Based on the daily average temperature data of the 15 weather stations in Hexi area in 1955—2009 and using the methods of climate trending rate, 5 days running mean temperature, Inverse Distance Weighted interpolation, Mann-Kendall abrupt change test and slide t detected method, the average beginning dates and length of four seasons have been analyzed in Hexi area of Gansu province in the same period. The main results are obtained as follows. (1) The season start dates of spring, summer and autumn become earlier, of winter become later, of summer have the most obvious change in recent 55 years. And this trend is the most evident in the beginning of the 21st century when the global warming is significant. (2) This trend has different spatial distribution in Hexi area. The season start dates of spring are more evident in advance in the east than in the middle and west, of summer and autumn are more evident in the middle than in the east and west and the delay of winter is more evident in the east than in the middle and west. (3) In the last 55 years, the averaged beginning dates of summer and autumn were advanced for 9 d and 1.6 d, respectively, and those of spring and winter were delayed for 7.1 d and 7.7 d respectively, and only that of the winter was changing significantly. The averaged lengths of four seasons are 68 d, 51 d, 53 d and 197 d, respectively. (4) The methods of T checking and Mann-Kendall were employed to analyze mutation of start dates. The abrupt change of start dates happened in 1997 in spring and summer while that of autumn appeared in 1993. The abrupt change of winter happened in 1977.

Land cover is one of the important research fields of global change and regional sustainable development. Land cover data are the basis for supporting studies on global change and regional sustainable development. High quality of basic data is the fundamental guarantee of reliability of production of science research. From 2007 to 2009, two sets of map of land cover in China at a scale of 1:250000 respectively in the 1980s and 2005 were produced jointly by eight institutes of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), including Institute of Remote Sensing Applications and Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research. In order to evaluate accuracy of the land cover remote sensing mapping, a field survey was carried out in Hulun Buir in east Inner Mongolia and information from 190 sampling sites was collected in August, 2009. The one or half point deduction method, which means that 1 point is deducted if the first level of category is classified incorrectly and 0.5 points deducted if the second level of category inside the same first category incorrectly for each sampling site, was applied to validate the accuracy of the mapping. The results from verification show that overall accuracy of data based on 190 sampling sites reaches 84.21%, and the accuracies of settlement, farmland, wetland/water body, grassland and forest with 10, 67, 20, 59 and 34 sampling sites reach 100%, 92.54%, 87.50%, 81.36%, and 66.18% respectively. The incorrect classification cases mainly include that (1) Bottomland of river and lake was interpreted to marsh; (2) Irrigable land was interpreted to paddy field; (3) Meadow grassland interpreted to typical grassland; (4) Typical grassland interpreted to desert; (5) Forest interpreted to grassland.

Recently, scientists have developed different models of land use/cover change (LUCC) depending on their objectives and background. However, no single model is able to capture all of key processes essential to explore land use change at different scales and make a full assessment of driving factors and impacts. In this paper, we would like to make our efforts to develop an approach in combination of SD model and CLUE-S model to deal with some shortcomings of the existing LUCC models and to properly address the processes at different scales that give rise to the land use dynamics. The approach presented in this study will be helpful to understand the complexity of land use change and provide scientific support for land use planning and managements, and also can be used as data source in scenario analysis of different hydrological processes based on different underlying surfaces of LUCC. The objectives of the study are: (1) to develop an SD model to calculate and predict demands for different land use types at the macro-scale as a whole during the period 2000~2035, (2) to improve the characterization and presentation of the land use change processes by developing a CLUE-S model that will transfer and allocate land demands from SD model to spatially explicit land use patterns at a finer spatial scale (at 500 m resolution in our study), and the Kappa value of the land use map simulation in 2000 is 0.86 and the Kappa value is 0.81 in 2005, and (3) to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of combining and integrating the current land use change models. The further objective of this study is to find the key driving factors of LUCC (e.g., human factors, including social capital, different cultural types and so on), and these factors should be represented as different spatial maps and integrated into the model analysis to improve land use change modeling and projection.

全球环境变化与全球化正在给人类赖以生存的生态与环境、社会经济可持续发展带来巨大风险.综合全球环境变化与全球化风险有效防范棳是保障我国和谐社会建设和可持续发展的关键科学问题."十一五"国家科技支撑计划重点项目"综合风险防范关键技术研究与示范"课题"综合全球环境变化与全球化风险防范关键技术研究与示范(2006BAD20B05)",围绕此科学问题开展了四年多的研究棳取得了重要研究进展.

