The mountainous regions of Southwest China, where Chongqing Municipality is located, has typical regional environmental characteristics such as cloudy fog and less sunshine. In order to realize the spatial simulation of temperature in this geographical environment, this study proposes a model for local regression considering terrain correction factor for solar radiation. In this model, the terrain correction factor is derived indirectly by fitting the spatial distribution of global solar radiation under undulating terrain. The model combines the Geographically Weighted Regression model, the Solar Analyst model, the improved Angtrom-Prescott equation, and the multiple linear regression method. Based on temperature, relative humidity, sunshine percentage, and global solar radiation of the meteorological stations, combined with DEM data with a resolution of 100 m×100 m, this model realizes the spatial simulation of temperature under the mountainous terrain. The model has good fitting accuracy and stability. The simulation accuracy of local regression term is much higher than Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) interpolation and Kriging interpolation. It is also better than the traditional Multivariate Llinear Regression model based on latitude, longitude, altitude, sunshine percentage, and relative humidity. Further, 55 regional meteorological stations are used to verify the summer temperature simulation accuracy of a single year. The average absolute error is 0.59°C, and the errors of 38 meteorological stations are reduced after considering the terrain correction factor. The model performs well in spatial and temporal simulation of air temperature, which can reflect the influence of local terrain factors such as slope, aspect, and topographic occlusion on temperature, and has clear physical meaning. Based on the available observation data of meteorological stations, DEM, and the commercial software ArcGIS, this model is convenient to apply, especially suitable for cloudy, sunless areas like Chongqing and its surrounding mountainous regions.

The urban built-up area boundary is important basic information for urban studies, and is also the premise of the implementation of urban function space layout, the implementation of boundaries control. Accurate extract urban built-up area for urban construction, management and research has important guiding significance, but also reflects the city's comprehensive economic strength and the level of urbanization, one of the important indicators.The DMSP/OLS night light data has been widely used in the extraction of urban built-up areas. But due to the effects of saturated, diffuse, and low resolution problems, it is still a huge challenge to rely on the DMSP/OLS NTL mapping the urban built-up areas. In order to overcome the limitations of the data source itself, In this study, the application of hierarchical expert knowledge analysis, multi-source data extraction of the thematic information layer by layer into the extraction process, the construction of urban built-up area for the level of expert knowledge model to achieve the city built-area refinement extraction. The urban index （VANUI） was constructed by combining 250 m MODIS NDVI data with 1 km DMSP/OLS data. Based on the administrative boundary, the statistical area of the area is divided into the administrative boundary of each prefecture-level city, and the optimal segmentation threshold of each administrative unit VANUI feature image is calculated according to the regional segmentation method, so as to obtain 250 m urban boundary space information range. Meanwhile, Due to the low spatial resolution of the DMSP/OLS luminous data and the narrow range of light and light values, there is still a large gap between the optimal segmentation threshold and the built-up area. Therefore, this study proposed the maximum autocorrelation double threshold extraction method. The 30m Landsat 5 NDVI data were fused to obtain the maximum autocorrelation quadratic NDVI threshold in each 30m seed region by multi-scale segmentation of the regional threshold segmentation. According to the maximum autocorrelation threshold of each potential built-up area, each potential built-up area is revised one by one, and finally 30m urban built-up area is obtained. This paper takes the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region as the research area, the experimental results show that the total precision of extracting urban built-up area by multi-source remote sensing cooperative method is 92.9%, and it has higher validity and reliability in spatial distribution and statistical data. The results show that the results of the urban built-up area extracted by this method are not only the overall accuracy, but also the spatial extent of the visual interpretation, and the relative error of the statistical area in each prefecture-level city is small, which verifies the reliability and validity of the method in spatial distribution and statistical data, and avoids the error caused by subjective threshold selection. DMSP/OLS data can be used not only for urban area extraction, but also for the intensity and scope of human activities. Therefore, in the follow-up study, based on the identification of urban built-up area boundary, combined with the quantitative analysis of luminous data and evaluation of urban development area outside the expansion trend and internal dynamic changes for the DMSP/OLS luminous data to give full play to its effectiveness, Economic and historical values play a positive role in promoting.

The existing finite element numerical simulation method of groundwater flow has some defects in the three-dimensional visual spatial analysis and the expression of numerical calculation process and simulation results. In order to solve this issue, the key steps of the finite element analysis process including the conceptual model construction, spatial discretization, hydrogeological parameters extraction and initial condition assignment are taken into consideration respectively. Based on the finite element method and 3D GIS platform, the method and technique framework of the groundwater finite element numerical simulation under 3D GIS are proposed with the supports of GIS spatial analysis algorithms and computer graphics theory. In addition to describe the technique framework, the core algorithms’ implementation details are given and the complete process of 3D GIS groundwater flow simulation is presented. The groundwater simulation example demonstrates that the proposed method and technique framework are capable of simplifying the finite element analysis process and improving the calculation efficiency of the model. The whole technique framework can be integrated into 3D GIS platform, and furthermore the visualization of simulation process and calculation results can be achieved eventually.

