This paper takes location and transportation, resources and environment, infrastructure and development, and socio-economic potential as important factors, and constructs a potential assessment system of glacier tourism development. Employing hierarchical analysis and analytic hierarch process, this paper evaluates synthetically glacier tourism development potential of 32 administrative units at prefectural level in China's glacier area, and puts forward some relevant spatial development strategies. Some results are obtained as follows. (1) The regions with higher potential index of location and transportation are concentrated mainly in provincial capitals and their surrounding cities, which are characterized by geographical advantages. (2) The regions with richer glacier resource, bigger glacier scale, or better combination advantage between glaciers and the surrounding landscapes, or most enriched tourism resources have mostly higher potential index of resources and environment. (3) The regions with ongoing glacier tourism have higher potential index of infrastructure and development. (4) The regions with higher potential index of socio-economy include mainly provincial capitals and surrounding cities with better industrial bases, and some of the regions have taken tourism industry as a pillar. Generally, the regions with higher comprehensive potential index have better traffic conditions, richer glacier resources, better economic and social background, closer tourist market, better access to glacier area, or richer regional tourism resources.

It is difficult to predict and forecast several natural disasters currently. Major natural disasters frequently occurred synchronously. Several major natrual disasters generally occurred as one disaster incident group in a region. In this paper, we proposed the law of time-space symmetry of disasters, based on the basic information of each disaster. In the aspect of time symmetry, we carried out both the method of commensurability information extraction and Map of Butterfly Structure (MBS). We improved the commensurability information extraction method firstly proposed by Weng Wenbo here. On the other hand, the MBS theory in the process of commensurability study for prediction was primarily proposed. From MBS, we defined the characteristic tendencies of disaster occurrence. MBS simplfied the time period of partial major natural disasters. In this paper, it is foreseen that the following events would happen in high probability in the future: the earthquake (Ms≥5.6) in Urumqi in 2011, the flood damage in Taihu Basin in 2011 and in Huaihe River Basin in 2013. In the part of spatial symmetry, MBS was mainly used in the judgement of seismic disasters. Through the statistics of earthquake focus in each period, we built polygons (triangle or quadrilateral), and considered the symmetry in quadrant distribution. Spatial symmetry laws were revealed in this study to validate the trends manifested in a number of major natural disasters. It was observed that earthquakes occurrences in the last 500 years in Mainland China (Ms≥8) and 20 earthquakes in Yunnan (Ms≥7) had accelerated development tendency. The terminals of earthquakes in adjacent seismic periods became shorter. Spatial symmetry analysis indicated that seismic spatial information was more concentrated on a specific point. Thus, it is highly possible for strong earthquakes (Ms≥7) to occur in the eastern part of Yunnan in the next few years. Otherwise, these factors provided the prediction principles for several natural calamities, which was consistent with global changes.

Based upon the comparisons between underwater bathymetries digitized from nautical charts (1936-2002) and between coastlines derived from two landsat-5 TM images (1986-2007), the hazardous geology associated with erosion and deposition was analyzed for the past 70 years. During the last century, the sedimentary pattern was divided into nine types according to the depositional rates. The results show that the slight sedimentation happened as a whole in Jiaozhou bay from 1936 to 1963, while the slight erosion appeared in the eastern embayment (including Cangkou channel). Unlike before, the deposition obviously decreased from 1963 to 1982 and then the sedimentary environment transferred into the equilibrium. Besides, the strong sedimentation was dominant in Cangkou channel during this period. However, the Daguhe and Daoerhe channels were slightly eroded. Subsequently, most of coasts extended obviously towards the sea between 1986 and 2007; the average coastline extending rate was 10¹~10² m yr^-1 and the slight erosion was observed on the seabed. Moreover, the analysis of tidal prism and cross-sectional area of tidal inlets shows that the current velocity amplitude and the corresponding equ-coefficient of friction had decreased over the past 70 years in Jiaozhou bay. This indicates that the entrance of Jiaozhou bay tended to be relatively instable.