The study on possible losses is one of the most important points for disaster risk management. In this paper, the classical disaster risk-assessing model was modified to assess natural disasters risks, especially in quantifying possible loss and risk severe level. Disaster risk was attributed to three main factors: disaster damage force (D), disaster resilience society exposure (E), and disaster-breeding environment (P). Disaster risk is the function of these three factors. Damage force (D) indicates damage rate of a disaster in a certain intensity, which might be obtained from results of disaster events in the past. Exposure (E) includes mainly personnel, property/economic and natural resources. D and E give the quantified vulnerability of a region. Disaster-breeding environment (P) gives the occurrence possibility of environmental conditions, such as geological structure, land surface materials, land cover, and cycling occurrence event etc. P was characterized by a parameter in this paper. Shanxi Province, a high frequent earthquake region, was taken as a case study. In the case, D and E were concerned with issues of structure of buildings, casualty rate (mortality/wounded) and GDP. Parameter of P was determined by combining historical seismic integrated intensity, seismic activity fault belts distribution, and seismic peak ground acceleration. The basic risk calculating unit was based on the county level. After possible losses were calculated, integrated loss levels and their severe levels were ranked with relative calculation on standard deviation. The results showed that: the damaged building might be more 3 million rooms, the direct economic loss would be over 13 billion RMB Yuan, and the total casualty could be near 300 thousand. In Shanxi Province, there were great differences between counties in terms of the integrated risk. Integrated risk levels were ranked into four classes. In general, high risk would mainly occur in urban areas. The highest risk level was observed in districts under the jurisdiction of 15 cities such as Taiyuan, Datong and Jinzhong. This method has improved in two aspects: firstly quantifying possible losses, and secondly avoiding the constraint in disaster prediction to make the calculation possible.

Huangshan Mountain scenic area is one of the famous mountain resorts in China. It is a representative area not only in tourist activities but also in regional environment. In order to understand the impacts of tourist activities on soil, sampling and lab analyses were conducted to survey the soil near the main trails in Huangshan Mountain scenic area. The results were obtained as follows. Tourist disturbance generated a great effect on soil. With the increase of tourist disturbance, the bulk density of soil, pH value of soil and the content of total K increased. In the meantime the content of water, organtic matter, total N, total P in soil and the height of litter layer decreased. There was an obvious relativity between the change in all indexes with the increasing distance away from the trails and the change in the intensities of tourist disturbance. Among the above indexes, the highest correlation was found between the height of litter layer and the intensity of tourist disturbance, followed by the water content of soil and the bulk density of soil. The correlation between the content of total K and the intentity of tourist disturbance was relatively low, and the correlation between the total P and the intensity of tourist dirurbance was the lowest. It is indicated that the sensitives of each index to tourist disturbance were different. Compared with the control areas, soil condition changed evidently in a range of 2 m away from the trails, and reached 20 cm below the surface of soil. The impact on 0~10 cm soil was much greater than on 10~20 cm soil. The effects of tourist disturbance varied in different areas. The correlation between disturbance and effects was evident in heavily used areas and the effects were greater. However, the impact was not always consistent with the use because of different landshapes, plants and other environment factors. In addition, based on the above research, this paper discusses the current problems in studies of the recreational impacts on soil, and puts forward the concrete measures to alleviate the negative effects of tourist disturbance in Huangshan mountain resort.

Supported by RS and GIS platform, the vectorial land use change data of Harbin, Daqing and Qiqihar, which were in the range of Ha-Da-Qi Industrial Corridor, were obtained on the basis of the remote sensing images covering 1980, 1985, 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2005. Based on economic statistical data of the three cities and the dynamic change model of land use, the land use change increment data of 2010 were predicted. Furthermore, two driving indicators (driving efficiency index and economic benefit index) were introduced to evaluate the land use change, and the relationships between land use structure and economic development in the three cities were compared. In addition, the rationality of the land use structure was analyzed. The results showed that, the land resources in Daqing damaged due to excessive exploitation of petroleum resources. At the same time, the exhaustion of oil resources led to the restriction on economic development in the city, especially from 1995 to 2005, thus the regional industries has been restructured correspondingly since 2005 in order to make the land resources and economic development in a relatively stable way. As for Harbin, the economic development was not dependent on the exploitation of land resources completely compared with Daqing city. In the major city, more factors such as government policies, foreign trade and high technology dominated its economic development. Different from the two cities analyzed above, the economic development of Qiqihar city tended to be dependent on land resources to a certain degree, hence resulting in the imbalance in the land use structure, which would inevitably affect the regional economic development in the future. So, this research provides a basis for further evaluation of land use and land use structure adjustment.

