Yangtze River Delta, as a pivotal region where the coastal axis and the riverside axis intersect, is characterized by complexity, diversity and typicality of the spatial structural evolution. Therefore, understanding its evolutionary pattern and constructing a theoretical model has important theoretical significance and application value. According to the core-periphery structure theory, the Yangtze River Delta can be divided into a core area that is centered on the Taihu Lake Basin and remaining periphery areas. However, due to its location at the junction of the river and the sea, a gateway area has emerged within the periphery area, thus forming a spatial structure that is composed of the core area and the gateway area. In the early period, the core area was centered on Suzhou, and a five-tier central place structure became well established since ancient times. However, the gateway area kept evolving and underwent three main changes: in ancient times, the gateway area was centered on Yangzhou, forming the canal gateway cluster; in the modern age, the gateway area became centered on Shanghai, forming an offshore gateway cluster; and in the contemporary era, the gateway area became centered on Ningbo, forming an oceanic gateway cluster. Their corresponding navigation capacities were 500 t, 10,000 t, and 200,000 t, respectively. Therefore, in addition to the existing central place theory and seaport spatial structure theory, the spatial structure evolution of the Yangtze River Delta presents a new evolutionary model: namely, the fusion evolutionary model of central places and port gateways. According to this model, in the early period, it was an endogenous evolution of the core area's spatial structure, which was in line with Christaller's hexagonal structure; while in modern times, the evolution of the spatial structure of the Yangtze River Delta was no longer dominated by central places, but rather, it became dominated by the gateway areas, making the k = 3 market principle turn into the k = 4 transportation principle. In this way, the Yangtze River Delta provides a globally exemplary empirical case for validating the process test of the central place theory, analyzing functional attributes of urban centrality and gateway, and refining the relevant theoretical model.

With the rapid advancement of science and technology, artificial intelligence (AI) has become a significant force driving scientific development and social progress. In the field of geographical sciences, the application of AI technology is deepening, bringing revolutionary changes to the collection, analysis, and application of big data and spatio-temporal information, and demonstrating innovative and application potential in multiple aspects. This paper systematically reviews the development and application of AI in geographical sciences, providing a detailed introduction to the development trajectories of various AI fields such as machine learning, computer vision, natural language processing, planning systems, and large AI models, as well as their applications in geography. It discusses the problems and challenges of AI applications in geography and provides an outlook on the future development of interdisciplinary research between AI and geographical sciences.

The rapid pace of urbanization and the continuous evolution of social attitudes underscore the importance of examining subjective well-being among migrants from a gender perspective. Based on the literature in the Web of Science Core Collection database, CiteSpace was used to analyze the related literature econometrically. The research on migrants' subjective well-being from the gender perspective is systematized in terms of relevant theories, temporal and spatial evolution characteristics, research hotspots, regional differences, and so on. The findings indicate that theories about subjective well-being are evolving at a rapid pace, with a research trend exhibiting a fluctuating upward trajectory. The research area has a strong localization. The main topics of interest in current research include: multidimensional characteristics, family well-being, social problems, and group differences. Concurrently, domestic and international research trends exhibit differentiation, which is reflected in the research theme, object, perspective, and other aspects. It is proposed that Chinese migrant women exhibit distinctive characteristics that warrant further investigation. In the future, academics should strive to enhance and expand the research on subjective well-being by focusing on themes such as the multifaceted effects and underlying mechanisms of subjective well-being, China's socio-cultural context, and geographic perspectives.

