Sustained and intensive human activities have significant impacts on the health and security of ecosystems.Although the main functional zoning has been integrated into the national strategy and the ecological direction of China's regional planning has been clear,the classification method,which divides areas based on administrative function,does not obey the laws of ecosystem integrity.Given the understanding of the relationship between natural laws and human activities,this paper,which takes the 30m DEM of the basin-wide Huaihe River as data basis,introduces the laws of watershed ecosystem integrity into the theory of main functional zoning,and takes four sub-basins of the Huaihe River Basin as research units.Division of basin space development is conducted on condition of evaluation index system and 3D discriminate matrix in spatial development constraints,spatial development intensity and spatial development guidance.The results are shown as follows.(1) Introducing watershed ecosystem integrity law into ideological system of main function division has great theoretical value,and taking Huaihe River Basin as a case to explore space development division has great practical significance.(2) Based on digital topographic map(30 m) and hydrological model,the Huaihe River basin was classified as the fourth stage sub-watershed with scientific codes successfully.(3) The evaluation index system of river basin spatial development division is constructed by integrating various models and operation methods of ArcGIS platform.(4) The Grid Based Method used in this paper can not only reflect the cover features of basin more accurately and scientifically but also remove the administrative data limits,moreover the integrity of the basin ecosystem will be reflected more clearly.(5) The Huaihe River Basin is divided into five types based on the three-dimensional quadrant analysis,namely the important exploitation area,the optimum exploitation area,the agricultural development area,the limited exploitation area and the prohibited exploitation area.Finally,this paper presents the scheme of industrial restructuring.It also provides a scientific basis for making different industrial policies as well as harmonizing the industrial development and the bearing capacity of watershed ecosystem.

The spatial structures of five types of cultivated land with various economic attributes in Beijing are analyzed in this paper based on natural attributes in the context of harmonious development of urban and rural functions.The spectrum analysis shows that the layout of different types cultivated land has different periodicity,and that they together form the spatial structure of macroscopic suburban agriculture,about 23-44 km(suburban plain),44-66 km(exurb plain),66-126 km(mountain) from Tian'anmen.Based on this analysis,the paper calculates the spatial dimension and Hurst index of four cultivated land types,and argues that the cultivated lands of landscape greening area,beautified farmland area and the 22-47 km circle of suburban mountainous areas do not have fractal characteristics.The development of scale farmland area is affected by distance,and landscape corridor belt is impacted by urban development,and the 48-126 km circle of central suburbs and mountainous areas is affected by natural conditions.The fractal characteristics of the cultivated lands of the three are obvious.On the whole,cultivated land in Beijing is in a discrete-continuous and commensurability-incommensurability integration status.

There are more than three attributes in economic statistical data generally.When studying the inherent structural characteristics of these data such as clustering and distribution,researchers need to reduce multi-dimensional information to three-dimensional space or less to achieve multi-dimensional visualization.There are multi-dimensional reduction methods,whose results are different from each other because of different mathematics theories and application ranges,and the visualization results of these methods will vary.So evaluation of different methods can provide important references for the selection of methods in different areas.In the paper,the authors analyze economic statistical data of Sichuan province in 2007 based on county-unit by implementing four commonly used algorithms: the linear method PCA,nonlinear method NLM and SOFM,and a supervised classification method SVM,then obtain a series of classification results.Considering the status of economic development in Sichuan,the authors analyze the differences between the results of these methods,and draw some conclusions as follows.Although PCA can reveal the overall development trend,the result is not consistent with the real condition in Sichuan;NLM can well show the regional trend and core areas of economic development in Sichuan,and account for the development status;SOFM can also show the development status,but there are several classification errors in the northeastern part of the region.It is impossible for comparison within each cluster;as a supervised method,SVM needs a known sample set to train the classification process,which makes the sample selection subjective,and the search process for optimal parameters is complicated.The comparison of these methods and their application in economic statistics fields can provide a reference for the future relevant spatial dimension-reduction research.

This article calculated tourism industry efficiency of China in 1999-2008 using the method of data envelopment analysis(DEA),which could set multi input and output indexes,avoiding inadequacy of using only one input and output index.Then it classified the tourism industry efficiency into two categories,pure technological efficiency and scale efficiency for seeking the cause of diverse land production efficiency.The results suggest the following.(1) The tourism industry efficiency fluctuated in 1999-2008,with the average being 0.330,indicating that tourism industry efficiency was low.(2) Tourism industry efficiency was different among 31 provinces in China.A few provinces in eastern China had high tourism efficiency,while some provinces in central China and western China had lower efficiency.(3) Tourism industry efficiency and pure technological efficiency had the same changing trend,which showed that the changes of tourism industry efficiency were mainly due to pure technological efficiency.(4) Almost all the provinces had an increasing trend.

