The study on the land use/cover change is one of the frontiers and the hot spots in the global change research. By using the Landsat TM and ETM data which were acquired in 1989～1990,1995～1996 and 1999～2000 respectively, we analyzed the spatial-temporal characteristics of land use/cover changes in the Jianghan Plain at time scales of 10 years and 5 years. The result shows that the spatial-temporal characteristics of land-use change varied with the change of scales during this period of time. During this period of time,the cultivated land area decreased by nearly 5×10⁴ha², of which 67.83% occurred in the previous 5 years between 1989-1990 and 1995-1996. The built-up land and water area expanded with an increase of 1.56×10⁴ha² and 3.54×10⁴ha² respectively, and the expansion at the latter 5 years between 1995-1996 and 1999-2000 was only about 1/2 of the increase amount during the previous 5 years. Large-scale reclamation that was a popular method to get arable land before the 1980s has been limited. There are significant shifts among cultivated land, water bodies and built-up land. From 1990-2000, 76.47% of the lost arable land was converted to water bodies and 22.36% to built-up land. 78.93% of the increased built-up land was gotten at the expense of cultivated land, while 12.93% and 7.04% at the expense of woodland and water bodies respectively. The rate of land-use change in every county and city is different. Wuhan and Xiantao have gotten the greatest value of the dynamic degree of land-use change in all the administrative districts due to the relatively developed industry and economies and fast urbanization, which means that the land-use in these cities changed quickly. The slowest changed areas were Jianli,Songzi and Tianmen. On the whole, the land use changes from 1990-2000 in the study area have been driven by urbanization and industrialization, infrastructure and agricultural intensification. The rapid growth of population and economies play an important role in the land use changes, and the advances in techniques also give rise to the changes obviously. To a great extent, the policy on land use has a definitively influence on the land use changes of different scales. In view of the results mentioned above, some strategies and policies should be reoriented to attenuate the conflicts among the protection of cultivated land and ecosystems and social-economic needs for expansion of built-up land.

The topographic index ln( a /tan β ) is an important parameter of many physically based hydrological models In terms of a DEM, a is the cumulative upslope area draining through per contour length to a pixel, which reflects the tendency of water to accumulate at any point in the catchment, tanβ is the local slope angle of the cell, which reflects the tendency for gravitational forces to move that water downslide Catchment topography generally have a major control overflow pathways for surface flow processes and an important effect on parttern of likely water accumulation in the catchment The catchment's topography may be summarised by the distribution of the index values The topographic index may be used as an index of hydrological simularity All points with the same value of the index are assumed to respond in a hydrologically similar way Frequency distribution of the index is used in TOPMODEL for simulating hydrographs It may be expected that the catchments with the same frequency distribution of the topographic index have hydrological similarity A simple algorithm for the calculation of topographic index ln( a /tan β ) is used, In the algorithm, a and tan β of each cell is extracted separately ,and the cells, whose slope is zero, are treated specially so that ln( a /tan β ) can be calculated The frequency distribution of the topographic index ln( a /tan β ) is obtained It can be found that Xiangxihe catchment and Yanduhe catchment have hydrological similarity The frequency distribution of the index and estimated TOPMODEL parameters of Xiangxihe catchment are used to simulate the hydrographs of Yanduhe catchment and good results are obtained

Based on the data from hydro-metric stations on the Yellow River and its tributaries, we have studied the grain-size characteristics of suspended sediment in relation to concentration and discharge. The middle Yellow River basin is located in a transitional zone from sub-humid to semi-arid climates, and covered by a thick loess mantle.In the neighboring desert areas in the northwest, the surface material of the Loess Plateau exhibits some remarkable areal differentiation in grain-size and forms three zones known as sandy!loess, (typical) loess and clayey loess from northwest to southeast. Controlled by these physico-geographical conditions, the grain-size of river sediment shows some particular characteristics. The plot of suspended sediment grain-size against water discharge and suspended concentration indicates some complicated variations. When the discharge or suspended concentration is low, the median size is relatively coarse. With an increase in discharge and concentration, the median size decreases to a minimum, and then increases again. During the low flow season, the relatively clear baseflow may scour the bed, so the suspended sediment is relatively coarse. Entering the rainy season, rainstorm runoff carrying fine loess material flashes to the river, making a decline in suspended sediment grain-size. However, during high-intensity rainstorms, hyperconcentrated flows often occur. Hyperconcentrated flows are a liquid-solid two-phase flow. The mixture of water and fine sediment is the liquid phase, and its unit weight is larger than clear water. The relatively coarse sediment particles suspended in the liquid phase constitute the solid phase. Hence, with the increase in concentration, more coarse particles can be set in suspension, and the median size increases again.For rivers located in different zones of surface material, some complicated relations between suspended load grainsize and mean annual suspended concentration has also been found. Double-value relations between grain-size and concentration exists, which can also be explained by the specific physico-geographical settings and the behaviors of hyperconcentrated flows in this area.

In allusion to the most outstanding pollution problem of water resources in northern China, one calculating method of basic environmental water requirement of the rivers which can guarantee the river function of depuration and dilution is proposed, namely, the monthly (annual) guaranteed frequency method Under the precondition of different monthly (annual) guaranteed frequencies, this method takes the percentage of different natural annual mean discharge as the grade of environmental water requirement of the rivers with the help of series of hydrological statistical data, and the monthly (annual) basic environmental water requirement of the rivers is calculated individually under different guaranteed frequencies and different grades As a case the Huang Huai Hai plain of North China is analyzed Firstly, the main problems existing in the course of water resources utilization and water environment of research area are analyzed, and the main function of river system is confirmed Secondly, the current water utilization of rivers is evaluated with the criterion of Tennant method, and the results indicate that the average water consumption of the rivers in Huang Huai Hai plain in 1997 is shortage, and except that basin slice of Huaihe River belongs to "extremely good grade", the others all fall into the category of "worst" grade or "extremely bad"grade Thirdly, the basic environmental water requirement of the rivers in Huang Huai Hai plain was calculated using the method put forward in this paper, and the results showed that the minimum environmental water requirement of the rivers in Huang Huai Hai plain is 21 76 billion m³ , accounting for 15% of normal annual runoff In which, 3 09 billion m³ are for Haihe River basin, 5 2 billion m³ for the downstream of the Yellow River and 13 47 billion m³ for Huaihe River basin The results are verified through Tennant method, which proved that the calculation result is reliable The countermeasures and suggestions to meet the need of basic environmental water requirement of the rivers in research area are proposed finally The research of this article not only enriches the environmental water requirement theory, but also set up good foundation for further study of ecological (environmental) water requirement, and can offer effective basis for water resources planning and water environmental conservation for the research area at the same time

