A moded of bud dormancy release in Quercus variabilis BI.which is an important and widely distributed(about 20-42°N,98-120°E)timber species in China,was established in this paper,based on the presumptions that there are absolute requirements for chilling in trees,and until theabsolute requirement was satisfied the tree can not resumes growth from dormancy status by the combination of chilling temperature and forcing temperature.The results showed that themost effective temperature for the accumulation of chilling unit is what approximates the basetemperature of tree,and the high temperature during the late stage of rest can counteract the effects of previous chilling on rest-break in this tree species.According to the characteristics of both the resumption of growth competence(GC) and the accumulation of the forcing temperature(FT),the dormancy release in Q. variabilis in China could be identified as four main patterns,i.e.,the Northern pattern in which the GC resumes slowly and the FT accumulates slowlyfirst and then rapidly;the Central pattern in which the GC resumes fast and the FT accumulatesslowly;the Southern pattern in which the GC resumes fast and the FT accumulates rapidly;theSouthwestern pattern in which the GC resumes rapidly and the FT accumulates fast.Finally,discussions were provided in details for the future development of modelling dormancy release.

By comparing the sediment properties and transporting laws in different branches of the Changjiang estuary,it is concluded that sediment input in the estuary is in tremendous quantity.The asymmetry in tidal ebb and flood currents and the gravitational circulation are the majormechanisms of concentrating sediments around the null Eularian residual current point and of generating the turbidity maximum.The turbidity maximum is characterized by high sedimentsconcentration and high flocculation rates.Under strong tidal current bottom sediments are massively resuspended,strengthening sediments transprotation.The excursion area of the turbiditymaximum approximately consists with the mouth bar area.The present study has practical meaning in furthering our knowledge of the generation and evolution of the mouth bars.

The wind-sand impacted lands in Tibet Autonomous Region are mainly distribrted in the inter-mountain basin and on river beaches,river terraces and on alluvial-deluvial fans and hill slopes at mountain pass in river valley.There are three natural belts from the sortheast to the nothwest of Tibet and there are remarkable differences in wind-sand impacted lands Patterns and their characteristics in each belt.The southeast part of Tibet belongs to sub-humid forest-meadow steppe belt in Alpine temperote-sub-tropical zone and its surface is mainly composed of vegetated and semi-fixed dunes.The south'part of Tibet is located in the semi-arid steppe of alpine temperate zone and semi-fixed,semi-shifting and partially mobile dunes are the main duneforms.The north and the northwest parts of Tibet are situated in the arid desert and extremely arid desert of alpine temperatr-frigid zone and mobile dunes occupy the dominant percentage of duneforms,and there are some existence of a few vegetated semi-fixed dunes and bush vegetated sand mounds along river courses,lake shores and in the low-lying areas with high underground water table.It is concluded on the basis of the field invvestigation and the study in recent years that the contemporary wind-sand impacted lands and their distributive situation in Tibet are related to the physical Process caused by natural factors and to the human accelerative process caused by human factors.Consequently,the developmental trend of wind-sand impacted lands in future in Tibet Region will be determind by the impacts of natural factors and human factors in coming years.

The Yuncheng Saline Lake is located in a sub-faulted-down area in the Yuncheng faulted basin on the south part of the Shanxi Graben Systems.The evolution of the lake is controlled byneotectonic movement and climate changes.The water suppiies to the lake were greatly reduced at the end of the Middle Pliestocene E-poch because of the uplifting of the Mingtiaogang horst and the abandonment of the ancientFenhe River channel which connected the Yuncheng Basin with the Houma basin before. Duringthe late Pliestocene Epoch,the Mingtiaogang horst,which is north of the lake,uplifted gradually from northeast to southwest and forced the Sushui River migrate westward,and finally separatedthe Yuncheng Lake from the Sushui River.The supplies of water and salt and deposits to theYuncheng Lake were reduced,The reduction of the sediment supplies caused that the sedimentation could not catch up with the faulted down movment,and the basin became deeper and deeper;the reduction of water srpplies contributed the inspisstion of water and sedimentation of salt.The late Quaternery strata,about 150 metres thick,are salt rich silt and mud beds interbeding with salt few silt beds．The salt minerals are dominated by mirabilites,gypsum bloedites andhaiites. The beddings with few salts contain fossils of mollusks,ostracads and marls. Accorddingto the minerals and the fossils,the curve of the salinity changes was established, and it is recognized that the salinity curve is comparable with the curves of climate changes.Most of drill cores show that there are continuous Quatermary lacustrine deposits in theYuncheng Lake area.This indecates that the Yuncheng Lake is the relic of the ancient great lakeof the early Quaternary under specific neotectonic and climatic condition.

