The research about urban social area and social spatial structure started in the mid 1980s in China.Since then most of the studies about urban social area have been focused upon the super-large central cities with comprehensive urban functions such as Beijing,Shanghai,Guangzhou and Xian.Few similar researches have been done in the other kind of cities.This paper chose Shaoguan City in Guangdong Province as a case study,which is characterized by large size,locating in mountain area,and taking mineral resources developing and processing industries as its dominant function.In the study,19 spatial statistical units based on the fifth national census were divided,data of 11 categories and 75 variables for each spatial unit were used,and the method of ecological factorial analysis was adopted.The main conclusions are: there are seven categories of social areas in Shaoguan City,including old urban area with high population density and comprehensive functions,high class residential area,mixed residential area in urban fringe,scattered residential area of agricultural population,moving-in residential area of middle income households,residential area of state-owned enterprises,residential area of old population,etc.The main features and spatial locations of the first five categories within these seven social areas are very similar to those in the super-large central cities with comprehensive urban functions,while the last two are different,which reflect the special feature of Shaoguan and its similar cities. Four main factors,including occupation structure and socio-economic status, scientific and cultural level,urban developing history and constructing order, and family feature,played the most important roles in the course of the formation and change of Shaoguan's urban social areas.Within which the scientific and cultural level,and the urban developing history and constructing order are very similar to those in the super-large central cities with comprehensive functions,while the other two are different,i.e.,the occupation structure played much more important role in the cities like Shaoguan than those like Beijing,Shanghai and Guangzhou;and some family and demographic features like age,sex proportion,proportion of migrants,were not playing as important roles in the super-large central cities with comprehensive functions as in a city like Shaoguan characterizing by large size,locating in mountain area,with mineral resources developing and processing industries as dominant function.

Based on researches on soil animals in burned forest areas and contrast sample lands around Tahe County in Heilongjiang Province during different years,we analyze the category and quantity of soil animals in order to take them as a biological indicator to reflect the environmental conditions and the restoration after fire.In October,2003,we chose six burned forest areas in different years from 1987 within the study area and a sample land which wasn't destroyed by fire.Separating soil animals by the methods of picking up,Tullgren and Baerman,we obtained 4 phyla,7 classes and 22 orders in all.In addition,soil animals in burned forest areas differ obviously during different years. (1)The category and quantity of macro-soil faunas prove to be very few,especially Enchytraeidae,which takes up a lower proportion in macro-soil faunas the first one to three years after fire,however,some macro-soil faunas which have strong moving abilities,such as centipedes,spiders etc.,account for higher proportions.Furthermore,the number of Enchytraeidae gradually increases and tends to be stable after burning three to five years. (2)Of all the meso-and micro-soil animals,Protura only appears in burned forest areas after burning 16 years and the contrast sample lands,thus,we can conclude that Protura is a fauna which can indicate stable habitat. (3)After burning,the first species which are able to invade and restore are those macro-soil animals possessing strong moving abilities,and then the meso-and micro-soil animals,which are in the prosperous period six to seven years after fire,when the category and quantity begin to decrease and tend to be stable. (4)The intensity of fire influences the restoration of soil animals community to a certain extent,that is,soil animals restore at a higher speed in the areas which suffered from mild burning,after six to seven years,toth the category and the quantity can even surpass those in regions not affected by fire. (5)However,the speed of restoration is relatively low in the moderately and seriously affected areas,which may take longer than 16 years to restore to a normal level.

Cultural relic-scape is an important type of cultural landscape heritage and also an important type of landscape resource.But cultural landscapes were conserved totally in a simply way in the past and were not open to visitors.With the development of tourism,cultural relic-scape is becoming an important cultural tourism resources and attracting more and more visitors all over the world.Because of being neglected for a long time some cultural relic-scapes have been naturally damaged or disturbed by tourism,so it is necessary and meaningful to do more researches on relic-scape effective conservation and sustainable development.Cultural relic-scape sensitivity is the key factor influencing relic-scape conservation and sustainable developing models.The sensitivity evaluation is the basic research to sustainable development of cultural relic-scapes.The characteristics of landscape sensitivity are determined by landscape ecological sensitivity(LE),visional sensitivity(LV) and landscape architecture sensitivity(LA).Based on the evaluation of LA,LV and LA,the indexes of landscape sensitivity are calculated through the formula LS=3LE·LV·LA and divided into five levels which are dissensitive(1.0-2.0),low sensitivity(2.1-4.0),mid-sensitivity(4.1-6.0),higher sensitivity(6.1-8.0) and highest sensitivity(8.0-9.0).This paper,taking the Taxkorgan Stone Town in Xinjiang as case study and the sensitivity evaluation as start-point,based on landscape ecological sensitivity evaluation,landscape visional sensitivity evaluation and landscape architecture and its surroundings sensitivity evaluation,evaluate landscape sensitivity systematically.The main conclusions are:(1)The snow mountains are the main distant environment landscape and the river valley is the visional corridor to this region and with remarkable and sensitive characteristics.(2) The stone town relic-scape and the sandbanks are highly ecological sensitive,the relicscape and waterscape are highly visional sensitive and the relic town is made up by stones,mud and grasses and farmer's houses are most sensitive to landscape.According to the conclusions of sensitivity evaluations,the countermeasures of relic-scape sustainable development are discussed,which are effective conservation and sustainable development,dividing into key region,buildings controlling region,landscape coordinating region and original landscape conservation area,rational landscape capacity and tourist behavior standards,ways for entering and controlling of infrastructures and the ways of re-imaging historical culture landscape and sustainable development.