Land use data are the core of land management. The scales of land-use data will be different at different levels of administrative districts, so it is necessary to transform data between different scales through generalization by methods of simplification, classification, induction, symbolization. Generalization should enable the expression of different scales of land use information to maintain the greatest degree of consensus. Many achievements have been made in map generalization of land use data during the past years and have been focused on transformation method, but they are little concerned about the generalization results quality. According to our study, the generalization quality has direct impact on the availability of generalization results, and quality of generalization can be evaluated with the function of GIS spatial statistical and spatial analysis of the raster datum. The relevance of the traditional statistical indicators and generalization structural similarity index, generalization layout similarity index and land block suitable index can be used to measure the quality of generalization results of land use map. In this paper, detailed introduction about the formula, method and process of generalization quality evaluation of land use data is given supported by IDRISI software. The case study is related to the production quality of land use data generalization from Nanjing city, Jiangsu Province. It presents an implementation of a new land use generalization methodology for land use data production. Using the data of land use map of 2005, from the analysis of data, simple statistical correlation with the traditional index such as Cramer's V index is 0.8319, Kappa is 0.9151, generalization quality is good, but the Whole Structural Similarity Index is 0.87, with Whole Layout Similarity Index for generalization being 0.82, and Land Block Suitable Index for 4 Ha being 0.74, There is a certain excessive generalization to land block. According to these quality assessment index values of land use data generalization results of Nanjing land use data which performed from the 1:5 million to 1:10 million, the generalization results meet the basic requirements in addition to some excessive generalization. This quality assessment method of land use data generalization is effective and it gives an opportunity for evaluating the consistency of various scales for different purposes automatically.

Adaptation is a wise choice for industrial ecosystem to face up the inevitable environment changes. It also provides a new paradigm for the study of interaction mechanisms and processes of coupled industrial ecosystem. There are a lot of mining cities in Northeast China, which approach their middle-age or old-age of resources exploitation. Faced with their disappearing superior status in resources problems, the subject on how to adjust the industrial ecosystem to the possible changes in the future, has become urgent in revitalizing the old industrial base of Northeast China. Based on a detailed discussion about the conception of industrial ecosystem adaptation of mining cities, the essay establishes an industrial adaptability assessment index system and model of mining cities from the aspects of adaptation factors of vulnerability, sensitivity, stability and resilience. According to the model, the industrial ecosystem adaptability, including regional differentiation, types and influencing factors of mining cities is evaluated. From a view of different resource types, the average score of industrial ecosystem adaptation shows a trend of metallurgical cities>multi-resources cities>coal cities>petroleum cities. From a view of regional differences, it shows a trend of Liaoning>Jilin>Heilongjiang; from a view of development stages, it has a trend of old-aged>middle-aged>juvenile-aged; from a view of mining city size, it shows a trend of mega-cities>big cities>medium-sized cities. Then a cluster analysis method is applied to categorize the industrial ecosystems into four types: high adaptability and harmonious development between industry and ecology, high adaptable capacity and environmental development first, low adaptability and harmonious development between industry and ecology, low adaptable capacity and environmental development first.

Temporal and spatial variations of soil organic matter (SOM) and total nitrogen (TN) contents in the Songnen Plain maize belt for a 25-year period (1980-2005) were evaluated using geostatistics and geographic information system (GIS). Results show that SOM and TN contents were log-normally distributed after excluding the outliers. The average content of SOM in 1980 and 2005 was 2.14% and 2.54%, respectively. The average content of TN was 0.12% in two periods. By performing experimental semivariograms analysis, SOM and TN were best fitted to Gaussian models in 1980 and 2005. The maximum correlative distance of major SOM and TN in contents was 532.6 km and 776.1 km in 1980, but it reduced to 269.7 km and 242.1 km in 2005 respectively. The spatial variability of the contents of SOM and TN was mainly affected by structural factors in 1980. SOM had a moderate spatial variability in 2005 and TN had a weaker spatial autocorrelation compared with that in 1980. The maps of SOM and TN were interpolated using the method of ordinary kriging. Their spatial distributions were very similar to the "high" and "low" content area in two periods, and had obvious geographical distribution with a high content in the central region and a low content in the marginal region. SOM contents increased in different extents in the upland, paddy land, woodland and grassland during 1980-2005, and TN contents increased in the paddy land and woodland. However, TN contents of the upland and grassland remained essentially unchanged.

Adjusting industrial allocation according to the distribution of ecological protection space is an important part of harmonizing the spatial relationship between industrial development and ecological protection. Taking areas along the Yangtze River in Jiangsu Province as a case, matrix-analysis and spatial analysis method are applied to explore the spatial matching characteristic of ecological functional protection area and industrial distribution and the status of the ecological functional protection area occupied by industrial development based on extracting the information of ecological functional protection areas and industrial distribution. Then the adjusting route of space order is recommended. Some conclusions can be drawn as follows. Firstly, the spatial matching relationship between ecological function protection area and industrial distribution is harmonious in most parts of areas along the Yangtze River in Jiangsu Province, but some parts close to wetlands is out of line, and the industrial development should be decreased in the future. Secondly, industrial development has already occupied a large part of important everglade, riverhead protection area, landscape area and forest park; industrial development should be kept away from them. Thirdly, the ecological functional protection area covered by manufacturing, agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishery, transport, storage and post, culture, sports and entertainment is larger than that of any other industries, so the pressure on the regional ecosystem can be alleviated by the way of removing industrial area in these ecological functional protection areas.