Sustainable development is a significant scientific issue of global concern. Geography, as a comprehensive discipline focusing on the coupled relationship between human activities and the natural environment, provides systematic research and solutions for achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, there is currently a lack of comprehensive reviews. This paper summarizes the theoretical framework and research progress of Geography supporting the SDGs and explores its future key research areas. This article indicates that: (1) Geography, in conducting integrated research on human-nature systems and serving regional and global sustainable development processes, has innovatively proposed and developed theoretical frameworks such as social-ecological systems, pattern-process-service-sustainability, metacoupling, and Classification-Coordination-Collaboration. These research frameworks include elements of human-environment system interconnections, process coupling, spatial coupling, and systematic regulation oriented towards SDGs, forming a comprehensive theoretical framework supporting sustainable development research in Geography, also referred to as "sustainable geography theoretical framework". (2) Geography has made positive progress in supporting the United Nations SDGs research in areas such as multi-source data acquisition, localization of indicator systems and multi-scale progress assessment, analysis of inter-target linkage mechanisms, and SDG achievement pathways. Geography provides important theoretical and methodological support for SDG research. (3) Geography and sustainable development-related research mainly focus on climate-ecological crisis response, sustainable utilization of food-energy-water resources, regional development and planning, human well-being and social governance, and the construction of SDG assessment indicators and databases. (4) In future research, there is a need to innovate and develop sub-disciplines of Sustainable Geography, optimize the construction of SDGs indicator systems, develop SDGs assessment and decision-making models, strengthen artificial intelligence geography, deepen research on human-nature system coupling, and promote regional and global sustainable development in the process of advancing innovation in the discipline of Geography.

Music has the power to recreate place and awaken a sense of place. As a medium of communication, music combines the narrative characteristics of imagery, nostalgia, and localization. Songs named after place names and their comments have an image-based expression of the place, as well as a symbolic emotional mapping between the creator and the listener. Focusing on two music platforms, QQ Music and NetEase Cloud Music, this study considered songs related to Chengdu, used lyrics and comments as textual data, and conducted content analysis from the perspective of musical narration. It determined the degree of association between feature words through high-frequency word statistics and socio-semantic network analysis and constructed the dimensions of local imagery through rooting theory. The study also constructed a theoretical model of "local image construction based on music narration," analyzed the features of local image, and examined the relationship between music narration, local image, and city charm. The results indicate the following: (1) The local image of Chengdu in music narrative comprises three aspects: symbol presentation image, meaning-endowed image, and comprehensive expression image. Among these, symbol presentation image includes seven categories, while meaning-endowed image and comprehensive expression image each contain two categories. (2) Music narration can be categorized into the narration of songs and critical narration whereby listeners express their views under the influence of narrative transmission; narrative text has an impact on element cognition, emotional resonance and tone rendering in three aspects: narrative elements, structure and tone, so as to construct place image. The local image is specifically expressed as follows: based on narration elements such as character, time, place and environment, it connects the cognition of image elements such as character, time, space and landscape; through the narration structure of "I say to you" and "you listen to me," the emotional resonance is triggered after the individual role is substituted, forming emotional and intentional images; under the rendering of these narrative tones, combined with individual cognition and emotion, macroscopic atmosphere image and local characteristic image are formed. (3) The local image of Chengdu as narrated musically is characterized by the coexistence of tradition and modernity, the interaction between nature and humanity, and the sense of romance and "the feeling of home". 4) Music narration constructs the local image of "ideal home," "story tavern, " and "earthly life, " which become the charm of the city. This study connects music, narration, and place; addresses how music constructs local image; and introduces the perspective of narratology to expand the relationship between music and local image into a deeper mechanism. Simultaneously, the expression of the city image evolves from the spatial structure and symbolic perception to the place meaning level, conveying a sense of spatial temperature and bringing the space to life. Moreover, the model proposed in the study provides theoretical and methodological reference for the creation of charming cities, construction of local imagery, and image promotion.