Utilizing Landsat TM/ETM+/OLI imagery and digital elevation model (DEM) data, this study extracted the boundaries of glaciers and glacial lakes in Poiqu Basin, Xigaze City, Xizang Autonomous Region, China from 1990 to 2020 through the ratio threshold method and visual interpretation. The distribution and variation of glaciers and glacial lakes over three decades were analyzed, alongside the exploration of their co-evolution and response to climate change within the basin. The findings revealed: (1) A notable acceleration in glacier shrinkage within the Poiqu Basin over the last decade, with glaciers primarily situated between 5500 m and 6100 m. While the count of large-scale glaciers (≥10 km²) remained constant, small-scale glaciers (≤0.5 km²) exhibited an upward trend. (2) Both the number and area of glacial lakes witnessed a significant increase, with an expansion rate of 74.24%. Predominantly located between 4900 m and 5300 m, the expansion was more pronounced in larger glacial lakes (≥0.07 km²), whereas smaller lakes (≤0.03 km²) also saw a marked rise in numbers. (3) Glacial lakes connected to their parent glaciers emerged as the most significant type contributing to glacial lake expansion, registering a 72.08% increase. (4) The past 30 years have experienced a gradual temperature rise and a minor decline in precipitation. These climatic shifts, particularly the temperature increase and precipitation decrease, have been crucial in glacier retreat, while meltwater from glaciers has facilitated the expansion of glacial lakes. Through examining the distribution, changes, and interrelation of glaciers and glacial lakes in Poiqu Basin, this study aims to provide valuable data support for understanding glacier area dynamics and aiding in the prediction and mitigation of glacial lake outburst floods.

Heatwave has become an extreme meteorological disaster which occurred frequently during the summer. Moreover, heatwave could evidently affect the healthy conditions of residents. Thus, study the spatial pattern of heatwave health risk would be helpful for us to prevent from and respond to the impacts of heatwaves. Using the historically meteorological datum of Xiamen, this study built a database of heatwave cases and analyzed the basic characteristics of heatwaves in Xiamen. Taking a heatwave event occurred in 2010 as a case, we analyzed the spatial pattern of heatwave health risk by using both the remote sensing data and the demographic data. It is concluded as the following statements. (1) The intensity of heatwaves in Xiamen is quite low, but its frequency is rather high. An intensive heatwave occurred occasionally. (2) The regions with high health risk are located in Xiamen Island, lying from the northeast toward the southwest. The regions with the highest healthy risk are located in the northern and southeastern Jiangtou sub-district, Huli district, and the most area of Xiagang sub-district and Siming district. (3) The human health risk pattern of Heatwave is associated with the spatial distribution of environmental and demographic factors. Generally, this study promotes and extends the scientific knowledge on the health risk of heatwaves.

Based on the two dimensions of overall prosperity and achievement sharing,this paper constructs a common prosperity index system and applies the entropy method to measure the level of common prosperity in China at the provincial level from 2007 to 2020. This paper analyzes the spatial differences of common prosperity level using the Dagum Gini coefficient and portrays the dynamic evolution of its distribution using kernel density estimation. Moreover,it uses the Kaya identity and LMDI factor decomposition method to identify the driving effects of its dynamics. Conclusions are as follows: 1) The common prosperity level increased significantly on the whole and in three regions,which showed a distribution pattern of "decreasing from the east of China to the west of China". 2) The overall differences,intra-regional differences and inter-regional differences of China's common prosperity are narrowing,and the inter-regional differences are the main source of overall differences. 3) The level of common prosperity in three regions is characterized by strong unimodal aggregation,while the overall shows a trend of polarization. 4) The economic effect and equilibrium effect have significant positive driving effects on the improvement of China's common prosperity,the driving forces of social effect and efficiency effect are developing in a good direction.

The transformation and development of urban waterfront space is the key way to promote the optimization of urban space and the adjustment of industrial structure, which has become the main part of the current international urban renewal and redevelopment efforts, and a large number of relevant studies have emerged. Therefore, it is necessary to summarize the existing studies. Taking the relevant publications in the Web of Science and Science Direct databases from 1988 to 2020 as the analysis object, this study systematically examined the research results of the transformation and development of urban waterfront space abroad, summarized and analyzed the research contents and main conclusions from the aspects of the transformation process, mode, motivation and mechanism, and effect. The results show that international studies on the transformation and development of waterfront space mostly used qualitative methods to carry out descriptive analysis of cases, the research themes have shifted from paying attention to practical needs to exploring underlying academic issues and gradually diversified, and the research perspective increasingly emphasizes humanism and the concept of equality. Finally, considering the international research experience and domestic reality, this study proposed that in the future, China should change the research perspective and research object, pay attention to the comparative study of multiple cases in different regions, reveal the transformation process of urban waterfront space, simulate the transformation mechanism of urban waterfront space, and comprehensively evaluate the transformation effect of urban waterfront space, so as to optimize and improve the research system of urban waterfront space in China.