With the help of DEA model and ArcGIS spatial analysis module,the paper systematically analyzes the evolution of temporal and spatial pattern of urban tourism development of Pan-Yangtze River Delta from 1998 to 2008.According to the change decomposition model of total factor productivity(Malmquist index),it comprehensively discusses the evolutionary process of overall trend of TFP change,structure and the temporal and spatial pattern.The results show that the urban tourism development efficiency of Pan-Yangtze River Delta has presented an increasing trend and characteristics of urban difference display a distinct fluctuation.Formation and evolution of the spatial pattern of tourism development efficiency have the spatial relationship.Overall efficiency,pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency have a significant spatial autocorrelation,at the same time overall efficiency and scale efficiency have formed a similar changing pattern.However,the change of total factor productivity displays weak clustering and the correlation of adjacent geographical units is not good.Autocorrelation and its change of tourism development efficiency cause the spatial unbalance of tourism development efficiency to a large extent.Therefore,the spatial cost effect made by location in the process of tourism development is more distinct and the characteristic of geographical space plays a crucial role in the process of tourism development efficiency.The analytical result of the driving mechanism of temporal and spatial pattern evolution of tourism development efficiency shows that the three driving aspects of economic policy orientation,tourism production unit value and tourism consumption demand stimulus lead to the spatial pattern replacement of tourism development efficiency.

The assessment indicator system for water poverty conditions measure in rural areas of China was constructed firstly.Each index of the system was given a weight by the subjective and objective comprehensive weighting method.Then the water poverty index model(WPI model) was applied to measure the rural water poverty conditions of 31 provincial administrative units in China from 2004 to 2009,and the results can basically reflect the spatial distribution pattern of rural water poverty in recent years.The provinces with high rural water poverty are Ningxia,Hainan,Tianjin,Gansu,Shanxi,Jilin,Chongqing,Xinjiang,Guizhou,and Inner Mongolia;the provinces with moderate rural water poverty are Shaanxi,Qinghai,Shanghai,Liaoning,Fujian,Heilongjiang,Anhui,Beijing,Jiangxi,Hubei,and Hebei;the provinces with low rural water poverty are Guangxi,Yunnan,Henan,Zhejiang,Hunan,Shandong,Jiangsu,Guangdong,Sichuan and Tibet.Finally,this paper studied the forming mechanism of spatial distribution pattern of rural water poverty,and some relevant countermeasures and suggestions were put forward for solving the water poverty problems in rural areas of China,which is helpful for providing strategic basis for decision making and policy enlightenment for achieving the coordinated growth of issues related to agriculture,farmers and rural areas.

Virtual water is an important research field of food security and water security,and the current research is mainly concentrated on the calculating methods of virtual water content,national or regional virtual water flow and the practicing significance of virtual water strategy,in other words,they mainly focus on macro and middle scales,seldom on micro level.In order to discuss the micro study of virtual water,we developed the field experiments of maize virtual water under different tillage methods in the west of Jilin Province during 2005-2007.There are 6 tillage methods which are 65-cm ridge stage,65-cm ridge furrow,43-cm ridge stage,43-cm ridge furrow,98-cm double-row ridge stage and 130-cm triple-row ridge stage.The optimal tillage method for maize can be confirmed by comparing the maize virtual water content per unit weight and its stability under the 6 kinds of tillage methods.Thereby,high efficient utilization of water resources can be realized and a new idea can be provided for solving the problem of water shortage.Through three years of field experiments,98-cm double-row ridge stage is considered to be the best tillage method,in which the maize virtual water content per unit weight was lower with small fluctuation,especially the least virtual water in extreme drought year.Therefore,it is suggested that maize tillage method should be changed from 65-cm ridge stage to 98-cm double-row ridge stage in the study region.

In this article we have analyzed the impact of land cover types on climate warming in southern China based on observation data of 136 reference meteorological stations from China Meteorological Bureau in Southern China,the 1:100000 national land cover data from the 1980s to 2005 and NCEP/DOE AMIP-ⅡReanalysis.We extracted the underlying surface of 3-km radius buffer zones around the meteorological stations in different historical periods,and distinguished the observational environment of the meteorological stations.Then,annual,seasonal and monthly changes of air temperature are analyzed.We compared the difference of temperature change at meteorological stations with different observational environments which are respectively cropland,built-up land and woodland,and drew some conclusions about the impact of land cover types on climate warming in southern China.The result shows that,in southern China,among the three main types of land cover in the study area,the changing trends of the annual average,annual average maximum and the annual average minimum temperature in built-up areas are most significant,while those in cropland area are moderate,and those in forest area are least significant.By analysis of OMR values which are observed minus data of NCEP/DOE AMIP-ⅡReanalysis,we found that the changing trend of annual average temperature in built-up land is still most significant(0.105℃/10a),followed by cropland area(0.056℃/10a),and forest area(-0.025℃/10a).So,it is concluded that forest plays an inhibitory effect in climate warming,while built-up land and cropland play an enhanced effect,and urban areas enhance the climate warming more than cropland.We also conclude that the changing trends of average seasonal and monthly temperature in woodland are less significant than those of any other land cover types.