Wetland vegetation is an important component of wetland. The biomass of vegetation is an essential index to describe the wetland ecosystem and reflects its health status. Therefore, the investigation of wetland vegetation biomass has important practical significance.In this paper, the Honghe National Natural Reserve (HNNR) was selected as the study area. The TM images on August 19th, 2008, August 30th, 2006, August 1st, 2004 and 29 samples of biomass data in the same period were used as the data source to establish the estimation models. The correlations between the remote information (reflectivity, vegetation index) and measured biomass were analyzed in this paper. The estimation models were established based on the method of regress model and artificial neural network (ANN). The models included the linear regression models, the curve regression models, the stepwise regression models, and ANN models (BP network and RBF network). In comparison of all the models, the best estimation models were obtained. The accuracy of the dry biomass models and the humid biomass models were compared. Then, the total biomass of meadow and marsh in HNNR were estimated. Finally, the total biomass spatial distribution maps of 2004, 2006 and 2008 were made, and the trend of the biomass was analyzed in this paper. The conclusions of the research were as follows. (1) The correlations between the wetland vegetation aboveground biomass and RS information were good, and the correlation between the dry biomass and RS information was better than that between the humid biomass and RS information. The estimation models based on the RS information can estimate the wetland vegetation aboveground biomass relatively well.(2) The performance of the models based on RBF network was better than that based on regression models and BP network. With the method of RBF, the mean relative error (MRE) of estimated dry biomass was 2.795% and the MRE of estimated humid biomass was 3.399%. The dry biomass models were better than the humid biomass models in comparison with them.(3) In this study area, dry biomass was mainly between 300 g/m² and 900 g/m² and the humid biomass was mainly between 600 g/m² and 1800 g/m². By analyzing the total biomass of the three years, the total dry biomass showed an upward trend, and the total humid biomass showed a downward trend. There was little extreme high or low biomass, which was mainly distributed in the places where a lot of mixed-pixels existed, such as the edge of the forest and bush, or the marsh with a lot of water.

The Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentrations in water are of great importance to the monitoring of water quality and ecosystem balance. Remote sensing offers a convenient and systematical tool for the observations of water at a long time scale. In this paper, we present a study of Chl-a estimation using the reflectance models (MOD3: R_λ1^-1-R_λ2^-1)×R_λ3and MOD2:R_λ1^-1×R_λ3) derived from the Medium Resolution Spectral Image (MERSI) onboard the newly launched FY-3A satellite and the Moderate Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) onboard the AQUA platforms. Validation studies demonstrated that both models provided reliable estimates of Chl-a concentrations with determination coefficients R² of 0.72~0.79 (MOD2) and 0.52~0.76 (MOD3) for MERSI standard band settings. This accuracy is slightly better than that of the MODIS results with R² of 0.65~0.69 and 0.43~0.70 for MOD2 and MOD3, respectively. Comparison analysis between models and sensors indicated that the blue and near infrared wave ranges are of potential for Chl-a estimation. Besides, the higher spatial resolution of MERSI (250m) may explain the better performance for both models compared to that of MODIS. This research will be helpful for the development of future Chl-a estimation models using the satellite observations.

Based on the understanding of the vulnerability, the sustainable development and their relationships, this article considered that: (1) the vulnerability is a temporal and spatial function for the sustainable development, and regional economic development is a process that suppresses the vulnerability continually; (2) the economic development vulnerability of the mining cities presented the typical "pressure (P) - sensitive (S) - elasticity (E)" characteristics. On this point, the article constructed a vulnerability assessment model, combined with Entropy Value Method and Principal Component Analysis, and chose the mining cities of Northeast China to make a research. The result shows that: (1) most mining cities with high vulnerability are spatially concentrated in Liaoning Province. (2) The mean vulnerability scores of mining cities based on different mineral resources have a descending trend in the order of coal resources type > integrated mineral resources type > metal resources type > petroleum resources type. (3) The vulnerability scores have a tendency to increase with the devolvement of mining city's life circle. (4) The elasticity of the urban economic development plays an important role in determining the degree of the vulnerability. Finally, the authors gave suggestions on how to lower the vulnerability of the regional economic development, and to achieve the sustainable development of mining cities, by reducing the pressure, decreasing the sensitivity and enhancing the flexibility.