The spatial variation of physical and chemical properties for eolian sand soil at longitudinal dune scale in southern Gurbantunggut Desert was studied by means of geostatistical methods. In the study, 184 samples of eolian sand soil from the quadrats of 5 m×5 m were systemically collected over the dune crests, slopes and interdune areas of two longitudinal dunes in southern Gurbantunggut Desert and 100 quadrats of vegetation were measured. The physical and chemical properties of eolian sand soil, including soil grain-size parameters, pH, salts, water content, total N and organic matter were determined. The results show that under the impact of longitudinal dune landform characteristics, including elevation, slope aspect, slope angle and partial micro-terrain and vegetation pattern, the physical and chemical properties of eolian sand soil have the variance of weak to medium extent and the spatial autocorrelation of moderate to strong extent. The values of spatial correlated ranges are 21.3-74.8 m, which approximately correspond to a width of single longitudinal dune or a width of landform unit from interdune area to dune to interdune. Because these soil properties have a nest structure of different level systems, the fractal dimensions, D values at different scales were gained. The D values of soil grain-size parameters (φ₁, Mz,σ), soil salts (EC) and soil nutrients (organic matter and total N) in a sampling interval of 0-40 m are larger, and the spatial variation is basically medium to high level. Under a sampling interval of 90-150 m, the D values were sharply reduced and the spatial variations were greatly increased. The curve of variation strength for soil water contents was in several segments and the D values were gradually decreased in turn. The mechanism of the close relationship of the spatial variations between soil total N and organic matter contents shows that the spatial variations of the soil physical and chemical properties, which are expressed by the fractal dimensions and not regularly preprocessed, well accord with the field facts.

In the ongoing great-leap-forward rush of many cities, there are seemingly paradoxical co-existence of lags of urbanization and waste of land. It is not acceptable whether to take laisser-faire attitudes and make loose limitations of urban sprawl with connivance or to follow the prescribed order of urbanization without the consideration of requirements of rapid development and regional equity of cities in disadvantaged provinces, which makes it in urgent needs to find a simple and practical method which is adapted to the forecast of the urban land use size in a nonlinear process of urbanization. However, the direct and mediate methods in the mainstream of current researches on forecast of appropriate land use for urban construction cannot resolve this problem very well in great-leap-forward development of many cities, inevitably making the expansion of these cities out of order and control from central level invalid. We argued that it is required not only to improve the forecast method but also to renew the way of resolution. In furtherance of this purpose, this paper tries to explore a new multi-scalar forecasting method based on a preset goal of urbanization level from the perspective of urban system from an aim-oriented rather than a trend-extropolation perspective. This process includes three steps, first forecast the total population at the higher scale of the target city, then predict the future urban population based on the prospective urban system, at last, determine the quantity of proper urban land use through the correlation between urban land use and population. Using the data of 287 Chinese prefecture-level cities from 1997 to 2008, the basic hypothesis is tested and some panel data models on built-up areas and nonagricultural populations are built. To eliminate the autocorrelations and heteroscedastcity in the models, some advanced methods of estimation such as GLS are introduced and an ideal empirical equation is obtained. Although there are still some defects and limitations of this equation, it has been proved that this model is easy-to-use, reasonable and practical in the case of Zhumadian. It is also argued that this method is not only suitable for the forecast of land use of many cities in current China, but also can avoid the problem of many land use forecasts that it always goes beyond the permissible land use limit at the higher scale when adding up the predicted land use of every city. To conclude, the theoretical meaning and application restrictions of this method are briefly summarized.

Land consolidation plays a key role in keeping the dynamic equilibrium of arable land and ensuring the target of farmland protection. It is of great significance to guarantee food security, relieve contradiction between human and environment, as well as promote the urbanization process and socio-economic development. However, as China's land consolidation history was very short, the undertaken land consolidation projects were mainly focused on the increase of cultivated area, while social and ecological benefits were ignored to a certain extent. Comprehensive evaluation lack of regional input-output efficiency was usually employed as a method for benefit assessment. In this paper, based on determining the input and output factors, in accordance with characteristics of multi-input and multi-output, DEA method was applied to calculate the input-output efficiency and to analyze the corresponding efficiency loss by taking central land consolidation region as DMU. The results are obtained as follows. 1) In general, land consolidation bears regularity and difference. All the provinces with advantageous agricultural production conditions have decreasing benefits to scale, regardless of the optimal value of input-output efficiency, whereas the situation in provinces with disadvantageous agricultural production is on the contrary. 2) Due to the differences of topography, soil, climate, and other agricultural production and ecological conditions, the efficiency between various provinces are quite different. Both input and output factors need to be modified in non-DEA efficient DMU, and there is significant difference in the extent of adjustment as well. 3) Due to scale differences and irrationality of input-output structure, the land consolidation output does not increase with the input. In addition to the provinces at low level of relative efficiency, such as Shanxi, Hubei and Anhui, the tendency is also observed in relatively efficient provinces

