Nitrogen and phosphorus as the dominant factors of lake eutrophication are the key to maintaining the aquatic ecosystem health, which mainly come from the human living and production process. It is imperative to reduce the nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients to maintain the harmonious relationship among human society, economy and water resources, which would have some influence on economic development. Therefore, it is the prerequisite for solving the contradiction between environment and economy to take measures suitable for the sustainable development of catchments. We analyzed the relationship between the emissions of nitrogen and phosphorus and the population growth and economic development in Wuliangsuhai catchments with the dynamic environment CGE model on the basis of the statistical data and environmental quality monitoring data in 2008, and put forward suggestions of nitrogen and phosphorus according to different stages. The result indicates that the regulation of nitrogen and phosphorus in Wuliangsuhai catchments should mainly focus on control of the industrial source as well as reduction of the increasing non-point source pollution from farmland by improving the efficiency of irrigation and utilization of fertilizer and pesticide in the short-term stage (2010-2015). In the medium-term (2015-2020) stage, it is necessary to take effective measures to realize the stage regulation of nitrogen and phosphorus; besides, it is also necessary to thrive to use the experience of one point to lead the whole area to realize the comprehensive regulation and provide the basis for the large-scale development of ecological agriculture and economic structure optimization during this period. In the long-term stage (2020-2030), aiming at the healthy development of aquatic ecosystem, the regulation should emphasize the stable development of industry and agriculture; and it is necessary to construct the sustainable economic pattern by taking the environment optimization economics as the development line to realize the dual goal of economic growth and steady improvement of water environment.

Based on related mathematical methods and econometric models, the authors build a set of ecological security evaluation index system of urban agriculture to make a quantitative and comprehensive appraisal of ecological security of urban agriculture in Shanghai. The results are obtained as follows: (1) From 1993 to 1998, the security index of agriculture resources was in a stable state, and the security index of agriculture environment fluctuated, and the agricultural index of social and economic development continued to decline slightly, and the comprehensive index of agricultural ecological security increased or decreased in turn. (2) From 1999 to 2008, the security index of agricultural resources grew at an annual rate of 10.43% after a small decrease (from 1999 to 2004), and the security index of agricultural environment, the agricultural index of social and economic development and the comprehensive index of agricultural ecological security increased at an annual rate of 6.97%, 24.65% and 6.88%, respectively. (3) The indexes of cultivated land per capita in suburban district, fertilizer using intensity per sown area of farm crops, ratio of comparative advantage of agriculture, grain per capita in rural areas and fall frequency of acid rain became major limiting factors to the ecological security of urban agriculture, whose obstacle degree was below 10.00% in 2008. Threats were mainly from the subsystem of agricultural resources and environment, and the subsystem of agricultural social and economic development has less negative influence on ecological security of urban agriculture year after year.

With the speeding up of China's urbanization in recent years, some problems have emerged due to urban construction such as the conflicts between land and people, safety for human settlement, eco-environmental issues, and so on. Urban construction land suitability evaluation has aroused more attention. The rise of resource-based cities is associated with resource development. The conflict between coal mining and urban development is the long-term contradiction of coal resources cities. In view of this, the Grand Canal Ecologic and Economic Area in Jining city is taken as an example in this paper, and the index system and evaluation mode and GIS methods about the coal resources cities of land suitability evaluation are discussed. Firstly, the suitable evaluation index system contains eight factors in three aspects of natural factors, socio-economic factors and ecological safety factors. And then, using AHP to determine weights, by multivariate analysis and GIS spatial overlay analysis, four future scenarios of coal collapse are designed, and a single factor score map and the integrated evaluation map under the four scenarios are made for the study area of urban construction land suitability evaluation. Finally, evaluation results are analyzed. In addition, some countermeasures of urban development are put forward.

As one of the important research fields in the land use or in the LUCC, the expansion of the urban land use is one of the significant indexes to evaluate the urbanization level of a city. Based on the related multi-temporal and multi-source spatial data, this paper conducts a research on the expansion modes and spatial-temporal variations of the urban land use in Mianyang City, one of the science cities in Southwest China. It analyzes the expansion speed coefficient, the expansion intensity index, the compactness, the fractal dimension, the barycenter index, the extending orientation and direction index with the methods of the RS thematic information extraction and GIS spatial overlay analysis. The result shows that the land use in Mianyang City in the last 30 years has increased to 110.11 km², or 3.8 km² per year. The average expansion intensity is 0.65. The extending direction of space differentiation is obvious, which can be described as Y mode with a center and three axes. And the expansion mode indicates a transformation from extensive expansion to intensive expansion.