This paper summarizes the basic characteristics of spatial organization of two models, Center Place Model and Network Model. The former is featured by centripetal vertical links, while the latter by multiple links across the border of hinterland. On this basis, the research focuses on the evolution of spatial structure in the Yangtze River Delta under network interaction. Firstly, with the analysis object of the connection among firms, this paper studies the evolution of the network connection of the region and makes a comparison of different flows, which include intensity and directions of network in the network connection within each region and among regions. Secondly, this paper applies the factor analysis technology to group the regional socio-economic types and analyzes the spatial structure evolution of the Yangtze River Delta. Thirdly, through the comparison between network interaction and changes of the areal type, the trend of polycentric networking and regionalization of the cities in the Yangtze River Delta is concluded as the Center Place Model still in dominance is weakening, while the Network Model is strengthening. Finally, the paper tries to explore the mechanism of the evolution from the increasing or decreasing returns of economic scale, which caused centralization or diffusion respectively.

Guangxi Xijiang Economic Belt is an important component of future development axis in southern China. Recently, a tendency of industrial agglomeration has emerged along the Xijiang River. Although the industrial parks in this area have developed rapidly, many negative phenomena have appeared, such as disorders in industrial park development, industrial structure resemble, and low rate of land output. By analyzing the development characteristics and affecting factors of the industrial parks along the Guangxi's Xijiang River, the study finds that regional development basis, industrial park development basis, industrial park development potential and constraint conditions of industrial park development are the main factors affecting the development level and trends of industrial parks. Firstly, regional industrial basis and urban layout are macro factors. Secondly, traffic conditions and government support policies are micro factors. Thirdly, instructing China-ASEAN Free Trade Area (CAFTA), developing Xijiang waterway and undertaking the eastern industrial transfer are the driving factors. Fourthly, resources and environmental pressures are constraints. On this basis, we construct a 4-factor index evaluation system consisting of 13 indexes, classify the industrial parks into three types-development-optimizing type, agglomeration-stengthening type and cultivation-guiding type, and propose different development paths for them. Development-optimizing type should give full play to its leading role in the region and strengthen the growth of new industries, and emphasize industrial association, especially the high-tech and high value-added industrial chains and links. Agglomeration-stengthening type should ensure the development direction of the industrial park, and make the industrial park to be a competitive and influential industrial cluster. Cultivation-guiding type should focus on industrial parks at a certain scale, and promote production concentration.

Urban agglomeration (UA) is a new terrain unit involved in international competition and international division of labor. With the development of economic globalization and the boot of information and technology, UAs in China have developed gradually. In this process, five new-type driving forces (DF) have appeared, which are economic globalization, new-type industrialization, informatization, rapid transportation and government dominant, and studies on the five ones have important value. Based on analysis of mechanism of five new-type DF for UA and comparative analysis of some relative indexes, it is found out as follows: economic globalization drives UAs enter the international system and the higher level of UAs opening and the more industrial and technology transfers, the better UAs develop under the background of economic globalization; new-type industrialization drives UAs become manufacturing bases which injects new energies for development, and the higher level of industrialization and the better high-tech industry develops, the better UAs develop; informatization integrates all information and drives them flow at a high speed, and the higher level of informatization, the better UAs develop under the background of informatization age; transportation is the channel for materials and information exchange, and rapid transportation impels UAs to be connected closely and builds up the foundation of UAs development; new correlative policy is like a roll booster for impelling UAs development, in a correct way. Based on the above analysis, the paper suggests that further studies towards UAs development in China should focus on spatial and temporal differences of DFs and braking forces.

From the essential meaning of urbanization, based on the entropy method, from the urban population, economy, society and space, this paper estimates the comprehensive level of urbanization in Xinjiang Tarim River Basin in 2000 and 2008. GIS technology, spatial clustering method and spatial autocorrelation are used to analyze the spatial evolution of the comprehensive level of urbanization. The results show that the comprehensive levels of urbanization are quite different in the spatial distribution, but the holistic pattern of the comprehensive level of urbanization was stable, the high comprehensive levels of urbanization are found to be mainly in the Bayangol and Aksu areas, while areas with lower urbanization level are located in Hotan, Kashi and Kizilsu regions. Meanwhile the gap is widening, and the comprehensive level of urbanization showed a weak spatial autocorrelation. The space structure of the hotspot distribution tends to be the circular space structure centered in Korla. Finally, the development of mineral resources, convenient traffic, regional economic growth as well as investment in major projects were the driving factors of the spatial differentiation of the comprehensive level of urbanization, and thus the government should make policies to raise the level of urbanization in Tarim River Basin.

