The paper explains the role of precipitation, infiltration, subsurface water and surface water in the small forested watershed. The authors consider the infiltration and the rapid flow in soil were very important in stormflow generation processes, in, which the subsurface water contributed more than surface water did.Generally speaking, the infiltration rate and the capacity of water storage in forested watershed are very large, which implied the Horton's theory or other current models of stormflow' generation do not work there,In the contribution area, the saturated state was resulted from the rising of groundwater or the development of saturated zone above the groundwan ter.Therefore, the generation and maintenance of the contribution area depended on the infiltration and lateral flow and the surface water could be considered as the "return flow".The quick response of the subsurface water discharge to the rainfall is considered to be caused by the break of an equilibrium of forces acting on air and water in the capillary fringe, that is, by the quick conversion of the tension-saturated capillary fringe into the pressure-saturated zone. The equilibrium of forces acting on water in the capillary fringe can be broken either by the increase of the pneumatic pressure of the entrapped air with successive rainfall or by the rainfall directly when the capillary fringe just near to the groundwater surface.

中华人民共和国成立40余年来,中国大地上最明显的变化可以说是工业的兴起改变了全国的经济结构,使中国在这个短暂的时间里从一个以小农经济为主的自给自足的农业社会,转变到一个工农兼重的经济结构比较合理的发展中国家,地理景观起了空前的变化。长期以来,国内学术界讨论如何工业化的文献非常丰富。

我国著名的地理学家、九三学社社员、北京大学教授林超同志,因病于1991年6月1日23时在北京逝世,享年83岁。林超教授1909年4月13日生于广东省揭阳县。1930年毕业于中山大学,留校任地理系助教。1934至1938年在英国利物浦大学地理系学习并获得博士学位。回国后,历任中山大学教授、地理系主任,西南联合大学教授。

国际地理联合会(IGU)第27届大会将于1992年8月9日至14日在华盛顿召开,会议中心口号是:地理学是发现,大会议题是:发现我们共享的全球未来,发现与演化(discovering and Changing)作为主题贯穿在所有讨论内容中。

According to 107 dating data including 9 kinds of paleosea level indicators which the deposit depth and tectonism correction have done, the sea level change curve in Zhujiang Delta during the past 8000 years, has been drawn. Sea level rose quickly before 6000 years, descended from 6000 years B.P. to 5500 years B.P. rose from 5500 years B.P.to 2800 years B.P., descended from 2800 years B.P.to 2200 years B.P., rose from 2200 years B.P.to 900 years B.P. and descended slightly from 900 years B.P. to 600 years B.P. Each one included several shifts. The sea level change was in accord with the verticalchange of diatoms in core samples,the climate change reflected by sporo-pollen analyses of samples, the deposit periods of sand bar and the changes of ancientculture relics sites.

The content and controlling factors of association forms of selenium in soil have been studied in the major soils in China by Jackson's procedure separating soil phosphonous.The results show that in acid conditions, the oxides or minerals of Fe, Al, Mn are main factors controlling selenium chemical behaviour in soils, and the action of Ca, Mg, K is not significant. But in alkaline condition, the compounds or minerals of Ca, Mg, K are main factors controlling unenveloped selenium in soil,with the oxides minerals of Fe,Al,Mn controlling the enveloped selenium. P, Si not only take part in the selenium fixation in soil and affect the selenium utilization by plant in complex anion. but also affect the selenium cycle in soil in the form of compounds and minerals.The staustic correlation between association selenium and other elements such as Cr, V , Sr, Ba, Co, Cu, Ni was not found in all the studied soils.