In China, petroleum is the very core of the subject on the energy security With the argument of the external dependence degree of petroleum accommodation, the problem of petroleum security becomes more and more prominent It will be an important problem of the sustainable development of economy and society in the 21st century in China China is a country which is richin marine oil and gas resources There are nearly 100×10⁴ km² oil bearing sedimentary basins, 240×10⁸t offshore oil resources, 14 0×10¹²m³ natural gas resources, 12×10⁸t geological reserves of oil and 2350×10⁸m³ natural gas in the vast maritime space The exploition and utilization of marine oil and gas resources can partly solve the quantity of import on oil and gas resources This article discusses some patterns of security such as self supported security,exoteric security,substitute security and developing abroad pattern and so on And the connotation and conditions of developing abroad pattern are discussed particularly The international and domestic conditions on petroleum security and natural gas security are analyzed At the same time, the tactic countermeasures on how to solve the problem of oil and natural gas are put forward:(1)to quicken the prospection of oil and gas resources of land and sea, increase geologic reserves and proven exploitable reserves of oil and gas;(2)to establish national petrolic tactic repertory and the repertory bases quickly; (3)to improve international environment of the neighbouring countries and import oil and gas resources from abroad which serve as a channel for developing multiple import in the future;(4)to raise the position of natural gas in the structure of energy resources, the ratio of replacing petroleum with gas is added;and (5)to quicken the pace of constructing imported crude oil transportation guarantee syetem import petroleum

As one of the most important study fields of global change, land use and land cover change has significant impacts on regional and global climate, soil characteristics, and function of terrestrial ecosystem. Most researchers, both in China and abroad, have given much more attentions to the study on land use types and the laws of regional land cover change with synthetic analysis of the factors that influence land use and land cover change. In recent years, some Chinese researchers have carried on studies in this field by stationary inspection methodology, e.g., Professor Fu Buojie and others studied the impacts of land use and land cover change on soil nutrients, regional hydrological condition in loess hilly areas and Zunhua low mountainous areas in Hebei province, Professor Shi Peijun and others studied the impacts of land use and land cover change on natural agricultural disasters in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region on the basis of long period investigations and statistical materials. But few researchers studied the impact of land use and land cover change on soil erosion by stationary methodology, and few papers have been published in this area. This paper studied the impacts of land use and land cover change on soil erosion in Fujian mountainous areas on the basis of analysis on long period observational and experimental materials at Jianou Niukenglong Experimental Station and the Provincial Soil and Water Conservation Station, researched soil erosion mechanisms of mountain grassland ecosystem, and different soil erosion modulus under different land use and land cover types. The analytical results indicate that the coefficient of runoff has minus linear relation with grassland coverage, and the modulus of soil erosion has index relation with grassland coverage. This paper also studied the mechanisms and processes of land cover impacting runoff and soil erosion, i.e., land cover influences runoff and soil erosion through the following processes: 1) The grassland cover reduces the forces of rainfall that beats on earth surface, which will impact soil erosion on the surface of the earth, grassland cover has minus index relation with soil erosion modulus, and minus linear relation with coefficient of runoff. 2)The roots of vegetation strengthens the erosion resisting capacity of soils through interluding, twinning and fixing forces on soil particles, and increases the absorbing water capacity of soils . 3) The increase of soil organic material concentration makes the soil particles and structure more and more stable. This paper also points out that there are other mechanisms and processes that need to be further studied, e.g., the relation between land use/land cover and runoff coefficient, the variations of different vegetation's impacts on soil erosion,etc.

More than 50 river basins were chosen for analysing the relationships between sediment yield and land cover in the middle Yellow River They have drainage areas ranging from 500 to 2500 km² and come from 7 types of physiographical environments A set of data on sediment yield and surface material, vegetation cover and basin morphological features were collected by using remote sensing and thematic maps combined with field check and indoor analysis Based on this a correlative analysis was made between sediment yield and surface material and vegetation cover It was shown that good positive linear relationships exist between sediment yield and surface material but non linear negative relationship exists between sediment yield and vegetation cover Different positions can be identified in Figs 1 and 2 for those river basins from wide range of physiographical environments as surface materials of river basins change from sandy loess and highly weathered silt mudstone through loess rock mixture to hard rock and vegetation coverage increase Two thresholds can be observed as sediment yield changes with vegetation coverage, where vegetation coverage is equal to 30% and 70% respectively It is interesting that this phenomenon could be seen before only in experimental plots and watershed, but this paper proved that similar relations exist in natural river basins It was shown by multiple regressions that the most important factor affecting sediment yield is vegetation cover, followed by surface material