Since the start of opening and reform up in 1978, China's floating population has been increasing dramatically and has had strong influences on its urbanization and regional development. However, China is lack of an effective rapid monitoring method on its rapid increasing floating population, in particular the regional differentiation of floating population has never been considered by the current monitoring methods, which has in fact become major constrains to scientific decision-making and just-in-time action of governments at all levels. By applying the scientific research and knowledge to the regional differentiation types of floating population in China to improve its monitoring methods, this paper proposes a new rapid monitoring method on floating population based on its spatial differentiation and regional types. This method consists of 5 steps or components as follows: (1) to identify regional differentiation types of floating population, (2) to design an effective spatial network of monitoring sample regions, (3) to construct various monitoring indictors for different regional types according to their specific characteristics of floating population, (4) to estimate the total number and characteristics of floating population in the whole country or a certain region, and (5) to check up with new census data and to readjust the identification of regional differentiation types. Because this method can distinguish the active regions from the inactive regions of floating population, it can identify hot spots, reduce the number of monitoring region samples and thus enhance the efficiency.

The Gannan Plateau, located in the eastern edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, is a typical ecologically-sensitive region. The peasants and herdsmen are the main economic activities body and the essential decisive unit in this region. Their livelihood pattern affects the environmental security. Therefore, increasing and optimizing the peasants' and herdsmen's livelihood capital is the fundamental and key point of reducing poverty, protecting environment and using resources sustainably. At first, we set up the livelihood capital evaluation index, calculate the farmers' livelihood capital and analyze the farmers' livelihood pressure and the urgent assistance that they need by the field survey data. Then, we analyze the impact of the livelihood capital on the life satisfaction by logistic regression model. Finally, based on the analyses, we put forward the measures of increasing the farmers' livelihood capital. By evaluating the livelihood capital, the results show that the livelihood capital has spatial heterogeneity, namely, the first is the farmers in the pasture area, and the livelihood capital value reaches 1.4769; the second is the farmers in the farming area, being 1.2920; the last is the farmers in the farming-pastoral area, 1.2841. There are some differences of the capital scarcity in this region. The farmers in the farming area are lack of material and nature capital. Meanwhile shortage of material capital exists in the farming-pastoral area and financial capital is needed in the pasture area. Moreover, the farmers' life satisfaction is lower. Some 44.40% of the interviewees are not satisfied with their living conditions, and they are facing a series of life stresses, such as income, education, medical care and employment. But the farmers respond to the life risks in a passive way, willing to depend on the local government. By analyzing the impact of the farmer' livelihood capital on life satisfaction, the results show that the most important capital is the material capital at present, and its Wald statistics is 14.635, followed by the financial and social capital, with their Wald statistical values being 12.204 and 10.837, respectively. However, the livelihood capital that makes great contribution to the improvement of life satisfaction is the human and social capital, and their odds ratios are 10.283 and 7.632, respectively.

The impacts of informal employment on female labors have attained much attention in the literature of informal employment studies, among which a widely accepted viewpoint is that female labors engaging in informal employment are hard to or could not realize up-mobility development or formalize their work, with the consequence of ever being placed in a low-level marginal position. Such totally general notion should be negotiated on account of the diversity of informal employment. It is argued that the negative aspect of impacts of the informal employment on female is over emphasized with the lack of consideration of their positiveness. This paper aims to examine the positive role of informal employment in the accumulation of female human capital, and using the case study of a typical female sector, the Tea Ceremony (chayibiaoyan) in Fangcun Tea Market in Guangzhou, with methods of observation, interview and questionnaire survey. It is found that Tea Market concentrates lots of micro-enterprises, in which most of workers are female labors employed informally. Rather than locked in the weak, marginalized labor market, female tea-ceremony workers are found to be capable of accumulating their human capital and finally move into the high-level labor market or develop into employers of micro-enterprises through the way of utilizing informal training, formal training and professional qualification institution during their informal working process. Therefore, the informal employment functions are not simply well known "social valve" in promoting female workers to participate in the labor market, but as a way for them to move up from a low-level, informal labor market into a high-level formal one. In this process, informal training formed spontaneously in the market and formal training formed by the government are the two important promotion factors in the development of informal female labors. The implication of related policies is that the government should establish and improve the institutions related to formal training and professional qualification in different informal employment sectors with real consideration of their diverse characteristics.

