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  • FANG Chuanglin, LIAO Xia, SUN Biao
    Economic geograph. 2024, 44(9): 1-11. https://doi.org/10.15957/j.cnki.jjdl.2024.09.001

    The urban-rural integrated development model represents a comprehensive paradigm. It is shaped by market forces and policy instruments, designed to facilitate bidirectional flows of production factors, ensuring equal exchange, fair resource sharing, and fostering mutual prosperity between urban and rural regions. The pursuit of innovative models of urban-rural integrated development is pivotal to achieve urban-rural integration in China. Based on a systematical review of global urban-rural integrated development practice models and extensive fieldworks, this study focuses on typical cases from national urban-rural integration pilot areas and proposes six typical practical models: the Extended-Chain and Strengthened-Chain Model for urban-rural industrial integration, the Equal Legal Price and Equal Market Rights Model for urban-rural construction land integration,the Unified Construction and Distribution for urban-rural infrastructure integration, the Same Standards, Equal Benefit Model for urban-rural public services integration, the Village Super League Model for integrating urban-rural cultural, tourism and sports,and the Delimitation of Property Rights Model for rural homestead land reform. These models offer successful paradigms applicable to nationwide urban-rural integration practices. However, there is no one-size-fits-all model for urban-rural integrated development, as these models display regional and developmental stage heterogeneity. These experience should be learned from but not rigidly replicated.

  • HOU Xiaoli, XU Wenjing, JIA Ruoxiang, DOU Hongtao
    Economic geograph. 2024, 44(8): 25-30. https://doi.org/10.15957/j.cnki.jjdl.2024.08.004

    Urban and rural areas have the relationship of mutual promotion and mutual symbiosis. Whether the urban-rural relationship can be handled well is related to the overall socialist modernization construction. Accelerating the integrative development of urban and rural areas and promoting the common prosperity of urban and rural areas are not only the inherent requirements of Chinese path to modernization,but also a major measure to organically combine the new type of urbanization with the overall rural revitalization. Based on the analysis of the current imbalance of urban-rural development in China,this article proposes to improve the system and mechanism for promoting the new type of urbanization,consolidate and improve the basic rural operation system,improve the support system for strengthening agriculture,benefiting farmers and bringing prosperity to farmers,deepen land system reform,accelerate the establishment of the system and mechanism for integrative development of urban and rural areas,comprehensively improve the integration level of urban-rural planning,construction and governance,promote the equal exchange and two-way flow of urban and rural elements,constantly narrow the gap between urban and rural development. It will accelerate the formation of a new type of relationship between industry and agriculture,which includes mutual promotion of industry and agriculture,urban-rural complementarity,comprehensive integration,and common prosperity. It puts forward some policy suggestions that are gradually achieving the equality of basic rights and interests between urban and rural residents,the equalization of urban and rural public services,the balance of income between urban and rural residents,the rationalization of urban and rural factor allocation,and the integration of urban and rural industrial development.

  • "Pole-Axis System" Theory: Review and Practice
    LU Yuqi
    Acta Geographica Sinica. 2024, 79(12): 3015-3029. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlxb202412006

    Yangtze River Delta, as a pivotal region where the coastal axis and the riverside axis intersect, is characterized by complexity, diversity and typicality of the spatial structural evolution. Therefore, understanding its evolutionary pattern and constructing a theoretical model has important theoretical significance and application value. According to the core-periphery structure theory, the Yangtze River Delta can be divided into a core area that is centered on the Taihu Lake Basin and remaining periphery areas. However, due to its location at the junction of the river and the sea, a gateway area has emerged within the periphery area, thus forming a spatial structure that is composed of the core area and the gateway area. In the early period, the core area was centered on Suzhou, and a five-tier central place structure became well established since ancient times. However, the gateway area kept evolving and underwent three main changes: in ancient times, the gateway area was centered on Yangzhou, forming the canal gateway cluster; in the modern age, the gateway area became centered on Shanghai, forming an offshore gateway cluster; and in the contemporary era, the gateway area became centered on Ningbo, forming an oceanic gateway cluster. Their corresponding navigation capacities were 500 t, 10,000 t, and 200,000 t, respectively. Therefore, in addition to the existing central place theory and seaport spatial structure theory, the spatial structure evolution of the Yangtze River Delta presents a new evolutionary model: namely, the fusion evolutionary model of central places and port gateways. According to this model, in the early period, it was an endogenous evolution of the core area's spatial structure, which was in line with Christaller's hexagonal structure; while in modern times, the evolution of the spatial structure of the Yangtze River Delta was no longer dominated by central places, but rather, it became dominated by the gateway areas, making the k = 3 market principle turn into the k = 4 transportation principle. In this way, the Yangtze River Delta provides a globally exemplary empirical case for validating the process test of the central place theory, analyzing functional attributes of urban centrality and gateway, and refining the relevant theoretical model.

  • Theory & Methodology and Discipline Development
    ZHANG Baiping, YAO Yonghui, LIU Junjie, LI Jiayu, JIANG Ya
    Acta Geographica Sinica. 2024, 79(7): 1631-1646. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlxb202407001

    Geographic environment has exerted profound effect on the origin and evolution of world civilizations. Chinese civilization budded and evolved on a vast and varied territory between Yellow and Yangtze rivers, and has been thus deeply affected by the local geographic conditions. But it has been hardly seen to explore the origin of Chinese civilization from the perspective of geography. On the basis of integrated scientific investigation in China's north-south transitional zone, geographic analysis of Neolithic culture distribution and interpretation of pre-Qin and Qin-Han ancient literature, the conclusions can be drawn as follows: (1) The early agriculture pattern of "Rice in the south and millet in the north" and the ancient astronomy formed before about 8000 years were the background for Chinese civilization. The geographic distribution of Neolithic Dadiwan, Yangshao, Majiayao and Longshan culture sites showed that the earliest civilization elements appeared in the upper reaches of West-Hanshui and Weihe rivers, with a spatial trend of spreading toward east. (2) The West Qinling Mts. region, located between the Tibetan Plateau and the Jialing River, especially its inner Chenghui and Xili basins, being characterized by superior natural conditions and resources, is closely related to the three major mysteries concerning the origin of Chinese civilization, i.e., the main areas of the ancient Di and Qiang ethnic groups, the location of ancient Kunlun Mts., and the site of Dayu water control. (3) The Qin ethnic group stepped onto the stage of history by assisting Dayu in water control, and in their history of multiple ups and downs, built the grand water control projects in ancient China, such as the Dujiangyan Irrigation Project, Zhengguo Canal, Lingqu Canal, etc., and pioneered the time of "Books with the same text" and "County system", forming the main line of the origin and early evolution of Chinese civilization. (4) The West Qinling areas are still basically a "blind zone" in archaeological and historical research. It is highly recommended to conduct systematic and in-depth archaeological and historical research in this region so as to realize the breakthrough in the exploration of the origin of Chinese civilization as soon as possible.