As the core of dialectics,the contradiction runs through everything from beginning to end,so to urban spatial development.This paper intends to analyse the process and status of urban spatial development following the principle of theory of contradiction.So Shijiazhuang city is taken as a case,to search the way of solving urban spatial problem from principal aspect of a contradiction.With urban development,much farmland was converted to land for urban construction purpose,so the conflict between internal space and external space is sharpened.To solve this problem,we must have strategic disposition in Shijiazhuang city.We must know how to do,what to do and where to go. This paper includes six sections.In order to open out the core of dialectics,every section describes every stage through contradiction course between internal space and external space in urban spatial development.Finally,it tells people how to solve urban spatial development problem based on the principle theory of contradiction. In the first section,it emphasizes the objective ontology and harmonious inevitability of internal space and external space in urban development.In the second section,it takes Shijiazhuang city as a case to analyse minutely the contradiction content produced in spatial conflict.In the third section,it analyses minutely the contradiction source produced in spatial conflict of Shijiazhuang city.In the fourth section,it puts forward the strategic disposition to harmonize the conflict between internal space and external space in urban development.In the fifth section,it identifies main method to harmonize the conflict between internal space and external space in urban development.In the sixth section,a summarization is made regarding the theory of contradiction as the core of dialectics throughout the essay,and several aspects needed to be improved or further studied in the future are pointed out.

The developing level of the producer services in Hong Kong is higher than that of Guangzhou,however based on the questionnaires to the companies of producer services and manufacturing in Guangzhou and the Pearl River Delta,it is found out that the negative impact of the producer services of Hong Kong on the same industry of Guangzhou is limited so far.One reason is that the demand level for the services in the mainland is very different,depending on the capital origin or the scale of the company.This means that not all the companies in the Pearl River Delta would need the high level services from Hong Kong.And the other two reasons are the protecting policy for the services industry in the mainland and the capability of the producer services of Guangzhou in obtaining market share.According to the in-depth interviews with some managers,five factors acting on the impact from the producer services of Hong Kong are drawn,including the demand from the consumer,the distance between the suppliers and the consumers,the price of the service product,the policy of the services trade in the region where the consumers come from and the relationship among the companies.As to the negative impact after CEPA,since the market for producer services are far from saturation in domestic,the producer services organization of Hong Kong and Guangzhou are both advanced in China and the producer services of Guangzhou have possessed a somewhat wide market.Hence it concludes that CEPA will not bring too much negative impact to the development of producer services of Guangzhou in a period of time. Finally,according to the necessity and feasibility analysis,it points out that the development of producer services in the Pearl River Delta can form a harmonious pattern and Guangzhou and Hong Kong can be the regional service centers of different levels.

Changes in land-use may affect the potential of soils to act as a sink for CH₄.Samples of lessive,one of the most important soil types in the Sanjiang Plain（45°01′-48°28′N,130°13′-135°05′E,the largest fresh water wetland area in China）,were incubated to investigate the effect of land-use change on methane oxidation in lessive.Significant differences between CH₄ oxidation rates of all topsoils were found under different land-uses.The highest CH₄ oxidation rate was found in natural meadow（dominated by Calamagrostis angustifolia） topsoil,but man-made larch（Larix gmelini） woodland,dry land（wheat or soybean）,and paddy field soils reduced CH₄ uptake by 64%,98% and 117%,respectively,compared with meadow soil.After the natural meadow was reclaimed,the soil water content（percentage WHC） changed,and the soil organic material decreased.So,the diffusiveness of CH₄ and O₂ into the soil was reduced and the number and activity of methanotrophic bateria was inhibited.These may be the main reasons for the decrease of methane oxidation in lessives after land-use change.Atmospheric CH₄ oxidation activity under all four land uses showed a distinct vertical stratification within the soil profiles.Potential CH₄ oxidation rates apparently decreased with the depth in meadow soil and woodland soil, indicating a surface maximum for CH₄ oxidation capacity in these soils;the methane uptake rate of the buried organic layer in the dry land soil was 13 times higher than that of the plowed layer.The net productivity of methane was observed in samples of all layers of paddy soil incubated under air,indicating that they had no ability to oxidize atmospheric CH₄.Correlation analyses of methane oxidation in lessives and physico-chemical soil parameters yielded significant correlations for the concentrations of organic carbon（r= 0.78, p< 0.01）,available N（r= 0.71,p< 0.01） and total N（r= 0.69,p< 0.01）,but negative relationships between CH₄ uptake rates and pH（r= 0.69,p< 0.01） or water content（percentage WHC）（r= 0.60,p< 0.05） were observed.Linear regression analysis revealed that an individual chemical parameter,soil organic carbon,could be singled out as an indicator for methane oxidation capacity in lessives under certain temperature conditions.