The paper briefly introduces research progress on urban mental maps, and aims to promote studies on city image in the field of residential community. It chooses eight communities in Nanjing and divides them into 4 comparative groups, each of which is constituted by a gated community and an open one neighboring with each other; conducts questionnaire surveys on the residents about their social attributes, living habits, community spatial cognition, and does data extraction and statistics from 250 sketch maps. On this basis, it analyses the main types and elements of mental maps of residential communities in Nanjing and summarizes differences between mental maps at the micro-level community and the macro-level city in the aspects of spatial structure and expression ways. The paper divides mental maps of communities into three types: topological structure, spatial structure and mixed structure between them; identifies the elements of mental maps into four types: path, domain, edge and landmark. Research shows that residents' social attribute is the decisive element for spatial image of community and the difference of gender, age, income and residential duration results in the difference of residents' spatial cognition and mental maps; the difference of mental maps between residents from a gated community and those from an open one in the same area is mainly caused by the difference of their age structure, social economic status and daily spatial activity areas.Furthermore, different modes of residential structure also have influences on residents' spatial cognition. Residents from a gated community have a strong cognition for walls and gates of their community, and those from an open one are more familiar with the surrounding environment of it. Finally, this paper suggests that the managing mode of a gated community hinders the association of residents from different communities and their social integration, though it helps to enhance residents' sense of safety and space field.

Industries that consume fossil fuels tend to drive industrial development and have a significant impact on the spatial characteristics of the cities. Especially, industries that consume fossil fuels have obvious impetus of the development of the city which is at its peak period. So a study of relationships between industries that consume fossil fuels and urban development is conducted in this paper. Urumqi's productivity growth in the secondary sector and its high GDP per capita reflects the predominance of the energy sector as a key driver of the industrial output in Xinjiang. Different mathematic methods were applied for data analyses, namely method of industrial structure evolution, shift-share method and location entropy. This paper investigates the spatial effects of industrial development, using fossil fuel consumptive industries as a single factor, and used a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods to conduct in-depth analysis of industrial development of its resource-based characteristics. The results showed that: resource-based industrial development in Urumqi contributed to the expansion and spatial evolution of the city. The scale, speed, and spatial layout of industrial development coincided with the general urban expansion of Urumqi. Resource-based industrial development emerged in patch throughout the city while general urban expansion did axially, along major roads, and concentrically in the city center. The resource-based industrial patches grew outward from the city center and formed both finger and jagged shaped areas. While resource-based industrial development in Urumqi became more diffuse, similar development in neighboring cities remained concentrated. Resource-based industrial development in Urumqi has resulted in both the spatial evolution and expansion of the urbanized area. For the cities and counties faraway, the agglomeration function was more effective, thus cities and towns had a weak radiation.

Based on the analysis of the survey data of domestic tourists in Shanghai World Expo, the paper constructs a structural equation model for measurement dimensions of tourist perception value, behavior intention and revisit intention in the World Expo, and it further tests and verifies the relationship among them. The study concludes that, firstly, tourists' perception value in World Expo includes six measurement dimensions: service value, aesthetic value, utility value, joviality value, perception of price and convenience value. Secondly, tourists' behavior intention has a positive correlation with utility value, service value, and joviality value in measurement dimensions of perception value, but the effects of aesthetic value, perception of price and convenience value on behavior intention are not apparent. Thirdly, tourists' revisit intention of permanent Expo has a positive correlation with utility value, service value, joviality value and convenience value in measurement dimensions of perception value, but the effects of aesthetic value and perception of price on revisit intention are not apparent. Fourthly, in the dimension of tourists' perception value, the utility value is the key element which dominates tourists' intention and revisit intention of permanent Expo. Constructing a structural equation model of tourists' perception value and behavior intention and making a deep study on it will be of great theoretical and practical significance to the sustainable development of international mega-event tourism in China.