  • Interview with Experts
    CHENG Ye-qing, HU Shou-geng, YANG Ren, TAO Wei, LI Hong-bo, LI Bo-hua, LIU Pei-lin, Wei Feng-qun, GUO Wen, TANG Cheng-cai, GU Kang-kang, TANG Xue-qiong
    JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES. 2024, 39(8): 1735-1759. https://doi.org/10.31497/zrzyxb.20240801

    The protection and utilization of traditional villages is not only a major practical issue to realize China's rural revitalization and Chinese-style modernization, but also a hot topic in the integration and cross-research of geography, sociology, planning, economics and other disciplines. In order to systematically explore the theoretical cognition, practical problems, system mechanism, practical experience and effective path of the protection and utilization of traditional villages in China, 11 experts in the research field of traditional villages were invited to conduct interviews. The interview mainly focuses on the classification of Chinese traditional villages from three perspectives: policy change and typical model, macro mechanism and core theme, theoretical cognition and practical path, and focuses on specific practices such as industrial integration, landscape protection, vitality, value realization, subject drive, spatial governance and locality, based on the theoretical understanding of the macro system and mechanism for the protection and utilization of Chinese traditional villages. Advanced theoretical and practical issues such as industrial integration, landscape protection, organic renewal, vitality, value realization, subject drive, spatial governance and locality were discussed in depth. According to the main views of the experts, the protection and utilization of China's traditional villages in the new era should focus on: (1) The main problems of protection and utilization of Chinese traditional villages facing the impact of rapid urbanization and modernization, the innovation of mechanism and system, and the realization path. In view of the conflict between modern civilization and agricultural civilization faced by traditional Chinese villages and the major strategic needs for national rural revitalization and Chinese-style modernization, the combination of "top-down" and "bottom-up" is adopted to build a diversified integration mechanism featuring multi-subject participation, organic integration of agriculture, culture and tourism, and overall coordination. By exploring the endogenous growth factors of traditional villages and the historical inheritance and cultural context of traditional villages, strengthening the leadership of rural grassroots party building, giving play to the role of villagers as the main body, reshaping the public cultural space system of traditional villages and all-round digital twin modeling, etc., we will create a living environment that is in line with modernization development and ecological civilization construction and jointly build a cultural map, to realize the transformation of traditional Chinese villages from "vegetable gardens" and "back gardens" to "spiritual homes". (2) Core themes and specific spatial practices of protection and utilization of traditional Chinese villages for rural revitalization and Chinese-style modernization. Focus on the core themes of traditional village classification, industrial integration, organic renewal, landscape protection, vitality, value realization, subject drive, spatial governance and local reconstruction, and strengthen the classification and classification of traditional villages based on the coupling of key factors such as "livelihood, water, food, energy and land"; focus on the significance, connotation and influence mechanism of the time dimension, space dimension and attribute dimension of traditional village industrial transformation; focus on the three tasks of "protection and development countermeasures, measures to improve people's livelihood, and strategies to activate utilization" to promote the organic renewal of traditional settlements; emphasis should be placed on the gene protection and inner spiritual value mining of traditional human settlement cultural landscape, the "living" protection and utilization of traditional living space and the "activation" of traditional cultural heritage; focus on the diversification of traditional village activities, "co-construction, co-governance and sharing" and the construction of beautiful villages; the importance of natural non-human elements and human beings as spatial order construction and place construction of traditional villages and their active practice are emphasized to promote the realization of multi-functionality and multi-value of traditional villages. Pay attention to the excavation of traditional cultural heritage and intensive and efficient material space, create a harmonious and comfortable social space and protect and inherit traditional culture space; focusing on rural elements such as "ecology, culture, subject, and industry", strengthening ecological background, inheriting and developing local culture, balancing capital advantages and local embeddedness among local and cross-local subjects, so as to realize local reconstruction and characteristic remodeling of traditional Chinese villages.

  • LONG Hualou, CHEN Kunqiu
    Economic geograph. 2024, 44(9): 12-21. https://doi.org/10.15957/j.cnki.jjdl.2024.09.002

    Rapid urbanization has resulted in the reorganization of rural social space and the change of residential morphologies, as well as practical problems such as rural social differentiation and spatial imbalance. Understanding the logical mechanism driving changes in rural residential morphologies has become a crucial pathway for promoting new-type urbanization and rural vitalization. This paper explores the conceptual framework of the changes of rural residential morphologies, describes the process, characteristics and mechanism of the changes of rural residential morphologies, as well as its coupling relationship and mutual feeding mechanism with rural spatial transformation. It further discusses strateges for managing these changes in rural residential morphologies along with related plans for spatial governance transformation. The conclusions are drawn as follows: 1) The new-type urbanization putting people first leads to the changes of rural population flow and migration mode, and further leads to the rapid reorganization of rural social space and the drastic changes in residential forms. 2) The new-type urbanization process drives the changes of rural residential morphologies through four evolution stages: the change of housing pattern, the inefficient use of housing, the deviation of housing function and the idle of housing. Economic element, socio-cultural element and urban-rural policies have direct driving role, indirect influence role and macro-guiding role respectively. 3) The changes of rural residential morphologies promote the transformation of rural living, production, ecological and cultural spaces, and the coupled and interconnected mutual feed mechanism makes all kinds of spaces also exert influences on rural residential morphologies. 4) Under the guidance of smart development, the scientific preparation of village spatial planning is needed, as well as the use of digital technology to achieve rural cross-border governance. Promoting the diversified governance by boosting the urban-rural integrated development and improving the mechanism of rural spatial governance are the trends of spatial governance transformation for the in-depth implementation of the strategies of new-type urbanization and rural vitalization.

  • Tourism Economy
    Zhou Pengfei, Cai Yang
    ECOTOURISM. 2024, 14(4): 896-912. https://doi.org/10.12342/zgstly.20240248

    Improving the level of digital infrastructure construction is an important measure to strengthen the resilience of the tourism economy, release the multiplier effect of the tourism industry chain, and enhance the high-quality development of the cultural and tourism industry. Based on the panel data of 31 provincial-level regions in China from 2011 to 2022, this paper uses the entropy method to measure the resilience of tourism economy and the level of digital infrastructure construction. The benchmark regression model, threshold model and spatial Durbin model are used to reveal the direct, non-linear and spatial spillover effects of digital infrastructure construction on the resilience of tourism economy. The results show that: (1) the construction of digitial infrastructure has effectively enhanced the resilience of the tourism economy and passed a series of robustness and endogeneity tests. (2) There is a non-linear increasing effect based on the intensity of financial supervison regarding the impact of the construction of digital infrastructure on the resilience of the tourism economy. (3) The construction of digital infrastructure has a positive spatial spillover effect on the resilience of the tourism economy. In view of this, the paper puts forward policy suggestions to further enhance the role of digital infrastructure construction in promoting the resilience of tourism economy from three aspects: formulating differentiated development strategies, giving a full play to financial regulation and improving the level of cross-provincial cooperation.