Seveal problems about urban flood control construction of Changsha city, akey important flood control city in China, are studied These issues include the establishment of flood control standard, flood level designing and height determination of floodwalls; construction policy and program; entire flood control power construction; harmonious development among flood control installations construction, infrastructure construction and urban landscape construction,etc The designed flood recurrence interval (flood control standard) in Changsha city is 100a The establishment of flood level designing should take the following aspects into consideration: high standard floods in Xiangjiang River flowing through Changsha city and its branches as well as Dongting Lake have never met with each other nor the occurrence of the same frequency flood; relation is not the major evidence of flood design;and the amplitude of setup of flood of the South Dongting Lake is a unsteady influencing factor and the reduction of channel storage is a steady influencing factor of flood level in Changsha city Flood control levee altitude is higher than the real demand of Changsha city,which reduces the levee steadiness, and causes ineffective investment and influence on the urban landscape The flood control projects must be constructed step by step,firstly excluding the dangerous factors and then reinforcing levee and therefore improving the entire flood control power, also be harmonized relations with the construction of urban infrastructure and the construction of urban landscape

Sediment dispersal at the river mouths has been an important topic in the fields of geomorphology and hydraulics for a long time and estimating sediment budget of the deltas is a principal method for quantifying the sediment dispersal system at many river mouths. Many reports about sediment dispersal at the Yellow River mouth have been given previously using this method. However, since the dry bulk density of deposits in the delta and the boundaries set for calculating the volumes of deposits did not receive a proper treatment, big discrepancy existed between estimates of sediment budgets of the delta provided by the previous studies.Considering the effects of grain size composition, burial depth, and exposure conditions on the dry bulk density of deposits and based on abundant data about the dry bulk density of deposits in the delta, this study defined the dry bulk densities for the deposits in the delta plain and buried delta front deposits, buried prodelta, exposed subaqueous prodelta, and newly deposited top 1 m layers on the delta front. Combining the constructed models of dry bulk density for different depositional settings with the results of analyzing the sedimentary framework of the delta, sediment budgets at Diaokouhe lobe of the Yellow River delta were calculated. The foot of the delta front slope was set as the outer margin of area for defining the sediment budgets. This margin is of geomorphologic significance and is easy to be located on the surface of delta recorded by the bathymetric data. Results show that sediment deposited in the delta plain and front of the Diaokouhe lobe over the period from 1965 to 1974 was about 7.10×10⁹ tons, accounting for 73.5% of the incoming sediment. Errors resulting from ignoring clay layers in the deposits on delta plain and front, consolidation of soft layers underlying delta deposits, and deviations in records of the incoming sediment were proved to be about 2.6% for the percentage of sediment deposited in the delta, suggesting the higher reliability of the sediment budgets given by this study. From the mass and volume of sediments deposited in the Diaokouhe lobe over the period of 1965 -1974, a mean dry bulk density of 1.36 g/cm³ was acquired. On account of the dominance of silt in the deposits of the delta, it seems to be an appropriate approximation of the mean dry bulk density for the deposits in the other lobes of the delta.

Se and F are important life elements closely related to health Toxicity or deficiency diseases in plants, animals and human bodies may arise from the abnormal distribution of Se and F in the natural environment In addition, serious pollution effects caused by rapid industrialization and urbanization also create uneven distribution of Se and F, threatening the health of all living organisms Scientists of related disciplines have, in recent years, faced these issues and been involved in studying such relationships Daba Mountains, one of the most poverty stricken areas of China, is also an area with high occurrence of coal burning fluorosis Moreover, its environmental enrichment of Se has produced new problems concerning potential toxicity effects and threats to human health In this work, typical soil profiles in Daba Mountains are selected as our investigative objects, the concentrations and distributions of Se and F in soils are studied The results are shown as follows: The mean concentrations of Se and F in soils of Daba Mountains are 5 70±13 31 μg/g and 622±434 μg/g, respectively, and those values are far higher than their background values in soils of whole China; distributions of Se and F in soil profiles are not the same In general, Se is enriched in surface soil layer, whereas F is enriched in subsoil layer;Se and F concentrations in soils are mainly governed by their concentrations in soil parent The correlation between the two variables can be expressed as Y Se =1 266X Se -0 547(r=0 995, P<0 01), Y F =0 340X F +258 25(r=0 762, P<0 05), respectively, where Y is the Se or F concentrations in soil, and X is the Se or F concentrations in the soil parent Otherwise, environmental geochemical processes, biologic processes and human actions can also profoundly impact the concentrations and redistributions of Se and F in soils

In this paper, we analyze the impact of road and railway network on the spatial structure of accessibility,since reform and opening up in the past 20 odd years using Donguan city in Guangdong province as an example. As the transport network goes to mature, the spatial structure of accessibility presents homogeneous development regime, and the "Time Space Astringency" process of economically developed region apparently changed the decision making conditions. Locational decision has been changed with changes of accessibility, leading to expansion in both area and scope of the locational decision Ideally speaking, the better a accessibility in a district, the easier to improve the economic development, good transportation condition has showed fine accessibility Take Dongguan for example, the district which has best accessibility is the district whose economy is developing faster, but not the fastest one What is notable is that because of the superior condition of accessibility, together with the demand in the economic development, the district with best accessibility facing Hong Kong in Dongguan is developing dramatically in the estate The changing situation of the spatial structure of the accessibility in Dongguan is just a fleeting period in the transport network development Dongguan must strengthen transport construction in the mid western part in order to make the accessibility of the corridor's interior part stay at the same level What the Guangzhou Hong Kong Transport Corridor will face in future is the improvement of the accessibility's spatial structure,especially the contact zone between Guangzhou and Hong Kong