The officially protected site/entity system has proved to be the most influential protection mechanism concerning the cultural heritage in modern China. This paper established a database for mining heritage of China by searching and extracting mining heritage items from lists of officially protected sites/entities announced by governments at all levels. Results indicate that: (1) most of the mining heritages, while remaining in congregated distribution patterns with the same type of minerals, are located in the coastal provinces of eastern China and the central provinces; (2) mining heritages have been selected from a long time span and heritages formed between Zhou Dynasty and Qing Dynasty have been given more attention. This study also indicates that the distribution of mining heritage in the officially protected site/entity system was influenced by the factors of heritage resource,including mineral resource, social economic development level and the accessibility of transportation, as well as by the systematic factors in the protection of cultural relics such as related regulations and ideologies.

There are two traditions in geography, "Human-Natural relationship (HNR)" and the research on regions. In these geographical traditions, the relation between regions is a significant manifestation of HNR and has great influences on the harmony of HNR. There are two main kinds of regional systems under the HNR perspective, the natural system and the socio-economic system. These two kinds of regional systems pyramid in the earth's surface and lead to "spatial conflict" at the same time. One consequence of the spatial conflict is the external effect of administrative-economic regions. Due to the specific regional institution in China, there is the existence of virtual regional property and regional profit, so we can treat a region as a whole body in profit in the process of its development. In the geographic process of external effect by regions, we can find the same problems as the externality emerged in economics, so we define it as regional externality. The regional externality is important to coordinate the regional development, so this paper aims to explore its basic theory. We defined regional property and regional profit initially and analyzed the role of region in external effect through these two concepts. The conflict between two kinds of regional system lead to the regional externality, and then, we illustrate that regional externality is the essential problem for the coordinated development among regions in China. The theoretical framework of regional externality is a combination of "externality paradigm" in economics and regional perspective in geography. It is an economic description about the external effect of a region. We believe that the regional externality is a meaningful scientific issue in the research on regions for geography, and its theoretical and practical significance is very clear.

由中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所方创琳研究员主持完成的国家"十一五"科技支撑计划重大项目课题(2006BAJ05A06),于2010年12月顺利通过国家科技部和教育部组织的结题验收,取得了评价为"A"的好成绩。该课题在中国科学院和教育部等单位的直接指导下,由中科院地理科学与资源研究所作为主持单位,先后联合中科院遥感应用研究所、中科院新疆生态与地理研究所、国家发改委国土开发与地区经济研究所、重庆工商大学等5家单位的53位科研人员,通过历时4年的努力,顺利完成了研究任务,总结出了我国城镇产业布局技术理论与方法。

With the rapid growth of China's national economy, natural resources scarcity has become an increasingly serious constraint on the social and economic development. The integrated evaluation on natural resources from multiple perspectives has become a focus in the area of resources utilization. This paper analyses the penetration of natural resources into economic development in China by the induction coefficient calculated using China's input and output data in 1997, 2002 and 2007. The results show that the penetration of petroleum and natural gas, cultivated land and coal resources is most powerful. This paper explores whether the natural resources in China are relatively scarce compared with the world level by the relative scarcity index (RSI). Based on the data such as consumption and reserves in both China and the world, this paper calculates the RSI of natural resources in China. The results show that petroleum is the scarcest among energy resources, the sylvine, trona, cobalt, nickel and aluminum are the scarcest among metals and non-metallic mineral resources, all of the renewable resources are relatively scarce, and the degree of cultivated land resource's relative scarcity is more serious. The scatter plot of penetration versus relative scarcity of natural resources illustrates that China is faced with overall scarcity of natural resources, and the energy and cultivated land resources have a higher degree of both penetration and relative scarcity. The diverse energy strategies and the most stringent farmland protection system are imperative.

Evolution risk of soil erosion is defined as a time changing relationship of soil erosion risk within a certain spatial extent, which is a dynamic evolution process of soil erosion possibility. It is important to evaluate the rationality and benefit of soil and water conservation measures with the notion of evolution risk of soil erosion on different temporal and spatial scales. The study took the Jinghe River Basin located in the center of the Chinese Loess Plateau as an example. Three space data of land use in 1986, 1995 and 2000 were considered. A notion of evolution risk factor and its calculation formula were presented to analyze the evolution risks of soil erosion (ERSE) over the 1986-2000 period in the Jinghe River Basin based on GIS technique, information theory and the Universal Soil Loss Equation. Results demonstrate that there is close relationship between the ERSR and the spatial distribution of rainfall erosivity factor. The ERSE shows an increasing trend firstly and then a decreasing one. The soil and water conservation measures for more than 20 years are effective in general. This study could offer a new tool to analyze regional ERSE.