An artificial Masson pinus forest has been chosen to measure the precipitation inside and outside of the forest, as well as stemflow.

South Africa is China's largest trading partner and investment destination in Africa, especially in infrastructure construction. Study of the spatial distribution of South Africa's population is of great significance to the cooperation of the two countries. Based on the census data from 1996 to 2011, this paper describes the spatial pattern and evolving trend of the diverse population of South Africa with time series and cross section data between 1996 and 2011 at county level, based on population density analysis, spatial autocorrelation analysis, population gravity center model, shift-share analysis, and unbalanced index. Using the software platform of ArcGIS and OpenGeoDa, conclusions are made as follows. (1) Population density of South Africa has "high on east and low on west" features, and also has multicore clustering characteristics in metropolitan areas and port cities. (2) Population density varies significantly in different regions. Metropolitan areas and coastal port cities have high population densities, while central and western regions have low population densities. (3) In terms of trend in population change, population distribution in South Africa became more and more imbalanced from 1996 to 2011. The gravity center of population moves to the northwest of South Africa since 1996. (4) Shift-share analysis shows population growth rate have undergone "high-low-high" stages for the last 15 years. At provincial level, Gauteng andWestern Cape have been always the places with dense populations.

With Pukou District of Nanjing as an example, the article introduces SLEUTH cellular automaton model and adopts the Landsat TM/ETM+ remote sensing data in five study periods(the years of 1988, 1995, 2000, 2004 and 2008)to simulate the general situation of urban expansion of the study area with or without the planned cross-river channels.And the influence of the planned cross-river channels on the urban growth of riverside city is analyzed from the perspective of quantity increase of construction land as well as spatial growth.The research shows that:1) SLEUTH model, after adjusted and tested, could well simulate the quantity growth of construction land as well as its characteristics of spatial distribution in the study area, therefore, it could be fairly applicable to the research of urban expansion of the study area; 2) the construction of planning cross-river channel has a significant impact on accelerating the growth of riverside city, but its driving effect will gradually decline year by year.The newly increased construction land in the study area will rise by 48.05% and 62.33% in 2020 and 2030, and the contribution rate of planned cross-river channel is 20.67% and 17.50%, with a decreasing driven effect year by year, which is particularly significant in the street of Jiangpu, Dingshan and Yanjiang in "Pukou New Town".

After the adoption of the policy of reform and opening-up to the outside world,many changes in politics,society and economy have taken place in the Yangtze River Delta region and have resulted in rapid expansion of urban area.Using multi-temporal remote sensing images,we analysed the spatial and temporal urban dynamic change pattern of the Yangtze River Delta region in the past two decades.The results showed that from the end of the 1980s to the year 2000,the main land use change pattern is the rapid decrease of cultivable land and forest area and the fast expansion of urban area.Urban land use in the Yangtze River Delta presents a concentrated expansion,typically from vegetation landscape to a mixed urban and rural landscape,i.e.,95% from farmland 1.8% from forest land and 1.5% from grassland.Using remote sensing image to categorize land use,monitor land use change,and calculate land use change transfer matrix is a promising method to show distributed spatial pattern of land use and land use dynamic change.There exist different constitutional proportions relating to land use dynamic changes between the first decade and the second decade.The urban sprawl speed is lower in the second decade than the first one.The land use dynamic change affects the eco-environmental change in this region.For example,the urban expansion pattern directly affects the local climate change and the air quality of this region.Analyzing the correlation between the spatial pattern of urbanization and eco-environment in this region,we found that the urban sprawl pattern is one of the direct factors affecting the spatial distribution of regional urban heat islands and spatial pervasion of urban air pollution.By comparing the relationship between the land use change pattern and eco-environment,we can provide sustained decision-making strategy for improving eco-environment,developing local economy,and promoting the social progress.