  • Theoretical Exploration
    LI Yuhang, XU Zhiwei, LIU Yanhua, ZHANG Yuhu, SUN Fubao
    Acta Geographica Sinica. 2024, 79(10): 2409-2424. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlxb202410001

    With the rapid advancement of science and technology, artificial intelligence (AI) has become a significant force driving scientific development and social progress. In the field of geographical sciences, the application of AI technology is deepening, bringing revolutionary changes to the collection, analysis, and application of big data and spatio-temporal information, and demonstrating innovative and application potential in multiple aspects. This paper systematically reviews the development and application of AI in geographical sciences, providing a detailed introduction to the development trajectories of various AI fields such as machine learning, computer vision, natural language processing, planning systems, and large AI models, as well as their applications in geography. It discusses the problems and challenges of AI applications in geography and provides an outlook on the future development of interdisciplinary research between AI and geographical sciences.

  • Special Column: New Trends in Subjective Well-Being of China's Migrant Population from a Gender Perspective
    GU Moli, TANG Shuangshuang
    South China Geographical Journal. 2024, 2(4): 1-13. https://doi.org/10.20125/j.2097-2245.202404001

    The rapid pace of urbanization and the continuous evolution of social attitudes underscore the importance of examining subjective well-being among migrants from a gender perspective. Based on the literature in the Web of Science Core Collection database, CiteSpace was used to analyze the related literature econometrically. The research on migrants' subjective well-being from the gender perspective is systematized in terms of relevant theories, temporal and spatial evolution characteristics, research hotspots, regional differences, and so on. The findings indicate that theories about subjective well-being are evolving at a rapid pace, with a research trend exhibiting a fluctuating upward trajectory. The research area has a strong localization. The main topics of interest in current research include: multidimensional characteristics, family well-being, social problems, and group differences. Concurrently, domestic and international research trends exhibit differentiation, which is reflected in the research theme, object, perspective, and other aspects. It is proposed that Chinese migrant women exhibit distinctive characteristics that warrant further investigation. In the future, academics should strive to enhance and expand the research on subjective well-being by focusing on themes such as the multifaceted effects and underlying mechanisms of subjective well-being, China's socio-cultural context, and geographic perspectives.

  • LUCC and Surface Process
    LIU Shiqi, WANG Ping, YU Jingjie, CAI Hongyan, YANG Linsheng, MU Cuicui, LIU Changming
    Acta Geographica Sinica. 2024, 79(7): 1751-1767. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlxb202407008

    Thermokarst lakes, as prominent thermokarst landscapes in permafrost regions, significantly influence ecological vegetation, hydrological processes, and carbon cycling in the Arctic. However, the current understanding of the distribution characteristics and change mechanisms of Arctic thermokarst lakes remains limited. To address this gap, this study employs meta-analysis and mathematical statistical methods to investigate the distribution patterns and dynamics of thermokarst lakes. The results reveal a pronounced spatio-temporal heterogeneity in the distribution and changes of Arctic thermokarst lakes. These variations are closely associated with permafrost conditions, lithology, soil types, subterranean ice content, and soil temperatures. Most Arctic thermokarst lakes are located in continuous permafrost area, where subterranean ice content exceeds 10%, average soil temperatures are above -4°C, and there are specific vertical soil temperature gradients. The change trends of thermokarst lakes differ under various environmental conditions. Generally, the development of thermokarst lakes follows three stages: initial formation, mid-term expansion, and late-stage contraction, all influenced by hydrological and thermohydrological balances. As critical indicators of permafrost degradation and climatic environmental changes, thermokarst lakes profoundly impact carbon cycling, hydrological processes, and ecological environmental changes within the Arctic ecosystem.

  • Population and Urban Studies
    DING Jinhong, CHANG Liang, CHEN Yihao, HUANG Xiaoli
    Acta Geographica Sinica. 2024, 79(8): 1883-1897. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlxb202408001

    The statistical definition of migration in China is attached with its unique household registration (hukou) system, the migrants so defined are also called the floating population. A new analytical paradigm is needed to deal with the complexity of sub-flows in the floating population. The paper classifies five types of the floating population in census context by referring the UN migration criteria, and constructs a new paradigm for analyzing the floating population in China. As a particular provincial-level region (hereafter province) is concerned, the inflow and outflow people belong to different hukou groups balanced by their own counter-flow, namely, inflow vs back-inflow (both have no hukou of the province), outflow vs back-outflow (both have hukou of the province). With the clue of inter-census migration cohort, a sub-flows model is constructed to identify the inter-provincial migration based on the retention rate. The annual retention rate of the inter-provincial migration cohort from 2010 to 2020 is 88.7%. Based on the provincial retention rates, an all-increment table of population change by province in China is made by modelling simulation. The paper surfaces new characteristics of population growth and inter-provincial migration: (1) Provincial population changes are divided into five types, among which the inflow-leading increase type is mainly found in municipalities and the eastern coastal areas, while the fertility-leading increase type and the fertility-overriding increase type are mainly in the western provinces and the agricultural provinces in the middle, and the outflow-overriding decrease type and the outflow-leading decrease type in Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Gansu and the northeastern provinces. (2) The mechanical growth of population can be divided into four types: rapid increase, equilibrium, outflow-overriding decrease and dual decrease (both hukou and non-hukou migration are negative). A "W"-shaped mechanical growth rate profile from northwest to southeast is found with the equilibrium belt standing in its middle. (3) Population floating is divided into three types. The counter-flows are highly-correlated: inflow rate and outflow rate are negatively correlated while the inflow-back-inflow and outflow-back-outflow are significant positively correlated. The analytical paradigm and model of floating population in China can be further extended to the study of "citizenship seeking migration" including international migration, and even further to identity migration including migrations with status changing such as enrollment, employment and marriage.

  • LUCC and Surface Process
    SHI Xuejin, ZHANG Biao, GUO Jialong, FENG Hao, WU Shufang
    Acta Geographica Sinica. 2024, 79(7): 1787-1803. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlxb202407010

    Soil erosion is influenced by various factors, such as land use and climate change. The Wangmaogou watershed, as a typical area for soil and water conservation in the hilly and gully regions of the Loess Plateau, has implemented a series of measures since the 20th century, including the Grain for Green Project. This study evaluated the spatial and temporal evolution characteristics of soil erosion intensity in the watershed in the years of 2010, 2015, and 2020 using the CSLE model. It also studied the situation of land use/cover change (LUCC) to analyze the spatial distribution patterns of land use and the responses of soil erosion in different time periods, thereby verifying the effectiveness of the soil and water conservation measures. The results revealed that from 2010 to 2020, the annual average soil erosion modulus in the study area decreased by 0.11 t hm-2 a-1, indicating a slight improvement in overall soil erosion conditions. However, the proportion of slight erosion decreased by 5.56%, while severe erosion increased by 4.02%, with the higher erosion zone mainly distributed in the northern, central, and northwestern parts of the watershed. Compared to the year 2010, soil erosion conditions in the watershed were greatly relieved in 2015 due to the decrease of rainfall and restoration of vegetation, but rebounded in 2020 resulting from the extreme rainfall events and declining vegetation cover quality. From 2010 to 2020, there were significant conversions between grassland and farmland in the northern and northeastern parts of the watershed. The decline in grassland quality resulted in a higher average soil erosion modulus compared to farmland, at 13.69 t hm-2 a-1 and 12.99 t hm-2 a-1, respectively. This study would contribute to figuring out the relationship between soil erosion in typical small watersheds of the Loess Plateau, extreme climatic events, and land use changes, providing scientific data support for future efforts to improve soil and water conservation benefits and mitigate soil erosion risks.