In this paper, we took the terrestrial part of a 30-km buffer zone of coastline as the study area. Land use data in 2005 obtained based on Landsat images were available, and based on the spatial analyst techniques in GIS and Zonal Statistics Method, the Dominance Degree and Land Use Degree Index were calculated for the study area and its 15 sub-zones. Then, the structures and spatial patterns of land use in coastal zones were analyzed. The result shows that, farmland, forest, built-up and residential areas are dominant land use types in Chinese coastal zones; and remarkable sea-land gradient characteristics of land use can be found because following the changes of distance to coastline, the quantity structure and spatial patterns of land use change correspondingly. Water body, built-up and residential areas show the most notable seaward characters. There is much higher intensity of land use in coastal zones than that in the whole country and coastal provinces, and the zone of 2-6 kilometers away from the coastline has the most prominent land use intensity. Furthermore, there are remarkable administrative differences and altitudinal differences of land use in Chinese coastal zones.

The study on the interaction between land use change and urban metabolism, which is the core of Global Change Programme, has currently come into lively discussion in the field of ecological research. On the whole ecologic-economic-social system of Guangzhou, this paper analyzes the emergy-based urban metabolism in the past 17 years with reference to the resource flows from 1990 to 2006 and investigates this interaction of the metabolism and land-change of Guangzhou. It finds out the truth that various types of land-use changes had remarkable influence on the material and energy flows during the metabolic course, especially the fast rise of the construction land. The more construction land the city increases, the more total solar emergy it consumes, which makes a decline in the emergy sustainable indices. The per unit area energy consumption also increases in the process of urban expansion with a large amount of depletion of minerals, fuels and building resources. Because of the growing environmental load, the emergy yield ratio is decreasing year by year. At the same time, the emergy efficiency of farmland has been enhanced while there has been a decrease in the amount of farmland and a downward trend of emergy density since 1990. The results can provide an important basis and new ideas for the land planning and management of Guangzhou.

China is one of the most populous countries in the world. Like other developing countries, huge population and its rapid growth are intensifying food insecurity. Cropland intensification driven by the government and rural households plays a key role in food production and provision at national level. However, since the implementation of reform and opening up, more and more rural workers have shifted to non-agricultural industries. Meanwhile, the wage increase rate of the ordinary labor in China is much higher than that of the prices of farm produce and also faster that of agricultural means of production. The increasing off-farm migration and rising wage make the shares of farm income in the total family income decline even further. So farmers' pursuance has turned from maximizing the output of land to maximizing the income of labor force with the development of market economy. The wage rise and the change of farmers' goal have exerted a great effect on agricultural land use in some parts of China, especially in the developed provinces of eastern China, which is mainly embodied in two aspects: decreases of multi-cropping index and labor input. Meanwhile, due to the high labor productivity, the agricultural restructuring with more vegetables, tea and fruit trees has been very apparent. And the spatial-temporal expansion of this trend will continue for a long time. To ensure grain production, the national grain subsidy programme introduced in 2004 has achieved initial targets, so future work and potential development in this field should be done to encourage scale management of farmland.

The shortage precipitation in the middle and lower reaches of the Weihe River and its nonuniformity in space-time location have caused frequent occurrence of flood and drought in recent years. This resulted in not only the shortage of total amount of water resource, but also some serious problems related with water quality, water distribution and water engineering. Accordingly, floodwater utilization plays an important part in environmental protection and economic development, and it will get benefits in many aspects such as sedimentation reduction, flood control and economic growth. In this paper, integrated benefits of floodwater utilization were calculated by benefit\\sharing coefficient based on analysis of characteristics of channel deformation, flood loss criteria, dam building and land use. The results are obtained as follows. The greater the flood flux, the more the riverbed erosion. The sediment reduction benefit will be 6200×10⁴ yuan per year by decreasing the sediment deposition, the flood control benefits will be 24618×10⁴ yuan per year, including 1926×10⁴ yuan in the middle reaches and 22692×10⁴ yuan in the lower reaches. The economic benefits will be 7743×10⁴ yuan per year, including 1194×10⁴ yuan of breed aquatics and 6549×10⁴ yuan of irrigated farming. All the above indicated that the total benefits of floodwater utilization in the middle and lower reaches of Weihe River can reach 38561×10⁴ yuan per year.