This paper studies the balance between the water demand and the maximal quota of water consumption of water allocation of Chaoyang Park waterscape in Beijing, by using the computational method of the quantity of eco-water requirement and the maximal quota of water consumption in order to save water efficiently in park waterscape. The result showed that if we do not take account into the quantity of water purification and water consumption of public open space, the maximal, moderate and minimal quantity of eco-water requirement of waterscape was 193.71 million litres, 189.81 million litres and 178.11 million litres, respectively. If water consumption of public open space came from the park waterscape, the maximal, moderate and minimal quantity of eco-water requirement of waterscape was 404.99 million litres, 401.09 million litres and 389.39 million litres, respectively. Applying the maximal quota of water consumption model, the maximal quota of water consumption of waterscape was estimated at 390.87 million litres, which is more than the minimal quantity of eco-water requirement of waterscape, thus the quantity of water saving consumption of Chaoyang Park waterscape would not exceed 390.87 million litres. The result has provided the reference for the water allocation of park waterscape.

With the making of eco-city and building of low-carbon society, urban eco-space plays more and more important roles in city development. Meanwhile, the intention, evolution and operation modes of policy network tended to be even more typical and representative than any other analysis methods under the background of social-spatial transformation and rigid structural constraints of institutional eco-space in urban-rural fringe. The study of policy network on spatial governance in Wan-mu-guo-yuan Area revealed multi-stakeholders participation process of spatial governance which needs to hold the revolution process and the internal discipline of policy dynamically, to inspect changes of standpoints, goals and tactics of stakeholders, to give impetus on transformation of policy network operation modes from inner loop mode to public-private operation mode which realized the goal of good governance in urban spatial governance with diversified incentives. The application of policy network analysis provided theoretical explanations and quotable methods to spatial governance in social-spatial transformation process of metropolitan urban-rural fringe.

In this paper, we chose two TM images of 1979 and 2005 as data source, based on normalized difference vegetation index and improved pixel binary model. After geometry revision, atmospheric correction and terrain revision with the aid of remote sensing technology, we calculated the vegetation coverage of Mentougou District, and dynamically monitored the vegetation cover changes of this district. The result shows that the vegetation coverage has a downward trend. Then we analyzed the temporal and spatial changes of the vegetation coverage based on the basic geographic information data and DEM data of this district, and studied the landscape ecology characteristics of the changes using GIS technology and ecological landscape indicators by dividing the area into four parts as ecological fragile areas, ecological control area, ecological coordination area and ecological stability area, and based on the characteristics for each division we proposed some suggestions for the ecological restoration, which can provide decision support for the local government to carry out some ecological restoration Projects.

It is important to understand the effect of the rain gauge density on the interpolation of effective antecedent precipitation and critical rainfall. For the 87 debris flow sites, the interpolation rainfall is calculated based on 5%-100% variational sampling scheme of 207 rain gauge stations. The inverse distance weight method is used to interpolate the effective antecedent precipitation and critical rainfall. Using the quantiles method, the relationship between the gauge density and the interpolation rainfall of the day debris flow and the effective antecedent precipitation is analyzed. The result shows the interpolation rainfall is exponentially decreasing due to the decrease of the gauge density. The interpolation of the effective antecedent precipitation is more stable and needs smaller amount of gauge with the same precision than that of the critical precipitation. When the gauge density is less than 5%, the interpolation of the effective antecedent precipitation keeps the real value beyond 60%, otherwise the critical rainfall is under 30%.

Snow liquid water content under crown and in the open ground were measured by a portable instrument(snow fork) in Tianshan Research Station for Snow-cover and Avalanche of Chinese Academy of Sciences (TRS) during the snowmelt period from Mar 29, 2010 to Apr 3, 2010. The vertical profile of snow liquid water content, diurnal variation and variation trends in snow period of the snow layer's water content and their relationships with the air temperature were analyzed. The results indicated that due to the discrepancy of solar radiation, snow density and pollution on surface between open ground and forest, the vertical profile of snow liquid water content, the daily variation and variation trend in the snowmelt period of the snow layer's liquid water content present different characteristics in the open ground, under the edge of crown and at 1m to the tree trunk. Air temperature is the most important factor that influences the snow liquid water content which is exponentially correlated to the air temperature, additionally water content responds differently to the average daily temperature, maximum temperature, minimum temperature, diurnal temperature range and hourly temperature as well as the difference of water content lag to air temperature in the different circumstances of under crown and in the open ground.