Hydropower development and outward transmission in Tibet play a vital role in optimization of energy resource configuration and reduction of CO₂ emission in China. The low-carbon effects of hydropower development in Tibet were assessed, and fossil fuel consumption reduction and CO₂ reduction achieved by hydropower development in Tibet were analyzed based on net coal consumption rate, CO₂ emission coefficient and its dynamic change of fossil-fired power generation in different power grids. The results show that: 1) The fossil fuel consumption reduction and the CO₂ reduction achieved by hydropower development in Tibet have significant variations. During the period from 2006 to 2012, the fossil fuel consumption reduction and the CO₂ reduction achieved by hydropower development in Tibet were the most in 2011. 2) The fossil fuel consumption reductions achieved by hydropower development in Tibet were different significantly with different net coal consumption rates of fossil-fired power generation. The fossil fuel consumption reduction achieved by hydropower development according to net coal consumption rate of fossil-fired power generation in Central China power grid (CCPG) was the most, the fossil fuel consumption reduction according to net coal consumption rate of fossil-fired power generation in Northwest China power grid (NCPG) and Tibet power grid (TPG) took the second and the third place respectively, and the fossil fuel consumption reduction according to net coal consumption rate of fossil-fired power generation in national power grid (NPG) was the least. 3) According to different CO₂ emission levels of fossil-fired power generation, the CO₂ reductions achieved by hydropower development in Tibet were also different. Among them, the CO₂ reduction achieved by hydropower development according to CO₂ emission level of fossil-fired power generation in TPG was the most, the CO₂ reduction of hydropower development according to CO₂ emission level of fossil-fired power generation in NCPG and CCPG took the second and the third place respectively. 4) The fossil fuel consumption reduction potential and the CO₂ reduction potential achieved by hydropower development in Tibet were outstanding. According to net coal consumption rates of fossil-fired power generation in NCPG, CCPG, TPG and NPG, the fossil fuel consumption reductions achieved by hydropower development in Tibet in 2030 would be more than 75% of total fossil fuel consumption (1.379×10⁸ tec) of fossil-fired power generation in NCPG in 2012. Among the CO₂ reduction potentials according to different CO₂ emission levels, the CO₂ reduction achieved by hydropower development in Tibet according to CO₂ emission level of fossil-fired power generation in CCPG would be the least, but more than the carbon dioxide emissions of fossil fuel consumption in Argentina, Pakistan, Vietnam and other countries in 2013.

China has been experiencing unprecedented urbanization process. In 2011, China's urban population reached 691 million with an urbanization rate of 51.27%. Urbanization level is expected to increase to 70% in China in 2030, reflecting the projection that nearly 300 million people would migrate from rural areas to urban areas over this period. At the same time, the natural growth rate of China's population is declining due to the combined effect of economic growth, improvement in education quality, and modern social consciousness. As a result, Chinese government has loosened its "one-child policy" gradually by allowing childbearing couples to have a second child if either of them is from a one-child family. An accurate prediction of the future spatial pattern of population and its evolution is critical for a variety of key policy-making processes in China, such as industrial development, ecological conservation, industrial upgrading and transfer, and environmental protection. In this paper, a top-down method was developed to project the spatial distribution of China's future population with considerations of both natural population growth at provincial level and the population migration between provinces from 2010 to 2050. The results suggested that the overall spatial pattern of Chinese population is unlikely to change significantly over the next four decades. Shanghai, Beijing, Tianjin and Jiangsu will remain the top 4 provinces in terms of population density in China, and Xinjiang, Qinghai and Tibet continue to have the lowest density of population. China's population is projected to continue to concentrate in eastern coastal provinces. Population densities of Shanghai, Beijing, Zhejiang will peak in 2030, while that of Guangdong will keep increasing until 2035. Due to the large amount of moving-out labors and gradually declining fertility rates, population densities for Central and Northeast China will decrease from 292 persons per km² in 2010 to 253 persons per km² in 2050, exhibiting a downward trend. The majority of the western provinces, including Shaanxi, Chongqing, Guizhou, Yunnan, Sichuan, Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai, Xinjiang, Tibet, Guangxi and Inner Mongolia are likely to remain sparsely populated, with an averaged population density no more than 100 persons per km².

It is of significance to study the effect of land use change on ec osystem service values.This paper aimed to provide decision support for sustain able use of resources and protection of eco-environment by assessing land use change and its consequent changes in ecosystem service values of Jilin Province .We obtained land use data by interpreting remote sensing images.Based on dyna mic data of land use in Jinlin,this paper analyzed changes in land use and ecos ystem service values using the ecosystem service value coefficients put forward by Costanza et al.In addition,coefficients of sensitivity were introduced to test the rationality of ecological value coefficients.Results show that from1 980to2000,area of rangeland,water bodies and wetlands decreased and oth er categories of land use increased.Due to comparatively small valuation coeffi cients(VC)of cultivated land and comparatively big VC of wetland and water bod ies,the increment in cultivated land could not offset the total decrement in regional ecosystem service values because of decrease in area of wetlands and wa ter bodies.Meanwhile,city sprawl has also led to loss of ecological values.T he total ecosystem service values of the study area reduced dramatically,from U SD12365.14×10 6 to USD10700.38×10 6 in period1980-2000.There was a13.46%net decline in annual va lue of ecosystem services in study area(i.e.USD1664.76×10 6 net decline in total ecosystem service values)and a0.72%decline per ye ar.In recent five years,the degradation of woodland,wetland and rangeland sl owed down because of enhancement of eco-environment protection.There was an 0.54%decline per year in ecosystem service values from1995to2000,w hile there was an0.78decline per year from1980to1995,which shows t hat the decline in ecosystem service values has been lessened in recent five ye ars.