Traditional groundwater resources management tends to focus on the fluctuation of water table itself while rarely care about the impact on the ecosystem caused by water table change. This paper developed the ecohydrology-based groundwater resources management approach through ecohydrological modeling. This approach integrates soil water content and groundwater level, taking into account the evapotranspiration under plant water stress. The process-based and distributed ecohydrological modeling is achieved via coupling soil water deficit and plant water stress. The simulated plant water stress index is used as an ecological indicator for groundwater mining management. The Yanqing Basin is taken as an example in this paper to demonstrate how this approach works. The impact of groundwater exploitation on ecohydrological processes is analyzed through the modeling for the years 1981-2000. Although it still needs further research on the ecological implications of plant water stress index, and model uncertainties and sensitivities, this study provides a quantitative ecohydrological indicator that could be used for sustainable groundwater resources management.

Base flow is one of the most important river hydrological characteristics in dry season. In recent years, with the global water issues becoming more prominent, base flow has become research focus in eco-hydrology. For the stability and hysteresis, base flow is significant to maintain river's ecological functions, determines river's ecological water requirement, and provides food and service for the locals in arid and semi-arid regions. The study area, upper reaches of Heihe River Basin, is located in the Qilian Mountains, northern part of Tibetan Plateau, China, with elevations of 2300-4000 m. The watershed area is 1.0009×10⁴ km².
The recursive digital filter technique was used to separate annual base flow of three main hydrological stations in the upper reaches of Heihe River. The methods of moving average, Mann-Kendall abrupt test and wavelet variance were employed to explain the characteristics of the annual change of base flow. Precipitation and temperature data of six adjacent meteorological observational stations and human activities were used to analyze the influencing factor of base flow. The results indicated that the Base flow Index (BFI) was greater than 0.4 in Qilian, Zhamashike and Yingluoxia stations. The notable increase of base flow was observed in 1979, when there was an abrupt point at Qilian and Yingluoxia stations. The base flow fluctuated at Zhamashike station. The periods of base flow were 11, 6 and 15 years respectively at Qilian, Zhamashike and Yingluoxia stations. The change of base flow was mainly affected by precipitation. The influence of human activities on base flow was another factor. The forest areas were decreased by human activities, which made the capacity of recharging and adjusting base flow in decline. In turn, the base flow went down and was greatly influenced by climatic change. The base flow change showed the consistency with the response of Northwest China to the global climate change and also reflects the differences in response to global climate change.

This paper takes Dongguan with rapid urbanization development as a typical example. It uses Landsat TM/ETM+ remote sensing images as data sources to calculate the land surface temperature in the study area. After having the land surface temperature normalized we analyzed the spatial pattern changes of heat environment. What's more, we introduced built-up density and main roads to explore the mechanism of heat environment spatial pattern and find the relationship between these factors and urban heat pattern. The results showed that the spatial pattern of urban thermal environment in Dongguan changed a lot in the past 15 years. With the expansion of urban areas, heat island changed from a diffuse heat spot to a strip or zonal shape. Relativity analysis showed that the urban heat spatial pattern in Donguang is closely related with built-up density. Urban heat effect became feeble as the distance far from the main roads.

The research mainly focuses on improving the effect of crop-climate regionalization and promoting perfect meteorological service. Based on a large sample of metorological data and chemical composition contents of tobacco leaf, the dynamic climate zoning evaluation of tobacco planting was accomplished by improving quantificational estimate criterion about climatic suitability in tobacco planting, constituting qualificationally-graded evaluation criteria about the effects of meteorological condition on tobacco ingredients, subtly simulating and calculating the geographical distribution of essential meteorological elements with the support of GIS software. With a view to speaking concisely and clearly, two typical years with different climates were taken as examples to demonstrate the two refined dynamic regionalization estimates considering mainly the temporal and spatial changes of meteorological conditions. On one hand, the paper carried out climate-suitability zoning evaluation, in which the proportion of each suitability-grade subarea for the two typical years was compared with the zoning results of the climatic mean in Yunnan. On the other hand, the zoning maps of the relative change grades for two chemical ingredients of tobacco between the two typical years were given. Here, just to speak the results of the climate-suitability zoning: in comparison with 1994, the most appropriate area for tobacco-planting climate in 2008 was decreased by 40.1% and fitting zoning area was reduced by 21.7%, but the second suitable zoning area was increased by 1.9% and not-suitable zoning area increased by 35.6%. These analytical results were based on the fact that the illumination condition during later period of tobacco growing season in 1994 was much better than that in 2008. As a whole, the results of both of the two divisional methods were consistent with the routine analytical results based on data from representative stations of tobacco-planting areas. The paper showed the climatic characteristics of the two typical years in different regions and their influences on tobacco-planting suitability and tobacco quality. By combining two dynamic regionalization evaluations together, it provided some guides to the tobacco production in Yunnan and was helpful to further studies on crop-climate regionalization and meteorological service.

