering site along the East Asia-Australia flyway.
In order to explore the community composition, temporal and spatial distribution patterns of avian diversity, and the priority conservation areas for waterfowls in urban wetlands of Zhengzhou City, as well as the impact of environmental factors on avian diversity, distribution data of bird species from 11 urban wetlands in Zhengzhou City were collected from the China Bird Watching Record Center. The similarities and differences of avian communities in different wetlands were analyzed by systematic clustering method, and the key habitat factors affecting avian diversity and priority index were explored by multiple stepwise regression analysis method. The results of the study indicated that a total of 250 species of birds belonging to 53 families and 17 orders were recorded in the 11 wetland wetlands, with Passeriformes being themost abundant. The total population of bird communities was 125 482 individuals. The dominant species of bird community include the Eurasian Tree Sparrow (Passer montanus), the Chinese Bulbul (Pycnonotus sinensis), Azure-winged Magpie (Cyanopica cyanus), Little Grebe (Tachybaptus ruficollis), Eurasian Magpie (Pica pica), Eurasian Coot (Fulica atra), Common Moorhen (Gallinula chloropus) and Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos). The inter-species correlation analysis of dominant bird species showed highly significant positive correlations between Light-vented Bulbul, Eurasian Tree Sparrow, and Azure-winged Magpie, as well as between Little Grebe, Eurasian Coot, and Mallard. Cluster analysis divided the parks into three areas, with the species richness and diversity index of the Xiliu Lake area and the central area being generally lower in spring and autumn and higher in summer and winter, while the Xiang Lake area showed the opposite trend Priority index analysis revealed that three wetlands were high-priority conservation sites for aquatic birds, three were medium-priority sites, and five were low-priority sites. Multiple stepwise regression analysis showed that as isolation, the number of habitat types, and the number of sample points increased, the species richness of birds also increased, while the building index had the opposite effect. It was recommended that more effective protection measures be taken for medium and high-priority conservation sites. In the planning and construction of wetlands, the wetlands should have a large area and a rich variety of habitat types, and the distance between different wetlands should be relatively far. At the same time, public recreation and bird habitats should be taken into account, and activities that cause significant environmental disturbances should be avoided during the breeding and nesting period.
A field investigation of Brasenia schreberi in the high-altitude wetlands of southern Hunan was conducted in the Mangshan National Nature Reserve, Yizhang County, Chenzhou City, and the Wild Brasenia Habitat Protection Area of Shangdong Village, Guidong County. The study analyzed the characteristics of wild Brasenia communities, their diversity, and the relationship between community characteristics and water environmental factors, aiming to identify the key water environmental factors influencing the characteristics of wild Brasenia communities. The results indicated that the associated species in the three protection areas, Mangshan Museum, Langpan Lake in Mangshan, and Shangdong Village in Guidong were relatively few, with dominant species including Alisma orientale, Scirpus triqueter, Nymphaea tetragona, and Caldesia grandis. The diversity index of cultivated Brasenia communities in the Mangshan Museum was lower than that of wild Brasenia communities. Nitrogen content in the water was identified as the primary factor influencing the characteristics and community diversity level of Brasenia. During the introduction and restoration of Brasenia, attention should be paid to nitrogen content, water temperature, and conductivity. These findings provide insight into the adaptive mechanisms between Brasenia and its environment and offer a reference for the introduction, expansion, and habitat restoration of Brasenia.
Dalian and Yingkou are two representative coastal cities in Liaoning, which have many types of wetlands and rich resources. In order to clarify the current situation of typical wetland ecosystems in Northeast China, the wetland area and biodiversity in Yingkou and Dalian were investigated. The results showed that the wetland area of Dalian was 42 524.94 hm2, while the wetland area of Yingkou was 14 957.07 hm2. The coastal tidal flats accounted for the highest proportion, 41 695.54 hm2 for Dalian and 11 694.78 hm2 for Yingkou, respectively; while the shrub swamp accounted for the lowest proportion, 5.62 hm2 for Dalian and 1.65 hm2 for Yingkou, respectively. As for the wetland biodiversity, it was found that the proportion of wetland vegetation and fish was the highest, while the proportion of amphibians was the lowest. Among them, Dalian had 81 families of 474 species of wetland vegetation, while Yingkou had 30 families of 134 species of wetland vegetation; Dalian had 108 families of 274 species of fish, while Yingkou had 58 families of 124 species of fish; Dalian had 6 families of 14 species of amphibians, while Yingkou had 4 families of 5 species of amphibians. This paper expounds the importance of wetland to the balance of ecological environment and puts forward the protection countermeasures of wetland ecosystem through the general situation, resource characteristics, protection status and existing problems.