Urban socio-spatial structure is an important research results on urban geography.The research results on urban social areas in urban China are rather limited. Based on the fifth national census data in 2000 at subdistrict level of Shanghai's Central Urban Area,the social area analysis was carried out by using the method of factorial ecological analysis.The result reveals that there are mainly five factors which underlay the social spatial structure of Shanghai in the transitional period:(1) old and temporary population,exhibiting approximately concentric zonal distribution;(2) socio-economic status,exhibiting an obvious sectoral distribution;(3) residential condition,presenting concentric circle distribution;(4)commercial and agricultural population,displaying approximately multi-nuclei distribution;and(5) public housing,exhibiting zonal distribution along the inner-ring road of Shanghai.The social areas in Shanghai can be divided into six types by cluster analysis: the inner city concentrated with old population,located in the urban core area;higher socio-economic residential areas,located in the southwest and north sectors;work-unit public housing residential zone,located along the inner-ring road;newly built house area with large immigrated population,located between the inner-ring and outer-ring roads;temporary population aggregated areas,located in the urban fringe;and agricultural population scattered residential area,located in the periphery area.The concept model of the urban social mosaic exhibits generally a zonal pattern with the synthesis of sectoral and multi-nuclei pattern.We hold that the history of urban development,urban planning,reform of land-use institution and urban renewal,the release of Hukou management,the welfare of housing distribution system and its market-oriented reform constituted the main formation mechanism.The dual influence of planning and market is embodied.

Regional inequality is one of the major subjects of research on China,and is a major concern to the Chinese government.On the basis of analyzing the structure differences of some major indexes for measuring regional inequality,the rural regional inequality changes in China at provincial level from 1980 to 2002 is described by different methods respectively.It is found that the changes of different indexes show the same trend in a longer period of time,but some in a shorter period.All the methods showed that China's rural regional inequality has an overall increasing trend with a short period of decreasing in the whole process of reform.However,the decomposition of the Theil's regional inequality reveals that since 1987,the interregional inequalities among the eastern,central and western regions have been more serious than the provincial inequality within regions.The further factor decomposition of the Gini index shows that farmers' wage component contributes more than 66% to the total inequality index and is the most important factor resulting in rural total regional inequality.It is proposed that any conclusions from a short period of data analysis are inadeguate.When analyzing driving forces of regional inequality,long-term data should be used.The further decomposing analysis of different indexes shows that each method has its own advantages and disadvantages.The Gini index is suitable for factor analysis but cannot be decomposed by regions.The greatest advantage of the Theil's index is that it can be decomposed by different levels of regions and is very useful for different spatial scale analyses of regional inequality.Standard Deviation is more suitable for simple analysis of regional inequality in China.Compared with the above three indexes,the Atkinson index is rarely used.But when regional inequality is very small,it is the only one that can be used for analysis.

Spatial analysis has been an important field of study in tourism geography.When this field has been researched since the early 1970s in foreign countries,it didn't emerge as a significant field of tourism study until the late 1980s in China.At present,tourist spatial analyses in China encompass researches on tourist spatial behavior,spatial allocation of tourism region,spatial relationship of tourist supply and demand,spatial structure of tourist market,tourist spatial competition and cooperation,etc.However,studies on spatial organization of tourist activities based on nearest-neighbour analysis,the marginal utility of the tourist destinations and the model of "thermometrical users" have not emerged so far.This research paper aims at an indepth study of tourist spatial organization,based on nearest-neighbour analysis,the marginal utility of the tourist destinations and the model of "thermometrical users",together with related theories from Geography,Tourism,Economics,and Architecture.This paper applies nearest-neighbour analysis to analyze the spatial distribution of tourist resources in tourism region of Hulun Buir-Aershan.And it takes cluster A and B(Hailar and Aershan as center) as the objective of research project,which have a discernible density of point "collection",to analyze the logical relation of their characteristics of resource and the type of tourist activities.From the perspective of economics,the paper analyzes the implications and the mathematic modal of marginal utility theory of tourist destinations,and it is certainly possible to realize spatial organization of tourist activities between clusters A and B with the modal of marginal utility theory.According to the theory of the architectural diagrams of the section elevation form,the paper applies the model of "thermometrical users" to analyze the congruent degree between the site attribution and the tourist presences expressed by the target tourist segments,to organize the tourist activities effectively and exploit the various tourist products.Based on the study,the model of nearest-neighbour analysis,the marginal utility of the tourist destinations and the model of "thermometrical users" are not only the ideal methods of spatial analysis,but also a consultant basis for spatial organization of tourist activities in regional tourism.

Cellular automata(CA) are discrete, dynamical systems that are divided into small cells with each cell taking a certain state.The basic idea of cellular automata or extended cellular automata(cellular models) is to reduce a complex system using complex rules into something simpler.This paper discusses a one-dimensional cellular model for simulating river profile evolution.In the mode,channel is represented by a series of square cells which are linked one by one.The model is started by applying a "package" of water and sediment to the first cell.Erosion takes place as the water moves from each cell to its neighbors.Sediment is routed downstream according to a transport equation with the transport rate dependent on the elevation difference between two adjacent cells.The elevation of each cell will change depending on the difference between sediment input and output of a cell.When the "package" has been routed across the last cell,a new "package" is applied at the first location and the whole process is repeated.Rules used in the model are simple.When these rules are applied at small scales,the resulting profile has large-scale properties.For example,despite of the original form,the stream profile always tends to evolve to an equilibrium profile when keeping the water and sediment entering the first cell constant.It also showed that discharge has much effect on channel evolution.The channel prolongation causes the rise of the riverbed throughout the downstream.This study is a first step towards applying cellular models to complex geographical system modelling.