The article is presented based on the material of inspecting 3771 logistics enterprises in Guangzhou at first hand. It uses spatial analysis method of GIS to investigate the spatial distribution of logistics enterprises in Guangzhou City, and reveals the main factor affecting its spatial structure. The result shows that the spatial distribution of logistics enterprises in Guangzhou has the centripetal characteristic that the number of logistics enterprises obviously gradually decreases from the downtown to the suburban area and the peripheral county level cities; logistics enterprises present axial distribution along the major and minor trunk roads. And the selection of logistics enterprises zone has service dependence; urban industrial areas and business districts are important gathering areas of logistics enterprises. The spatial structure of logistics enterprises is the result of comprehensive function of location, transportation, policy, regional economic strength and land price.

Based on the analysis of the 2004 and 2008 economic census data, using Arcgis and locally weighted regression, this article tried to describe and analyze the spatial distribution of employment density in Beijing city. We found that, the polycentric pattern of Beijing employment spatial structure has become more and more clear, however the central city is still very powerful in attracting the significant spatial concentration of employment. Compared with the suburbanization of manufacturing, the concentration in central city of service employment is increasingly significant. Based on the analysis, we can draw some conclusions. Firstly, the city planning has been playing a very important role in the formation of polycentric employment spatial structure, however it has not embodied the basic intent of 'population decentralization'. Therefore we should go on speeding up the construction of polycentric structure. Secondly, although new developing areas have acted on industrial decentralization, they are not the suburban centers with large scale and good function. We should enhance the development of suburban centers to solve urban problems. Thirdly, from the regional perspective, we should promote the formation of regional networking spatial structures.

In the process of rapid urbanization, Chinese rural habitats in peri-urban areas are facing or experiencing unprecedented evolvement and transformation. Therefore, how to inherit, protect and develop rural culture is on the agenda, meanwhile how to make reasonable village planning is becoming a great theme. This paper firstly discusses the basic characteristics, evolution and development types of peri-urban rural habitats. Then, based on these results, it strives to study its development mechanism and reconstruction paths. In conclusion, the paper takes Mentougou District in Beijing as an example. The results showed that peri-urban rural habitats experienced three evolution phases, namely traditional homogeneous morphology, promiscuous morphology in the early period of transformation, and functional zoning in the late period of transformation. They are facing with differentiatation and recombination, which can be realized by three types of reconstruction paths, such as reformed by urbanization, housing removal and reconstruction, and preserving development. Three types of rural development pattern can be summarized, e.g. new rural community dominated by inner-suburban agricultural (rural) multi-functionality, agriculture specialized village dominated by agricultural specialization production and folk-custom village dominated by eco-tourism.

It was eagerly proposed in National Eleventh-Five Plan that China should be divided into several major functional zones at the national or regional levels for the balanced economic development and ecological construction in harmony with natural environment. We integrated GIS spatial analyses and expert decision methods to design and construct a Spatial Planning Decision Support System (SPDSS) in which a new Potential Developing Index (PDI) was innovated based on potential-constraint model and a threshold value of natural capital proposed by Prof. Pearce in 1993. A synthetic assessment index system, including eco-sensitivity indexes, environmental pressure indexes, socio-economic potential indexes and natural resources indexes for assessing regional statements, is first constructed by PDI and the four developing and constraint forces models. Finally, we proposed two major functional division plans supported by SPDSS in the Beijing-Tianjin region, i.e., eco-priority and socio-economic priority.

During the 11th Five-Year Plan period (2006-2010), land development in Yunnan Province is spatially divided into four types of major function regions. According to each region's function, the government makes practical regional policies to promote regional development and lead to rational distribution of population and economy. This paper discusses the application and reflection of Major Function Oriented Zoning (MFOZ) of Yunnan Province to provide theoretical and methodological information. This paper also focuses on the problems and solutions in the process of MFOZ at national level. Regarding the spatial differentiation of natural environment, the population agglomeration and the economic development foundation, transportation are the leading factors in regional economic development, opportunities or challenges of ethnic & geopolitical issues in Yunnan Province. We had comprehensive evaluation of resources & environment which are carried out at county level, constructed the exercisable method at practice level and research route. The research route is based on 'judging overall situation-the leading factor-synthesis index evaluation-consultation and negotiation about the MFOZ program (draft) by participatory methods-compiling a planning'. This paper puts forward the demarcation thought of MFOZ for mountainous provinces. Firstly, we regionalize the prohibited development region from all the Label Place areas as the main body. Secondly, we have screened the leading factors which can support sustainable development in Yunnan Province, used the leading factor-synthesis index evaluation to divide the land into three regions: Optimal Development Region, Key Development Region and Restrictive Development Region. Thirdly, we also construct the special & characteristic function development area around border land in Yunnan Province based on comprehensive evaluation of opportunities or challenges of ethnic & geopolitical issues of Yunnan Province.