Land classification,Series mapping,Resolution level,Terain differentiation,Mapping unit Abstract The Series mapping of land types is aimed to investigate thespatial structures of land withvarious scales and at various resolution levels. The really existing terrrain differentiation orders atvarious levels are the objective basis which makes it possible to map land types on separatescales,The land type mapping at each level has its mapping unit,mapping scale and serving purpose;and has its own land classification system also,The land type series mapping consisting ofmaps at various levels can comprehensively reveaI the formation factors,distributive order andspatial structure featrues of land types in a region.It also provides important bases for the inter-complement and inter-coordination between different level plannings and managements,A casestudy of land type serles mapping in Guizhou Province firmly verified the arguements mentioned above.

Special economic regions have been playing an important and specific role in the economic development in the western pacific rim,They are characterized by the developing tendency of fiveaspests:(1)The development potentidis just unfolding;(2)The importance of science park region is increasing;(3)In recent years,theindustrial upgrading speeds up;(4)The grdient shiftof labouer-intensive industry is still obvious;(5)the establishment of transnational special economic region is being coordenately prepared. The problems confronted in the development processare analyzed in the paper and relevant constructine measures to solve them are out forward as well.

Through the survey of the loessic corrosion landform inthe middle south of Hebei oprovince,it is found that the loessic corrosion landform is regional,directional and zonal;the loe-ssic tectonic jojnts control shape,direction and growth of loessic corrosion landform in the relevant area,and they are tectonic foundation of loessic corrosion landform.

Pyramidal dune,geomorphy of wind deposites Abstract Pyrsamidal dunes have some characteristics such as high and vast sand body,special form,steady and rarely moving,They are a special type in the types of the forms of geomorphy of winddeposits.The viewpoints of predecessors researches on the causes of formation of pyramidal dunesare disputed vety much.By observing the pyramidal dunes in different places of Taklamakandesert,amd making typical amalysis for the causes of the formation of the pyramidal dune inOidoragh in the east of Yutian county,the author puts out the viewpoint of comprehensive causeof formation which contains necessary conditions and full conditions,amd comsiders that pyramidal dunes could be formed in any where if the conditions are fully satisfied,and the cnstruction ofall pyramidal duness in complex in combination,The condition of formation of pyramidal dunesare sources of various sizes sands in certain proportions,enough intensity of the flow of winddrift,and existence of winds in two direction which are nearly equilibrium and perpendicularcross,amd existence the circular movement of air introduced by updraft turbulemce by the difference of pressure of inversion layer introduced by the surface of ancint and moderm reliefs,If thesefactorc coordinate just right in some place,the pyramidal dune could be formed. And to fully recognizing the mechanism of the formatiom of pyramidal dunes is relafed to the amalysis,testingand verifing a large number of physic proccesses in deserts.

Wei Yuan(1794-1857),was an famous ideologist and geographer in Qing Dynasty (1644-1911)．He was known for for his adrocation of "Studing confucian classics for the purpose ofapplication".Wei Yuan was also a great patriot,who was a commander in some compaignsginsagainst British invadors during the opium war(1840-1842).As an ideologist,he was fully conscious that China＇s weakness lay in the backwandnessin science and technology,so he put forth a principle "learning the mordern science and tech-nology form the enemy in order to subdue it,and under guidabce of this ideology",he wortea book entitled "Records and maps of the world" This is one of the earliest geography booksever written by Chinese scholars,which covers the would history,world geography,scienceand technology.Wei Yuan＇s works and ideology had a considerable influnce on nineteen centurythoughts.The westernization movement,which took place 20 years later,was partly theresult of it.

Desertification is an important envlronmental problem in the world today,there are 900 million people In 100 countrle、exposed to desertification.In 1977 the concept of desertification was defined by UNCOD as follows: "Deseartification is the diminution or destruction of the biological potential of land,and can lead ultimately to desert-like conditions.It is an aspect of the widesPread deterioration of ecosyostem,and has adminished or destroed the biological potential,i.e.plant and animal production,for multiple use purposes at a time when increased.Productivity is needed to support growing pnpulation in quest of development."