Erosion at the upper reaches of Changjiang River is intensive.It is of significance to study the chemical flow and the corrosion in this area for analysing the composition and the chemical characteristics of the suspended materials in the Changjiang River and the Chemical and physical processes in this river system.The annual average content of ions at the upper reaches of Changjiang (Yichang Station)is estimated to be 202.7mg/1. The discharge of ions is 2898.kg/s. The total amount of transported ions is 91.403 million tons, accounting for 61.7% of the total amount in the Changjiang River Basin and 26.5% of the total amount of transported ions in China. The intensity of corrosion can be reflected by the modulus of chemical flow. The average modulus of chemical flow at the upper reaches of Changjiang River is 90.9t/km²·a, which is higher than the country's average.The highest value occurs in the wujiang River Basin in the southern section of the studied area, which is 133t/km²·a. The smallest value, which is only 62t/km²·a, occurs in Jinshajiang River and yagongjiang River basins in the western part of the studied area.

According to relevant historical documents, the paper studies the character and the changing rate of sedimentation at the ancient Yellow River estuary from 1194 to 1855 A.D.,the forming mechanism and the types of the abandoned Yellow River Delta, and its effects on lower reaches. Based on the above studies, it can be summed up in the following aspects.1. On the basis of the changes of hydrological conditions, silt content and human activities, the evolutionary processes of the abandoned Yellow River Delta can be distinguished into two stages. In the early stage(1194-1494 A.D.) only a part of the discharge of the Yellow River flowed southward into the Huaihe River and a small amount of silts deposited on the mouth, therefore, the developing rate of the ancient delta was very slow. Judging from the loudspeaker-shaped estuary. the early abandoned Yellow River Delta belonged to runoff-tidal typal delta. In the later stage, as all the discharge of the Yellow River flowed into the Huaihe, the silts deposited rapidly on the mouth region, and formed bird-bill-shaped delta. In the light of the delta shape in the later stage, it can be interred that the hydrodynamic of water acting on the front edge of delta was mainly runoff and waves, the ridges of tidal current developed outside the mouth region, therefore, the delta was regarded as the run-offwave typal delta.2. Because of the extension of the abandoned Yellow River estuary in the later stage, the base level of erosion rose relatively, it Ied up to the headward depositions, which might reach to Henan province.3. The abandoned Yellow River Delta expanded rapidly since 1494 A.D., especially after 1578 A.D..It is related to the physical environment of the whole area and the increasing human activities, especially to cold climate period during 17-19 centuries and human activities since middle Ming Dynasty.

Through field investigations and various laboratory dating and analysing it is assumed that the loess mostly originated from the huge Taklimakam deserts and accumulated mainly during the latest Quaternary period from the last glaciation maximum through Holocene. The loess is of good uniformity in its material composition and regarded as "sand loess" because of its coaser-grained matter.The unstable heavy minerals, carbonate and CaO and the pH-value in the loess are higher in this district compared with the north central china, meaning that that the loess was deposited under drier arid climate environment. The sporo-pollen assemdlage is dominated by small scrubs and herbaceous plants, representing arid steppe environment. Quite different from the continental Europe. The formation of the moden morphological pattern and the climate condition is the environmental base for the loess accumulation, which causes large continuation of the loess deposition on the northern slope of Mid-kunlun Mts..The dry and cold climate might be more favourable for the loess formation to be processed in large scale in the last glaciation maximum. On arid background there was existed some humid oscillations associated with the loess. From 7,000 to 5,000 a.B.P.the climate was considerably improved when relatively thick soil developed and lots of snail, Succinea pfeiferi,lived.