  • Population and Urban Studies
    DING Liang, HUANG Ziqian, XIAO Chaowei, ZHANG Junshen, ZHAO Hua
    Acta Geographica Sinica. 2024, 79(8): 1898-1917. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlxb202408002

    Understanding the spatial segregation and social integration of immigrants and local residents is highly significant in summarizing the historical experience of Chinese modernization. Additionally, it serves as a crucial foundation for promoting a people-centered new urbanization, fostering spatial fairness and justice, and achieving common prosperity. However, current research on residential spatial differentiation primarily focuses on analyzing the spatial distribution characteristics, differentiation patterns, and indicator calculations of various groups, and has limited investigation into social integration issues. This paper explores this social and spatial differentiation phenomenon in Hangzhou, usingthe initial residence registration information and mobile phone signalling data to analyze the characteristics and mechanisms of living space differentiation. Additionally, this article combines a small sample of questionnaires with a bottom-up exploration of social integration under spatial differentiation. From the research, four key findings emerge: (1) The majority of residents in the city are migrants. There is a clear difference in the distribution of living spaces between immigrants and local residents, with local residents mainly concentrated in the old city area, while the distribution of immigrants is more scattered. Compared to the typical "immigrant city" in the United States, Hangzhou has less spatial differentiation between immigrants and local residents. (2) The residential space differentiation between immigrants and local residents in the city presents a combination pattern of " multi-nuclei, sectoral, concentric zone". However, unlike the centrifugal diffusion trend of the local people in the United States, the local residents in Hangzhou tends to gather towards the center, while immigrants choose centrifugal diffusion and peripheral aggregation. (3) The spatial differentiation of living spaces is mainly caused by the competition for spatial resources between immigrants and local residents under urban expansion. However, behind the phenomenon of "local residents live in the old city", immigrants are no longer a disadvantaged group. Some intelligent new immigrants actively choose to live in high-quality peripheral areas. (4) The integration between immigrants and local residents is satisfactory, but it is more cautious about the issue of intermarriage. Additionally, residential spatial segregation has not had a negative impact on social integration. There are four main reasons for this. To begin with, the majority of the population consists of immigrants, and urban residents no longer pay attention to identity labels in their daily interactions. Besides, there is relatively little cultural difference within ethnic groups, and the assimilation between immigrants and local residents is increasing. And then, interactions between individuals in workplace and third place can alleviate the negative impacts caused by residential spatial segregation. Finally, China's coordinated development and people-oriented social system can also create favorable conditions for social integration.

  • Theory and Methodology Exploration
    ZHAO Wenwu, YIN Caichun, ZHANG Junze, FU Bojie
    Acta Geographica Sinica. 2024, 79(11): 2699-2720. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlxb202411001

    Sustainable development is a significant scientific issue of global concern. Geography, as a comprehensive discipline focusing on the coupled relationship between human activities and the natural environment, provides systematic research and solutions for achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, there is currently a lack of comprehensive reviews. This paper summarizes the theoretical framework and research progress of Geography supporting the SDGs and explores its future key research areas. This article indicates that: (1) Geography, in conducting integrated research on human-nature systems and serving regional and global sustainable development processes, has innovatively proposed and developed theoretical frameworks such as social-ecological systems, pattern-process-service-sustainability, metacoupling, and Classification-Coordination-Collaboration. These research frameworks include elements of human-environment system interconnections, process coupling, spatial coupling, and systematic regulation oriented towards SDGs, forming a comprehensive theoretical framework supporting sustainable development research in Geography, also referred to as "sustainable geography theoretical framework". (2) Geography has made positive progress in supporting the United Nations SDGs research in areas such as multi-source data acquisition, localization of indicator systems and multi-scale progress assessment, analysis of inter-target linkage mechanisms, and SDG achievement pathways. Geography provides important theoretical and methodological support for SDG research. (3) Geography and sustainable development-related research mainly focus on climate-ecological crisis response, sustainable utilization of food-energy-water resources, regional development and planning, human well-being and social governance, and the construction of SDG assessment indicators and databases. (4) In future research, there is a need to innovate and develop sub-disciplines of Sustainable Geography, optimize the construction of SDGs indicator systems, develop SDGs assessment and decision-making models, strengthen artificial intelligence geography, deepen research on human-nature system coupling, and promote regional and global sustainable development in the process of advancing innovation in the discipline of Geography.

  • LUCC and Surface Process
    GAO Yu, LIU Lin, ZHANG Zhengyong, TIAN Hao, CHEN Hongjin, ZHANG Xueying, ZHANG Mingyu, WANG Tongxia, KANG Ziwei, YU Fengchen
    Acta Geographica Sinica. 2024, 79(7): 1842-1861. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlxb202407013

    The mass elevation effect (MEE) is a thermal phenomenon associated with uplifted landmasses, leading to spatial differentiation in water-heat assemblies that profoundly affect the geo-ecological pattern and environmental evolution of mountains and regions. This study developed a ground-air temperature regression model to simulate the temperature distribution on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau using MOD11C3 data and meteorological observations, analyzing the spatiotemporal diversity and dynamic evolution of the MEE across the entire plateau and internal landform regions were estimated and analyzed from 2000 to 2019. Employing the Geodetector method, the research uncovered the genesis patterns of the MEE at different scales, revealing an average MEE of 4.13 ℃ with a pronounced centripetal pattern from northeast to southwest and decreasing elevation-dependent characteristics that were significantly negatively correlated with longitude and latitude. The average MEE of the landform regionalization was 5.06 ℃, indicating a stronger internal spatial differentiation within landform regionalization. Seasonally, the MEE was slightly stronger in the dry season, with distinct patterns of weakness in the northwest and strength in the southeast during the dry season, and the opposite in the wet season. The MEE showed an asymmetric linear enhancement pattern under global climate change, with an inclination rate of 0.26 ℃/10 a, presenting a "ring-like" characteristic of strong in the east and weak in the west and decreased from the hinterland core to the edge. The weak areas were significantly enhanced, whereas the strong areas showed small variations. The MEE fluctuation magnitude and change rate were both stronger in the dry season than in the wet season, with the dry season primarily contributing to MEE changes. The spatial and temporal patterns of the MEE were influenced by scale effects, with latitudinal zonation at the macroscale and microtopographic features at the regional level. Moreover, NDVI and barometric pressure were found to enhance the seasonal spatial variations of the MEE. This comprehensive analysis provides deep insights into the mountain science and responses to climate change.