Resource assessment and landscape assessment have always been the focus of tourism evaluation studies. These studies indicate that quantitative method is an effective way to evaluate tourism object, while they only consider the linear relationship between the properties. In fact, as a lack of structural analysis, quantitative methods could hardly make a reliable assessment of the object. In this paper, quantitative methods are used to evaluate the structure of tourism landscape image by making use of structural analysis. This paper uses a questionnaire survey of 291 random tourists in Zhouzhuang (Guzhen) and Wuzhen (Dongzha). The covered topics include tourism landscape image and other demographic characteristics. Then, by using SPSS16.0 as factor analysis and LISREL8.70 to carry out a SEM analysis, the paper proposes a bottom-up method of the tourism landscape image evaluation. It is necessary to evaluate the tourism landscape image on the basis of linear relations and in particular, the coupling between various properties. If there is only linear relationship between properties, the quality of Zhouzhuang (Guzhen) and Wuzhen (Dongzha) tourism landscape images is similar. However, in terms of structural relations, the images of Zhouzhuang (Guzhen) and Wuzhen (Dongzha) tourism landscape are actually at different quality levels, as Zhouzhuang (Guzhen) tourism landscape imagery is superior to that of Wuzhen (Dongzha). In this paper, a tourism landscape image evaluation method based on structural relationship has been proposed. With the tourism landscape image analyzed on the basis of 291 questionnaires, this paper concludes that tourism landscape image evaluation should not only attach importance to a linear relationship between the various properties, but also pay attention to their coupling relations. Quantitative evaluation of properties and their relationship is the appropriate way to comprehensive evaluation of tourism landscape image. To enhance the quality of tourism landscape image, it is necessary to further optimize its structure.

This paper focuses on the research of the protection of great mountains in history. Chinese great mountains have a long history of development, and most of them are still serving as national scenic areas and some of them were even added to the World Heritage List. It is worth studying the cognition and protection in history to find out the reason why these precious natural and cultural heritages can be preserved so well for such a long time. To research the historical protection of Chinese great mountains, the Five Sacred Mountains is the best example and their nature is representative of great mountains in different areas. The research on materials from Pre-Qin Dynasty to Qing Dynasty indicates that the cognition of nature in ancient times is the precondition of the development and protection of the Five Sacred Mountains. This cognition contains ecological consciousness and has developed from the original nature worship to the mixture of natural culture and landscape culture. Each cognition development stage has its own feature on the natural utilization and mountain protection. In this precondition, the specific protection measures are regular national rituals, legal protection of sacred decrees, integrated management system, service base construction based on the "feed mountain by country" principle, and the maintenance and restoration from the government to individuals. Some of the protection measures can only be taken in China such as the "feed mountain by country" principle, and some of the protection measures are only situable for the Five Sacred Mountains such as the regular national rituals. These historical protection measures not only have value for the research of evolution and protection history of Chinese great mountains but also have a good enlightenment on the protection of scenic areas and heritage sites nowadays.

古地图是历史地理研究的重要史料,近年来对海外中文舆图的整理与研究,已成为新的学科热点之一。中国人民大学华林甫教授的新著《英国国家档案馆庋藏近代中文舆图》(上海社会科学院出版社2009年3月出版)正是近年来这一领域最重要的学术成果。全书由中英文前言和上下两编组成,上编是三篇专题研究论文,下编是对74种、124幅舆图的著录与解读,并附有全部舆图的精美图版,部分尺寸较大的舆图或单独印制,或附有局部放大图,尽可能真实而清晰地反映舆图原貌并方便利用。这批珍贵舆图资料的公布,将对地图学史、城市史、区域史、军事史、晚清史等诸多领域的研究产生积极影响。

国家自然科学基金重点项目"我国东部沿海地区新农村建设模式与可持续发展途径研究(40635029)",已执行四年。在30余位科研人员的共同努力下,取得了重要研究进展和丰硕成果。

Land use research has enhanced the academic status and the academic impact with the close combination of land management practices since the beginning of the 21st century. It has made great progress in the investigation and monitoring, comprehensive property evaluation, planning and design, change and mechanisms, engineering and technology of land use. In the analysis of development trend, the paper proposes some suggestions, namely, strengthening the basic theory, paying attention to the methods system, widening perspectives and deepening the connotation, and strengthening aggregation and integration capabilities in land use research. In accordance with national demands for land use of participation in the economic macro-control, construction of resource-saving and environment-friendly society, as well as guarantee of food safety, the paper describes four priority areas on land use study. The study of land use change and mechanisms should focus on natural, economic and social factors on the coupling, as well as economic, social, technological development on the transformation of land use. The analysis of environmental impact and effects on land use should put emphasis on the interaction between economic and social development impact and the effects from land-use quantity, quality and ecological factors. The investigation and monitoring of land use should be aided with digital survey and monitoring technology and methodology. The development and decision-making of land use information should be combined with the macro-economic decision model.