The characteristics of precipitation diurnal variations in spring and summer are investigated based on the TRMM satellite data from 1998 to 2012. The South China Sea (SCS) and surrounding areas are divided into four main regions: the South China region, Indo-China peninsula region, Malaysia region, and the SCS region. The results show that: First, in low latitude regions of the two hemispheres, the precipitation has opposite variation phases in spring and summer. In spring, the precipitation mainly occurs in Malaysia region and its surrounding area. However, in summer, the precipitation is more distributed over the SCS region and its surrounding area while the precipitation over Malaysia region is small. The Philippine islands, Indo-China peninsula, and the South China region present land pattern of diurnal variation, which means the precipitation maximum occurs after noon. For Malaysia region, the precipitation maximum occurs at night. Second, the diurnal difference is related to land-sea difference. In general, the precipitation is larger at night than that in the daytime over land area while it is larger in the daytime than at night over sea area. Moreover, the diurnal difference is generally more significant over sea area than over land area. The diurnal difference is most significant over the SCS in both spring and summer. In summer, it is also significant over the South China region. From spring to summer, the diurnal difference reduces in Malaysia and the SCS regions while it ascends in the rest two regions. Third, in summer, the Indo-China peninsula and the Philippines present similar patterns of diurnal variations. Their precipitation maximums occur at around T 17:00-20:00 in both areas, which is earlier than in spring. Meanwhile, the high precipitation period of the SCS region occurs earlier in summer than in spring. In both seasons, the diurnal variation patterns of the four regions are similar. The diurnal variations over the South China region and the Indo-China peninsula region present single peak pattern. In Malaysia region, the diurnal variation is relatively gentle. Fourth, based on the data from 1998 to 2012, in spring, the interannual variations of the occurring time of precipitation minimums are not significant in the Indo-China peninsula and the SCS regions while the variation in Malaysia region is relatively large. The interannual variations of the occurring time of precipitation maximums are little in Indo-China peninsula region. For Malaysia region, the variation has become smaller since 2005 and stayed small from 2005 to 2012. From spring to summer, the interannual variations of the occurring time of precipitation maximum become more significant over the Indo-China peninsula region and less significant over the SCS region. The interannual variations of the occurring time of precipitation maximum are similar in both seasons. Last, the seasonal difference can well illustrate the precipitation variation from spring to summer. After the burst of summer monsoon over the SCS region, the precipitation variation decreases slightly around Malaysia and equator areas while increases over South China, SCS and Indo-China peninsula regions, especially over the Philippine islands. What is noteworthy is that in South China region, the Xisha Islands and their surrounding sea show a negative seasonal difference, which means its precipitation decreases after the burst of monsoon, while the major part of this region has positive seasonal difference.

The procedural rights guarantee is one of the main routes to promote procedural justice and improve the land requisition compensation for the farmer in theory. Based on the theoretical analysis and literatures review, the current study established an indicator system to evaluate the guarantee degree of the procedural rights in land requisition. With 305 land requisitioned farmers' investigation data from Liaoning province, by applying the Multiple Regression Model, this article tested the influence of procedural rights to the land requisition compensation empirically. The procedural rights in the process of land requisition mainly include the rights to know, the rights to participate, the rights to express, and the rights to supervise. The findings illustrated that the procedural rights of the farmer's rights to know, the farmer's rights to participate, the position of the land requisitioned farmer in the village that if he or she is the village cadre, and per capita annual income of the household did show a significant positive correlation influence to the land requisition compensation. With the implementation of guarantee degree's enhancement of the procedural rights, which could promote the farmer's efficient participation in land requisition, improve farmer's negotiation ability, regulate the operation of the local government and village collective's administrative power, and then brings positive impact to the land requisition compensation. Based on the discussion above, it is essential to further strengthen the institutional construction of the public land requisition information's transparency, to make clear the land requisitioned farmer's participation schedule and pattern in the process, to promote the substantive of farmer's rights to express, and to improve the supervision and accountability mechanism of land requisition.

The development strategy of "extending to east and opening up to south" which cancelled northern groups has scientific meaning of "eco-city" and landscape ecology control.Its scientific values are embodied by the function of Baiyun District, which is constructing ecologic supporting system of economic development of the metropolis and big scale background, embodying the practical meaning of eco-economy and the development idea of constructing landscape city for Guangzhou.However, the economic development of Baiyun District is weaker than that of other districts of Guangzhou, and its urbanization level is lower, which is not according with the status as and administrative area of Guangzhou.The change of development focus weakened the superiority of Baiyun District, and the production factors of talents, capitals, techniques etc.are flowing to southeast.So, Baiyun District confronts double challenges of controlling and development.According to the district characters, plight and function, this paper suggests to settle the conflict of controlling and development through constructing three blocks, forming industrial groups, building ecologic residential districts and corridors.