The relocation of urban administrative centers plays a crucial role in optimizing urban spatial structure and advancing the modernization of the national governance system and capabilities. A thorough analysis of the spatiotemporal patterns, driving mechanisms, and development trends of administrative center relocations in China is not only a practical necessity for supporting the modernization of national governance but also a foundational requirement for the standardization and scientific advancement of administrative center relocations. This study utilizes spatial analysis methods to comprehensively examine the relocation of administrative centers in cities at or above the prefecture level in China from 1978 to 2022. The results show that there have been 81 instances of administrative center relocations across the country since the implementation of the reform and opening-up policy in the late 1970s. These relocations peaked between 2003 and 2007 and showed significant regional disparities. These relocations are predominantly short-distance and mainly aimed at promoting the development of new urban districts, often resulting in a separation from the geographical center. The relocation of urban administrative centers is a complex process influenced by an interplay of multiple factors, including national policies, governmental guidance, power distribution, resource reallocation, and planning adjustments. The regulatory role of national policies and the guidance provided by city governments are critical components in this multidimensional negotiation. In the context of the current strict national regulation of administrative division adjustment, the relocation of urban administrative centers will continue to reinforce traditional driving factors while aligning with socio-economic and technological shifts, presenting new directions driven by ecological governance, transportation development, and the evolution of innovative industries. In the future, it is essential to carefully evaluate the necessity of relocation while maintaining the fundamental stability of administrative centers. Implementing top-level design for administrative center relocations, adhering to standardized approval processes, and rigorously evaluating the rationale are key to promoting all-encompassing urban advancement. This study provides a reference for scientifically understanding the patterns and intrinsic mechanisms of urban administrative center relocation.

The physical geography and hydroclimatic conditions in the arid region of in northwestern China leading to diverse flood-generation mechanisms. Under the influence of global and regional climate change, the spatiotemporal variation of floods and flood-generation mechanism in this region is still unclear and restricts flood prevention and mitigation and the implementation of the Belt and Road Initiative in the major regions. Based on the series of the annual maximum flood peak discharge in 58 river basins in the study area from 1961 to 2017, we analyzed and revealed the mechanisms, spatial distribution and interannual variation characteristics of flood in the basin in the past 60 years based on statistical tests and machine learning approaches. The results show that the frequency of extreme floods and the annual maximum flood peak discharge magnitude are increasing, with the maximum increase in the frequency of extreme floods at about 0.84 times/10 years, and the maximum increase in the annual maximum flood peak discharge magnitude at about 29%/10 years compared with the multi-year average, and the largest increase is mainly observed in the eastern Tianshan Mountains and the Qilian Mountains. There are three main flood generation mechanisms, i.e., rain (R), snow (S) and mix (M), the frequency of R and M floods increased significantly, while the frequency of S floods decreased. The contribution of flood mechanisms transformation to the increase of annual maximum flood peak discharge magnitude can reach up to 38%, which is significantly higher than the contribution of a single hydrometeorological factor such as precipitation. The results of this study emphasize the importance of attributing and predicting the changes of flood characteristics in geographically complex region from the perspective of flood mechanisms. Engineering hydrological design in the changing environment also needs to consider the influence of the heterogeneity of flood samples caused by different flood mechanisms on the flood frequency analysis, so as to provide scientific support for flood risk management and response in the basin.

Given the real-world challenges in implementing the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), it is important to study and formulate a localized assessment indicator system for each SDGs to monitor the current status of sustainable development at different scales, identify problems, and develop countermeasures. Based on the "economy-society-environment" three-dimensional theoretical framework for sustainable development, this study deconstructs the connotation of SDG11 at the community level, and constructs an urban community sustainability assessment indicator system containing 7 goals and 13 indexes. In addition, by taking 602 sample communities in the built-up regions of Changsha as an example, this study utilizes multi-source big data to comprehensively assess community sustainability as well as the coupling coordination degree of the communities' economic-social-environmental systems. It is found that: (1) During the period 2010-2020, the degree of achievement of community SDG in Changsha falls in the "relative closeness" range, with a "core-periphery" spatial distribution from the high sections to the low ones. (2) Of the 7 goals, housing guarantee, disaster prevention and relief, and environmental governance are progressing well; public transportation and heritage protection are improving significantly; public space is rising slowly; however, planning management is less than ideal. (3) Based on the assessment results of the coupling coordination degree of the communities' economic-social-environmental systems, the sample communities are classified into three types: coordinated development, transitional development, and dysfunctional decline communities. Then, in addition to the zoning results of core, central urban, and suburban areas, a differentiated governance path is proposed. (4) The assessment indicator system has high validity and needs to be further enhanced with a larger number of empirical cases in the future. The research results enrich the theoretical system of community sustainability and technical means of assessment. The empirical part of the study takes the statutory communities in the built-up area of Changsha as the research object and carries out the assessment of community sustainability at three time points: 2010, 2015, and 2020. This help in grasping the temporal and spatial heterogeneity of community sustainability and its law of evolution at the city level and provide scientific support for carrying out refined urban planning and community governance. The data used in the indicator system mainly come from objective big data with temporal continuity, which is conducive for conducting longitudinal continuous tracking research and horizontal comparison research with other cities.