Based on the latest digital data of "the 2^nd National Census of Basic Economic Units in China" and other sources,taking the city of Xi'an as a case,the spatial dynamics and structure of the new economies',which consists of 'hi-tech-intensive manufacturing','hi-tech-intensive public services',and producer business services',in a typical Chinese city and the relevant mechanisms are analyzed in this paper.The results indecate that:（1） With the increase in the business units,the vast majority of the 'new economies' in the case city has been experiencing a spatial spreading since the 1990s,whereas the hi-tech-intensive manufactories and the finance/insurance/real estate businesses have tended to spatially cluster since 1994;（2） The spatial pattern of the growth of the new 'economies' in the city is shaped by both the processes of 'path-dependence' and 'creation of new favorable locations';the two state-level new special development zones（i.e. Xi'an Hi-tech Industrial Development Zone and Xi'an Economic & Technological Development Zone）,the old city commercial center,and the most concentrated area of the universities and research institutes（termed 'university/research belt' in the paper） are the major places with the largest amount and highest growth of the 'new economy' units;（3） The new Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone has been playing a significant role of the web-hub and growth-pole in the city's 'new economy' system because of its more favorable conditions and milieu for new economy' businesses,which are created by the synthetic effects of the three subsystems of the HTDZ development & proliferation subsystem,accommodating & supporting subsystem,and catalyzing & promoting subsystem;（4） The above facts imply that 'geographical proximity',i.e.choosing or moving towards the locations of more favorable conditions,is still one of the main location strategies taken by the new economy units;spatial 'distance' still matters to the new economies.

In this paper we tried to analyze agricultural land productivity changes in Beijing City from 1980 to 2000 based on statistical data and data collected from field surveys,and make clear their structure of change.For this purpose,this study explains the changes in agricultural production in Beijing City.The concrete steps are:(1) To explore the changes in agricultural production through making surveys of distributive patterns of grain crop,vegetables crop and fruits crop productivity at township level in Beijing City,and to classify various indicators and include them on maps by use GIS(ARC/INFO)to get a detailed allocation result.(2) To define the regional change patterns of agricultural land productivity at township level in Beijing City.The results of the survey lead to the following conclusions. First,agricultural crop production has changed as the policies influencing the agricultural production has changed.Second,in graphical terms,the agricultural land productivity map took a circular pattern centered on the city proper in 1980,and this was confirmed by Thünen's model.This round shape structure could not be seen in 1990 and 2000.Although this did not match Thünen's or Sinclar's models in 1990,it was a fact that agricultural production had become more flexible.In 2000,the agricultural land productivity was still high in places close to the city proper,the area of these townships became minor because of the expansion of urban regions.Many higher productivity townships were gathered in the northeast of the city.In this respect,Bryant's model could be seen.In general,the agricultural land productivity of Beijing City was influenced either by natural conditions or the changes in governmental policies.Third,The changes in agricultural production among rural areas are diversified in Beijing City.The reason for the diversification is doubtless that,because of varying natural conditions,different agricultural production policies have been applied to each agricultural region,leading to differences in crop production.

Assessments on tourist satisfaction about tourism environment is very popular but difficult in the field of tourism environment management.Using the model of American Customer Satisfaction Index（ACSI） for reference,this paper establishes the model of Tourist Satisfaction Index（TSI） on beauty spots.TSI includes six sections: environmental perceptions,tourism expectations,tourism values,tourist satisfaction,tourist complains and tourist loyalty.Its aim is to measure the degree of tourist satisfaction,look for the relevant factors influencing tourist satisfaction,and manage the tourism environment more effectively.This paper applies the model to Huangshan Mountain and finds its TSI is 82.34.The score is high,but it does not match with Huangshan Mountain and many problems still exist in tourism environment.By TSI,from six sections influencing tourist satisfaction,tourism value is the main influencing factor(β₃₂=1.266),then the environmental quality(β₃₁=0.672);the influence of tourist expectations on tourism values and satisfaction index is relatively small(γ₂₁=-0.147,γ₃₁=-0.265 respectively);the relations between tourist satisfaction and loyalty is obvious(β₅₃=0.972),whether a tourist is satisfied or not directly influences whether he is loyal to destination or not.But the influence on tourist complain is small(β₄₃=-0.16),also,if the tourist is not satisfied,perhaps he will not complain.Analyses on factors influencing six sections,the social service environment perception is the main factor influencing environmental perceptions(λ₂₁=0.878),but natural environment is only 0.188;the influence of social service expectations on total tourism expectation is also intensive(λ₂=0.94);price perceptions are the very important factor influencing tourism values(λ₅₂=0.913).By this token,in Huangshan Mountain,the natural environment is very good,but reasonable ratio of price to quality must be given,social service environment should be improved,and the transparency of the result of travel complaint should be increased.Finally, the paper adopts multiple linear regression analysis and the model of factor-important deduction to validate.The same conclusions are made.