As a man-made spatial or geographic element, administrative boundaries, acting like an invisible barrier, influence the process of globalization and regional integration. According to the statistics of literature associated with border effect since the 1990s, the number of studies in this field has increased greatly. In 1995, the study of international trade between the United States and Canada by McCallum promoted the progress of research in border effect. Most studies in the field of economic geography that followed focus on the mechanism and effect in three categories: the puzzle of border effect, market segmentation, and the progress of integration. When studying the puzzle of border effect, researchers always focused on three questions: "what is the connotation of the border effect?"; "what factors may affect the border effect?"; and "how wide is the border?" With regard to the integration and market segmentation studies of the border effect, transnational trade was always the research hotspot. With the gradual deepening of the studies, researchers not only paid attention to border effect in the field of economic geography but also focused on transboundary differentiation in tourism geography, urban geography, and political geography. Gravity model, convergence analysis, and monopolistic competition model were chosen to construct the border effect model. Although based on different theories, the virtual variable "border" was added to the models in the same way. Social network and the principle of "homogeneous repel, heterogeneous attraction" also were applied to the study of border effect. Further research can be carried out in the following three areas: studying the puzzle of border effect in view of the nature of administrative boundary, developing the research field of border effect, and the optimization and innovation of research methods.

Obligation assignment of carbon emission reduction needs to evaluate carbon emission charge by taking into account interregional transfer of carbon emissions. Carbon footprint, as a concept of carbon emission measurement, can evaluate life cycle carbon emissions of production and service to meet final demand. It should include direct carbon emissions caused by fossil energy as well as indirect carbon emissions induced by intermediate products production. This paper aims to estimate carbon footprint of each province and inter-provincial transfer of carbon emissions in China based on an input-output approach and China IRIO 2002 database. The results indicate there are significant differences of carbon footprint and per capita carbon footprint among provinces in China. The provinces with higher carbon footprint, mainly located in northern China, have large economic scale. The provinces with high per capita carbon footprint include developed metropolitan regions and energy-rich regions with a high proportion of energy intensive sectors. Interregional transfer of carbon emissions has emerged from energy-rich regions with a high proportion of energy intensive sectors to developed coastal regions and developing regions with incomplete industrial systems. The results imply developed coastal regions should bear more obligation of carbon emission reduction. As a significant amount of carbon emissions of energy-rich regions with a high proportion of energy intensive sectors is induced by provision of energy intensive products for developed coastal regions and developing regions with incomplete industrial systems, interregional transfer of carbon emissions should be taken into account for regional obligation assignment of carbon emission reduction. It can be considered to reduce obligation of carbon emission reduction for those energy-rich regions with a high proportion of energy intensive sectors. Otherwise, a compensation mechanism should be considered for developed coastal provinces to provide financial and technological aid to energy-rich regions with a high proportion of energy intensive sectors for improvement of energy use efficiency and reduction of carbon emissions.

Rural household biogas uses human and livestock manure as raw materials and its main products include biogas and biogas fertilizer. Suitable air and soil temperature is the necessary condition for household biogas digesters to generate gas safely and run normally. The low temperature and the frozen soil in winter or cold seasons are the main natural factors influencing the development of rural household biogas. According to the natural suitability, the development of household biogas can be divided into three different regions in rural China on the basis of regional principles, such as security, efficiency, conjugacy and integrity of the administrative regions, as well as regional indicator, such as frozen soil and temperature,. The naturally suitable regions are located in south China; conditionally suitable regions are in north China and west Sichuan - east Tibet Plateau; while the unsuitable regions in China are the cold area. Meanwhile, each region has some different sub-regions. It is not necessary to provide heat-retaining condition in naturally suitable regions, considering the heat preservation of household biogas digesters in winter. However, in conditionally suitable regions, to satisfy the heat-retaining condition is very important. In unsuitable regions, due to the low temperature, it is unsuitable to develop household biogas even if fully-closed heating barn is put up. Moreover, naturally suitable region in south China is further divided into three different sub-regions, which are the best level of naturally suitable sub-region in south China (including Southeastern Tibet), the medium level of naturally suitable sub-region in South of Changjiang River (including Sichuan Plateau) and the third level of naturally suitable sub-region in Han and Huaihe River valley. The conditionally suitable region is divided into five different sub-regions, including simply thermal suitable region in the area from north China plain to Loess Plateau and others, and Western Sichuan - Eastern Tibet Plateau is divided into two sub-regions including the high latitude cold area in northwestern part of northeast China and Tibetan Plateau high elevation cold area. Every region and its sub-regions are analyzed in different aspects, including the basic situation, natural suitability of household biogas development, basic requirements of building and heat preservation in winter of household biogas digesters. This study can provide scientific basis and decision guidance for the development of household biogas in the rural areas of China.