The book is a record of the Symposium 《Geographic Research and its Progress》held in 1990 at Hong,kong,Professor C,L,So and K,W,Chen organized that Symposium,ALL.of the participants are Chinese both from China and ovarseas.With the spirit of epoch the Symposium would take an important place in the history ofgeography,therefore the book which is a proceedings of the Symposium would be a historicalliterature in geography. As far as the content is concerned．the theme of the book rapresentsthe common interests to the geographical community and the whole society．Therefore thebook would very much give impetus to geography．Some disadvantages of the book are presented in the review.The train of thoughts about geography by the Author penetrates the review.

本文首先分析了城镇土地有偿使用的背景、意义及依据,然后,结合合川县实际,对城镇土地定级的方法,级差收益测算的步骤做了论述,并制定出合川县城镇土地使用费收费标准。最后,对与城镇土地有偿使用密切相关的问题,城镇土地有偿转让和城镇土地市场建立做了简要分析,并对土地定级和级差收益测算的方法进行了改进,土地定级的结果以及土地使用费收费标准可做为有关部门决策的依据。

土被结构是土壤地理学的一个重要分支学科。土壤组合是土被结构的基本组成单元,它具有完全明确的生态内容,可以作为土地评价单元。本文分析了江津县北部低山丘陵区的自然、社会经济条件,选取能代表不同地貌类型区的典型地段,应用遥感航片,结合野外调查划分出不同类型区的土壤组合类型,并提出了本区土被结构的三级分类系统,编制了本区土壤组合类型图(1:50000)。在此基础上以土壤组合为单元进行了土地资源评价及土地资源制图。

区域旅游客源市场的研究应该成为旅游地理学的核心之一。旅游市场因其旅游产品的特殊性而不同于一般商品市场,旅游客源市场是狭义的旅游市场,并表现出“三维”结构特征。各旅游地均有其相应的市场指向性,包括层次指向和地域指向。从市场分析和开发的角度,旅游地可划分为四个等级,各具有其客源辐射半径,且各旅游地之间存在着客源空间竞争。旅游客源市场的评价可采用主导、次要和机会市场三级评价体系,主导市场的确定还可借助于定量模型。市场分析和评价的归结点在于目标市场的选择和相应的市场定位,这是客源市场开发基本程序中的关键环节。在以上理论、方法探讨的基础上,对广东省和湖南张家界两类不同客源的旅游地分别提出了市场开发的战略和技术措施。

本文以洛阳市为例,应用系统科学的分析方法研究农业环境系统的结构与功能,认为农业环境系统的结构包括:自然资源主导结构型;社会经济主导结构型;复合型;贫乏型。结构类型的不同决定了功能的差异,以及区域农业开发方案的差异。应用模糊数学方法评价农业环境系统质量。认为,发展洛阳市农业要内外并举,即一方面改善系统的外部环境,一方面调整农业生产系统的内部结构。

本文从地域结构分析人手,对黄河三角洲的结构特点,潜力及限制,发展战略,结构优化和持续发展的策略措施等进行了探讨。全文分为六章:第一章:绪言。通过对地理学与综合自然地理学的回顾与前瞻,讨论了黄河三角洲研究的意义,并确定了研究范围和研究方法。第二章:黄河三角洲的结构特点。并指出本区开发潜力很大,但目前存在的二元经济结构和二元文化结构已构成深入发展的限制因素。第三章:重点研究了本区主要开发项目的潜力和重大限制条件。第四章:讨论了本区域总体发展战略宜实行从二元结构转向出口导向型战略,建成石油能源、化工和农牧渔业基地;把东营市建成具有综合功能的“油洲加绿洲”现代化城市。第五章:黄河三角洲的结构优化与持续发展,并进行了总体结构和开发活动的时序优化研究。第六章:提出了对黄河三角洲发展前景的展望和对一些需要深入研究的问题的思考。“地理信息系统──黄河三角洲区域开发研究的技术支持”作为附录放在正文之后。

本文第一部分对城市空间结构研究在现实生活中的意义进行了分析,第二部分探讨了城市空间结构理论、模式、特征的发展演变。指出现代城市空间结构研究存在着对综合分区认识不足和对山地城市空间结构认识不足。第三部分在详细地分析了重庆市地域扩展的历史过程、规律、特征之后,对重庆市城市空间结构进行了探讨,并根据现状特征,提出重庆市城市空间结构模式。定量分析了交通网络结构,运用定量比较方法评价了重庆市城市空间结构,并对山地城市空间结构进行了一定的探索。最后从城市用地总体规模、用地结构、空间结构三个方面探讨城市地域的发展,并提出具体的实施措施。

