The purpose of this study was to analyze the impacts of comprehensive land consolidation on farmers’ livelihood resilience and to explore a new path for sustainable development of farmers’ livelihoods. Based on the analysis of the influencing mechanism of comprehensive land consolidation on farmers’ livelihood resilience, 466 household survey data from Jingmen City, Qianjiang City, Jingzhou City and Xiantao City in Hubei Province were taken as samples. The analysis was performed using a difference-in-differences model. The baseline regression results showed that comprehensive land consolidation significantly improved the buffering ability, self-organizing ability, learning ability and livelihood resilience of farmers by 1.8%, 2.8%, 1.1% and 5.7%. After a series of robustness tests, the regression results were still valid. The results of heterogeneity analysis showed that the impact of comprehensive land consolidation on farmers’ livelihood resilience decreased with the increase of percentile of farmers’ livelihood resilience, and also affected by differences in landform types. Comprehensive land consolidation in plain areas had a greater effect on the farmers’ livelihood resilience than in hilly and mountainous areas.In conclusion, the comprehensive land consolidation should take the sustainable development of human beings as the core concept, and enhance the efficiency of land by comprehensive management of all factors in the whole area. In addition, it is necessary to fully consider the differences between farmers. Governments should invest more targeted projects to help the most vulnerable farmers to reduce their livelihood vulnerabilities, and establish more opportunities to enhance the endogenous development power of farmers under the impact of risks. Furthermore, combined with resource endowment and environmental characteristics, comprehensive land consolidation for ecological sustainability should be carried out according to local advantages. All these are conducive to the realization of the resilient development of farmers’ livelihoods and the continuous protection of farmers’ livelihood security and quality.