The carbon emissions intensities of China’s thirty provinces caused by energy consumption were calculated according to the reference approach provided by IPCC. Exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA), space-time transition measurement method and geographically weighted regression (GWR) model were employed to analyze the spatial dependence of provincial carbon emissions intensity and spatial heterogeneity of its driving factors from 1995 to 2015. The results were shown as follows: 1) There was a significant positive spatial correlation in carbon emissions intensity among provinces. Global spatial autocorrelation decreased first and then increased and last fluctuated slightly. The provinces with similar carbon intensity tended to be agglomerate, indicating that provincial carbon intensity had an obvious spatial dependence characteristics. 2) An uneven development pattern of carbon emission intensity existed in China's provinces. The provinces with H-H agglomeration were mainly distributed in the northwest of China, while the ones with L-L agglomeration mainly distributed in the southeast of China. 3) The spatial agglomeration of carbon intensity presented an overall trend of optimization, the provinces with H-H agglomeration decreased, while ones with L-L agglomeration increased. However, different provinces played different roles in the spatial agglomeration of carbon intensity. 4) The driving factors of carbon emissions intensity had obvious spatial heterogeneity among China’s provinces, and there was a positive correlation between the 4 explanatory variables and carbon intensity. The influence degree of 4 explanatory variables on carbon intensity was as follows: energy intensity>energy structure>industrial structure>per capita GDP. Different policies of carbon intensity reduction should be formulated according to the actual situation of each province. Therefore, in order to achieve regional differences in carbon emission reduction, it is necessary to take full account of the actual situation of carbon intensity in each province and the spatial differences of carbon intensity affected by different factors.

In view of the entity and integrity of natural reproduction and economic reproduction of agriculture, the paper selects and builds the Evaluation Index System (EIS) of agricultural resources effective utility on the basis of the necessity and observable basic principles to build EIS. This paper includes four sections as follows. Firstly, the author discusses observable basic principles to build EIS. The principles include objective laws of sciences, a system in its entirety, easy operation, good arrangement and sequence of structure, and changeable trends. Secondly, by analyzing systematically the behavior and characteristic of agricultural production progress of resources and the basic ways of agricultural resources effective utilization, the author selects 94 indices, which include 46 background and input indices, 14 potential indices and 34 evaluation indices. As a result of analyzing comparatively 34 evaluation indices, the author builds the evaluation index system consisting of 13 comprehensive evaluation indices. Thirdly, as an addition to EIS, the author discusses 5 comprehensive evaluation indices of 13 ones, including attenuation intensity of soil production, biotic economic index, scientific and technical contribution ratio of agriculture, commercialization index of agricultural products, and management comprehensive index. Last, some problems are discussed in the paper.

这是本刊《1991年地理学新书》的续集,也是本刊第7次向广大读者介绍过去一年里地理学学术著作,它将和各学术期刊共同组成1992年地理学发展记录。为了便于查考,一些重要译著和相邻学科重要著作也选编在这里,并补充了1991年部分地理学出版物。本期地理学新书是由地理所图书室佟学思同志辑录的。

Intensifying urbanization activities have severely encroached the ecological land of the plateau lake basins. In this context, rational establishment of ecological networks in plateau lake basins will serve as scientific basis for biodiversity conservation and sustainable ecosystem management. Using the Morphological Spatial Pattern Analysis Model (MSPA) and Minimum Resistance Model (MCR), this study analyzed the landscape patterns and changes in the Erhai Lake basin, established the ecological resistance base from multiple perspectives, and identified the ecological sources in the Erhai Lake basin. Base on the calculation of patch importance index and landscape connectivity index, the ecological corridors were extracted and the landscape ecological network of the Erhai Lake basin was constructed. The results showed that the distribution and sizes of the core areas in the Erhai Lake basin had undergone constant changes from 2000 to 2022. In 2022, the core area of the Erhai Lake basin accounted for 84.77% which was the highest among all landscape element types, and forest had the largest share, followed by water surface and grassland, while the plaques in the southern part of the Erhai Lake basin largely disappeared. By calculating the patch importance index, 4 primary ecological sources, 1 secondary ecological source and 5 general ecological sources were identified in the Erhai Lake basin. Moreover, 15 important ecological corridors were extracted, and mainly distributed in the northwestern, eastern, and central parts of the Erhai Lake basin, and several potential ecological corridors were reconstructed. The comprehensive resistance values were lower in the northern areas but higher in the southern areas, and higher in the central areas yet lower in the peripheral areas. The spatial distribution of ecological corridors was uneven, and the structure was monotonous. The important ecological corridors of the Erhai Lake basin spread from the northern ecological sources to the south to maintain the landscape connectivity. The dynamic changes of landscape patterns in the Erhai Lake basin were closely associated with anthropogenic activities. The alteration and shift of ecological resistance were attributable to the large-scale tourism development and urban and rural construction. We proposed to strengthen the protection of important ecological corridors, core habitat plaques as well as surrounding ecological environment in the process of ecological construction planning, and increase important ecological sources, repair ecological fracture points, optimize landscape network connection, to enhance the ecological function of the Erhai Lake basin.