Global climate change has significant impacts on agricultural production.Climate variability adversely impacts crop production and imposes a key constraint on agricultural production,mostly on how to enhance the yields of winter wheat,across the world.Owing to the fundamental importance of food to human welfare,crop and livestock production,we used the data of winter wheat experimental field and meteorological data of eight agrometeorological experiment stations and agrometeorological observation stations from 1991 to 2010 to establish the models of climate suitability.The variation of climate suitability in the whole growth period from 1971 to 2010 was analyzed.The results showed that the suitability degrees of temperature,sunshine,precipitation and integrated index were 0.54,0.64,0.37 and 0.50 respectively during the whole growth period of winter wheat.The sunshine suitability degree was the best,temperature suitability degree took the second place and the precipitation suitability degree was the worst.It is indicated that precipitation is the major limiting factor affecting winter wheat growth and development.It was shown that the temperature and precipitation suitability degrees decreased by 0.001 every year and sunshine suitability degree decreased by 0.002 every year from 1971 to 2010.The weaken combination effects of temperature,sunshine and precipitation were unfavorable for the growth of winter wheat.The temperature,sunshine and precipitation suitability degrees were weaker and these factors had poor combination effects in sowing to emergence period from 1971 to 2010.The precipitation suitability degree was good,sunshine and temperature suitability degrees were weaker in emergence to jointing period of winter wheat.In jointing to milk period of winter wheat,temperature and sunshine suitability degrees were good,and precipitation suitability degree was weak;and the combination of climate factors tended to be better.The sunshine and precipitation suitability degrees were good,temperature suitability degree was weaker in milk to maturity period of winter wheat;and the integrated climate suitability degree began to deteriorate.Per unit yield of winter wheat had a significant correlation with sunshine,temperature and precipitation suitability degrees in the middle-late growth period of winter wheat.

This paper emphatically analyzed the significance of ecological adaptation of the preferences of farmers and herdsmen to government leading ecological construction projects in Mountain-River-Lake of Jiangxi Province and Three-River Headwaters of Qinghai Province,using the methods of participatory rural appraisal,existing literatures and ecological time.The results indicated that the preferences of farmers and herdsmen involved maximum economic benefit,continuous production means,and sustainable belief and custom.They were the stable forces to determine whether government leading ecological construction was carried out successfully and obtained expected effects or not.Some of them could provide new ideas and directions for the arrangements or further appropriate adjustment of ecological adaptation strategies.And some of them could be used to restore or reconstruct impaired ecological basement,as they were sound practices and actions for ecological construction themselves.However,in Mountain-River-Lake,farmers' preferences finally presented the pursuit of maximum economic benefit.They were easily used for the adaptive policy arrangement of mountainous ecological reconstruction.In Three-River Headwaters,herdsmen's preferences were still in the framework of belief and custom.They were difficultly changed for the adaptive measure design of pasture restoration.Moreover,the former can be converted to more active adaptive participation,while the latter is still more passive,when appropriate guidance measures are taken.

Fluorine is widely distributed in rocks,which are the ultimate sources of fluorine in the environment.So it is necessary to study fluorine distribution in rocks especially in fluorine poisoning areas.The Daba mountainous region has severe endemic fluorosis.Most of outcropping bedrocks have high F content,about several times to tens of times greater than the average in the earth crust.Furthermore,strong weathering in the Daba region,which has a typical subtropical monsoon climate with rich heat and rainfall and landform characterized by mountains and hills,resulted in close relations between weathered bedrock and human health. In this paper,the F content and distribution in the strata of the Daba region are studied,particularly F-rich strata.The results show that the Early Paleozoic strata in this region are all rich in fluorine at large.Fluorine content is mostly more than 800 mg/kg in carbonaceous slate,black shale and phosphate rock of Lower Cambrian Lujiaping Formation.Fluorine content is also high in carbonaceous slate of Lower Silurian Daguiping Formation(more than 1500 mg/kg),and the forementioned strata are classified into the high-fluorine zones in the Daba region.Fluorine contents of Ordovician and other formations of Mid-Lower Silurian strata are also higher than the average in the earth crust(550 mg/kg) but lower than 800 mg/kg.Fluorine contents of Neoproterozoic,Lower Cambrian Jianzhuba Formation and Mid-Upper Cambrian strata are generally lower than 500 mg/kg,which are classified into the low-fluorine zones in the Daba region. The fluorine content of stone coal of Early Paleozoic in the Daba region is generally much higher than the average fluorine content of Chinese coals.The highest fluorine content of stone coal occurs in Lower Silurian Daguiping Formation,the next in Lower Cambrian,and the lowest in Mid-Upper Cambrian and Ordovician stone coal.Most Chinese stone coals are high-fluorine coals(>800 mg/kg),which are widely distributed in southern China short of ordinary coal resource,where stone coal is used as a local household fuel easily to be exploited,so the usage of stone coal with high F concentration has brought severe fluorosis for local people.