四川省高县附近斜坡变形失稳灾害尤为严重。本文对斜坡变形失稳的类型,特点、形成原因、影响因素、破坏模式进行了分析,认为软弱岩层岩性。斜坡岩体结构、斜坡类型、岩体节理裂隙、地貌发育为决定斜坡稳定性的五主导因子。经深入研究,以定性定量标准把五因子分别划分为四级。利用斜坡变形模数计算五因子影响斜坡稳定性的权重等。从而获得了一种新的斜坡稳定性评价模式,把它运用于高县县城附近斜坡稳定性评价中,评价结果与实际基本相符。

本文在城市边缘区空间结构理论上。提出了划分城市边缘区圈层的依据,将世界的城市生产力发展划分为三个阶段,论述了各阶段城市边缘区的空间结构特征,得出发达国家和发展中国家城市边缘区圈层地域的演替序列;探讨了城市边缘区在城市和区域的发展中所起的作用,并预测了今后的发展动向;揭示了城市边缘区空间结构特征形成的动力、原因;提出了山地域市边缘区空间扩展的理论模式及其表现特征;划分了重庆城市边缘区的圈层结构,论述了其空间结构特征和发展趋势。

The raising of river profile can be regarded as a stochastic process.The parallel raising of river profile means that the trend in the process is parallel.Whether the profile raising is parallel or not should be decided according to its trend raising and should not be judged according to its total or random raising,MA(moved average)model can be used to obtain the information of the trend raisong of the river profile.If the raising of profile is parallel,there will be following situations:1.The difference of water levels between two sites along the profile should be a constantu;2.The mean value of the annual raising of water levels at all sites along the profile should be equal.All these propositions are examinated by using statistical test methods(stutend test).Such conclution is obtained that the trend raising of the profile of the lower reach Yellow River is parallel(from Huayuankou to Lijin).

Throughseveral yearhdd investigation and data analsis in laboratary in the area of the Jinzhou Bay,this paper described the hydraulic geomorphological feature of the beach face, the changes of beach profiles,the micromorphology and zoning,and then discussed the change of tidal flat zone and underwater shallow zone by the methods of the repeated,survey the comparison between old and new charts and the determination of sedimentation rate.The tidalflat of the bay is dominated by week accumulation,and the accumulation is more intersive flood perild which is about 11-25 mm The two sides of the river are mainly dominated by erosion in flood period and the mean erosion depth is 16-35 mm,and even deeper in the center of the eriver.The shallow zone which is 0-5m under water is not affected by abrupt erosiOnaccumulation,and belongs to a stable part.The accumulation estimated is 6 mm/a by the comparis on beween old and new charts.The sedimentation rate is 1-5 mm/a by the determination of 21pb of the 7 core samples and 2-4 mm/a by silt calculation, The three methods show almost the same results.

The"Three Norths" shelter forest region occupies 41% of the territory.The region is divided into 1 2 natural districts in this paper according to the differentiation of land resources.The land is divided into 9 quality grades,Land suitable for farming is 26.1%,That for arbor is 14.09%.The percentage of land for bush is 9.5%,and for stock raising is 16.33%.Land for other uses makes up 33.94%.Compared with the present land use situation,the area of land for farming can be increased by 2.87%,and land for arbor and for bush can be increased by 9,09% and 6.66%respectively,The area of land for stock raising shouldbe decreased by 17.57%.This shows that in the process of land use structure adjustment,farmland can be increased and grass land should be decreased to develop arbor-bush-stock raising shelter system.

Using the outgoing longwave radiation(OLR)data observed from the NOAA satellites,the climatic characteristics of the subtropical high over the Northern Pacific is analysed.It is found that there is an outstanding annual circule of the East-West oscillation of the position and intensity of the Northern Pacitic tropieal high.There interesting phenomena are explained and a new approach to the research of the subtropical high with the satellite data is explored.

In this paper,the origin and evolution of the tourist landform in Huangshan Moutain is studied from the viewpoint of geography.The author not only describes the splendid cloud sea、peculiar pines and luxuriant vegetation scattering over the Mountain,but also analyses the formation and development of the odd peaks、unigue stones、waterfalls、hotspring and grottoes in the Mountain.In addition,the author puts forward some constractive and effective suggestions to exploitand protect the tourist landform resources in Huangshan Mountain.