  • Geopolitical Relations and Human Settlements Environment
    FU Ningning, GE Yuejing, LI Yanzheng, HUANG Yu, HU Wei, NIU Fuchang, SONG Zhiyuan, LIU Yuli
    Acta Geographica Sinica. 2024, 79(8): 2097-2114. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlxb202408012

    In the post-Cold War era, the global landscape has evolved towards multipolarity, and the geostrategic behavior of states has gradually shifted away from the traditional binary model of "balancing-bandwagoning" to a more flexible and diverse one called hedging strategy, and it is the current strategy that the countries surrounding the South China Sea have adopted in response to China's actions. By introducing the hedging theory of international relations, we seek to understand, from a geopolitical perspective, how these geopolitical entities employ hedging strategies. First, an analytical framework is constructed to theorize hedging strategy, consisting of driving factors, mediating factors, and strategic choices. Second, the hedging intensity is assessed quantitatively via the geopolitical risk and the relative power index of the countries surrounding the South China Sea. The evolution of it is presented through a bivariate visualization method, and the various hedging patterns are classified by utilizing the quadrant diagram. Finally, both the theoretical framework and quantitative outcomes are validated by analyzing the strategic practices of the study region. We conclude that: (1) the geopolitical risks of the countries surrounding the South China Sea have been "tending to be stable but difficult to achieve" since the beginning of the 21st century, with significant heterogeneity among these countries. The evolution of state relative power exhibits a fluctuating trend, closely linked to U.S. intervention. (2) The hedging intensity of the countries surrounding the South China Sea results from the interaction between geopolitical risk and state relative power, leading to three distinct forms, represented by Vietnam and the Philippines, Indonesia, and Malaysia and Brunei, respectively. (3) The intrinsic logic of the hedging strategies of these countries can be seen as a strategic cognition shaped by their threat awareness and national strategic orientation. This cognition then orientates diverse hedging approaches that guide these countries in applying either cooperative or competitive tools. By understanding the intensity and nature of the strategic hedging by the countries surrounding the South China Sea, we aim to provide a unique vantage point for China's regional governance in the South China Sea.

  • Interview with Experts on New Quality Productive Forces
    WANG Jin-wei, LU Lin, WANG Zhao-feng, WEI Min, SONG Rui, YANG Yong, BAI Kai, LIN Ming-shui, YU Hu, ZHU He
    JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES. 2024, 39(7): 1643-1663. https://doi.org/10.31497/zrzyxb.20240709

    New quality productive forces are the core driver for building a modern tourism sector and also support the development of a strong tourism nation. In order to deeply understand the scientific connotation of new quality productive forces and clarify the theoretical logic and strategic path of new quality productive forces empowering the high-quality development of tourism industry, several experts on regional economic development, the digital economy, tourism management and geography were interviewed. The interviews were based on the logic of "problem orientation-innovative thinking-path mechanism", focusing on the background, opportunities and challenges, core meanings, drivers, and innovations empowering the high-quality development of tourism new quality productive forces. There were three main conclusions from this research. The first was the strategic opportunities and risks of promoting the high-quality development of tourism through new quality productive forces against a background of rapid and continuous technological change. New quality productive forces optimize resource allocation through scientific and technological innovation, and improve the production efficiency and growth quality of tourism. They also produce new tourism development models and forms of business, constantly generating momentum to drive high-quality economic and social improvements. Especially in rural tourism, the role of new quality productive forces is particularly significant. It promotes the gradual improvement of the rural tourism production network, enhances cooperation among rural tourism stakeholders, helps rural tourism participants evolve new production initiatives, and ultimately reinvigorates rural areas with increased prosperity. However, given globalization and rapid digitalization, innovation in tourism faces a series of challenges. In particular, the lack of systematic development of tourism software and hardware, risks of data security and privacy protection, resistance to change and innovation in traditional tourism, and the "growing pains" brought by the transformation to new technologies deserve attention. The development of new quality productive forces in future tourism must focus on technological innovation, find and prepare a quality tourism workforce, optimize and more closely integrate products and services with human talent, and significantly improve the total factor productivity of tourism. Second, the process of empowering the high-quality development of tourism must encompass technological innovation leading to industrial modernization. Innovation plays a leading role in new quality productive forces and is the core driver of the high-quality development of tourism. The new quality productive forces empowering this tourism development have several specific features. Technological innovation leads the modernization of the tourism sector and is a prerequisite for the high-quality development of tourism. Factor integration and supply-demand matching are the intrinsic requirements for the high-quality development of tourism. Other critical ingredients are digitization, greening and artificial intelligence. The significant improvement of total factor productivity must be the core goal for the high-quality development of tourism. Third, the guidance of national strategy is crucial to the progress and prospects for new quality productive forces empowering the high-quality development of tourism. New quality productive forces are receiving widespread emphasis since their inception and have become a core issue highly valued by the tourism sector in China. In the New Era, modern technology has become a key production factor in tourism. Additionally, the transformation and upgrading of tourism is dynamically advancing, growth is strengthening, and the ability of tourism to serve national economic and social-cultural strategies is becoming more noticeable. However, it should not be overlooked that high-quality tourism development is still faced with serious problems such as weak technological innovation capabilities, uneven regional development, inadequate circulation of factor resources, and insufficient human talent for tourism. To further enhance the beneficial impacts of new quality productive forces in stimulating the high-quality development of tourism, it is necessary to focus on deepening the reform of the system and operations in tourism, optimizing the creative allocation of tourism production factors, accelerating the development of a modern tourism sector, and improving the quality of professional tourism talent. These three recommendations will not only enhance the understanding and application of new quality productive forces to a certain extent, but also provide decision-making support for building China into a leading tourism nation in the world.

  • Vegetation Ecology and Grain Security
    YANG Yidan, YAO Chengsheng, LIU Weifang
    Acta Geographica Sinica. 2024, 79(9): 2372-2388. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlxb202409014

    In the context of the increasingly severe global food crisis caused by multiple external factors, building a more productive, nutritious, resilient, and sustainable food security system to promote the transformation of the agricultural and food system had become more crucial, particularly because it is essential for stabilizing China's overall economic and social development. This paper was based on the perspective of the Nature-Society-Economy complex system. It divided the food security system into three levels: resources and environment, production and supply, and distribution and consumption. This paper constructed an index system based on the three-dimensional framework of Pressure-State-Response, employing provincial panel data from 2000 to 2021 to analyze the spatial and temporal spatial evolution characteristics of China's food security system transformation. A dynamic panel model was adopted to quantify the various driving factors related to the food security system transformation. The research results indicated the following: (1) The comprehensive index of food security system transformation from 2000 to 2021 increased by 97.90%, showing a two-stage change characteristic with a moderate rise from 2000 to 2012 and a rapid growth from 2013 to 2021. The transformation index of the resources and environment and the production and supply subsystems were consistent with the evolution of the comprehensive index of food security system transformation, also exhibiting a two-stage upward trend. The transformation index of the distribution and consumption subsystem showed a downward and then an upward trend. (2) The comprehensive index of provincial food security system transformation increased continuously from 2000 to 2021. The provinces that exceeded China's average shifted from a balanced distribution across the eastern, central, and western regions in 2000 to clustering in the main grain-producing areas in 2021. (3) The food security system transformation is an ongoing endeavor. The rate of urbanization, agricultural financing policies, birth rate, and dietary diversity index can significantly promote the transformation of the food security system. The transformation of the food security system can be seriously hampered by industrialization, relative returns from agricultural production, GDP growth rate, and per capita disposable income.