Vegetation and bare soil are the main land cover types in Karst and non-Karst area.Bare rock another land cover type only appearing in Karst area,is distributed extensively. There are a variety of methods to detect land cover in Karst area with remotely sensed imageries. But most ordinary remotely sensed approaches can't get the three attributes at the same time. In fact,they almost can do nothing in detecting the quantitative result of rock desertification. The linear spectral unmixing approach,based on the linear mixture model can estimate vegetation cover, bare soil and bare rock abundance at the sub-pixel scale. It's fit for studying land cover in Karst area because of the obtained quantitative unmixing results of vegetation cover, bare soil, bare rock and other types. In the case study of this paper, four endmembers were identified from two TM images of six bands taken on 17th February 1987 and 27th November 1999 respectively. They represent four land cover types: vegetation, bare soil, rock and shadow. The abundant distribution and RMS (Root Mean Square) distribution of the four land types were derived by linear spectral unmixing. The land cover changes could be learned from the multi-time comparison. During the period from 1987 to 1999, the proportion of bare soil reduced evidently due to the increase of vegetation cover and the improved cultivation management. While, the proportion of rocky desertification enhanced owing to the little amount of soil in some place. Bare soil reduced and rock increased mostly in rainfed cropland, grassland and economic woodland. Over-cultivating and overgrazing are still the main driving forces of rocky desertification in Karst area. So people still need to pay attention to water and water soil conservation in economic woodland because economic woodland mainly came from "dry land reforest". The linear spectral unmixing approach still needs to be improved, though it has been proved fitting for dealing with mixture pixel and detecting quantitative results of land cover by the case study and many other literature. If endmembers need to be identified from image, it's hard to detect those elements without extraordinary characters presenting in images of different bands. For example, urban region is just such an element difficult to detect. So the approach is not the most suitable method for urban region or rapid urbanized area. And the impact of shadow is still a problem, just as in other methods.

Steep slopeland (slopes greater than 20%) has been widely used for cropping in the Three Gorges Reservoir area of China because of the population pressure and limited arable land Slopeland, especially steep slopeland, is one of the main sources of sediments in the reservoir area Hence, it is quite necessary to assess the risk of soil erosion, predict runoff and erosion rates, as well as design and evaluat the soil protection strategies in the area Most of the water erosion takes place in two or three heavy storms each year in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area Traditional erosion assessment based on scoring systems for rainfall erosivity, soil erodibility, slope and land use provide good information on the spatial distribution of erosion risk but only limited data on erosion rates cannot be easily validated Also, they do not produce the information necessary to design soil conservation measures or evaluate their effect These deficiencies can only be overcome by combining erosion risk assessments with predictions from erosion models The EUROSEM model, a dynamically distributed model, uses physical descriptions to describe the process of soil erosion and simulates erosion on an event basis for fields and small catchments on a minute by minute basis, which is able to predict water induced soil erosion from individual fields and small catchments.It is thus more suitable for this kind of reservoir area The objective of this study was to evaluate the EUROSEM model for predicting water erosion on steep slopeland in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area using data obtained through rainfall simulator experiments Rainfall simulations were conducted on steep slopeland plots with slopes >47% with different land uses at the Experiment Station of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, at an altitude of 293 m in Zigui County of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, Hubei province Four treatments were involved: uncultivated, cultivated, hedgerows, and fertilized hedgerows EUROSEM was calibrated using observed hydrographs and sedigraphs from one of the plots in each treatment The simulated hydrograph was first fitted to the observed hydrograph by interactively changing the input parameters followed by a fit of the sedigraphs The results demonstrate that EUROSEM is possible to be used for predicting runoff and approximately determining soil erosion on steep slopeland in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, especially for assessing the impact of land use change Further research is necessary to improve the quality of input data

Located in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and the Zhujiang River, Guizhou Province is one of the provinces carrying out the National Natural Forest Conservation Project It is also one of the major gene pool areas and one of the famous producing areas of medicinal materials in China The development and conservation of forest resources is not only significant for protecting environment and biological diversity but also important to the economic development of Guizhou and even the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the Zhujiang River According to forest data collected in 1979, 1984, 1990, 1995, and 2000 by the Institute of Forestry Survey and Design of Guizhou Province, this paper provides detailed information about the dynamic changes of forest resources and concisely explains the factors arousing these changes In general, Guizhou's forest resources decreased rapidly from the late 1970s to the late 1980s; but since 1990, they have steadily increased (1)The forestry land keeps almost unchanged since 1984; the major types of forests expanded considerably, especially the protective forest, economic forest and specific forest; timber forest increased with some fluctuation, while sparse forest and non forest land decreased (2) The growing stock of living forests has had a trend of increase since 1984; the growing stock of major types of forests decreased from 1979 to 1990, but began to increase thereafter (3) The area and growing stock of planted forests increased rapidly; natural forests also showed a trend of expanding, and their growing stock began to rise after 1990 (4) Young age forests grew quickly both in area and in growing stock; mid age and over mature forests showed a trend of decreasing in area and growing stock from 1979-1990 but a trend of increasing since 1990 The percentage of young age forests decreased, while that of mid age and mature and over mature forests increased (5) As for the composition of forest resources, the proportion of timber and fuel forests has lowered, while that of shelter, specific and economic forests increased (6)Since 1990, thanks to the implementation of several ecological and sustainable development projects in Guizhou, its forest resources have grown enormously, and the ecology and environment greatly improved

This paper mainly approached the famous hypothesis-Environment Kuznets Curve concerning municipal solid waste discharge in urban area of Shanghai. The municipal solid waste dealt with in this paper especially included construction waste and domestic waste, which come from business, public utilities, office and households in Shanghai city area. Correlation analysis between the annual statistics of per capita GDP and total municipal solid waste discharge in Shanghai from 1978 to 2000 showed that an obvious invert U-shape Kuznets curve existed between these two indicators. The simulated calculation illustrated that the turning point of this Environment Kuznets Curve would be per capita GDP RMB 33 441 yuan, at which the corresponding waste discharge would be over 7.79 million tons. In 2000, per capita GDP in Shanghai reached 34 547 yuan, the annual municipal solid waste disposal cleared was 7.41 million tons that was less than the theoretical simulation data. It indicated that the turning point occurred around the year 2000 and Shanghai will enter into the new period, in which municipal solid waste discharge will show a gentle decreasing tendency following economic growth. This paper further discussed the waste components changes in Shanghai city. The ration of construction waste that reached the top level in 1998 accounted for 42.8%,which was the reflection of great change in Shanghai city construction throughout the 1990s. Data analysis also showed that the decreasing rate of municipal solid waste disposal cleared per unit GDP was much lower than the GDP growth rate. It is important to regulate the trend of municipal solid waste discharge in Shanghai. To implement the policies such as waste producers taking their full responsibilities,promoting more waste services through market activities and setting multi-investment model to improve solid waste collection and disposal, that will benefit a lot for Shanghai municipal solid waste control.

