水文水资源监测是对地观测系统的重要任务之一，是支撑新时代水利高质量发展、满足“三水”共治需求和践行“十六字”治水策略的直接有效途径，而卫星遥感技术提供了一种大范围、快速和高精度的数据获取渠道。但是现有卫星遥感在水文水资源应用上存在多星同步观测难、应急响应能力差和易受天气影响等问题，因此美国国家航空航天局于2022年12月发射了地表水和海洋地形卫星（SWOT），这是全球第一颗通过多传感器协同观测全球陆地和海洋水资源的卫星，预期将极大提升水文水资源监测的时空分辨率和精度。系统梳理了水文水资源监测卫星发展现状、应用和技术难点等概况，并分析了SWOT卫星的参数、科学任务、算法流程和应用产品等内容，对我国后续卫星设计规划和数据处理关键技术有一定的参考价值。

Hydrological and water resource monitoring are pivotal components of Earth observation systems, crucial for supporting the high-quality development of water conservancy in the modern era, fulfilling the requirements of “three water” co-governance, and implementing the “sixteen words” water-control strategy. Satellite remote sensing offers a scalable, rapid, and high-precision data acquisition pathway. Nonetheless, challenges persist in the application of existing satellite remote sensing in hydrology and water resources, including difficulties in achieving multi-satellite synchronous observation, limited emergency response capability, and susceptibility to adverse weather conditions. In December 2022, NASA launched the Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) satellite, the first satellite in the world designed to observe global land and ocean water resources through multisensor collaboration. This groundbreaking satellite greatly improves the spatial and temporal resolution and accuracy of hydrology and water resource monitoring. This study systematically reviews the development status, applications, and technical challenges of hydrological and water resource monitoring satellites. It also analyzes the satellite parameters, scientific tasks, algorithm flow, and application products of SWOT, providing a valuable reference for future satellite design planning and key data processing technologies, especially in China.