The Bosten Lake,located in the Yanqi Basin,is the largest freshwater lake in China.It is not only the end of the Kaidu River,but also the headstream of the Peacock River,supplying water to the Tarim River and the Tarim Oil Field Base so far. Studies in the past usually focused on the change of water surface and water quality of the lake,seldom on the landscape pattern of the Yanqi Basin using integrated synthetic methods.The landscape pattern and its dynamics of the Basin directly control the distribution and dynamic changes of substance,energy and species,so study of the landscape pattern and its dynamics is necessary. By overlapping and extracting functions with GIS,two conversional matrixes of landscape in the Yanqi Basin were built.Based on two transitional matrixes of landscape,the landscape pattern and dynamics of the Yanqi Basin were analyzed.The results show that after 40 years land reclamation,the artificial oasis presented a trend of expansion in the Yanqi Basin.It is clearly discernible that farmland expanded to the fringe of the transitional zone between farmland and the natural oasis;the model of transition of farmland is from grassland to halophyte hungriness to xenophiles' hungriness,an indication of the process of reclamation of farmland from easy to difficult,i.e.,the constant shrinkage of the natural oasis and the expansion of the artificial oasis.The development of oasis is associatied with the distribution of water resources,when water resource is short,the process of desertification occurs,contrariwise,the process of salinization occurs.Because of the irrational use of the land and water resources,apparent ecological degeneration occurs in the lake water,peripheries of the lake and the oasis farmland in the Basin.For future sustainable development in the Yanqi Basin,attention should be paid to the ecosystem balance between artificial oasis and natural oasis.The management of the oasis eco-environment depends to a greater extent on the regulation of water resources and the rational use of land.

Based on the self-organizing modeling principle in the dissipative structure theory and regarding the inter-region migration coupling as the influencing factors brought in regional urbanization level simulation and prediction model,it is more practical to simulate the spatial-temporal and dynamic evolvement characteristics of regional urbanization level.According to the historical data about the population and urbanization level of Jiuquan,Jiayuguan and Yumen cities,the past 50 years' dynamic evolvement trend is simulated and the future 50 years' dynamic evolvement trend is predicted with the urbanization dynamic evolvement model which is based on the self-organizing model.The factors which affect the regional urbanization such as economic growth,resources exploitation,ecosystem construction,traffic location,national policies,and population migration,are analyzed and then the reasons for the dynamic evolvement differences in the urbanization level of the three cities are identified. By applying self-organizing model of Jiuquan-Jiayuguan-Yumen region,this paper describes the track of urbanization which is distinguished by the differences in the extent of urbanization and population flow.It also defines the dynamic self-organizing curve which practically anticipates the urbanization extent in the future and analyses the factor of evolvement of urbanization,which benefits the form of Jiuquan-Jiayuguan-Yumen urban cluster and the whole west Longhai-Lanxin economic belt. The study suggests,the self-organizing model is fit to the simulation of Jiuquan-Jiayuguan-Yumen regional urbanization level in the past 50 years and the departure between the stimulant and the actual data is under 5%,so it can be used to predict the future urbanization level of the three cities.The predicted results show that the regional population will reach 1.074 million and the regional urbanization level will be 72.56%.

The space structural system of tourism competitiveness between cities is coupled organically by tourism resources,tourism traffic and other factors of production as well as passenger flow with different grades and different geographic locations and different stages of tourism development.The study places emphases on tourism competitiveness which differ among cities with different sizes;the relationships between competition and cooperation are also different according to different distances between cities;the levels of tourism competitiveness are disparate resulting from different urban environments and tourism markets,which constitute hierarchical structure and space framework of a regional tourism cities system.To study urban tourism competitiveness,its space structural characteristics will help to build efficient regional tourism mechanisms to achieve win-win cooperation between cities and realize the optimal development of the whole region.The analysis of the space structure of urban tourism competitiveness is the key premise to reveal the geographical competition-cooperation mechanisms between cities. Based on the analysis about the meaning of tourism competitiveness and its space structure,the tourism destinations in the Pearl River Delta can be divided into three ranks using multidimensional assessment and comprehensive analysis methods.It is concluded that the space structure of tourism competitiveness around tourism cities in the Pearl River Delta presents a"dumbbell-shaped" pattern taking Guangzhou-Shenzhen as an axis and bipolar radiative spatial model.It is suggested that different tourism cities can be ranked into different levels of cooperator or competitor in space structure by their relative or absolute advantages.All the above discussed laid the foundations to further explore a mutually beneficial win-win tourism competition-cooperation mechanism for the harmonious development of tourism economy in the Pearl River Delta.

汪一鸣教授新著《宁夏人地关系演化研究》(宁夏人民出版社2005年11月第一版)是对宁夏历史地理研究有着重要贡献和具有重要意义的著作。长期以来,汪一鸣教授在宁夏回族自治区计委从事国土资源与经济管理工作,并在宁夏大学从事相关研究与教学。他对宁夏历史地理有着偏爱,一直孜孜不倦于此领域的探索,勤奋刻苦,著述颇丰。宁夏地区在我国地理上是一个过渡地带。其西北部是干旱地区,其东南部是半干旱地区。在人文地理方面,宁夏地区则是我国农业区向牧业区过渡地带,是由汉族分布地区向以少数民族为主的地区过渡的地带。宁夏地区在我国历史上曾处于非常重要的地位,发挥过重要作用。而且,历史上宁夏地区自然和人文地理环境都经历了很大变