  • CHEN Yongtai, SHAN Binglin
    Economic geograph. 2025, 45(3): 171-180. https://doi.org/10.15957/j.cnki.jjdl.2025.03.017

    Government audit, as a key component of the national supervision system, plays a vital role in achieving the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals. Based on the panel data of 277 prefecture-level cities in China from 2006 to 2019, this paper employs a spatial econometric model to investigate the spatial boundary and heterogeneity of the spatial spillover effect of government audit on carbon emissions. The research finds that: 1) Government audit not only reduces local carbon emissions but also promotes carbon reduction in adjacent cities. Moreover, this spillover effect shows the characteristics of geographical and economic boundaries, reaching its peak at a geographical distance of 400 km, and there is also an optimal economic distance spillover interval. 2) Heterogeneity analysis reveals that low-level government intervention and high-level energy consumption will make the geographical distance spillover boundary of government audit more significant. 3) Government audit can enhance public environmental awareness in local and neighboring cities, playing a role in coordinated carbon reduction. Based on the above, it proposes that the government can achieve the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals and promote the government audit development by the means of strengthening regional cooperation and coordination, reducing differences in urban characteristics, increasing public participation in supervision, and strengthening sci-tech innovation and R&D.

  • HU Saiqiang, YANG Di, LIU Shuhu
    Economic geograph. 2024, 44(9): 211-220. https://doi.org/10.15957/j.cnki.jjdl.2024.09.022

    Taking 1177 traditional villages in Fujian Province as the research object,and using the methods of field investigation, nearest neighbor index, kernel density estimation method,case study and so on,this paper analyzes the spatial distribution characteristics and historical evolution of the traditional villages in Fujian.The results are as follows: 1) The spatial distribution of traditional villages in Fujian Province was highly consistent with the distribution of mountain range, river system and residential cultural division in Fujian,with the characteristics of large dispersion,small concentration,traditional villages were mainly distributed in the western mountainous areas of Fujian and less distributed in the eastern coastal areas of Fujian. It forms four high-density areas in the east and south of Fujian. 2) The aggregation degree and number of traditional villages in Fujian Province in different periods gradually increased with the passage of time,and the number of traditional villages in Ming and Qing dynasties was the largest and the most intensive,showing an overall expansion trend of inland-coastal-inland,which was highly coupled with the process of immigration and development in Fujian. This paper reveals the spatial pattern and historical evolution of Fujian traditional villages through the process of immigration development in Fujian,it provides a new perspective for the study of rural geography and a basis for the protection and development of traditional villages and the construction of human settlements in Fujian.

  • Regional Development
    SHANG Huping, LIU Junteng
    Acta Geographica Sinica. 2024, 79(8): 2020-2041. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlxb202408008

    The driving force behind coordination is that the regional coordination policies can benefit the weak. Since the implementation of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei coordinated development policy, its actual effect has been questioned. Some negative views suggest that this policy has only benefited Beijing and Tianjin, but has not promoted the development of Hebei. In response to this question, this paper takes the implementation of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei coordinated development policy in 2015 as a natural experiment, using synthetic control method and panel data from 2010 to 2020, empirically evaluates the policy effect and spatial heterogeneity of this policy on economic growth, industrial structure optimization and air quality improvement of Hebei. Results indicate that: (1) The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei coordinated development policy did not significantly drive the economic growth of Hebei, but promoted the optimization of industrial structure and the improvement of air quality, showing a trend of high-quality coordinated development. (2) The policy effect on prefecture-level cities of Hebei is different due to their distance from Beijing and Tianjin, showing a "center-periphery" diffusion pattern with Beijing and Tianjin as the core. (3) The cities close to Beijing have obtained obvious effect of industrial structure optimization, and the cities close to Tianjin have obtained obvious effect of economic growth. Cities around Beijing and Tianjin are significantly better than cities in southern Hebei in terms of air quality improvement. In the future, we need to view this policy with a new concept of high-quality development, scientifically promote the industrial transfer and undertaking within the urban agglomeration, and continuously consolidate the basic conditions for economic development of Hebei. It is also necessary to achieve spatial equity and adapt to local conditions in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei coordination.

  • Regional Development
    WANG Fang, HOU Jingyi, NIU Fangqu
    Acta Geographica Sinica. 2024, 79(8): 2083-2096. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlxb202408011

    With the continuous development and application of information technology, online shopping has emerged as a significant force, bringing immense economic potential. The convenience offered by online shopping, such as the ability to shop anytime, anywhere, and access to a vast array of products, is reshaping consumer habits and expectations. Despite the continued growth of online shopping, the role of physical stores remains significant. Physical stores offer tangible benefits that online shopping often struggle to replicate. These include the ability to see, touch, and try products before purchasing, as well as the immediacy of taking items home without having to wait for shipping. The relationship between online shopping and physical shopping remains a hot topic in academia. Although there have been relevant studies in China, most of them are based on the survey data from individual communities or cities, lacking large-scale and long-term systematic research from a national perspective. Furthermore, there is a lack of heterogeneous comparisons between different regions. Drawing on large-scale time utilization survey data of 29 provincial-level regions in 2017 and 2021, this paper analyzes the spatiotemporal evolution of online shopping behavior and physical shopping behavior of China's residents, and examines the influence of online shopping on residents' physical shopping behavior. The results show that: (1) There are significant spatial differences in the characteristics of residents' online and physical shopping behaviors. The standard deviation ellipse of online shopping and physical shopping behavior shows an obvious "northeast-southwest" distribution pattern, with the gravity center gradually shifting northward during the study period. (2) In 2017, online shopping had a significant complementary effect on physical shopping. But in 2021, both complementary and neutral effects coexisted. (3) There are significant differences in the impact of online shopping on physical shopping between urban and rural residents, and residents among different regions. There is also a coexistence of complementary effects and neutral effects. This paper clarifies the relationship between online shopping and physical shopping in China, provides an in-depth understanding of the changes of urban space in the internet era, and helps promote the spatial transformation of physical commerce.

  • CHEN Huashuai, XIE Keqin, ZHANG Qisheng
    Economic geograph. 2025, 45(3): 129-138. https://doi.org/10.15957/j.cnki.jjdl.2025.03.013

    Based on the data of Baidu search index of ChatGPT from December 2022 to June 2023 this article analyzes the evolution characteristics and influence mechanism of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI for short) attention degree by the ArcGIS, multivariable linear regression model, and spatial econometric model. The results show that: 1) GenAI attention degree showed the inverted-V evolution trend in China during the research period. 2) GenAI attention degree had the characteristics of regional agglomeration, which initially showed the distribution of a giant block shape with the Shandong Peninsula, the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta as the cores, later evolved into the distribution of a small block shape. 3) Scientific and technological development, corporate development, advanced industrial structure, education level, degree of opening up, digital infrastructure and government support all had a significant positive effect on GenAI attention degree, and in addition to the digital infrastructure, the other influencing factors have the spatial spillover effect, which is the main reason for the regional aggregation of GenAI attention degree. Based on the research conclusions, this article proposes some suggestions that are increasing the technological investment and policy support for high-tech cities, establishing a high-level talent training system, improving relevant regulations and ethical standards to promote the development of GenAI industry and optimize the layout of high-tech industry.