In this paper, we analyze regional income disparities and fiscal transfers changes in Canada from 1951 to 1991 based on statistical data and clarify their structure of change. For this purpose, this study describes that the changing inter-provincial differentials of personal income per capita is specified using Gini coefficient, the coefficient of variation and Theil's measure. The results of the survey lead to the following conclusions. The disparities gradually decreased from the early 1950s to late 1960s and dropped sharply in the early 1970s. During the following decade, the disparities tended to decrease significantly from the mid-1970s, and the decrease in disparities became steady in the early 1980s. Based on Theil's measure, the disparities within eastern provinces and between eastern and western regions showed a remarkable reduction. The role of fiscal transfers in the changing regional income inequalities is examined. The expanding disparities within western provinces during the 1980s are responsible for the diverging total disparities. We do not consider that economic growth rate had a significantly negative effect on the divergence of the regional inequalities. These results support disequilibrium and transition perspectives in the sense that an economic boom can increase the relative strength of expansion, and a depression can decrease the effect in Canada. It is true that the convergence of regional inequalities is mainly caused by the expanding fiscal transfers, but this does not mean a sustainable economic growth of low income provinces. This implies that they have increasingly depended upon government transfers in terms of economic well being.

Based on social network theory, with the basic measurement indicators of the supply of employment, catering supplies, accommodation supplies and tourism commodity of main economic entity in tourism region, this study not only finds different supply places and determines network nodes through field investigation, and also constructs incidence matrix, adjacency matrix and network structure of economic ties between the cross-border tourism region Hukou Waterfall scenic area and the periphery. Besides, the cross-border networks are tested, the forming causes are analysed, and their models are constructed in this paper based on the establishment of evaluation index system. Finally, four conclusions are drawn as follows. (1) The economic ties between both sides of tourism region and the periphery are weak, showing a very strong border effect. (2) The tie of catering network is the strongest, yet the tie of accommodation network is the weakest on both sides. All the networks constitute a pyramid structure model. (3) The centrality of Xi'an, Jixian and Xiangning are the highest among all the adjacent matrixes, which is the key point of breaking through border effect, and of promoting cross-border regional integration for the initial growth of tourism region. (4) The structure and scale of regional distribution on both sides show a significant administrative symmetry pattern. The choice and number of nodes, and economic ties also follow distance attenuation laws in the network development process, based on which anti-fan symmetrical diffusion forms are constructed.

The service quality of rural tourism industry has profound influence on the visitors' revisit and recommendation willingness. Also, it plays a fundamental role in the sustainable development of rural tourism. Based on the BCM model, this essay proposes the initial assessment model composed of three dimensions, i.e. technical quality, functional quality and environmental quality. We made the questionnaires to the 457 tourists from 150 tourism industries in Guzhu village to test the validation of the model. According to the data collected from 415 effective questionnaires, we revised the initial assessment model by using factor analysis. The new model consists of four dimensions: technical quality, functional quality, environmental quality, infrastructure quality, as well as 18 items under each dimension. By using the new model, the essay assesses the service quality of rural tourism enterprises in Guzhu village through fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. The results show that scores of the technical quality, the functional quality, the environmental quality and the infrastructure quality are respectively 3.92, 3.69, 3.78 and 3.6. And the overall service quality is 3.78, which indicates that the tourists are relatively satisfied with the overall service quality, technical quality, physical environmental quality and functional quality, but do not feel so happy with the infrastructure quality. The essay argues that rural tourism enterprises should improve its service quality by setting up reasonable price, providing punctual service, notifying tourists of matters needing attention, enhancing cooperation and outsource, etc. The local government should establish the relevant agencies to help develop the enterprises by setting up labor market, and coordinating the relationship among stakeholders. Tourists could get an understanding of the service quality through the aspects of technical quality, functional quality, environmental quality and infrastructure quality, accordingly to promote the tourism experiences by selecting proper products, arranging reasonable journey and transportation mode, and so on.