The activities of folks greatly influenced the environmental changes,and the folk environmental awareness plays important roles in the changes as well.Thus,the studies on people's cognitions on environment will contribute to the further research on the process of environmental changes.However,the folk environmental consciousness of the current academic research is the weak part. Many articles are focused on protecting environment in stone carvings of folk conventions of Yunnan Province,including people's cognition on the relation between environment and aesthetic appreciation,people's cognition on the relation between environment and geomantic omen,people's cognition on which forests conserve water sources and soil.The authors collect and analyze 84 stone carvings of folk conventions.The development process of Yunnan folk environmental awareness is divided into six stages: germination stage,development stage,peak stage,trough stage,recovery stage and decent stage.The distribution from the perspective of time of stone carvings of folk conventions and the changes of folk environmental conventions are synchronized.Before the Qing Dynasty,Yunnan had high vegetation coverage,sound natural environment and relatively low population density.Moreover,people in this area hardly did anything to damage the natural environment.So the problems of environmental protection did not attract people's attention.Then after the Qing Dynasty,with the greater pressure of population,the gradual damage of vegetation caused by economic development and the disorder of the society,production and life suffering from wars,the folk environmental conventions of Yunnan has been growing gradually.Seen from the spatial perspective,the environmental-protecting stone carvings of folk conventions of Yunnan are characterized by wide-spreading and relative centralizing.They are mainly distributed in areas such as Yuxi,Dali,Chuxiong,Wenshan and Kunming.These areas have a long history of economic development,dense population,high-developed industry and agriculture.Meanwhile,their forests have been degraded seriously.

Ecological corridor,which plays an important role in biodiversity protection,is defined as a stretch of nature mosaic that facilitates the migration of animals.Many GIS software packages use raster cost surface to identify the path of least resistance between source and destination.Limitation of these methods is that only a single path can be identified.However,ecological corridors should be more complicated and more redundant.Many alternative paths with less cost might exist in fact for animals may not choose the optimum path when moving between different habitats.In this paper,a new approach based on Spatial Analyst Tools of ArcGIS using raster data is proposed to identify the redundant routes.Firstly,the resistance cost surface moving from source to adjacent raster was defined.Secondly,the accumulated least-cost raster from both source and destination habitat to any other raster on the cost surface was evaluated.Two accumulated least-cost raster were added by raster calculation module.The value of the added raster is the accumulated least-cost which passed the current raster.Thirdly,the corridor was obtained by extracting the added raster with a certain value.Corridors of six simulated landscape patterns with different spatial autocorrelations were used to assess this procedure.The results showed that the corridors obtained by the procedure include not only the optimum path,but also some sub-optimum paths.The corridor is redundant and fit for describing the migration behavior of animals.Lastly,the identification of the ecological corridors in West Bank Pilot Planning Area of Changsha was taken as an example.The results showed that eleven key habitats existed in the study area.Corridors of twenty adjacent habitat pairs were analyzed.The results showed that all the corridors were of certain width and some of the corridors had furcation or even bypath.However,there are some bottlenecks in some corridors,which become the key zone for the ecological restoration.