We have studied the structure, illuvial depth of CaCO₃, sporo-pollen and chemical composition of the first and the fifth paleosol. The materials indicate that the first paleosol is Burozems which developed under the vegetation of deciduous broadleaf trees, and mean annual temperature was between 8℃ and 12℃ and mean annual rainfall was more than 800 mm at that time. The fifth paleosol is Yellow-brown Earth and the vegetation was of the characteristics of north substropical broadleaf trees when the paleosol developed, and the mean annual temperature was above 15℃ and the mean annual rainfall was more than 850 mm at that time.The illuvial layer of CaCO₃ of the two paleosols does not contact closely with the bottom of the paleosol and occurs in the lower loess more than two mere-rs in depth under the bottom of the paleosol, which is noncontinuous illuvial layer of CaCO₃ of the paleosol. This illuvial layer of CaCO₃ shows that the rainfall was rich enough for leaching out all CaCO₃ of paleosol and the paleosols was in neutral or acid condition. Because noncontinuous illuvial layers can not be put under the component part of soil, the first and the fifth paleosol are not of illuvial layer of CaCO₃ in Liu jiapo section and their section formation is not B_t-B_k-C of drab soils. The first paleosol is of the characteristics of Burozems, there fore, its section formation is B_t-C (A layer had been resolved).R₂O₃ in the fifth paleosol moved down for a distance over one meter and is more than that of north subtropical yellow-brown Earth in sihong area of Jiangsu province and approximate to that of yellow-brown Earth in Liuhe area to the south of sihong area. R₂O₃ illuviated obviously in lower fart of the fifth paleosol, hence, its section formation is B_ts-C of yellow-brown Earth (A layer had been resolved).Since the rainfall was rich during the development of the first and the fifth paleosol and the depth affected by weathering was great and exceed.the thickness of soils, the paleosols had become weathered crusts that consist of upper paleosol and lower loess in which weathered cracks developed well.

From analytical data of precipitation and evaporation in thirty-five years (1949 to 1984) one might conclude that spring drought often occurred in Beijing region. Frequent, dry wind in spring and abundant sand source derived from frequent outbursts of the Yongding River during the historical period served as a foundation for the wind-sand activity in Beijing region, wind-sand activity in Beijing region, with blowing sand being the predominant form, most often occurred in spring, followed by winter. During the half-year period from winter to spring, days of blowing sand constitute 80% or more. The frequency of wind-sand activity is closely related to the greenland construction.Afforestation in the initial period after the founding of new China and planting trees and grass in 1980S played an important role in controlling wind-sand activitie s.In order to express the intensity of wind-sand activity the author introduced a new physical measure-blowing sand capacity.It may be defineb as the blowing sand ability equaling to the sum of vectors cubed of difference between threshold velocity and maximum of mean wind speed in ten minutes from hour to hour in given time interval, i. e.

The beach soils of intertidal zone and its immediate neighbourhood above negative 5m bathymetric line in Hainan Island have an area about 1.35×10⁵ha, The beach soils are classified into one greatgroup, three subgroups and seven genera. Because the vegetation is poor and mineral nutrients "such as phosphorus and manganese in parent materials resulted from the island is low in the teach land, therefore, the contents of organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus are low and contents of microelement such as Cu, Zn and Mn are lower than mean levels of soil in China, The salinity of soils varies greatly with ttxture of soils and total salinity of sea water and ranges from 1.2% (sandy tidal flat soil) to 4.1% (muddy tidal flat soil) ,The light and heat resources are comparatively rich and rainfall is relatively abundant with obvious dry season. The surfaces of beaches are considerably flat and stable. It is good for the development of marieulture, solar salts and tourism. But beaches which suit to reclamation by embankment are sparse because soil salinity is too high and land sutface water is not sufficient. It is classified into eight marieulture areas according to the characteristics of beach soils and biological combination. The aolar salts is mainly in the southwestern coast because of strong wind, high salinity of seawater and prevalence of muddy and sandy mnd tidal flat soils. In geenral, the developmental prospect of the area is very promising.

The teleconnectlon between the rainfall amount over Dongting lake plain of Hunan associated SST over equatorial eastern pacific and the chronology of ELNino events are examined, and the authol found that, the SST in winter was obviously associated with the following flood season rainfall during 1951-1988, and the teleconnectlon was steady during 1911-1988.In addition, the monthly mean rainfall departure composite distribution trend would be inverse of 20 ELNino events and 14 anti-ELNino events including the same year and the following year during 1911-1988, the transform is from August to September at the same year.