This paper is Presented based on a program known as "Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS), initiated in 2002 by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Five traditional agricultural pilot sites at global scale were selected to be the GIAHS initiatives in 2005, including the Rice-Fish system in Longxian Village of Qingtian County, Zhejiang Province, China. Two new pilot sites were listed by FAO in 2010 and there would be more systems in the inventory in the future. The key objective of the program is to conserve the traditional agricultural systems and its biodiversity and cultural diversity in a dynamic way. Since GIAHS is different from the world cultural heritage and natural heritage and it focuses more on the co-evolution of human beings and nature and the livelihood of the local community, the local participation in the agricultural heritage sites is of great importance to the conservation of agricultural heritage and tourism development. Hence, evaluating the community potential on the agricultural heritage conservation and tourism development in a scientific way is the basis of the dynamic conservation and adaptive management of the GIAHS. By using the structural equation modeling (SEM) approach and establishing the "attitude-behavior" model, this paper tries to assess the community potential in agricultural heritage sites and also to realize the scale change from village level to county level in line with the distance reduction rule, in order to lay the basis for the agricultural heritage dynamic conservation and adaptive management. The study showed: 1) SEM and the "attitude-behavior" model are the new methods of evaluating the tourism community potential in agricultural heritage sites; 2) There is an obvious spatial distance reduction of the community potential by GIS assistance; 3) The case study indicated that the tourism community potential is high in Qingtian County and the scale change from village level to county level is effective, but obviously, the good perception and attitude do not make sure of the sufficient community participation behavior, and the gap still need to be filled in the development process.

Leisure tourism is a hot spot and development direction of tourism consumption. The classification and evaluation system of leisure tourism resources has their particularity. In this paper, we define the concepts of leisure and leisure tourism resources, discuss the elements and characteristics of leisure tourism resources, and propose the classification of leisure tourism resources based on the combination of resources characteristics and leisure mode. In detail, the leisure tourism resources can be classified into four main types, namely natural recreation type, cultural leisure type, entertainment and recreation type and special leisure type. We also construct the factor weight, marking evaluation criteria and the evaluation system of leisure tourism resources composed of several elements including resources elements value, resource impact, development conditions, resources potential. Moreover, we apply the proposed classification system and evaluation method to discuss the leisure tourism resources of Changzhou, Jiangsu Province. The results show that the classification and evaluation system of leisure tourism resources have the rationality, universality and generalization, which can provide the scientific bases of classification and evaluation of leisure tourism resources together with planning and development of leisure tourism for the tourism destination.

Perceptive image of tourists is the focus of research of tourism destination image in recent years. Perceptive image formation is a complex process which is influenced by various factors and interweaves the aspects of the behavior, psychology, sociology and tourism. Firstly, this study presents a definition of perceptive image of tourism based on the domestic and international literatures. In addition, we study the influence of factors on perceptive image formation systematically and make the stage characters of formation clearly. And then we construct a conceptual model of perceptive image formation based on research hypotheses. The model is empirically tested by factor analysis and correlation analysis. The results are obtained as follows. (1) The main factors influencing the perceptive image formation are the individuals, situation of tourism destination and inducement. (2) Perceptive image of destination tourism contains cognitive image and emotional image; components of cognitive image include tourism resources, tourism accessibility, entertainment and tourism atmosphere. (3) Generally, factors of perceptive image formation of Nantong are positively related to the components of perceptive image and the results can verify the feasibility of the conceptual model.

In the background of economic globalization, emotional needs and consumptive needs for other cultures have brought the study of placeness into focus. It is necessary to discuss the mechanism of the placeness formation for protecting traditional placeness and developing new placeness. The discussions over the mechanism of placeness formation have a variety of opinions. The two most important mechanisms are humanism during the 1970s-1990s and structuralism since the 1990s. But the current research of the interaction between two mechanisms is not adequate. This paper chooses one art district respectively in Beijing and Shanghai to analyze the interaction between the two mechanisms. In response to the practical issues, this paper tries to find out whether the art districts strengthen the placeness of cities while providing art works and which mechanism is more important upon forming placeness. The research group investigated the connection between the art districts and their social environments according to structuralism, and the place identity of the artists, gallery operators and consumers in the two art districts according to the humanism. Conclusions can be drawn as follows: (1) The mechanism of both structuralism and humanism contribute to the landscapes in the art districts which reflect the placeness of Beijing or Shanghai. The landscapes produced in historical period by structuralistic mechanism could become the identified landscapes in local people's memory of place. (2) Most of art works in the two art districts do not show the placeness of Beijing or Shanghai. Foreign demands for the art works, which result in the mechanism of structuralism, lead to the demand for art works on Chinese theme rather than on Beijing's theme or Shanghai's theme. (3) The artists, gallery operators and consumers have less place identities of Beijing or Shanghai because most of them are not locals. They represent the placeness of Beijing or Shanghai seldom from the bottom of hearts. The structuralistic mechanism is the essential one in placeness forming of the two art districts. So the two art districts play a less important role in strengthening the placeness of the two cities by humanistic mechanism, and they are short of inner mechanism of humanism during the process of art creation and marketing. This case study suggests that the government of Beijing or Shanghai should organize activities to encourage artists to create art works representing placeness of the city, which can make the art works competitive in the world market and minimize the negative impact on place by globalization.