The term 'ecological diversity' is a combination of richness and evenness of an investigation object,including HLZ ecosystem diversity,ecotope diversity and species diversity.Many ecological diversity indexes concern only one aspect of diversity,and neglect the effect of spatial scale on diversity simulation.Actually,it is a precondition to consider muti-scale diversity simulation and assessment that the effect of spatial scale on different diversity indexes has been compared and analyzed.This paper takes Fukang city in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region as a study area to analyze the effect of spatial scale on ecological simulation by Shannon diversity index,Simpson diversity index,Margalef diversity index,Whittaker diversity index,Turner diversity index,Mladenoff diversity index and Scaling ecological diversity index.The result shows:⑴with spatial resolution getting coarser,change of the ecotope evenness is greater than the ecotope richness;⑵Shannon diversity index and Turner diversity index emphasize more on the ecotope evenness,and the ecotope diversities simulated by these indexes show a general trend on better spatial resolution;Whittaker index and Margalef index simply concern about the proportion between the total number of the ecotope individuals and the ecotope types,and the number of the ecotope types more influence on Margalef index,thus the ecotope diversity simulated by Whittaker index has a better trend;and ⑷Mladenoff index and Scaling ecological diversity index take both of the two aspects of the ecological diversity into account,but the richness has more influence on Mladenoff index thus the diversity simulated by the index has no distinct trend;however,Scaling index also concerns the effect of spatial scale,consequently the ecotope diversity simulated by the index has a better trend than the other diversity indexes.

按照1956年中国科学院的科学史研究规划,北京大学侯仁之教授负责整理中国古代地理名著。侯先生遂于1957年夏天邀请顾颉刚、谭其骧、黄盛璋、任美锷四位著名学者分别注释了中国古代最具代表性的四部地理著作《禹贡》、《汉书·地理志》、《水经注》和《徐霞客游记》,汇为第一辑,1959年由科学出版社出版,是为《中国古代地理名著选读》。因出版时间早,该书在“文革”以后就很难找到,学界一直盼望再版行世。在初版46年之后终于由学苑出版社重印。《禹贡》是我国最古老的传世文献之一《尚书》中的一篇,也是我国最早富有系统性、科学性记述的综合性地理著作。《选读》的第一部分即为顾颉刚先生对《禹贡》的全文注释。顾先生博采前贤

Tourism Urbanization,the product of social and economic development,is an inevitable social phenomenon accompanied by the ever-increasing development of tourism and urbanization.Based on the analysis of all the typical treatises available at home and abroad,this thesis gives a general introduction to the research on tourism urbanization in terms of its definition,type,character and influence.On the basis of further study on the status quo,the author points out that urbanization is the base of building a well-off society in an all-round way,and tourism urbanization as one mode of urbanization in turn paves the way for Chinese urbanization.Compared with the actual development of tourism urbanization,the theoretical research is relatively lagging behind and needs to be broadened and deepened.Nowadays many problems concerned with tourism urbanization needs to be urgently solved,such as defining the connotation and denotation of tourism urbanization,establishing the conceptual system of tourism urbanization and analyzing the types,characters and evolution of tourism urbanization in China.With respect to research methodology,qualitative analysis should be highlighted with quantitative analysis as its complement.When China absorbs the theory,method and achievement from other countries in the light of their tourism urbanization development,more attention should be paid to the different economic,social and cultural backgrounds in different countries.Owning to the long history of urban development and its obvious geographical differences,China's tourism urbanization is a much more complicated phenomenon.Tourism urbanization plays an important part in developing the west,revitalizing the old industrial bases in Northeast China,and fulfilling the upsurge of the middle part of China.Strengthening both the theoretical and empirical research on tourism urbanization is of great benefit to the healthy and constant development of China's urbanization.

代表地球形状的地球椭球面(或球面)是不可展曲面,而地图通常是表示在平面上,在解决地球曲面与地图平面的矛盾中产生的一门学科———地图投影,是用数学方法将地球曲面上的经纬线描写到平面或可展曲面上建立对应的经纬网以确定地面物体的地理位置。地图投影既是一门独立的学科,同时又是地图制图学的重要组成部分,所以它从地图的生产到使用都是不可缺少的数学基础和地图要素。由南京大学城市与资源学系孙达、蒲英霞编著的《地图投影》一书,最近已由南京大学出版社出版发行了。两位作者都先后在该系承担地图投影课程的教学任务,其中孙达教授来南京大学任教之前在总参测绘局从事地图编辑工作十多年,对投影的实际运用和后来的教学实践都有着丰

“中国季风环境在不同时间尺度上的演化历史及其驱动机制”是我国全球变化研究所关注的核心科学问题之一。为深入系统地开展对这一问题的研究,国家自然科学基金委员会的《全球变化及其区域响应科学研究计划》在“十五”期间陆续启动了一系列重点项目,“过去300年中国东部季风区雨带进退图谱与模拟诊断”项目（编号40331013,2004年初起实施）就是其中之一。本项目旨在利用丰富的清代雨雪档案记载,重建1736年以来黄河中下游地区与江淮流域35⁴0个站点时间分辨率为月、季的降水序列;并分析该区域1736年以来年、年代际降水变化与雨带进退的时空特征分析,诊断该区域过去300年特征时段降水变化的成因及其动力学机理

我国草地生态系统碳素总贮量为308 PgC,占陆地生态系统碳素总储量的15·2%,草地生态系统在碳循环研究中占有重要的位置。草地生态系统碳循环具有其独特的生物地球化学循环过程和作用,主要表现为:碳素储量绝大部分集中于土壤中,地上生物量中仅为10%;草地生态系统不像森林生态系统那样具有明显的地上生物量,但由于地上部分受放牧、农垦等的影响碳循环远较森林生态系统要强烈,地上部分碳循环不仅速度快,而且向大气排放CO2的作用明显;作为主要碳贮存库的地下部分,由于草地所处的特殊地理位置和气候条件,导致其地下部分分解普遍较慢,草地作为CO2汇的作用更为明显。因此,对于草地生态系统独特的碳循环过程与机制的研究