Rapid urbanization has changed urban land cover characteristics.Impervious surface has been the main land cover categories in urban landscape.How to quantify the spatial pattern of impervious surface and its temporal change are necessary for us to understand the dynamics of processes and patterns of urban landscape and their relationship between impervious surface and other heterogeneous landscapes.Remote sensing technology has been widely applied in urban impervious surface monitoring and change detection,but the spatial pattern and temporal change of impervious surface is rarely concerned.Taking Shenzhen as a case study area,we quatify the spatiotemporal patterns dynamics of impervious surface from 1990 to 2005.In order to analyze the spatial temporal change of impervious surface,we used an index of impervious surface area to show the heterogonous of impervious surface by linear spectral mixture method,which can be divided into six cover degrees.We use the matrix change method to explain the changes among four time periods and 3 stages and landscape pattern metrics to indicate the pattern change at three different levels.Results show that there were three changing types in the 15 years,namely,high and full density impervious surface area(HDISA,FDISA respectively)-continued increasing,and medium density(MDISA) and low density(LDISA)—first increased and then decreased,while natural surface(NOISA) and very low density(VLISA) are contrary to MDISA and LDISA.However,the pattern of impervious surface indicates that cover degrees had a high landscape diversity and the value changed from low to high then decreased and reached a new high level.The landscape aggregation was very low overall in the four time periods,but had a significant fluctuation in classes level.The patches shape shows that natural surface had a high dominant position in 1990,but after that changed to medium density impervious surface and high density overtook the second position after 2005.Our research can provide a basis for the orderly development for planning urban impervious surface extension and aggregation;however,we also believe that mitigating the expansion of impervious surface is benefit to the improvement of the urban ecological and environmental quality.

由中国自然资源学会土地资源研究专业委员会、中国地理学会农业地理与乡村发展专业委员会主办，贵州师范大学中国南方喀斯特研究院和贵州省地理学会承办，贵州师范大学地理与环境科学学院、贵州省有机农业协会、中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所和国土资源部退化及未利用土地整治工程重点实验室协办的 “2012年中国农村土地整治与城乡协调发展学术研讨会”,于2012年7月16～20日在贵阳市隆重召开。来自全国20多个省 (市、自治区)的代表共150余人参会，大会交流论文105篇。

The carbon trading would be one of the most important parts in climate change in future.Based on agent modeling,this paper establishes a global carbon trading simulation system that includes China,the US,Japan,the EU,the Former Soviet Union,and Rest of the World(ROW).According to the principle of accumulative emission per capita equalization and emission reduction targets control,two scenarios simulating global carbon trading are set in this paper,"Ding standard" and "2℃ target" scenarios.The study finds that:(1) the global carbon trading price will increase because of the decreasing quota of carbon emissions both in the "Ding standard" and "2℃ target" scenarios;(2) Carbon trading market will help to transfer fund from developed countries to developing countries;(3) Since developed countries can buy emission quota from developing countries,carbon emission per capita of developed countries will remain higher than that of developing countries in future;(4) Carbon trading market improves the accumulated global Ramsey's utility in both the "Ding standard" or "2℃ target" scenarios.However,"2℃ target" scenario can do better than "Ding standard" scenario both in China's future benefit and in improvement of global welfare.

Atmospheric methane is the second most important greenhouse gas after CO₂ and the most trace gas.The estimation of methane emission in China is significant for the emission control of greenhouse gases.Referencing the methods provided by IPCC 2006,the latest research results and local emissions factors,we estimate the anthropogenic emission of methane and its distribution by provinces.The data are based on statistical yearbooks from 2000 to 2005 including coal mining,waste disposal,biomass burning,paddy fields,domestic animal rumination and manure management systems.The results show that the total methane emission in China increased from 34287 Gg(1994) to 41493 Gg(2005).The methane emission increasing trend of the coal mining is most apparent.But compared with the growth rate of GDP and energy usage,the methane emission is under control.The methane emission is distributed unevenly in space with regional differences.The regions with higher methane emission are located in Northeast China,North China and Southwest China,while those with lower emission are located in Northwest China and some municipalities.In addition,the configurations of emission sources are different due to the changes of local emission sources.

Spatial variabilities of soil organic carbon contents in croplands and the influencing factors have been the fundamental issues on estimating SOC stock and C sequestration potential.In this paper,archived data of the 2nd national soil survey and the soil monitoring of farmlands during 2005-2008 in Huoshan County,Anhui Province were collected to create a SOC distribution database.Statistical analysis of the SOC at different spatial scales within the county was conducted.The results showed that SOC contents in the county's farmlands have increased over the last 20 years,indicating SOC accumulation in the farmlands.The statistical variation coefficient of SOC ranged from 4.53% to 14.91% in terms of the size of spatial scales.Variabilities of village scale were much bigger than those of township scale.Thus it is suggested that soil sampling and statistics of SOC contents at spatial scale of townships should obtain higher reliability of SOC pool data than at village scale in the county.Prominent factors influencing SOC levels included land use types and agricultural managements.Results show that SOC contents in tea garden,mulberry field and rice paddy were high in the study area.