In order to monitor and assess the extent of the impacts of development on historic integrity, this research tries to provide a tool for doing this, draws on the experiences of natural ecological space fragmentation and researches the spatial and temporal process and landscape patterns of the traditional culture landscape taking the total human ecosystem as a local habitat of humans. Zhibuzhen, located in the north of Zhuji City in Zhejiang Province, is the focus of this research. The fragmentation level of the traditional cultural landscape is evident with small amounts of decline from 2005 (0.0301) to 2007 (0.029), which was influenced by modern industrial land-use, multi-pond, modern commercial land-use, modern architecture development, modern yard and design changes in traditional open space and modern open space, which are divided into the active, passive and neutral patches with different functions.
Based on these, the models of traditional culture landscape space conservation are discussed. (1) Establishing the network of traditional culture landscape spaces, remaining traditional architecture spaces with large areas and as the passive factor in each core reservation area and removing the modern architecture spaces which are next to and as the active patches. The active patches were organized to control the scale and style of these patches and connect the two centers with natural or semi-natural corridors to decrease the fragmentation of total landscape. (2) Establishing the integrating models through setting up comprehensive rural settlements, adjusting landscape spaces of traditional village and rebuilding micro corridors and eco-steps at the village level. (3) Optimizing landscape factors through developing the active factors in right way, conserving the passive factors in order to keep its continuity and implanting the neutral factors into and around traditional culture landscape in order to interweave and surround traditional landscapes.
In this case the landscape should be managed according to different spaces and different attributes at the town level. A buffer system can be established based on natural landscape, farmland, man-made lakes, green belts and city or rural parks. The preserved village as a central knot of the traditional network should be surrounded by enough buffer spaces. So, this research demonstrates that the traditional culture landscape network and modern landscape network can coexist in an interweaving network.

Tourist flow is the basis of the tourism phenomenon and tourism industry, but also one of the core issues in tourism geography. However, the driving force of tourist flows is still under-explored. How to achieve shift from a brief description of the spatial distribution of tourist flows to mechanism? On the basis of document analysis and system induction method, this paper analyzed the driving force of tourist flows, and built the driving mechanism conceptual model of tourist flows from the multi-disciplinary perspective. The theoretical basis on tourist flow included push-pull theory, demand theory, spatial interaction theory, competitiveness theory etc. Although these theories can explain tourist flows, there are relatively few systematic and comprehensive multi-disciplinary studies. As for the driving mechanism of the tourist flow, the authors found that the formation mechanism of the tourist flow has not yet been systematically studied. Scholars attach importance to spatial distance factor and ignore spatial structures of tourism origin and destination; attach importance to tourism demand factors and ignore tourism product supply. Based on the conclusion and reference of domestic and abroad relevant theory of tourist flow, pull, push, resistance, inertia and spatial structure forces are the main driving factors. Pull, push, inertia and spatial structure forces have positive correlation with tourist flows. Resistance force has negative correlation with tourist flows. Finally, the paper builds conceptual model of tourist flow-driven mechanism. A conceptual model can reflect the formation of tourist flow driven by tourism activities in both internal and external systems, consisting of tourism demand and tourism attraction. At the same time, the formation of tourist flow is affected by resistance and spatial structure. A conceptual model can also reflect a comprehensive, holistic, dynamic development and change. The conceptual model offers a new study viewpoint of tourism geography. It also provides a simple analytical framework for tourism planning, tourism marketing and management. The model can guide spatial development and travel routes organization, and infrastructure and transportation planning and also provide a scientific foundation for the harmonious and sustainable development of tourism destination as well as the implementation of tourism policy.

From the residence into a tourist destination, the ancient village's evolution is inseparable from the perception and evaluation of tourists when experiencing in the ancient villages. The paper builds a conceptual model (M1) on loyalty based on the tourist perceived value and its intrinsic dimensions of ancient village, and takes Zhangguying village as an example. It was found by EFA (Exploratory Factor Analysis) that the conceptual model on tourist loyalty of ancient village consists of eight exogenous latent variables, that is the social value, emotional value, epistemic value, economic cost, non-economic costs, guide services, community services, and the resource ontology of ancient village tourism, as well as three endogenous latent variables, that is tourist perceived value, satisfaction and loyalty. After using SEM (Structural Equation Modeling), it was found that the social value, economic cost and non-economic costs have not notable influence on the loyalty in the conceptual model, and then a revised loyalty model (M2) based on the tourist perceived value and its intrinsic dimension of ancient villages was put forward through cutting out three paths and referring to MI (modified index). In the meantime, the revised model (M2) is better than the conceptual model (M1) in goodness of fit. The revised loyalty model shows that the perceived value of ancient village's tourists as a single-dimension structure indirectly impacts the loyalty formation through satisfaction, but loyalty-driven mechanism of the perceived value's inner dimensions is significantly different. The resource ontology of ancient village tourism is the most important dimension, and the social value and economic cost have not any direct or indirect influence on the tourist loyalty. It is a general tendency that the functional dimension's effect is dominant, and emotional dimension's effect is hidden. Finally, the practical significance of this research is discussed. The paper considers that we should create a good tourism environment of the ancient village, enhance tourist perception on profits, reduce loss of tourist perceived benefits, and raise tourist perceived value. Only in this way can the loyalty of tourist to the ancient village be cultivated.