Located in north western China, the Bosten Lake is the largest continental fresh water lake in China, and the water environmental problems of the lake are very serious. Based on field investigations and monitoring data during 1999 2001, the water environmental problems and its causes in the Bosten Lake have been discussed by analyzing the characteristics of pollutants, changes of water quality, distributions of dumping pollutant sources and dumping pollutant quantity. The results show that: with the descent of water level and the shrinkage of water area of the lake from 1048.75 and 1005 km² in the 1960s to 1045.21 and 900 km² in the 1980s respectively, the mineralization increases as high as 2.74 times; there are about 26 pollutant drainage canals in the Bosten Lake area with an annual discharge of over 2.74×10 8 m³ of pollutant water into the lake;the main pollution source to water quality of the Boston Lake is Huangshui general trunk canal drainage alongside some other trunk canal drainages; the third quarter is the highest season in water pollution and the amount of chloride ion, sulfate radical and mineralization entering the Bosten Lake is 2 to 4 times that of discharging from the lake; the amount of industrial sewage drainaging in the lake is about 500×10 4 m³ , an increase of 70% compared with the 1960s; the main pollutants of industrial sewage are COD, BOD 5 and SS, and the amount of drainage is 11214 t, 7029 t and 2431 t respectively. The water body pollutants mainly contain the chloride ion, the sulfate radical, the mineralization, COD and the ammonia nitrogen and so on. The countermeasures for water environmental protection and sustainable utilization of the Boston Lake were proposed in the paper. Firstly, the pollution control in the basin should be done by establishing nature protection area of the Bosten Lake, hancing management and law enforcement, strengthening management of pollutant discharge to the lake and strictly control industrial sewage to enter the lake. And secondly, some ecological engineering measures for water resources protection in the basin should be taken through rehabilitating of lake shore and wetland, increasing the source and saving irrigation water and speeding up water cycle of the Bosten Lake.

Locational theory is the basic theory of geography, but classical locational theory which is established transportation on the basis of cost fails to explore tourism industry, because tourism resources are intransportable Based on location model of the tourism industry of Wang and Wang(2000), this paper divided tourism location into three zones through investigation and analysis of the landscapes of Guizhou province,and partly modified the model The three are locational zones in Guizhou are: 1) the scenic spot and historic monuments zone; 2) the curious spectacle zone;and 3) the outstanding and characteristic resources zone Combining model of Wang and Wang (2000), we consider that locational zones of tourism industry include four zones surrounding population spatial center; the 4th zone is diversity zone on culture and nature The spatial structure of location of tourism industry is similar to Thunen model, but it is not Thunenan phenomenon; tourism regional location is a new geographical problem According to new tourism location model, this paper has discussed the problem of tourism industry concerning further development of Guozhou, and brought forward three suggestions: firstly, through constructing the superhighway, the time of traveling can be shortened from 9 hours to 6 hours; secondly, regarding the famous scenic spot that is similar to the case of Wuyang river as the center, Guizhou can combine with outstanding resources, and especially emphasize that karst of the Guizhou province is the third geomorphologic type that is different from Guangxi autonomous region and Yunnan province; finally, build airport to develop a sub distributing center at some remote and resourceful regions For example, relying on Fanjing mountain and putting Tongren city as center, Guizhou province is able to form a new tourism circuit to develop tourism industry at its southeastern part The photos in fig 4 show the geomorphologic landscape of Guizhou province is a new karst type differing from that of Guangxi and Yunnan

Studies are preliminarily made on spatial structure of point-axis systems in the paper, which reveal that a point-axis system as a unique giant component (UGC) is in fact a fractal system. The theoretical starting point of the point-axis model in the aspect of spatial patterns is the triangular lattice that is the same as that of central place theory, but the configuration of developed point-axis systems is of irregularity based on random process to a certain extent. On the other hand, the point-axis model is as advanced as a new optimization design which signifies that an ideal point-axis system must have some kinds of optimum structure, especially the spatial structure with some kinds of ‘order’, the order may be what is called self-similarity that is always emerging ‘at the edge of chaos’ which is mathematically related to the concept of ‘self-organized criticality’. In reality a point-axis system usually appears concretely as an urban system depending on one or two ‘axes’such as seaboard, great rivers, railways and so on, and systems of cities and towns proved to be fractal systems. This implies that point-axis systems may have fractal structure. From the viewpoint of a general dynamic system that can be used to describe point-axis systems, an allometric growth equation is deduced out as x i ∝ x jα , from which, the relationship between measures and yardsticks of point-axis systems, M ( r )∝ r D , can be derived by means of the theorem of ergodicity. According to the measure-scale relationship, two kinds of fractal dimensions can be given to characterize point-axis systems. One is the point-distribution dimension that is defined by the formula N ( r )∝ r D , where r is a yardstick, N ( r ) is corresponding number of points in a point-axis system and D is fractal dimension. The other is the line-distribution dimension that can be defined by the formula L ( r )∝ r D , where L ( r ) is length of communication lines joining points together corresponding the yardstick r . In addition, the line-distribution dimension can also be defined by number of branches of the network of communication lines linking one point with another. The four growth stages of point-axis systems are reinterpreted using ideas from fractals, and theoretical results are applied to the system of cities and towns in North Henan including three urban subsystems. It is demonstrated and illustrated that the urban system as a UGC has fractal dimensionality, which only goes to prove that the hypothesis of self-similar point-axis system is correct empirically. A least squares computation of the quantities gives the values of the fractal dimension D =2.387 with a determination coefficient of 0.996 for Zhengzhou subsystem, D =1.747 with a determination coefficient of 0.997 for Kaifeng subsystem, and D =1.659 with a determination coefficient of 0.997 for Luoyang subsystem. As for the system on the whole, D =1.715 with a goodness of fit of 0.999. The results bring to light a great deal of temporal-spatial information on the development and evolution patterns of the point-axis system in Central Plains.