The meteorological data and meteorological disaster information in Anhui Province from 1961 to 2010 were used to select the evaluating indicators of climatic event and disaster according to the extreme weather events,technical regulation and relative standard for meteorological disaster assessment.The weight of each indicator was built by principal component analysis.The anomaly assessment models of climatic event and disaster damage,including drought,flood,low-temperature freezing disasters,high temperature,wind-hailstone and fog,were built by using the weighted integration method.On this basis,the annual climatic assessment model was established with grey relational analysis,and index series for annual climatic assessment of Anhui in recent 50 years were worked out.By reference to the percentile method recommended by World Meteorological Organization(WMO),we tried to determine the threshold values,and established standards for annual climatic assessment grade,taking 0-10%,10%-30%,30%-70%,70%-90% and 90%-100% as good,fair,not good,bad and harsh climate condition,respectively.The results of annual climatic assessment for the recent 50 years showed that the climate situation in 1965,1973,1975,1993,and 1997 was good,while that in 1966,1969,1991,1996 and 1998 was bad.Among them,assessment result of 1991 was the worst.Through verification with historical meteorological disaster information and integrated disaster damage model,the method and standard of annual climatic assessment could reflect the true climate condition.The studies provide technological support for annual climatic assessment for the province,city and county units,which can be used for researching the effects of climate and climate change on the sensitive affairs by constructing evaluating indicators and annual climatic assessment model,as well as making annual climatic assessment grade according to the threshold values.

With the accelerated process of urbanization,issues of urban climate and environment become more prominent,especially the urban heat island effect.In this paper,we made land use classification by supervised classification method and near-surface air temperature inversion by using Landsat Thematic Mapper(TM) data.Then we analyzed the spatial distribution of urban heat island and its regional differences,as well as the relationship with land use types.It is shown that the temperature of urban construction land is relatively high,which is the main factor for urban heat island while the temperature of vegetation and water is relatively low,which has a significant cooling effect.The heat island intensity profiles show that there are significant differences between north and south in terms of heat island intensity due to vegetation cover and terrain differences while little difference exists between east and west.We also found that the spatial distribution of urban heat island in the research area has the feature of both regional concentrating and scattering.And the heat island has the trend of expanding from the center of regional urban heat island to the suburbs.Besides,there is relatively consistency in terms of spatial distribution between urban heat island and land use types,but also inconsistent area where the urban heat island has expanded to non-urban construction area.

The farmland use intensity is an important focus in the course of the household behavior study,which can help understand the man-land relationship in rural areas.The paper adopts the factor analysis,gravity center analysis and spatial autocorrelation analysis,and uses softwares such as SPSS,ArcGIS and GeoDa software,to explore the spatial distribution and its change features of the farmland use intensity based on the county-level administrative unit in Henan Province.The farmland use intensity analysis based on the 126 county-scale data finds the following results.(1) The county-scale units at higher level of the farmland use intensity are mostly located in the northeast of Henan Province.County-scale units located in the places closer to the city are also at higher level of the farmland use intensity.County-scale units which are at the similar level of the farmland use intensity have the trend of spatial concentration.(2) The gravity center of the farmland use intensity is located in the northeast of the geometric center of Henan Province,and it continues to move to the northeast over time.(3) The level of the farmland use intensity is the result of the households' choice of investment structure under the restriction of natural geographical condition,economic environment,political system environment,social and cultural environment,combined with their own conditions.(4) The fact that the paper explored the features and changes of spatial distribution of the farmland use intensity can help us understand the statuses of household production decision in different areas and conditions.Finally,the paper suggests that agricultural production regionalization should fully consider the different levels of farmland use intensity in different areas,and upgrade each region's comparative advantage in the course of developing agricultural economy.

There are many complex factors that affect intensive land use in development zones at both development zonal and regional levels.What's more,the two levels of factors interact with each other.Therefore,to reveal driving force of intensive land use in development zones,it is very important to analyze the interactions between the two level factors.Hierarchical linear model can reveal the impact of development zone level variables and regional level variables on intensive land use in development zones and help clarify the mechanism of intensive industrial land use.In this paper,null model,random effect regression model and full model were established to discuss how the factors of different levels affect the intensive land use in development zones.Null model analysis shows that 63.96% of the differences in intensive land use degree in development zones were caused by differences on development zone level,with 36.04% being caused by differences on regional level.Random effect regression model analysis indicates that there were evident variations among regions in set up years,number of enterprises and land policy intensity of development zones,while location and level of development zones were independent of regional environmental changes.Full model analysis indicates that the impact of regional industrial output value and regional urbanization rate on the positive correlation between set up years and intensive land use degree of development zones was not significant;regional industrial output value has strengthened the positive correlation between the number of enterprises and the intensive land use degree whereas regional urbanization rate has weakened the positive correlation between them;regional industrial output value has little effect on the positive correlation between the land policy intensity and the intensive land use degree whereas regional urbanization rate has strengthened the positive correlation between them;regional level variables have explained 18.18% of the correlation between the number of enterprises and the intensive land use degree of development zones and 11.27% of the correlation between land policy intensity and intensive land use degree of development zones.