According to the partial equilibrium theory, this paper built an agricultural equilibrium model which was used to simulate the impacts on the market price of agricultural products due to the occurrence of natural disasters. This model was used in the case study area, the quake-hit region Wenchuan, to simulate and evaluate the influences on market price fluctuation of agricultural products nationwide on the basis of data from Sichuan provincial statistical yearbook, survey data in the quake-hit region and data supplied by relevant agencies for the local government and departments concerned. The simulation results indicate the Wenchuan Earthquake has had only marginal impacts on the fluctuations of market price of agricultural products such as rice, wheat, corn and pork and have had no strong disturbance on the stability of the prices of agricultural products at national level. Wenchuan Earthquake, however, undoubtedly, resulted in some effects on the local agricultural production. It brought significantly negative impacts on both planting industry and breeding industry in the severe disaster areas. The research results of this paper provides information of decision-making for the disaster areas in scientifically evaluating earthquake influences on the changes of market prices of agricultural products, laying down planning of earthquake preparedness and disaster reduction and the recovery of agricultural production for the quake-hit region.

The paper examines the spatial club convergence hypothesis of economic growth based on 329 Chinese prefectures by using spatial econometrics model and ESDA method. The paper also compares it with provincial data, and finally explores the formation mechanism. The results show that there are more regional groups identified through prefecture ESDA analysis in terms of club characteristics of "within group convergence and between groups divergence". There are two types of spatial club convergence in prefecture economic growth. The forming mechanism can be stated that uneven spatial distributions emerge under the effects of spatial heterogeneous of economic behaviors and local geographic spatial spillovers of growth, and form two different regional groups named HH and LL. The interaction strength within groups was higher than that between groups (unified force was stronger than separation force), therefore, it induces growth aggregations within each HH and LL group. With the succession of growth and the degree of aggregations within each HH and LL group increase, the differences of economic growth between the two groups continue to expand and then form two spatial convergence clubs.

The dynamic mechanism of spatial-temporal evolution of regional service industry is an exploration for the evolution law of service industry, which is one of the important contents of service industry. At present, most of researches on the dynamic mechanism of evolution of service industry are about the interpretation of the effects of one or several factors on evolution of service industry. Based on service products theory, equilibrium theory, location theory and industrial agglomeration theory, we construct a theoretical framework for explaining the dynamic mechanism of spatial-temporal evolution of regional service industry by integrating three factors of supply-demand, spatial agglomeration-diffusion and government regulation from the two dimensions of time and space. Then, empirical analysis is made on the dynamic mechanism of spatial-temporal evolution of service industry in the Yangtze River Delta by applying the above-mentioned framework. The results indicate that spatial-temporal evolution of service industry in the Yangtze Delta results from the interaction of the three mechanisms, among which the mechanism of supply-demand plays a leading role, and the mechanism of spatial agglomeration-diffusion plays a certain role, especially in producer services and consumer services, and the mechanism of government regulation reflects the favorable influence on some services.