In the past 40 years since the theory of "pole-axis system" was put forward, its connotation has been continuously enriched, which has profoundly influenced the theoretical and empirical research in multiple disciplines. The theory has also greatly contributed to China's spatial development of national territory, planning and construction of urban system, and layout of major productive forces. In the new era, China's major regional strategies have profound scientific connotations, yet they still need to overcome blockages such as loose connections within and between urban agglomerations in the course of practice. In this sense, the framework of multi-dimensional proximity from the perspective of evolutionary economic geography can be instructive, since it further focuses on the dimensional linkages of cognitive proximity, technological proximity, relational proximity, and social proximity. Thus, in the context of "dual circulation" strategy, China's territorial space development should be further guided by the theory of "pole-axis system" as well as the framework of multi-dimensional proximity, accelerating the cultivation of new quality productivity, constructing a resilient network of inter-regional industrial collaboration, and comprehensively empowering regional high-quality development.

Amid the increasing global uncertainties, studying the risk structure and resilience level of global supply chains for agricultural products highlights their importance. It not only provides China with a scientific foundation for better utilizing international markets and resources and ensuring the safety of agricultural product imports, but also promotes the development of risk resilience management theories and methods for typical products across geographical spaces, thus expanding research in resource geography. This study builds a framework that consists of three sectors (export sectors, logistics and transportation sectors, and import sectors) and four stages (supply, procurement, transportation, and demand). Using two-stage DEA and CoDEA models, it evaluates the supply chain risks and resilience of soybeans, which is the typical import-dependent agricultural product in China. The findings indicate that: (1) The risk of China's imported soybean supply chain increased from 2000 to 2020, with risks predominantly from the demand and procurement stages. By contrast, the supply and transport stages are less risky but significantly increased. Trade relations with exporting countries and economic policy uncertainty are the main long-term risk factors that threaten the security of soybean import supply chains. (2) China's soybean supply chain from Brazil is more resilient than that from the US and Argentina, suggesting great potential for improving supply chain cooperation with Brazil. (3) Making the distinction between short- and long-term threats is necessary for managing the risk resilience of the global soybean supply chain. Improving the capacity to react to sudden hazards represented by trade restrictions, maritime obstructions, and trade sanctions should be the priority in the short term. Long-term exploration of system construction and strategic layout optimization is necessary to improve the discursive power of the supply chain.

The new wave of technological revolution driven by artificial intelligence (AI) has become a competitive advantage pursued by countries worldwide, and it is also expected to bring about significant innovations in urban geography. This paper reviews the development trajectory of AI and proposes a conceptual model of the urban human-environment system oriented towards AI. It systematically outlines and summarizes the involvement of AI in urban geography research from four perspectives: data representation, scenario applications, spatial transformations, and urban development. Additionally, it identifies the challenges, contexts, exploration paths, and future prospects faced in the intelligent transformation of academic disciplines. The study finds that: (1) The interactions between elements within the urban human-environment system oriented towards AI are becoming increasingly complex. (2) The trend of AI becoming a primary tool in urban geography research is increasingly evident, offering high efficiency, low cost, and strong learning capabilities in data processing. This has significant implications for spatial perception and intelligent decision-making. AI has sparked spatial transformations, not only creating complex virtual spaces but also reconstructing social spaces. Additionally, AI supports the development of smart cities and the establishment of cutting-edge urban application platforms. (3) Urban geography research in the context of intelligent transformation faces challenges related to data and technology, as well as the broader contexts of global and local changes, technological ethics, and the development of humanistic values. Future development paths could explore overcoming technical barriers, focusing on urban spatial construction and governance, and emphasizing the research on the effects of multiple intelligence shifts. The discipline urgently needs comprehensive transformation and upgrading.