  • LUCC and Surface Process
    LI Shuangshuang, DUAN Shengyong, HU Jialan, YAN Junping
    Acta Geographica Sinica. 2024, 79(7): 1768-1786. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlxb202407009

    Quantifying the contributions of climate change and human activities to changes in vegetation is important in terms of regional ecological protection and future research on the Loess Plateau. However, in the case of areas with naturally regenerated vegetation, where there are no clearly visible indications of human activities and ecological processes are not significantly disturbed, not all relevant forms of human activity can be remotely detected. Therefore, modelling the intensity of human modification of natural ecosystems could provide a pathway for a better understanding of the questions concerning where and how much vegetation change occurs in areas with evidence of human activities or land-use change. In this study, we utilized the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) between 2000 and 2022 and land-use datasets (a spatial resolution of 30 m) collected in 2000, 2010, and 2020 to distinguish areas with strong and weak anthropogenic interference on the Loess Plateau. In those areas with clearly visible human activity, we explored the relative contributions of climate change and human activity to vegetation dynamics. Taking the lagged duration variation between climate factors and vegetation growth into consideration, climatic factors influencing vegetation decadal dynamics were identified in the southern part of the Loess Plateau. The results are as follows: (1) With the implementation of the Three-North Shelter Forest Program, Grain-to-Green Program, and other ecological projects, the rate of vegetation restoration on the Loess Plateau slowed by 3.4%/10a during the period 2012-2022; however, the overall trend was an increase in vegetation. (2) In sensitive areas of vegetation restoration in the Loess Plateau, human activities with a relative contribution exceeding 65% were the dominant factors of vegetation variability in the areas with both intensive and weak human interference, which is approximately 2.0-fold higher than the contribution of climate change. (3) The interdecadal anomalies of precipitation in June were effective indicators of opposite west-east vegetation anomalies in the southern part of the Loess Plateau. Specifically, when precipitation increased by 10 mm in June, this southeastern part witnessed a decrease of 1.4% in NDVI in contrast with a 1.7% increase in the southwestern part. By coupling temporal and spatial information we have clarified the spatial distribution of trends and decadal variations in NDVI and its influencing factors. These observations from the Loess Plateau provide useful insights to help understand the relationship between vegetation change, climate change, and human activities on vegetation restoration globally or in other regions of China.

  • ZHOU Jianping, XU Weixiang, LIU Chengjun, SUN Chunxiao
    Economic geograph. 2024, 44(7): 117-125. https://doi.org/10.15957/j.cnki.jjdl.2024.07.012

    To analyze the impact of urban digital and intelligent transformation on the level of industrial modernization under policy uncertainty,this study takes the "Broadband China" pilot policy and the "Smart City" pilot policy as exogenous shocks of urban digitalization and intelligent governance transformation respectively. Based on the multi-period difference-in-differences model and the spatial difference-in-differences model,it explores the effect of digital and intelligent transformation on China's industrial modernization under policy uncertainty. The results are as followings: 1) Both the "Broadband China" pilot policy and the "Smart City" pilot policy have a significant positive effect on the level of industrial modernization,indicating that urban digital and intelligent transformation can promote the enhancement of industrial modernization. 2) With the increase of economic policy uncertainty and foreign trade policy uncertainty,urban digital and intelligent transformation has a stronger role in promoting the level of industrial modernization. 3) Through the analysis of spatial difference-in-differences model,it is found that the urban digital and intelligent transformation is not limited to the local area,but also has a significant spatial spillover effect. The conclusion has important policy enlightenment and reference significance for promoting industrial upgrading and advancing the construction of modern industrial system against the backdrop of increasing policy uncertainty.

  • YAN Mingyue, YAN Mingtao, ZHANG Ye, ZHAO Jianji
    Economic geograph. 2024, 44(12): 206-217. https://doi.org/10.15957/j.cnki.jjdl.2024.12.021

    Dynamically grasping the spatiotemporal evolution and influencing factors of tourism high-quality development has important theoretical significance and practical value for promoting the construction of a strong tourism country. Based on the connotation of tourism high-quality development, this study constructs an evaluation index system encompassing four dimensions: tourism product services, tourism green development, tourism economic vitality, and tourism shared development. Utilizing the game theory combination weighting TOPSIS method, it assess the level of tourism high-quality development in 264 prefecture-level and above cities across China from 2011 to 2020. It also employs the spatial Markov chains, optimal parameter geographic detectors, and spatiotemporal geographically weighted regression to analyze its pattern evolution and influencing factors. The results indicate that: 1) Tourism high-quality development in China's urban areas exhibits a "multi-core agglomeration" spatial distribution characteristic, with hot spots concentrated in the southern coastal areas and cold spots in the central and western regions. The equilibrium entropy results show that 50.4% of cities have significant tourism development potential, primarily located in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangdong, Chongqing, and Anhui. 2) Neighboring regions play a crucial role in local high-quality tourism development, with changes in development levels exhibiting stable path dependence and club convergence effects, making it challenging to achieve leapfrog improvements. 3) Urbanization levels, digital economy, and openness to the outside world are the primary factors influencing tourism high-quality development, with their impacts exhibiting spatiotemporal differentiation. 4) From a geographical perspective, tourism high-quality development is influenced by the comprehensive effects of three geographic natures: The first geographic nature, represented by natural elements, plays a foundational role; The second geographic nature, represented by traditional economic development factors, serves a supporting role; The third geographic nature, represented by new economic factors, takes a leading role. The findings of this study not only deepen the relationship between geographic nature theory and tourism high-quality development, but also provide theoretical support and practical references for advancing tourism high-quality development at the urban scale.

  • Population and Urban Studies
    SUN Pingjun, ZHANG Keqiu, CAO Naigang, LIU Ju
    Acta Geographica Sinica. 2024, 79(8): 1918-1939. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlxb202408003

    In the wake of unprecedented global urbanization, an alarming trend of shrinking cities has emerged worldwide, presenting a profound challenge to conventional urban-regional planning approaches, primarily centered on growth scenarios. This trend has also bestowed upon Chinese geographers and urban and rural planning practitioners a new mandate in this evolving era. One region that exemplifies this predicament is Northeast China, experiencing the most severe population decline and the highest concentration of shrinking cities in the country. How to rationally recognize and properly deal with this phenomenon (or problem) of regional urban shrinkage has become the core scientific issue to be focused on in the comprehensive implementation of regional coordinated high-quality development, Chinese-style modernization of common prosperity for all and all-round revitalization of Northeast China in the new era. This paper delves into a logical speculation and practical discussion to understand the underlying causes and implications of regional urban shrinkage in Northeast China: Initially, it examines the original concept of regional shrinking cities within the context of urbanization, critically evaluating the rationality of such shrinkage in light of the broader national strategic objectives. Subsequently, the generation logic of regional urban shrinkage in Northeast China is explored through three key factors: the "pull" effect of regional spatial correlation, the "extrusion" effect of urban shrinkage at a regional level, and the "catalyst" effect of transportation and communication technology development in reducing the cost of factor flow. Moreover, this study draws on the market-led shrewd contraction theory and the government-led vitality regeneration governance logic. It takes into account the governance objectives of achieving "regional coordinated high-quality development, people-oriented new urbanization, efficiency and fairness, and comprehensive security concept". With a systematic perspective that considers scale heterogeneity, development context relevance, factor differentiation, and multidisciplinary integration, the paper outlines a governance model and strategy for addressing regional urban shrinkage in Northeast China. By emphasizing the alignment of governance approaches with national development goals, this research underscores that regional urban shrinkage goes beyond a mere outcome of market-driven population migration. The presence of underlying "market failures" severely impacts the vision of the five major securities (national defense, food, ecology, energy, industry) advocated by Chinese President Xi Jinping for the Northeast China region. The findings of this study offer valuable insights to guide Northeast China's pursuit of high-quality development and contribute to the region's revitalization efforts.