In the era of economic globalization, transnational corporations are the key driving forces of formation, development and evolution of development zones. In the "learning field" of the interaction of a variety of heterogeneous actors, TNCs must establish an effective localized nexus "channels" between local governments and local enterprises in order to achieve its globalization and localization strategy. First of all, "policy-channel" provides the most basic "channel" protection for TNCs, and becomes the first motivation of TNCs entering development zones. Secondly, the agglomeration-associated becomes the main type of TNCs in the development zones through the expansion of economic and social relations of technology, market and other aspects of "associated-channel". Finally, "value-chain-channel" will contribute to the fusion between the global forces and local forces. Therefore, to a large extent, the localized networking process of TNCs in the development zones is the evolutionary process of "policy-channel", "associated-channel" and "value-chain-channel". Seen from a perspective of evolution mechanism, the localized networking of TNCs is characterized by the "reverse" feature of "geographical proximity-relational proximity-institutional proximity" mechanism. In the combination of proximity mechanisms, the "heterogeneous channel networks" comprising " policy-channel", "associated-channel" and "value-chain-channel" play a crucial role in the localized networking process of TNCs.

Northam's curve of urbanization shaping "S" is one of the most important classical theories in urban geography. For common misreading about Northam's curve, this paper compiled original theory contents. The results indicated that the urbanization level can not reach 100% in all the countries; and the urbanization process between 30% and 70% is not always in a state of acceleration. Urbanization rate curve was put forward, which is shaped by an inverted "U". The evolution of urbanization rate was identified into four stages: embryonic stage, acceleration stage, deceleration stage, approaches zero stage. In different stages the changes have different characteristics. There are five important inspirations for policies: first, the urbanization rate of change has its laws, and cannot pluck up a crop to help it grow; second, China has crossed the turning point, "accelerated urbanization" should not be the main theme of the national long-term development strategy; third, China should maintain the steady development orientation for urbanization; fourth, China's urban concept and focus should be in transition; fifth, urbanization, inclusive growth, coordinating urban-rural development, as well as migrant labors becoming city and town dwellers are the primary targets during "the 12th Five-Year Plan" period.

Studentification is a newly emerged form of gentrification. It refers to a particular type of urban spatial and residential restructuring under the context of higher education expansion, particularly in the UK. Through the production of residential spaces by rent-seekers such as private investors and landlords catering to the specific lifestyle and cultural identity of university students, the residential pattern of students is transformed into a high-degree geographical concentration across several areas in the city. These student residential areas are often in the form of HMO (House in Multiple Occupation), equipped with cultural and retail services, such as theme bars, restaurants, and recreational facilities. The influx of students into local neighborhoods has given rise to residential displacement and a series of social, economic and cultural consequences. This paper starts with a literature review on the concepts, causes, social impacts and mutations of the process of studentification, which are mainly drawn from case studies in the UK and Australia. In the second half of this paper, we present a line of empirical evidence based on our research on Xiadu Village, a studentified urban village close to the main campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou. Our findings suggest that the studentifcation process in Xiadu Village shares similarities with western experiences, while demonstrating clear incongruence. These similarities and differences between the west and China are summarized in four aspects: economic, social, economic and physical landscapes. The differences also lie in the prospects of studentification and its connection with other forms of gentrification. China's studentification process seems to prolong after students graduate from university, and this unique experience rarely transforms into or has influence on other forms of gentrification. We also points out that the research on studentification would be instrumental to understand the complex dynamics of China's rapid urban transformation. Meanwhile, in the light of the rapid expansion of higher education in China, the research on studentification will be of practical significance.

Based on the theory of primate city distribution and rank-size distribution which have been frequently used in urban geography, this paper makes an analysis of tourism revenue from domestic tourism in 17 cities of Anhui Province from 1999 to 2009. The paper analyzes the difference of tourism size among the cities in this province with four criteria consisting of standard deviation, coefficient of variation, primacy ratio and Herfindahi Index. The result shows that the tourism development is unbalanced and that the absolute difference of the urban tourism scale is expanding. However, the relative difference is reducing; the urban tourism primacy ratio is smaller; the tourism size of higher order cities is concentrated in recent years. Through regression analysis of the data of rank-size, the paper indicates that the tourism size of cities in Anhui Province presents a rank-size distribution. The change of the tourism size and rank shows two forms and four types. Two forms are balanced-development and wandered-development. Four types are higher order balanced-development, lower order balanced-development, wandered-development "M" type and wandered-development "W" type. Based on this judgment, the paper studies some factors including resource, urban economy, location and traffic. The tourism size distribution is controlled obviously by single factor. Tourism of rank over years in few cities displays a unilateral upward or downward trend, which indicates that the tourism development is relatively immature in Anhui Province. The purpose of the study is to provide reference for a strategic decision on the local tourism development.