Metropolitan areas are pivotal in driving national economic growth, advancing harmonious regional development, and participating in competitive international collaboration. Consistent with international consensus, China's planning policies define metropolitan areas as a one-hour commuting circle. Simultaneously, these planning protocols particularly highlight the importance of industrial specialization and intercity collaboration, with the objective of developing modern urban agglomerations characterized by a well-defined spatial structure, complementary urban functions, and an integrated industrial division. This study uses the 2017 intercity input-output table analysis to examine patterns of industrial division and functional synergy in Chinese metropolitan areas. The findings are as follows: (1) From the perspective of industrial division and functional synergy, Chinese metropolitan areas can be categorized into four distinct spatial structures: the single-center dispersed structure, the core-periphery structure, the peripheral expansion structure, and the multi-center network structure representing an advanced phase in the spatial evolution of metropolitan areas. (2) The spatial network of industrial chains in Chinese metropolitan areas is predominantly governed by the flow of processing and manufacturing links. There is a substantial gap in the processing and manufacturing links between the Beijing and Tianjin metropolitan areas compared to similar types of metropolitan areas, and there is considerable potential for enhancing the productive service links in the Guangzhou, Chengdu, and Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan metropolitan areas. (3) The essence of transforming Chinese metropolitan areas into functionally complementary industrial cooperation areas is to further refine the spatial network of the industrial chains, strengthen functional synergy between cities, and encourage spatial integration in the metropolitan areas. (4) Single-center dispersed structure metropolitan areas, including Shijiazhuang, Chengdu, Wuhan, and Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan should initially transition toward a core-periphery structure. In contrast, peripheral expansion structure metropolitan areas such as Nanjing and Hangzhou metropolitan areas, and core-periphery structure urban agglomerations such as Tianjin, Shenzhen, Guangzhou and Beijing metropolitan areas should progress toward a multi-center network structure.

This paper reviews the social background of "pole-axis system" theory and the "T-shaped" land development and economic layout framework in China, especially the objective conditions that the country cannot implement another "strategic shift" of national development priorities, and the academic contribution of economic geography serving to national strategic development, as well as some concepts, ideas, knowledge and methods to achieve this goal. According to the significance and the scholars' comments of this theory and model in national practice, this paper describes the growth course and academic responsibility of an economic geographer to inspire the academic community to uphold the rigorous attitude of seeking truth from facts to make greater contributions to the construction of socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era.

During the Republic of China (1912-1949), Zhongshan Roads rapidly emerged in major cities and towns across the country, and hundreds of them remain today, primarily in affluent areas. To investigate this uncommon road-naming phenomenon, a comprehensive study was conducted on their construction process and spatio-temporal characteristics (within the scope of county-level and above administrative regions), using toponymy, historical geography, and GIS. Historical documents and maps were re-examined, combined with data from the China National Geographical Name Information Database, OpenStreetMap, and Historical GIS techniques such as spatial measurement, spatial analysis, and visualization. The results showed that: (1) Zhongshan Roads were initially named to commemorate Dr. Sun Yat-sen. During the Republic of China era, 599 Zhongshan Roads were established, primarily in Taiwan, Henan, Shaanxi, and along the southeast coast. (2) Today, there are 653 Zhongshan Roads, except in Xizang, Hong Kong, and Macao. (3) Among these, the Zhongshan Highway in Taiwan is the longest, while Zhongshan Street in Emei township, Hsinchu county, is the shortest. Tainan has the largest number of Zhongshan Roads overall, whereas Shanghai's Huangpu district has the highest concentration and density of these roads across China. (4) Spatial analysis revealed that historically, Zhongshan Roads were mostly found in the centers of old cities and towns. However, since the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, new Zhongshan Roads have gradually moved away from city centers. (5) Over the past century, there have been four significant periods of road-naming popularity: following Dr. Sun Yat-sen's passing, commemorating the Victory of the Anti-Japanese War and the recovery of lost territories, restoring place names altered during the 1966-1976 period in the 1980s, and naming new roads at the start of the 21st century. Zhongshan Road, with its century-old tradition, symbolizes the collective remembrance of Dr. Sun Yat-sen and his enduring legacy among the Chinese people. It also reflects China's pursuit of modernization and national rejuvenation in modern times. The data analysis in this paper may require partial refinement as more historical materials are unearthed and quantitative methods are updated, but it does not affect the overall conclusions.