The wind erosion features of the four typical ground are studied in the tunnel,in this paper,the imitated equations between wind erosion ratio(kg/m²·hr)and wind grade are expressed for some specific sonditions.In the process of the experiments,pure wind erodibilityand sand-carrying wind erodibility are considered in original and destroyed ground wind erosions.The resuIts of experiments indicate that the wind erosion ratio can be rapidly increased by sand-carrying wind or on the destroyed ground.Two significant phenomena are discovered,One is the existance of the process of gobi ground wind erosion balance,and another one is that eolian sand grain-size is related not only to the wind blowing time but also to thesource of sands and the change of wind grade.The experimental results provide important scientific basis for prevention and amelioration of wind erosion.

In order to understand the characteristics of Boundarv layer climate of the city of Xian,a svnthetic field observation on the boundary layer and the soil layer was carried Out from Oct.to Nov,in the Xian region,and several usefuI turbulence and radiation data are obtained.A two-Dimensional dynamical and thermal numerical model used in PBL structure of the city,The turbulence colosure is based on the turbulent energy equation;the soil properties and radiative properties are also considered in the model.The simulating results from the model are suitable to illustrate the situation of the Xian heat lsland by using field data.The result of calculations shows the existance of urban heat island which is several degrees higher in temperature than adjacent rural regions.The result also compares the importance of different factors such as artifical heat release,soil properties and the surface roughness.The total amount of fuel consumed in the Xian industrial area and its increase rate in recent yearsvhave been carefully studied.The predicted tendency seems good in compared with teh climatic analyses, which indicates that the urban-rural temperature difference in the year of 2000 is about 0.6℃ morethan that of the mowadays.

Mr. Deng Jingzhong,professor of the Institute of Geography of Chinese Academy of Sciences,the famous agricultural geographer at home and abroad,and the originator of Chinese agricultural regionalization research,died at Bei jing on January 18,1994.

Eight delta lobes have been constructed in the Modern Yellow River Delta since 1855,as a result of frequent shifting of the distributary channdls. The average acting time of the lobe is 16 years,The delta deposits formed in 1904-1929 are consisted in one of the delta lobe,The delta deposits formed in 1934-1938 and 1947-1964 make up another delta lobe,Delta deposits in the drill core are commonly composed of those from several lobes.The boundary between two lobes is mot obvious,being short of relatively coarse deposits,However,diffrent lobes still can be recorgnized based on sedimentary texture and structure,microfossils,²¹⁰Pb dating and historical documents.Coarse silt is deposited in the middle part of the river mouth and clayey silt is accumulated in the lateral parts at the depth of 0-12m in water.The migration of the river mouth results in abrupt change in lithology,which often shows the boundary of two delta lobes.The clayey silt is in abundance of foraminifera in protelphidium tuberculatum assem-blages,although the deposits are not coarse silts or fine sands.

Following teh suitability classmcation concepts and the suitability classification structure proposed by FAO(1976,1983),an exercise was carried out to establish a suitability evaluation system for various rural purposes in New South Wales,This system provided a method to obtain the suitability classifications for specific rural purposes based on soil survev information(attscales between 1:50,000 to 1:500,00).Following the parametric approach,after the assesment of each land characteristic according to its influence to land use,the limitatione Hects of the land as a whole needs to be estimated.A limitation scoring method was derived in this study to quantitatively determine the suitability classes of land for specific purposes.The limitation effect of a specific land characteristic is quantitatively expressed by limitation score,and the overall limitation effects of the land as a whole are expressed by accumulated limitation score which is the summation of the limitation scores of all land characteristics,A close relationship between the accumulated limitation scores and the land use suitability classes was found.The accuracy of the results obtained by using this method was found to be at an acceptable level.

From May,1986,to December,1992,We investigated Soil animals in 4 habitat types in the Jiuhua Mountain for seven times.16608 soil animals have been collected They belong to 5 phyla 13 classes 37 orders and 95 Families.Among them,Acarid,Collembola and Nematoda are dominant genera which account for 74.41%of the total collected population,The rules of vertical change in soil animal community are:Except Community Ⅰ which is mostly affected by human activities the group number increases with the increase of sea-level elevation and organic matter the individual number (N)and density(D)of middle and small soil animals decrease with the increase of sea-level elevation and the decrease of temperature;Shannon's indices(H)of communities are Ⅳ>Ⅲ>Ⅱ>Ⅰ,which are in accordance with the change of group number.The trend of the changes in S.D of each community and H.E of large soil animals is November>December>May>August.The indices of H and E of middle and small soil animals are contrary to those of large soil animals,which are May>August>December>November.The habitat condition is superior.community Ⅳ which hasthe most organic matter has the most narrow distribution pattern.Community Ⅰ which is mostly affected by human activities has no narrow distribution pattern community.