综合与区域开发始终是地理学研究的两个重要方面。根据笔者的研究实践,90年代的地理学仍应以“综合地理学与地理建设”作为主要方向。现即以此为题略陈管见。

(一)90年代中国地理学发展的基础 中国现代地理学的发展经历了3个阶段:从20年代一些大学开设地理系到新中国成立之前的20多年,地理研究以区域调查和类型成因分析为主,学科发展和专业人员尚不完善,处于初级阶段。这一时期对中国现代地理学的系统研究具有奠基意义。

当前地理学发展的关键首先在于弄清地理学的研究核心。为此,本文提出一管之见以供商榷。 作为一门学科,地理学与有些相邻学科的差异,并不是由于它们研究的客体不同,而在于它所提的问题和讨论问题的方式不同。地理学探讨如下一些问题:在一定研究尺度上,地域间是否存在差异?存在什么样的差异?这种差异是怎样形成的?为什么会形成这种差异?在这种差异的背后是否存在着一般性原则?

林超教授60年如一日,孜孜不倦,殚精竭虑,教书育人,从事地理科学研究,为我国地理学的发展作出了卓越的贡献。我们在缅怀先生辛勤耕耘的一生时,组织了这一组文章,从这个侧面可以看到先生对事业呕心沥血苦心钻研,以及先生为人处世的高风亮节。 本栏目由北京大学王恩涌先生协助编辑,谨致谢意。

Professor Zuo Dakangdiedat Beijingon January 3,1992.Prof.Zuo is the Chairman of the Academic Committee of the Institute of Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences,the Director of the Earth Science Section,National Natural Science Foundation of China and the former Director of the Institute of Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences.

This paper Points out that geographic environment, Productive activities and phylosophic thought were main oringions of classical geography in the Dre-Chin dynasty period and ancient GreeceThe diffrence in geographic environment, Productive activities and phylosophic thought between Pre-Chin dynasty period of China and ancient Grece,leads in the classical geography mainly different ideas of world, the content of physical geography ideas and regional geography and the relationship of man with the earth.The clossed inland environment of ancient China leads to the ideas of ancient Chinese about a flat world and relative regional geography. The open oceanic environment of ancient Greece leads to the ideas of the ancient Greek about a global world and there relative regional geography.In the course of agricultural producture activities of ancient China the physical geograpgy which researches into climate, water and soil was formed while the productive activities of the ancient Greek was maily navigation and trade and they from a physical geography which researches into the origin of the sea and the land and the climate of the world.The humanism of ancient China whose object was the relationship of heaven and man and the relationship among the people and the naturelism of the ancient Greek which reseaches the phylosophic idea of the universe also influence, The development of their respective ideas of the world and the views of physical geography.

A two-dimensional model is used to analyze the effects of various arrangement of fores zones on the distributions of local potential temperatures and local vertical velocities. Results of six numerical experiments manifest that more intense vertical cell excited by the plant-bare soil horizontal inhomogenties can be expected in case the arrangements of forest zones are morer ational which is favorable to the formation of local convective rain in the quasiarid regions.

Xiuning Basin is a fault trough basin.It is situated in the southern part of Anhui Province, China.And its area is 560km². The regin of the basin was a part of the Jiangnan old continent. During the late Jurassic-early Cretaceous Period, the basin was formed by fault along old fault lines (Proterozic Era) Red sediment was deposited in the basin during the Cretaceous Period and its thickness was 2350-3929m. During the Ximalaya Morement the basin was raised and it was accompanied with fault action. The geomorphological types of red stratum were formed by the tectonic morement, deposition and exogenic force.