Dingxi prefecture is located in the arid and semi arid area at foothill of the Loess Plateau. Due to the intrinsic atrocious eco environment, Dingxi prefecture has been facing the vicious circle of eco environmental vulnerability and poverty in a long period of time This paper analyzes the double contradiction of eco environmental vulnerability and poverty in Dingxi prefecture, and reaches the conclusion that the vicious circle of eco environmental vulnerability and poverty resulted from the common influence of natural and human driving forces, but mainly from irrational human activity in recent decades It then sums up the successful experience of Dingxi prefecture in making breakthroughs to rid the vicious circle of eco environmental vulnerability and poverty and achieve the harmonious development between economy and eco environment by developing eco economy The paper systematically studies the strategic principle and strategic content for administering eco environment and developing eco economy in a small drainage area by adopting the integrated modes,building the system of eco economy, and practicing different development modes to foster poverty stricken people in different kinds of areas, as well as social, economic and ecological benefits of the mode of developing eco economy in Dingxi prefecture, aiming at offering scientific reference for eco economic development of the similar regions. The practice of Dingxi prefecture has proved that developing eco economy by breaking away from the conventions, which fits for the regions facing problems of eco environmental vulnerability and economic backwardness,and can break the vicious circle of eco environmental vulnerability and poverty, and achieve the goal of sustainable development

The karst areas in Southwest China constitute one of four fragile eco zones in China Southwest Guizhou, characterized by typical karst landscape and environment, is one of the major regions for rehabilitation in West China For a long time, human activities have led to serious rock desertification, soil erosion and forest ecosystem degradation in the study region, and have exerted adverse effect on regional economic development and ecology This paper analyzes ecological degradation, its spatial pattern and the related driving factors in southwest Guizhou province Rock desertification and soil erosion are the most serious ecological problems in southwest Guizhou, closely related to forest and soil degradation The karst landform pattern generally controls the ecological pattern, while population pressure and the resulting unreasonable human activities serve as the most powerful driving forces for environmental degradation Consequently, the regional man land contradiction is responsible for the deterioration of karst environment, with man as the core of the contradiction The rehabilitation of the deteriorating environment consists of two aspects,i.e., stopping human destructive activities and carrying out improvement measures Based on GIS analysis, the degree of ecological fragility ( I ) is given according to the equation: I=I 1 + I 2 -I 3 where I 1 is the ratio of rock desertified area, I 2 the ratio of soil eroded area, and I 3 the forest coverage The study region is divided into four sub regions in terms of the value of I: one extremely fragile sub region ( I =64), one seriously fragile sub region ( I =51), and two moderately fragile sub regions ( I =27, 26, respectively) This provides a framework for management of regional ecology and environment in southwest Guizhou

Based on field survey, AutoCAD technology, principles and methods of vegetation ecology and restoration ecology, the following problems about restoration and reconstruction of the forest vegetation of Mufushan Yanziji Mountains in Nanjing are studied: (1) According to the principle and system of Chinese Vegetation , the vegetation of Mu Yan Mts is classified, including 3 vegetation type groups, 5 vegetation types, 5 vegetation subtypes, 8 formation groups and 12 formations The 12 formations are: Pinus thunbergii forest, Platycladus orientalis forest, Pinus massoniana forest, Quercus fabri forest, Quercus acutissima forest, Broussonetia papyrifera forest, Celtis sinensis forest, Pteroceltis tatarinowii forest, Robinia pseudoacacia forest, Phyllostachy pubescens forest, Celtis sinensis + Paliurus hemsleyana + Spirea chinensis shrub, and Broussonetia papyrifera shrub (2) The map (1:5000) of the vegetation formations of Mu Yan Mts is compiled, and the areas of the formations are calculated (3) There are mainly 10 forest formations in Nanjing, i e , Cyclobalanopsis glacuca + Quercus variabilis forest, Liquidambar formosana forest, Quercus fabri forest, Quercus variabilis forest, Quercus acutissima forest, Pistacia chinensis + Dalbergia hupeana forest, Celtis sinensis + Broussonetia papyrifera forest, Robinia pseudoacacia forest, Pinus massoniana forest and Pinus thunbergii forest The successional relationships among the 10 formations are analyzed, and the secondary succession model of the forest vegetation in Nanjing is established (4)According to the above research results, the measures for restoration and reconstruction of the forest vegetation of Mu Yan Mt are proposed, the changes of the vegetation type composition are predicted after the measures are put into effect, and the restoration and reconstruction planning map (1:5000) of the vegetation types of Mu Yan Mt is made

There have already a lot of research results about the influences of the Three Gorges Reservoir on water environment in backwaters in the mainstream of the Yangtze River, but environmental impact assessment work about tributaries in the backwater area is not sufficient. Since eutrophication has occurred in many reservoirs in China, much attention should be paid to the issue that whether there will be eutriphication in the backwaters of tributaries after water storage in the Three Gorges Reservoir.Firstly, this paper estimates changes of hydraulic parameters (such as water depth, flow velocity, water surface area and water volume stored) in tributary backwaters before and after normal operation of the Three Gorges Reservoir in 2009 and predicts pollution load level (TN and TP) in 2010. And then by using Box Model,it analyses the Three Gorges Reservoir's influences on eutrophication in tributary backwaters of the Yangtze River in Chongqing section. The results show that, with average water depth of 15m in backwaters tributaries,there should be no eutrophication problem on the whole. However, it is possible for water near the bank along the reservoir with water depth under 1 meter to have the eutrophication problem in partial.A water body will subject to eutrophication of moderate level to higher level if TP concentration ranges between 0.05 mg/L and 0.11 mg/L according to standard of eutrophication indicators of Institute of National Public Hazards of Japan. Because TP concentration in backwaters of some tributaries of the Three Gorges Reservoir will certainly exceed 0.05 mg/L, we can also conclude that although there will be no higher level of eutrophication in tributary backwaters, there will be moderate eutrophication.