Crisis or disaster has increasingly influenced tourism development and tourism demands obviously.Effective tourism marketing has been widely proved to be one of the focusing measurements for tourism market recovery in many destinations which suffered no dramatic tourism attractions or facilities damages by disasters.Then study on influence of certain disaster or crisis on tourists’ motivation is very crucial for after-disaster tourism destination management and tourism market recovery after some disasters.Taking China’s Jiuzhaigou National Park as a case,the authors conducted some quantitatively comparative analyses of tourists’s motivation based on the questionnaire survey data collected in the park before(from April 27th to May 5th,2008) and after(from,May 5th to 10th,2009) the Wenchuan Earthquake on May 12th,2008.And some quantitative analytical methods such as MANOVA analysis has been used to analyze the changes of tourist motivation in the destination.Some research results can be drawn as below: 1) Tourists to Jiuzhaigou were mostly motivated by their desire of "being close to nuture" both before and after the quake.It is important to note that nature attraction of the world natural heritage was the main and common pull motivation for both short-haul and long-haul markets before and after the earthquake.On the other hand,the Wenchuan Earthquake did great influence most of the tourists’ motivations to visit this park—the importance of pulling motivation declined while that of all pushing motivation but "for social status" increased;2) Before the earthquake,tourists’ knowledge obtaining motivation(experience new things and learn about other culture) was more important than that of recreation motivation(enjoy life and enjoy tranquility),while it has reversely changed after the shock.The importance of the social and psychological motivations(for social status motivation "to see famous sights") decreased after the disaster.3) The attraction of non-core attractions in the destination has experienced distance-decay changes,while the attraction of some core attractions in the park showed no changes with distance before and after the shock.Actually,Jiuzhaigou’s tourist market segmentation within central-western China experienced adverse changes.According to the results of MANOVA,there were reverse trends between the midwest(increse) and midwest(decrease) in the change of market share before and after the earthquake.But all of these markets showed no great differences of tourist motivation.It may imply that tourist motivation can play a tiny role in the explaination of the market changes within some adajacent developing regions before and after the quake.Based on previous research conclusion,the authors put forward some differential marketing suggestions for its market recovery.

The quantitative study on the impact of climate change on tourism in China is relatively weak, so it is urgent to learn from foreign experience. Therefore, based on the SCI/SSCI literature database, this article reviews the related research progress abroad from 1986 to 2017. The study finds that for more than 30 years, quantitative research on the impact of climate change on tourism in foreign countries has mainly used index methods, tourism demand models and selection analysis methods. Among them, the index method includes the single index method and the comprehensive index method. The tourism demand model includes the time series model and the cumulative demand model. The selection analysis includes the descriptive statistics and the discrete selection model. The indicator method is mainly used to study the environmental effects of tourism resources and environmental changes, changes in tourism climate conditions, changes in comprehensive factors, and the climate change response behavior of the main body of tourism. Due to the existence of offsetting effects of climate change, the comprehensive index method is more advantageous than the single index method. Although the comprehensive index method has difficulties such as computational complexity, it can comprehensively examine the impact of climate change on the comprehensive factors of tourism destinations, and is an important direction of development of indicators and methods. The indicator approach focuses on the changes in tourism destinations, and climate change responses need to understand the changes in tourism demand. Therefore, the use of tourism demand model has gradually increased. Among them, the time series method is mainly used to study the impact of weather conditions on tourism demand. The cumulative demand model is mainly used to study the structural impact of climate change on tourism demand and the impact of climate policy on tourism demand. With the development of computer technology and artificial intelligence, there is a great potential for future applications. The tourism demand model focuses on changes in the macro-tourism flow and ignores the heterogeneity of the tourism market. With the diversification and diversity of the tourism market becoming more apparent, the use of micro-individual-based selection analysis methods has increased. In related studies of selective analysis, descriptive statistics are often used to study the effects of climate change based on preference, behavioral willingness and climate change perception in the context of climate change. Discrete choice models are often used to study the influence of climate change based on preference and help to analyze the changes in the market structure of tourist destinations in the context of climate change. As more and more studies show that the impact of climate change on the tourism market is more reflected in the change in market structure, the application demand for discrete selection models has further increased. However, the basic theoretical assumptions of the discrete selection model still need to be studied in the correction of tourism scenarios. Combining the latest progress in the quantitative research on the impact of climate change on tourism in foreign countries, and linking with China's reality, future research needs to strengthen the application of cumulative demand models in tourism flow related research, the application of discrete selection models in tourism market structure research, and the use of systematic scientific methods and big data technologies in related research. In the future, we should enhance research on climate-sensitive tourism activities in China, and as relevant studies on "Belt and Road" countries and regions, as well as the Tibetan Plateau.