  • Theoretical and Methodological Exploration
    JING Changfeng, LI Jianing, WU Sensen, FENG Yunlong, CAO Yibing, CHEN Yijun, JIANG Jie, ZHOU Chenghu
    Acta Geographica Sinica. 2024, 79(9): 2230-2245. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlxb202409005

    The advent of information intelligence and spatiotemporal big data have significantly broadened the scope of application for geographic information systems (GIS), presenting both opportunities and challenges in the modeling of geographic scenarios. Current paradigms for organizing spatiotemporal data and conceptualizing spatial cognition predominantly rely on a bottom-up approach, which was demonstrated with limitation on low cognition and the fragmented representation of geospatial objects. This is a noteworthy research issue facing the Big Data era, namely the design of new representation models for the integration of objects and knowledge, as well as the collaborative computation of models and objects. This study, inspiring from Leibniz's relative spatiotemporal perspective, establishes an object space-based approach for organization and management of geographic scenarios. The concept of object space was proposed by reviewing the historical evolution of geographic scenarios representation model and literature work on mainstream research domain. Object space is the space of influence of an object, both the inner space of the object and the space of its surroundings. It includes pan spatiotemporal object, object space relationship, calculation and analysis process, which represents object, knowledge and model. For representing and management of object space, a hierarchical model was developed to organize pan spatiotemporal objects according to business requirement and spatial scale. Further, a network model was denoted to represent object space relationship and knowledge, in which node is the objects, and edge is the space relationship. Then, a model classification method based on functional and computational ability was used to organize calculation and analysis process models. Thus, a highly integrated and synergistic "data-knowledge-model" organization and management model was established. The proposed approach was applied in monitoring soil moisture in high-standard farmland in Shandong, which included 44 pan spatiotemporal objects, 2 object space relationship network models and 5 calculation and analysis process models. The results demonstrated its efficacy and feasibility in designing and implementing high-standard farmland intelligent automatic irrigation and drainage systems, thereby offered technical support for advancing theoretical research and expanding practical application in geographic scenarios.

  • Original article
    GAO Yan, LING Wei, SHENG Chun-ling, DENG Yi, LI Xiang-mei
    JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES. 2024, 39(10): 2294-2309. https://doi.org/10.31497/zrzyxb.20241003

    The large-scale construction of national parks poses a huge challenge to the demand for ecological compensation funds. Financial compensation is not only a drop in the bucket, but also difficult to solve the rigid dilemma of insufficient and mismatched compensation. This study uses carbon trading as a tool to solve the ecological compensation problem in national parks, and outlines three channels: international, domestic, and third-party independent voluntary emission reduction mechanisms that develop ecological carbon sinks into voluntary greenhouse gas emissions reductions to benefit the carbon market. Among them, China Certified Emission Reduction (CCER) is the main channel for realizing the ecological carbon sink value of national parks in the future. Then, the study analyzed three key issues: limited market supply, difficulty in effective trading, and unclear profit distribution models for national parks to obtain sufficient and precise ecological compensation through CCER market. In the design of ecological carbon sink compensation mechanism based on carbon trading, a screening mechanism is proposed to ensure the maximum profit potential of ecological carbon sink projects under the principle of balancing economic and social ecological benefits after the methodological barriers are cleared. An effective trading mechanism is established by offsetting ratios, offsetting in other regions, and government protection settings to promote transactions and effectively distinguish the boundary between government and market compensation. In order to avoid operational risks, a precise compensation mechanism is introduced by establishing a PPP model of third-party professional carbon sink development enterprises for ecological carbon sink project, and income distribution is based on the contributions of relevant carbon sink supply entities. Finally, the study provides relevant policy recommendations for National Forestry and Grassland Administration, which is in charge of national parks, and Ministry of Ecology and Environment, which is in charge of carbon markets in China. The research results are expected to provide reference and inspiration for establishing market-oriented ecological compensation mechanisms in all nature reserves and other ecological spaces, including national parks.

  • Rong Peng, Chao Liu
    Tropical Geography. 2024, 44(11): 1962-1977. https://doi.org/10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.20240033

    Music has the power to recreate place and awaken a sense of place. As a medium of communication, music combines the narrative characteristics of imagery, nostalgia, and localization. Songs named after place names and their comments have an image-based expression of the place, as well as a symbolic emotional mapping between the creator and the listener. Focusing on two music platforms, QQ Music and NetEase Cloud Music, this study considered songs related to Chengdu, used lyrics and comments as textual data, and conducted content analysis from the perspective of musical narration. It determined the degree of association between feature words through high-frequency word statistics and socio-semantic network analysis and constructed the dimensions of local imagery through rooting theory. The study also constructed a theoretical model of "local image construction based on music narration," analyzed the features of local image, and examined the relationship between music narration, local image, and city charm. The results indicate the following: (1) The local image of Chengdu in music narrative comprises three aspects: symbol presentation image, meaning-endowed image, and comprehensive expression image. Among these, symbol presentation image includes seven categories, while meaning-endowed image and comprehensive expression image each contain two categories. (2) Music narration can be categorized into the narration of songs and critical narration whereby listeners express their views under the influence of narrative transmission; narrative text has an impact on element cognition, emotional resonance and tone rendering in three aspects: narrative elements, structure and tone, so as to construct place image. The local image is specifically expressed as follows: based on narration elements such as character, time, place and environment, it connects the cognition of image elements such as character, time, space and landscape; through the narration structure of "I say to you" and "you listen to me," the emotional resonance is triggered after the individual role is substituted, forming emotional and intentional images; under the rendering of these narrative tones, combined with individual cognition and emotion, macroscopic atmosphere image and local characteristic image are formed. (3) The local image of Chengdu as narrated musically is characterized by the coexistence of tradition and modernity, the interaction between nature and humanity, and the sense of romance and "the feeling of home". 4) Music narration constructs the local image of "ideal home," "story tavern, " and "earthly life, " which become the charm of the city. This study connects music, narration, and place; addresses how music constructs local image; and introduces the perspective of narratology to expand the relationship between music and local image into a deeper mechanism. Simultaneously, the expression of the city image evolves from the spatial structure and symbolic perception to the place meaning level, conveying a sense of spatial temperature and bringing the space to life. Moreover, the model proposed in the study provides theoretical and methodological reference for the creation of charming cities, construction of local imagery, and image promotion.