Based on the current status of land cover in Anhui Province in 2017, the carbon density parameters are set in combination with literature research. Under the framework of three control lines, five possible future land cover scenarios in 2035 are constructed to evaluate the response to the change of carbon storage. The results show that: (1) The total carbon storage of terrestrial ecosystems in Anhui Province were 1 005.4 Tg in 2017. The carbon storage of mountain forest areas in Western and Southern Anhui are higher, the farmland and urban areas in Northern Anhui plain and Jianghuai hilly area are lower, and the rivers and lakes along the Huaihe River and the Yangtze River are the lowest. (2) Under the five scenarios, due to the expansion of construction land (lower carbon density) and the occupation of surrounding farmland and forest land (higher carbon density), the total carbon storage decreased by 16~50 Tg. The decline range depends on the carbon density of the type of construction land occupation. The enhancement of ecological restoration has a relatively good effect on reducing the loss of carbon storage in Northern Anhui, Jianghuai and along the Yangtze River areas. (3) It is suggested that the Spatial Planning of National Land should pay attention to the optimization of green and low-carbon oriented land use structure and layout, improve the quality of urban renewal and reduce the loss of carbon storage.