Hierarchical linear models can separate variables of different spatial scales and different management levels,and they explain interactions between explanatory variables.This paper,taking Jiangsu province as a research area,uses hierarchical linear models to analyze the influence and mechanism of agricultural land use intensity and policy factors on grain yields.The results are shown as follows.(1) There are multi-level factors affecting grain productivity per unit area,agricultural land use intensity and policy factors separately explains 57.04% and 42.96% of differences in grain yields.(2) Grain productivity per unit area showed a rising trend from 2001 to 2008 in Jiangsu,of which labor intensity and capital intensity separately explained 19.50% and 5.68% of differences in average grain yield at county level.Land use intensity explained 25.17% of differences in average grain yield at county level,and intensive use of agricultural land is not the most important influencing factor that affects grain productivity,indicating that natural quality of land and land quantity has an increasingly important impact on grain production capacity.(3) Three policy variables-agriculture investment,technology investment and agriculture loans-have significant influence on grain yields.Agriculture investment only explained 11.90% of differences in average grain yields,and agriculture loans and technology investment separately explained 18.25% and 33.06% of differences in average grain yields.(4) All the selected policy variables can only explained 63.21% of differences in average grain yield at municipal level.

The quantitative evaluation on land use change and its influence on landscape pattern caused by land exploitation and reorganization at a large scale is significant to the sustainable use of local land resources.The study area in this research,the middle reaches of Shule River Watershed in Gansu,belongs to a typical area with dramatic exploitation and use of water and land resources in the arid area of Northwest China.Yumen City is a resource-exhausted city.Combined with the integrated technology of ecological quantity analytical method and GIS technology through ArcGIS and Fragstats,based on the MSS images in 1976,TM images in 1989 and 2010,and ETM+ images in 2000,this paper analyzed the changes of land use/cover and landscape pattern in Yumen County from 1976 to 2010.The conclusions are as follows.(1) The trend of LUCC is that the area of farmland increased obviously,and the areas of grassland and glacier decreased.The area of sandy land reduced at first and then expanded.Its area was the smallest in 2000 and increased in 2010.The major patterns of land use change were the conversions of grassland and Gobi to farmland,farmland to construction land,and grassland to Gobi.Land use change underwent a process of slow change—tremendous change—obvious change.(2) Landscape change was also obvious in the decades.Totally,landscape density increased,the largest path index expanded at first and then decreased,the weight area index increased and the shape of landscape became irregular.The shortest distances decreased,and the patch became more complex.Diversity of landscape and the Interspersion Juxtaposition Index decreased at first and then increased.The degree of diversity landscape and fragmentation increase also shows that the land uses became more complex.(3) Driving force analysis shows that the agricultural population growth and economic development are the most direct driving force of land use/cover changes in Yumen City.Climatic factors and policy factors have also affected land use change in the study area.

Numerous literature shows that gentrification can not only improve the living environment,but also cause some social problems.In the background of consumer utility and developer income,this paper uses the Smith's rent gap theory combined with Nash equilibrium to construct a multi-agent system,and simulates the evolution of gentrification.The results show,firstly,in the assumption of utility maximization,the increase of real income would reduce the probability of gentrification occurrence,leading to narrowing the gap between the rich and the poor.Secondly,in the assumption of profit maximization,the evolution of gentrification depends on the amount of capital invested by developers.However,if it exceeds a threshold value,the extent of gentrification would stop increasing.Thirdly,the evolution of gentrification is associated with the developers' entrance threshold.The higher threshold of developers' entrance implies that developers can make higher returns in the inner-city housing market.As a result,it may raise the sale price of inner-city land to a certain degree and the frequency of gentrification and degentrification.

Taking 33 cities from different regions and categories in China as research objects,this essay carries out land price curve regression analysis to simulate their land price density gradient.Then some coefficients of density gradient curve of urban commercial and residential land price are obtained.According to these coefficients,the phenomenon of Chinese urban land price density curves adapting to the normal rules of market economic countries is observed through analysis,which indicates that the city land price can reflect the true value of land,the main method of allocation of land resource in China through 30 years of marketing reform.Moreover,the conclusion that land price density gradients have different categories in China has been drawn based on clustering analysis of commercial and residential curve curvature.According to the commercial land price curve curvature and residential land price curvature,the cities in China except multi-center cities such as Beijing and Shanghai,are identified into four types.Every type of city is corresponding separately to different levels of development,city capacity,economic scale and parameters of land price curvature.So through analyzing land price curvature,we can reveal different city land pricing characteristics and its phase of development.By comparing land price density gradient parameters of the three regions in China,namely eastern China,central China and western China,this paper presents the spatial distribution of city land prices in different regions.The developed and densely populated eastern China has the maximum average of city center land price,minimum average of curve curvature,and biggest standard deviation of city center land price.With the moderately prosperous economy and medium-density population,central China has the minimum average of curvature,but the minimum average of city center land price and smallest center land price standard deviation.As for western China,its average city center land price and center land price standard deviation are at an average level,its averages of curvature and curvature standard deviation are maximum,although it has the most sparsely population.