Geographic location has become an important analytical focal point in academic circle since the 1880s. The existing literature suggests that in terms of the maximization of economic benefits, the optimal industrial location is determined by either traditional economic elements or modern knowledge and technology factors. Because the explanations are under the assumption of rational economic man, which pay relatively little attention to the subjectivity of human beings and social system, they did not go beyond the mode of seeking causation for inevitable results. This paper attempts to reveal the inherent relationship between location and social system from the perspective of humanism. Taking X market in Guangzhou as a case study, this paper analyzes how economic elites and political elites construct their power relations to determine the location of X market under the context of economic globalization. The main conclusions can be drawn as follows. (1) Local power relationship is embedded in market location, which is power-dependent. (2) Location is socially constructed, rather than ontologically pre-given. The construction and reconstruction of X market indicates that location is an outcome of social struggle for power and control. (3) Power relations of the location are strongly localized. These localized power relations are important for maintaining the prosperity of X market and retaining a relatively fixed market location. (4) Related to the first and second points, location is the arena where socio-spatial power relations are contested and compromises are negotiated and regulated. The development of X market suggests that the production of location is a dynamic process contingent upon the contestation and negotiation between economic and political elites.

With the rise of knowledge-based economy, high-tech industry clusters and their ability to innovate become the key reason for regional development. According to the tacit knowledge and knowledge spillover theory proposed, more and more academia begin to pay attention to the new view of Dimensions of Proximity in order to explore the essential factors to the innovation of high-tech industry cluster. From the view of Dimensions of Proximity, this article analyzes how those proximities usually work on the innovation of high-tech industrial cluster, and serve a theoretical mechanism for this process. After a discussion on the mechanism between high-tech industry cluster innovation and proximities, this article proposes four hypotheses of the relationships between the geographical proximity, cognitive proximity and cluster innovation, and each of these relations is transformed into mathematical formula expression. Based on the data of national software industrial parks of China in recent five years, two methods are used in the empirical tests: artificial neural network and ordinary least squares (OLS). According to the comparison among theoretical mechanism and two empirical analysis results, this paper finally draws four conclusions as follows. Firstly, during the development period and mature period of high-tech industrial cluster development, geographic proximity has a positive influence on innovation performance of high-tech industrial cluster, but the marginal effects for this are decreasing with the development of cluster. Secondly, cognitive proximity has an active influence on cluster innovation. Moreover, the learning on external knowledge can promote the increase of innovation very much. Fourthly, the direct investment on research and development can enforce the capacity of innovation, but the marginal return for this is decreasing.

In the new millennium, the global economic map is more complicated at present than that only a few decades ago. Through the actions and interactions of transnational corporations (TNCs) and states within a volatile technological environment, the simple international division of labor between industries has been replaced by the more complicated new international division of labor across activities. Within a host economy, TNCs may be distributed with different types of activities or functions in different locations to fully exploit the comparative and institutional advantages. This study examined the functional location of auto TNCs in China based on the Fortune 500 TNCs data. It is shown that different functions of auto TNCs in China have different spatial patterns. The service functions tend to be concentrated in large cities, mainly in Beijing and Shanghai, while production facilities prefer to be agglomerated in specialized cities, such as Shanghai, Tianjin, Chongqing and Guangzhou. Results from the conditional logit model indicate that agglomeration and institutions undermine the locational choices of auto TNCs' functions. Production facilities favor cities which can easily acquire specialized labor and components and parts suppliers while service functions are significantly attracted to cities with functional agglomeration. Production facilities are located in the places which allow them to acquire partners while service functions tend to be concentrated in the places where the policy is made.

Through complex network analysis and based on the data of circulation of native products and foreign goods between cities and towns of Shandong Province, the relation matrixes between cities are established in the paper, the whole network structure characteristics of circulation network in the province in 1932 are explored, and roles of cities and key links are identified in the network. Four findings are obtained in this paper. First, the degree of cities followed power-law distribution, which means most cities had low degrees and only a few had high degrees. The connectivity of this network was poor. The correlation between degree and clustering coefficient of city nodes was negative. The dendritic structure was the true portrayal of the development situation of railway network and road network at that time. Second, the whole network had six communities. The scale, independence and regionalism of each community had obvious differences. Third, the hub nodes of the whole network were Jinan, Qingdao, Zhoucun and Jining. The betweenness cities of the whole network were Jinan and Qingdao. The sameness of hub cities and betweenness cities confirms again that the Shandong circulation network of native products and foreign goods was a dendritic network that contained several star-shaped communities. Fourthly, the most important edges were Qingdao-Jinan, Qingdao-Yantai, Jinan-Jining, Jinan-Zhoucun, Qingdao-Weixian in the whole network.