2006年6月10日,是我国第一个“文化遗产日”。上午,来自国家建设部、农业部、环保总局、林业局、UNESCO北京办事处、FAO驻中国办事处、MAB中国国家委员会、GEF中国秘书处、中国农业博物馆、中国艺术研究院、上海社会科学院、北京大学、中国人民大学、中国政法大学、贵州大学以及中国科学院资环局、植物研究所、自然科学史研究所、地理科学与资源研究所、《地理研究》编辑部、中国国家地理杂志社、浙江省青田县等单位的34位领导、专家、学者和《科技日报》、《科学时报》的记者参加了在中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所举行的“自然与文化遗产研究中心成立暨遗产保护研究座谈会”。会议由中科院地理科学与资源研究所党委书

The sandiness content on every section of the Yellow River relates all the factors that are interactive in many ways,so it includes some evolution information of the system controlled by monitoring section.We can infer the dynamic characters of the system from the sandiness time series based on the techniques of phase space reconstruction and the picking-up methods for chaos indexes.Sandiness contents from 1952 to 2000 were chosen as the time series on Toudaoguai section,Tongguan section,Huayuankou section and Lijin section along the Yellow River.Correlation dimension(D₂) was calculated according to Grassberger-Procaccia arithmetic,Kolmogorov entropy(K₂) according to Zhao Gui-bing arithmetic,and Hurst index（H） according to Rescaled Range Analysis（R/S）.The results are shown as follows:（1） The correlation dimension on Toudaoguai section is 3.24,Tongguan section is 5.69,Huayuankou section is 6.57 and Lijin section is 7.34.We can see that all the dimensions are fractal dimensions,so the dynamic systems controlled by different sections of the Yellow River basin are chaotic systems and the chaotic degrees heighten gradually from upper section to lower section.（2） Forecast time of the time series was calculated by 1/K₂.On Toudaoguai section,the forecast time of the sandiness time series is about 8 years,and the other sections are 3 years.The more obvious the chaos is,the shorter the forecast time is.（3） Hurst indexes on all the study sections are more than 0.5, the maximum is 0.86 on Tongguan section and the minimum is 0.68 on Toudaoguai section,which indicates that the changes of the time series have persistence trends in the average forecasting time.The past trends of the time series from 1952 to 2000 on all the sections were wavelike descending,so that the future trends of the time series will go on wavelike descending too.Compared with the time series from 1999 to 2000,the future trends was validated with the time series from 2001 to 2004 on Tongguan section,Huayuankou section and Lijin section.（4） We can get some information from correlation dimensions and saturated inlay dimensions to construct useful dynamic system model.The sandiness time series on Lijin section infers the dynamic characters of the whole Yellow River basin,its correlation dimension is 7.34 and the saturated inlay dimension is 10.Therefore,the dynamic model of the whole Yellow River basin needs eight state variables and two control variables at least.A general form of the dynamic model of the whole Yellow River basin was given in this paper.

With ′99 list of crude oil balancing in provinces and current trade and transport information of crude oil,this paper analyses the spatial structure of crude oil flow,the characteristic of its flow field and the form of its flow track in China. (1) Based upon a set of balance equations of crude oil,this paper analyses the characteristics of oil production,consumption and flow in 26 provinces in which the oil flow exists.And then with the concept of self-sufficiency,these 26 provinces are divided into 4 oil balancing types: basic self-sufficiency,half self-sufficiency,net payout and net supply. (2) After calculating the liquidity ratios,the 26 provinces are divided into tree flow function types: output center,input center and exchanging center.Based upon this,this paper concludes that crude oil demand exceeds supply on the whole. (3) The spatial structure of source-region system of crude oil flow appears like a right-angle triangle which is composed of Heilongjiang,Shandong and Xinjiang.The spatial structure of collection-region system of crude oil flow appears like an isosceles-trapezium which is composed of five centers of Jilin-Liaoning,Beijing-Hebei,Gansu,Jiangsu-Zhejiang-Shanghai delta and four provinces along the middle Yangtse River. (4) According to the potential value pattern of crude oil,this paper divides the oil-flowed space into four oil flow fields of the North,the Northwest,the East and the South.Among them,the North and the Northwest flow fields are national ones,and the East and the South are regional ones. (5) The huge flow of crude oil and large flow area,from five cluster regions of the Northeast,the North,the East,the Northwest and the South.In Northeast China,the density of the oil flow circuitry is quite high,and its track appears like a dendriform network with Tieling city as its major node.In North China,the track of oil flow appears like a monaxial-bintree with Beijing as its major node.In East China,the track of oil flow appears like a "Ⅲ-shaped" pattern with cities of Linyi,Puyang and Nanjing as its hinges.In South China,the track of oil flow appears like a "Y-shaped" pattern with Guangzhou and Zhanjiang cities as its dual centers. (6) The types of oil flow routes in China are diversiform,including petroleum pipelines,railways,internal navigation route,ocean shipping route and highways.The different types of flow routes are either parallelly connected or serally connected each other,bringing into full play the multi-flow-route benefits.