Regional discrepancy is a common phenomenon in every society, and without administrative instrument, market economy can’t resolve the problem well, so regional policy plays an important role in regulating economic development Fiscal shift is an important measure by which central government regulates the financial revenue and expenditure among different provinces The main goals of this regional policy include: firstly, balancing the basal public service capability among different provinces; secondly, carrying out partial policies to special regions; and thirdly, controlling the local financial level In this paper, by plenty of analysis work, the authors find that fiscal shift system has partly obtained its original targets, although there are many rules which need to be improved Firstly, after the fiscal shift reform in 1994, fiscal shift has made great contributions to getting over finance difficulties of underdeveloped areas In the period of 1995 and 2000, fiscal shift capital accounted for more than half of the total finance expenditure in most underdeveloped provinces, especially in Tibet where the ratio was up to 95% Secondly, fiscal shift has impelled the regional economic development to a certain extent But in general, the situation of developed areas is better than that of underdeveloped areas Thirdly, fiscal shift is useful to improve income of towners, but unfortunately, the villagers of underdeveloped province are not so lucky as them Efficiency evaluation is an important link in the system of regional policy Scientific evaluation should be established on the basis of quantitative analysis of impact on regional economy, and fully take account of the macro background of regional policy

The Western Long Hai-Lan Xin Economic Zone is an important part of the "two zones and one district" in the great strategic development of western China. The authors analyze the overall characteristics of the node cities along the Western Long Hai-Lan Xin Economic Zone, and considers that though the cities are distributed concentratively and the urbanization level is higher than that of the western region and the whole country, yet the metropolises are far away from each other and no big cities lying between them. So three weak zones come into being along the Western Long Hai-Lan Xin Economic Zone and the cities' spatial distribution of "point-axis" type will still exist. According to multi-hierarchical and multi-target comprehensive measurement model, all the cities' comprehensive competitiveness along the zone is evaluated. Xi'an,Lanzhou and Urumqi are considered as the first class node cities along the zone and Xianyang,Jiayuguan,Baoji,Jiuquan,Karamay,Hami,Shihezi,Korla,Tianshui and Kuytun are considered as the second class node cities along the zone. Based on this, the development orientation and the industrial division of the node cities along the Western Long Hai-Lan Xin Economic Zone are put forward. Xi'an-Xianyang metropolitan district is considered as the first class key node city in western China and the east of the Western Long Hai-Lan Xin Economic Zone, which should be constructed as the core of the Guanzhong Economic District and Guanzhong New High-tech Industrial Development Zone. Lanzhou-Baiyin metropolitan district is considered as the first class subordinate node city in western China and the first class key node city in the middle section of the Western Long Hai-Lan Xin Economic Zone, which should be constructed as the core of the multi-nationality economic zone in the upper reaches of the Yellow River. Urumqi-Changji-Miquan-Fukang metropolitan district is considered as the second class key node city in western China and the first class key node city in the western section of the Western Long Hai-Lan Xin Economic Zone, which should be constructed as the core of the northern Tianshan Mountain economic zone. Baoji,Tianshui,Jiuquan-Jiayuguan-Yumen,Hami,Kuytun-Dushanzi-Usu are considered as the second class subordinate node cities in western China and the first class subordinate node cities in the Western Long Hai-Lan Xin Economic Zone, which should be constructed as the five “piers” in the weak zones of the continental bridge to support the whole economic zone.

Urbanization is the important force to ignite economic and social development of China in the future; rural urban integrating development is a strategic theme of urbanization The recreational industry and recreation scape have been developed into the most active economic sector and landscape factors It is meaningful to protect landscape and environment with scientific and rational means of open space and allocation of recreation scape Combined with the existing situations of Beijing, firstly this paper studies the developing characteristics and threats to landscape among Hancunhe, Zhoukoudian, Shijiaying and Puwa Secondly, this paper studies the landscape compatibility quantitatively of Beijing urban fringe: (1)the compatibility of landscape of Beijing urban fringe is not so high and just at level of 0 22, among it all compatible behaviors are about 3%, comparative compatible behaviors are about 9%, moderate compatible behaviors are 12%, less compatible behaviors are 13%, least compatible behaviors are 16% and incompatible behaviors are 47%; (2) according to industrial economics, the compatibility of agriculture is 0 03, mineral manufacturing is 0 0102, manufacture is 0 0083, constructions is 0 0406, tourism is 0 0958 and services is 0 0272; (3)the compatibility of typical areas of Hancunhe, Shijiaying and Puwa is separately 0 2315, 0 201 and 0 1805 Based on the evaluation of compatibility of Beijing urban fringe, this paper further discusses laws of recreation scape planning, recreation scape regional planning and rural tourism planning Fourthly,it divides the urban fringe into the belt of urban tourism near the city, the belt of the mass tourism, eco tourism landscape region, landscape ecological restoration region, wild area and special protection region Fifthly,this paper also classifies the rural recreationscape into three circles and eight tourism corridors etc At last this paper gives several specific countermeasures to protect ecosystem and landscape of urban rural fringe