Based on the road and railway network data of 1988,1998 and 2008 in the Pearl River Delta,supported by the GIS software,this paper examines the spatial structure and evolution of major cities' accessibility in this region,and quantitatively analyzes the relationship between road and railway accessibility and population change using GAM models.The results are shown as follows.During the study periods,road accessibility of Guangzhou-Dongguan-Shenzhen line is the highest,gradually decreasing from the center to the surroundings.However,the spatial structure of railway accessibility has changed little,Guangzhou-Foshan areas are the center with the highest accessibility,and the accessibility decreases from the center to the surroundings.Evolution of land transport network in the Pearl River Delta is mainly affected by road network,and rail transport network plays a minor role in land network.There are great differences of accessibility improvement in the two research stages that demonstrate diminishing effects,and the accessibility improvement in the first stage(1988-1998) is more outstanding than that in the second stage(1998-2008).The relationship between road-railway traffic and population change is different,and roads have significant effect on population change,with its contribution rate with population change being 11.56%,48.07%,and 44.92% in the three periods,respectively.The relationship between railway and population change was weak,but after 1990,with the railway network expanded and the standard of railway transport service improved,its relationship with population change has gradually strengthened.

According to clustering analysis and variance analysis by using the method of screen plot,this paper takes the Ha-Da-Qi Industrial Corridor as an example to study its development,and establishes an evaluation index system including two big systems of economic development and environment.Based on this,it constructs a vulnerability evaluation model and grading standards,and evaluates the environmental and economic coordination development system for three cities of Harbin,Daqing and Qiqihar.The results show that:(1) the index system construction method is a good way to solve the problems about information overlapping and screened indexes' one-sidedness in selection of the indexes;(2) the comprehensive vulnerability of economy-environment coordinated development system in the three cities,in general,is transiting gradually from severe fragile state to mild one;(3) in 2007,the main index of vulnerability restricting economy-environment coordinated development is comprehensive ecological improvement index for Harbin and environment pollution index for Daqing and Qiqihar.

Chinese cities have been experiencing the special transitional period from the planned economy based on national/collective economy to market economy based on market regulation with the large-scale restructuring of urban residents' employment-residence spatial structure.Based on the household social surveys of 2001,2005 and 2010,residential and employment mobility and their spatial changes were discussed and impact of employment and residential mobility on urban social spatial restructuring was summarized in this paper.Since the implementation of reform and opening up policies,the rate of urban residents' employment and residential mobility has been increasing fast and led to large-scale social spatial restructuring.There are great regional differences for the rate of residential and employment mobility with the characteristics that the residents in suburbs have a higher rate of mobility,while the residents in inner core have a lower rate of mobility.It is apparent that urban residents prefer to choose the residential or employment location near the former residential or employment location during the process of residential or employment location mobility.Local governments should provide guidance to the choice of residential and employment location to reduce the extent of residential spatial differentiation and spatial excessive separation of employment-residence through adopting the means of urban planning,the employment system reform and housing system reform and other means to strengthen macro-control.

In order to offer a scientific and reasonable recommendation for rural hollowing consolidation,the regional differences of rural hollowing should be researched in China.In this paper,the index system for evaluating rural hollowing degree was constructed with the data related to land use,socio-economic factors,natural elements in each county.The regional differences of rural hollowing and were examined by sub-systems analysis and system-level evaluation methods.The results were shown as follows.There are three dominant factors affecting rural hollowing,i.e.,the extensive degree of the rural residential land use,the effective transferring degree of population,and the economic development degree.The regional difference of rural hollowing was significant.High-value regions of rural hollowing were mainly found near northern borders and in eastern coastal counties of China.Meanwhile,the rural hollowing was more prominent in the area of Hunan and Hubei and traditional agricultural regions in Central China.Low rural hollowing is mainly found in south Xinjiang,Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,and mountainous regions of Southwest China,showing a pattern of spatial agglomeration.The rural hollowing areas are divided into 10 big regions and 47 sub-regions,including Xinjiang Region with low rural hollowing at stable economic development level,Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Region with low rural hollowing at economic backward level,Huang-Huai-Hai Plain Region with moderate rural hollowing at stable economic development level.In the future,the rural hollowing counties will be renovated based on the theories on restructuring of industry,space and organization.