The paper established an evaluation index system of the city competitiveness of Zhongyuan Urban Agglomeration, and used principal component analysis to evaluate the city competitiveness in 1988, 1992, 1998 and 2006, respectively. Moreover, the paper studied time evolvement of the city competitiveness. The index system includes basic competitiveness, economic competitiveness, science and technology competitiveness, opening competitiveness, government function, environment competitiveness, and 15 element layer indexes, as well as 40 basic variable layer indexes. In actual problems, it is common that several maximal principal components are selected. The paper used calculated results of the city competitiveness, space expression method and space interpolation method to research space evolvement of the city competitiveness of Zhongyuan Urban Agglomeration. According to comprehensive scores, the cities are divided into four grades, >1.5, 1.5 to -0.5, -0.5 to -2 and <-2. Cities in different grades are expressed in the map of Zhengzhou Urban Agglomeration with different colors, and the evolution situation of spatial differentiation of the city competitiveness is expressed through different time sections. The paper selects brief and exact spatial interpolation method—IDM (Inverse Distance Weighted) to research the evaluation situation of spatial patulous of the city competitiveness. Numerical value of interpolation points that are calculated will be automatically created in the city competitiveness map, and the effect maps are formed about the city competitiveness.According to the analysis result, the basic points of view are obtained as follows: (1) Principal component and comprehensive scores of the city competitiveness of nine cities for four time sections were calculated, and the city competitiveness was evaluated and sorted. (2) According to the evaluation result, the rules and features of general evolution, principal component evaluation, influencing factors in evolution of the city competitiveness of Zhongyuan Urban Agglomeration, were revealed. (3) The evolution laws and features of spatial differentiation and spatial expansion of the city competitiveness of Zhongyuan Urban Agglomeration were revealed through analysis of grade maps and effect maps in different stages.

The rise of gated communities has become a global phenomenon with the appearance both in developed countries such as North American and European countries and in Asia, Latin America, South America, and South Africa. Accordingly, discussion about this type of private communities has been largely inspired by observations in various cities worldwide. Most of the insights towards gated communities are negative, regarding them as urban enclaves and relating this spatial fragmentation to residential segregation and social exclusion. However, due to different social and cultural backgrounds, the implications and consequences of gated communities in different places may not be exhibited in the same way. Local experience seems to be of great significance to the debate on the social effects of gated communities. The emergence of gated communities in China is a relatively nascent urban phenomenon even though enclosed housing compounds have cultural roots in China's history. Against the context of urban sprawl, gated communities invade into rural areas of China, co-standing to mix with traditional villages. Through a case study of a neighborhood named Lijiang Garden in the suburban Panyu District in Guangzhou, this paper explores the relationship between residents of gated communities and outsiders, addressing the material connections of gated community in suburban area of China to the outside world, conceptions and attitudes of residents living in both sides towards each other, exploring social contacts between them, in order to examine the impacts of gated communities on local areas. The empirical study revealed that the physical existence of wall does not mean gated community which can be seen as enclave in China since the functional connections and social contacts can be observed between gated community and its poorer neighborhood. Furthermore, the perceptions and attitudes towards each other are not negative, especially the outsiders of gated communities in China have not, psychologically, been segregated by the new walls, so that little negative impacts of gated communities are perceived in the suburban districts of urban China. Thought sharing certain similarities, the findings in China challenge the prevalent view of gated communities worldwide. It is demonstrated that gated communities should be investigated by considering specific local economic, cultural and political contexts.

Based on the studies at home and abroad, this paper considers that the study methods of dynamics mechanism and patterns are still relatively weak. Especially, the quantitative studies by constructing models are rare. Firstly, the paper analyzes the concept of the dynamics mechanism and patterns in detail. Secondly, from the perspective of system theory, the paper divides urban industrial agglomeration system into inner system and regulative system. Finally, PAF model is constructed by coupling of the Parallelogram Law (P), Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) (A) and Fuzzy Membership Function Model (F). PAF model which couples the relation between dynamics mechanism and patterns could be used to analyze the following issues quantitatively. What is really the urban industrial agglomeration dynamics mechanism? Which is the rational development model that should be taken? And how do we regulate the dynamics mechanism to achieve the healthy development of urban economy?