Rural attraction is an important indicator of the functions of the rural regional system during flow situations. This theoretical topic in rural development has been discussed within multiple disciplines, but lacks systematic research. Nevertheless, it has become a cutting-edge theoretical research topic in the field of rural geography. Following the research progress and theoretical foundations of rural attraction, this paper constructs a theoretical framework for rural attraction from a geographical perspective, and explains five of its most important issues. (1) The research literature on rural attraction has shifted from fragmented elaborations on the qualities of attractive villages and the unidimensional analysis of rural attraction to the exploration of its concept, mechanism, and evaluation system in terms of urban-rural interactions. The theories underlying the rural regional system of human-environment interactions, gravity, population migration, and attraction property rights, can provide a theoretical foundation and inspiration for the research on rural attraction. (2) Focusing on scientific issues in rural attraction, such as "what is-how-why-how to", and moving toward the framework goal of "theoretical innovation, serving practice, and methodological guidance," a theoretical framework for rural attraction is constructed with the support of spatiotemporal considerations, a comprehensive theoretical paradigm, and the methods used in the field of rural geography. (3) Five important issues experienced during efforts to improve rural attraction were analyzed. First, we analyzed the conceptual connotations of rural attraction based on the background of rural regional systems and spatial interactions from the perspective of spatiotemporal processes. Second, we constructed a measurement framework for rural attraction based on these conceptual connotations and evaluation principles. Third, we identified the regional types and spatial structures of rural attraction from the perspectives of spatial correlations and scale transformation. Fourth, following the theories of human-regional system of human-environment relationship and scale transformation, we explored the mechanisms of rural attraction's endogenous development and exogenous embedding processes. Fifth, considering historical processes and spatial heterogeneity, we explored the pathways and policy insights for enhancing rural attraction. Overall, this research attempts to construct a "what is-how-why-how to" research framework for rural attraction based on a comprehensive "spatiotemporal human-environment" perspective. This study aims to deepen and expand the theoretical research on rural attraction, in addition to providing theoretical references and policy insights for the implementation of rural revitalization strategies in the construction of harmonious and beautiful rural areas.