China's agricultural and rural development has come into a new period of transformation since 2004, and this may provide new chances for rural development in less developed traditional agricultural areas. As such, geographical comprehensive studies on rural development in these areas are urgently needed. The Huang-Huai-Hai region, a representative of China's traditional agricultural areas, is an important hinterland of Bohai Economic Rim and a major base of China's grain and cotton production. The middle- and low-yield farmland improvement and agricultural comprehensive development initiated in the early 1970s had significantly accelerated the agricultural development in this region. Agricultural production function of this region has been further strengthened. However, rural development was still at a low level. This paper established an indicator system for assessing integrated level and spatial pattern of rural development in this region in 2000 and 2008 at county level. Furthermore, rural development types at county level were classified based on five indices including integrated rural development index, per capita output of major agricultural product, the proportion of agricultural labor in total rural labor, scale industrial output value per capita and the proportion of tertiary industry in GDP using self-organizing feature maps (SOFM) network modeling. The results showed: (1) rural development of the Huang-Huai-Hai region in 2008 has been significantly improved compared with 2000, as evidenced by the integrated rural development index showing an annual increase of 7.71%; (2) however, regional differences of integrated rural development index is still large and its spatial pattern showed no significant change during the study period; (3) per capita grain output and per capita output of major agricultural product have significant negative correlation with integrated rural development index and other selected rural development indictors; (4) according to cluster analysis supported by SOFM network, eight rural development types were divided. In urban-rural transformation, governments at all levels should identify limiting factors based on local conditions of various rural development types.Besides,more attention should be paid to the negative correlation between bulk agricultural commodities production and integrated rural development.

Comprehensive physiographic regionalization has long been a core issue of physical geography in China. A great number of regionalization themes have been developed and applied as guidelines for regional development and geography teaching. However, these themes mainly use the traditional expertise-experiences-based regionalization methodology, which probably make themselves unreliable due to certain prejudices and different knowledge backgrounds of each individual. In order to overcome this obstacle, and to enrich regionalization research theoretically and methodologically, this paper tries to apply SOFM neural network to the regionalization. Supported by GIS technology and following the traditional three-level-strategy, we construct and operate SOFM neural networks at each level, using temperature factors, moisture factors and supplement factors respectively. Finally, we divide Chinese mainland into 8 temperature zones, 17 moisture regions and 43 natural sub-regions, then compare this scheme with those based on traditional methods. The result shows that based on GIS platform, applying SOFM neural network into comprehensive physiographic regionalization has significant advantages, which is an important supplement and development to traditional regionalization paradigm.

Flow velocity is not only an important hydraulic property of overland flow, but also an indispensable index to calculate other hydraulic parameters. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the spatial distribution of rill and interrill flow velocity along the hillslope. Simulated rainfall and 7 plots (5 degrees steepness) with the lengths of 1, 2.5, 4, 5.5, 7, 8.5 and 10 m, repectively, were employed. The tested soil was a silty loam, sampled from Yanqing County, Beijing. For each slope length, the experiment consisted of two identical rainfall events (dry run and wet run), timed apart about 24 hours. Each rainfall lasted 2 hours with varied rainfall intensity (27-142 mm/h) and a total rainfall of 121 mm. Flow velocities in rill and interrill area were measured with dying tracing at different slope positions between 60 and 70 min of each rainfall. The results showed that the interrill flow velocity, on plots of all slope lengths and for both dry and wet runs, varied from 0.03 to 0.1 m/s, whereas the rill flow velocity ranged between 0.15 and 0.45 m/s. The latter was 2 to 4 times of the former. Both rill and interrill flow velocity were power functions of L, the distance downward from the upper end of the plot, and the exponents of L for rill were larger than those for interrill, being 0.409-0.420 and 0.175-0.218, respectively, which was due to the concentration of flow into rills along the slope. Additionally, the rill velocity in wet run was higher and accelerated faster than that in dry run, whereas it was opposite for interrill flow velocity, which may be attributed to the fact that more water was delivered into rills and the rills were stabler and smoother in wet run. The results are helpful in understanding the processes and mechanism of rill and interrill erosion.