China is in the stage of rapid urbanization. Urban expansion encroaches on ecological space, resulting in a large number of ecological landscapes becoming increasingly fragmented. Analyzing the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of urban expansion and ecological landscape can promote the construction of ecological civilization and sustainable urban development. In this paper, the landscape expansion index (LEI) combined with morphological spatial pattern analysis (MSPA) was used to study the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of urban expansion and ecological landscape in Wuhan. The correlation between urban expansion type and ecological landscape type change was analyzed by establishing a multi-ring buffer zone. The results show that: (1) Among the types of urban expansion, the edge expansion is dominant but the expansion rate gradually slows down. The amount of enclave expansion decreases, which is distributed in the far urban area and is widely dispersed. The filling expansion is more concentrated and contiguous, mainly located in the central urban areas such as Jiang ’an District; (2) The relationship between urban expansion types and ecological landscape types in different circles is significantly different in different development stages; （3）The core area of the central urban landscape decreases with the expansion of the urban area. In the process of urban expansion, the ecological landscape is generally more and more broken. The edge expansion will accelerate the reduction of the core area of the ecological landscape. The enclave expansion will promote the fragmentation of the landscape unit, and the filling expansion will weaken the fragmentation of the ecological landscape. This study provides decision-making support for Wuhan’s land space planning, and has reference value for similar studies in the rapid urbanization area of central China.