As the process of global environmental reform and strategic adjustment, the greening of industry is the changing process of the firms' environmental awareness and reactions to the growing environmental pressures coming from governments, the public and markets, in order to let firms reduce pollution to meet the need of sustainable development and improvement of the living environmental quality, hereby is the inevitable way to achieve economic and environmental harmonious development and regional sustainable development. The greening of the industry has first been practiced in the western developed countries since the 1960s where the responses of the firms to environmental pressures has changed from non cooperation in the 1960s to active participation in the 1990s. Firms have shifted their reluctant behaviors to the willingness to take their responsibility and to active participation in order to strengthen their competitive abilities. However, the greening of industry in our country has made few progress compared to the developed countries. Whereas geographers have seldom been engaged in this field, and less attention has been paid to the external pressures such as markets, communities, investors and consumers as well as the relationship between environmental pressures and firms behavior. Because of the rapid economic development and environmental deterioration, it is imperative to speed up the research of the greening of industry which would be the new field widening the research of the industrial environmental geography. The foci of the study can be identified as the following aspects: the stage evaluation of the greening of industry, analyses of the type and the change of the environmental pressures as well as the firms environmental awareness and reactions, the impact of the environmental pressures on the firms responses, ecological and economic availability evaluation, and then seeking efficient way to get both economic and environmental achievements.

With the development and improvement of market system of real estate, urban residents' housing consumption for individual use has become the main body of real estate market So, their individual characteristics have direct influences on their housing purchases and location selections Based on the analysis of the actual condition of housings' spatial distribution in Beijing and the questionnaires on local residents' selection of housing location, this paper mainly discusses three issues: 1) basic characteristics of housings' spatial distribution; 2) local residents' preference on housing location; and 3) interrelations between residents' individual properties and their preference on housing location, etc Three conclusions are followed: Firstly, since the 1990s, the construction of residence communities has been speeding up and the scale enlarging There are two features in housing distribution: one is that the housing construction beyond the 3rd Ring Road assumes a fast development whereas that within the 3rd Ring Road has come to a slowdown or even a stagnancy The other is that housing distribution assumes a circle layer structure toward outskirts of the city, the northern part of which boasts a faster housing development than the southern Secondly, according to local residents' preference on housing location, those housings between the 3rd Ring Road and the 4th Ring Road are still in the first choices of local residents In terms of orientation, north, northeast and northwest gain more attentions Thirdly, revealed by a foreign research, differences in residents' individual social characteristics may result in differences in selecting housing location However, after a research on the relations between local residents' individual social characteristics and their preference on housing location, we find that there lacks a clear cut relationship between them while there is a certain similarity in preference on housing location among those people with different income levels, different occupations and different family structures

Forest degradation has been widely acknowledged to be the main cause for the 1998 Yangtze River flooding. Of the two crucial reasons of for flooding,climate fluctuation and land-cover change,which one on earth acted as the leading factor? In order to probe this issue, the Suomo Basin on the upper reaches of the Yangtze River was chosen as a study area. About forty years' climate fluctuation and land-cover changes in the Suomo Basin were analyzed in this paper. Precipitation deceased by 19.3 mm from the 1960s to the 1970s and increased by 61.2 mm from the 1970s to the 1990s. According to three decades land-cover maps, the primary land-cover changes are that forestland turned into sparse and shrub by forestland, and the shrubby and sparse forestland turned into grassland. Forestland deceased by 12% from 1970 to 1986. A dump hydrological model, CHARM (Climate and Human Activities-sensitive Runoff Model), was adopted to simulate the impact of climate fluctuation and land-cover changes on runoff discharge and to divide their contributions to annual runoff. From the 1960s to the 1980s, runoff depth increased by 45.7 mm. Among them, 63.9% was caused by climate fluctuation, 20.8% was the result of the land-cover changes and the remaining 15.3% was system error. In other words, 1/5-runoff change was caused by land-cover change and 3/5-runoff change was caused by climate fluctuation. From this simulated conclusion, we can get an elementary explanation about the Yangtze River flooding in 1998. Possibly it is climate fluctuation,rather than forest degradation that is the leading factor for the flood.

On the basis of retrospection of the internal and external studies on carrying capacity, this paper points out that study on solo factor carrying capacity such as land carrying capacity, resources and environmental carrying capacity is very limited in reflecting the real regional carrying capacity. It tries to resolve the problem through introducing the status space method to calculate the synthetic regional carrying capacity. That is, this paper discusses synthetically how much the regional land, resources and environment could carry under certain economic development and social improvement level. Taking the Bohai Rim area, which has comparatively poignant contradiction between the resources and environment and economic social development, as example, this paper computes the real status quo of its regional carrying capacity. The result shows that the resources and environmental carrying capacity has been surpassed. Among them, water, land resources, and eco environment which are the essential basis of economic development have the most serious problem. The mineral and energy resources are very near to their upper limit of carrying capacity. In the last part of this paper, the drawbacks and problems which need improving further are discussed. We point out the key of using this way to effectively weigh a certain region's carrying capacity lies on how to accurately determine the reasonable value of each index describing regional PRED system and the relationship between the present values and the reasonable ones.

The landscape in the scenic city of Guilin is made up of both cultural and natural landscapes. This paper shows the main characteristics of Guilin City as one of the National Historical Cultural Cities and one of the National Scenery Areas. The Guilin City has a history of more than 2100 years and still preserves many historical buildings. On the other hand, Guilin is located in the karst area and is rich in natural sceneries. In order to protect its unique landscape, the authors put forward three suggestions. Firstly, reserving the cultural landscape of Guilin is to protect not only a single historical building but also some historical areas in the city. For example, to protect the city gates, we should protect and rebuild the moat, which is together with the gates as an indivisible military contravallation system. Now, historical areas are usually regarded as the remarkable symbols of a city. So, protecting and rebuilding the historical areas is an urgent task. Secondly, it is high time to protect the stone inscriptions of Guilin, which embodies the various culture of the city. Now, the high tech method and advanced management system should be used to protect the stone inscriptions. Finally, in the city planning, including both tourism planning and the economic development planning, cultural factors of the city should be regarded as important as natural factors.