Against the background of ecological civilization construction, optimizing the control of territorial spatial zoning has become an important issue in maintaining regional ecological security. Clarifying different ecological processes and mechanisms within and among different ecological functional zones is of great practical significance for formulating refined spatial ecological management strategies. So far, research studies have focused on delineating ecological functional zones and analyzing linear processes and mechanisms within them, with little discussion on the differences in internal mechanisms and nonlinear characteristics of different ecological functional zones. Thus, it is necessary to elucidate key differences in the internal mechanisms and nonlinear threshold effects among different ecological functional zones to provide a scientific basis for establishing a territorial spatial zoning management system. In this study, the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-Offs model was used to evaluate ecosystem services in the Pearl River Delta region. Toward this, a self-organizing map was used to identify ecosystem service bundles, and geographically weighted regression and restrictive cubic spline analysis were used to clarify the key differences in trade-off/synergy networks and nonlinear thresholds among different ecosystem service bundles. Based on the results, suggestions for refined zoning and control of ecological spaces in the Pearl River Delta region are proposed. The results showed that: (1) In the Pearl River Delta, five different types of ecosystem service bundles are distributed in a circular pattern in space from the central to the surrounding areas: the urban-ecological, ecological-scarcity, agricultural-ecological, ecological-cooling, and ecological-conservation types. The ecological-conservation type accounted for 45.38% (the largest proportion), ecological-cooling for 32.80%, and ecological-scarcity for 10.73% of ecosystem service bundles; whereas neither the agricultural-ecological nor urban-ecological types accounted for more than 10%. (2) In the trade-off/synergy network of different ecosystem service bundles, the synergistic relationship between carbon storage and urban cooling remained stable, whereas the relationships between other ecosystem services showed significant differences. Among the five bundles, the trade-off/synergy interaction of the urban-ecological type was the strongest, followed by that of the agricultural-ecological and ecological-conservation types, whereas that of the ecological-cooling and ecological-scarcity types were relatively weak. (3) There were significant differences in the nonlinear threshold effects between the Multiple Ecosystem Services Landscape Index (MESLI) and six identified driving factors in the different ecosystem service bundles. In the ecological conservation and ecological scarcity types, the MESLI exhibited nonlinear relationships with all six factors and clear critical thresholds. The MESLIs of the agricultural ecological and ecological cooling types exhibited nonlinear relationships with elevation, night light, gross domestic product density, and population density, whereas that of the urban ecological type only exhibited nonlinear relationships with elevation and population density. (4) We suggest that decision makers use nonlinear thresholds as references to demarcate key control areas for each ecosystem service bundle, clarify their dominant mechanisms based on trade-off/synergy networks, and develop different control indicators in a targeted manner. In conclusion. this study identified key differences in trade-off/synergy networks and nonlinear threshold effects among different ecosystem service bundles and explored different ecological zoning and control strategies for the Pearl River Delta region, providing a theoretical basis and indicator references for refined management of territorial spaces in urban agglomeration areas.

In the context of China's urbanization and migration transformation, the phenomenon and trends of job-housing separation have shown new dynamics, necessitating a systematic review of research on this topic in Chinese cities. This study uses CiteSpace to conduct a quantitative analysis of literature on job-housing separation in China from 2000 to 2022. The review is structured according to stages of urban development, with a focus on summarizing and evaluating current research hotspots, themes, and methodologies. The findings indicate that the job-residence separation at different stages of population mobility has different characteristics. Firstly, the research area of job-housing separation has expanded from first-tier cities to second- and third-tier cities, reflecting the new phenomenon of population flow and transition in China's urbanization process. Second, the research perspective has gradually shifted from the macro level to the micro level, paying more attention to the job-housing separation. At the same time, the study actively adopts advanced technologies such as machine learning to process large-scale migration data, and combines multidisciplinary theories such as geography, urbanism, and transportation to conduct in-depth analyses.. Based on this comprehensive review, several key points are identified: (1) In the context of migration transformation, research needs to focus more on the new characteristics of job-housing separation and its spatial correlations from a lifecycle perspective. This involves investigating the social foundations of job-housing separation across multiple scales, including the urban-rural divide, intercity dynamics, and intracity variations. (2) Current research has not adequately explored the evolution of job-housing separation. It is necessary to incorporate life cycle theory to unify each stage of job-housing separation into a dynamic research framework. (3) The use of machine learning techniques should be encouraged to process large-scale migration data. Interdisciplinary approaches, combining geography, urban studies, and transportation, are essential to explore the mechanisms of job-housing separation more comprehensively. This will enable better analysis and prediction of trends, supporting urban planning and the optimization of transportation infrastructure. (4) Integrating migration theories with lifecycle theory can further illuminate the interrelationships between job-housing separation and migration behavior. Research should focus on the impacts of migration on job-housing separation and explore how to address these issues in the context of migration, providing better planning recommendations for urban development. In conclusion, multidimensional and interdisciplinary research is essential to fully understand the dynamics of job-housing separation within the broader context of China's urbanization and migration transformation. By incorporating theories and methodologies from various disciplines, a deeper understanding of the mechanisms and influencing factors can lead to more effective policymaking and sustainable urban development.