The study of commodity buying and selling region distribution is one of the important contents in commercial geographical research. It is this paper that is mainly to explore the research method of this content.1. The location of commodity buying and selling bases can be decided by the proportion of commodity buying and selling amount in the high level area. As soon as the amount of some commodity buying (or selling) in some region is quite great, and holds a greater proportion in high level area, the region can be regarded as main buying (or selling) base of this commodity. The distribution of buying and selling bases may be expressed by concentration index The factors which influence the buying and selling region distribution can be initially chosen with seating arrangement analysiis, and then the interrelated coefficient is used to find the main factor.2. The ratio of buying and selling theoretically reflects the relation of of commodity supplying and demanding of various regions.The location quotient of buying and selling reflects the situation of surplus and shortage of commodities. Buying and selling ratio can qualitatively decide the region of commodity transferring in and tansferring out, and the calculation of the amount of transferring in and transferring out can quantitatively decide the main regions of transferring in and transferring out of commodities. Under the known condition mentioned above, we can find the best trend of commodities throgh table work by linear programming.

The history of rural labor force shift was divided into two phases in Huanghuaihai region. Today, labor force employment still concentrates on agricultural field, and the most of agricultural labor force hold more posts at the same time. The level of rural labor force shift is very low commonly, and regional difference is very ordinary. The quantity of rural labor force surplus is big, there will be 35-38 milljon people in need of new employment by 2000. The major fields of rural labor force shift include rural industry,the third industry and developing agricultural reserved resource. The measure for developing employment includes promoting economic growth, improving employment elasticity of rural enterprise, increasing cultural quality of rural labor force, perfecting the construction of small town system and labor force market.

This paper, based on "Xu Xiake's Travels", analyzes and generalizes the social economic situation and living conditions in the South of China towards the end of the Ming Dynasty. This report also studies his considerable contributions to the humanities and geography in China.

On the basis of introduction of effects of climatic change on ecology and agriculture, the formula to compute related change rate of food yield was deduced by using the temperature and precipitation data of 100 stations in the eastern part of China and according to some empirical formula. The related values of food yield were computed when the yearly mean temperature changes 1, 2, 3℃ and yearly mean precipitation changes 10%, 20%, 30%. The results showed. The yearly mean temperature changes 1℃. The food yield changes 2-3% correspondingly, and the higher the latitude, the greater the effect is; The yearly mean precipitation changes 1%. The food yield changes 1% correspondingly, and it is not change in any where.

The paper, under a combined manner of qualitative and quantitative analysis, shows a comprehensive, specific and integrated study on the relationship between the exploitation of unique resouroes in Changbai Mountains and the time-spatial changes of ecological economies there. Following the analysis, a prediction is made about she prospect of economic and environmental evolution in the area in order to provide a rational foundation for further utilization of local resources.

In view of the fact that the large forest regions on the Ziwuling have disappeared, the author makes statistics and analysis of July convective rain from the Taibai station in forest region and the ten meteorological stations nearby the Ziwuling.The results show: 1) After the forest region was destroyed, there was a marked decrease in the convective rainfall in northeast and southeast of this area, 2) The significance test of the average of convective rainfall shows that forest regions destroyed can only bring up a few of the regions of the total differences of convecti venfall. These regions are Xunyi and Tongcuan in southeast of Ziwuling. 3) Now the variabities of convective rainfall enlarge more obviously than that before the forest region was destoryed.

Nanjing is locateb in the valley floor.plain of the lower reaches of Yangtze River and the west of Ling-Zhen Mountains, along the north of which the Yangtze River flows as an arc from south-west to north-east. There are many hills anb three-grdbe accumulateb terraces in its urban anb suburban areas, the terracevs urface,cut and eroded by flowing water, has formed gully geomorphy There are many hillslibe slopes, terrace slopes and gully slopes in urban and suburban, and many of these slopes range from 15 to 30 degrees, and the fault steep slopes from 60 to 70. The fracture structure of the area developes and breaks bedrocks.Quaternary sediments are loose and its porosity is bigger and The average rain-fall is about 1, 000mm every year. All of these provide advantageous conditions to form calamitious gravity geomorphy, which has happened and caused econo mic losses including breakdown, slide and river bank caving. A lot of facts demostrate that the calamitous gravity geomorphy is formeb by natural factors and the short-term behaivious in human activities. It's essential to focus our attention on the stuby of the calamitous gravity geomorphy and take some necessary measures to prevent according to the local conditions.