Four hedgerows consisting of different plants were planned on four experimental plots with a size of 10m×2m each on steep slope land(25°) for three years.Under the same land and intercropping management strategy,another plot without any hedgerows was taken as a check plot to test the contribution of hedgerows to soil and water conservation.Artificial rainfall experiments were carried out on these plots.Measured runoff and sediment yields indicated that all kinds of hedgerows could significantly reduce soil loss.It was also observed in our experiments that hedgerows had different behaviors in soil erosion processes.The plant Vetiver had the most efficient contribution to soil and water conservation.A cellular automata(CA) model based on local interaction and hydraulic principles was developed to simulate the soil erosion processes for the five experimental plots in which flow and sediment impact factors obtained from experimental data were employed to evaluate effects of different hedgerows on runoff and sediment yields.In CA model,an actual experimental plot was subdivided into a series of regular square cells in which soil and cover properties were treated as homogenous.In every time step of the model,the flow and sediment were transported from a spatial cell to its neighbor cell with the lowest potential head.The simulation accuracy and computation complexity of this model are determined by the size of the cell,the time step of iteration and choices of hydraulic parameters.The comparison of simulated and measured data suggested that CA is an applicable approach for soil erosion simulation under different hedgerows conditions.

Since the migration is a complex economic and social driving phenomenon,to fully understand the relationship between the changes of migrants distribution and the changes of regional economic development is difficult and needs to be considered carefully.Based on the data base compiled from "The Fourth Population Census of China" and "The Fifth Population Census of China" and the relevant data from the statistical yearbooks of China in relevant years,this paper analyzed the regional changes of migrant population distribution of East,Central and West China as well as the regional changes of migrant population distribution in sub-regions of Bohai Rim,the Yangtze and Pearl river deltas from 1990 to 2000.In this paper the relationships between the regional changes of migrant population distribution and the changes of economic development in the corresponding regions were analyzed.It is found out that there is a high coincidence between the regional changes of migrant population distribution and the economic development at macro regions of East,Central and West China,i.e.the concentration of migrant population distribution depends on the regional economic development from 1990 to 2000.The distribution of migrants were in the order of East,Central and West China both in 1990 and 2000,which was just similar to the GDP,investment in fixed assets and level of industrial structure.However,there is only partly coincidence relationship between the two at the sub-regions of Bohai Rim,the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta.The growth of GDP and the investment in fixed assets in the Pearl River Delta resulted in disproportional sharp growth of local migrants from 1990 to 2000.Except for the great amount of labor-intensive industries in the Pearl Delta,this phenomenon may be explained by the social and human factors and costumes which determine the local development systems.Further investigations on the relation,data-based model building and the migration forecast in China may be the future research focus.

As a kind of philosophy on social science,critical realism provided a stratified ontology.The distinction between the empirical(the level of experiences);the actual(the level of events);and the real(the level of structures) implied that the world is an open system which is seen as structured,differentiated and changing.Therefore,social science was seen as a process in motion attempting to capture ever deeper and more basic strata of a reality rather than discover laws.To capture the deep structure,critical realism intended to develop its methodology which is based on the combination of intensive research and extensive research,and abstract research and concrete research. Critical realism has been introduced in urban spatial study since the early 1980s originally to criticize the traditional paradigms that base on spatial analysis.A lot of researchers in their studies focused on the critique of positivist approach.With the further practice into the relevant researches,realism has developed its concept on causal relations which is composed of events,mechanisms and structures.Basically,some realist researchers attempted to build their big conceptual framework in their research practice. Critical realism is believed to make a great contribution to urban study.Its idea of the open system and contingency of causation is immensely useful for the researchers to avoid the concept of just one cause producing one effect,and to understand that a lot of causes interacting with each other are likely to happen and to produce a variety of effects in different circumstances.Its idea that social structures and human agency exhibit explanation must attend both to structure and to agency,and any explanation which attends to either exclusively is probably going to be inadequate.Its idea also implies that the best research on urban space is likely to be interdisciplinary. Critical realism has been criticized for its some fallacies.For example,its epistemology is its drawback due to no satisfied answer for how to capture the deep structure.Its broad definition of structure leads the researchers difficult to identify the real structure.Due to the lack of its own theory on urban space,realist researchers intend to combine lots of social theories and develop complicated conceptual framework in their researches.Therefore the researchers have normally to face too heavy work load.

The area of the Sichuan Basin is 1.58×10⁵km² and purple soil is the dominant soil type in the hilly areas of the basin,but the area of soil and water loss is 7.71×10⁴ km²,and the lost surface soils are up to 3.77×10⁸ tons annually.Because the erosion models in China are almost empirical and the research regions mainly focused on the Loess Plateau,it is difficult to popularize such models.This paper took Hemingguan watershed of Nanbu County in Sichuan Province as a case and constructed a distributed model for soil erosion and sediment yield according to the aggravation status of soil and water loss in the purple soil region. This model takes grid as calculated unit with a resolution of 20 m×20 m.It takes 10 minutes as a time-step,simulates runoff and erosion process of rainfall in each cell,calculates the amount of runoff,erosion and sedimentation in each cell,and finally,calculates runoff and erosion of the whole watershed by recursion algorithm for single rain event.Moreover,the model can quantitatively analyze the degree of soil and water loss and evaluate the effect of variation of land use,water conservation measures and support practice on runoff.The model was finally validated in Hemingguan watershed,and the results showed that the proposed model could reasonably simulate rainfall-runoff and erosion in the watershed. This model considered the effect of soil and runoff by other cells and used stream power to simulate the modulus of erosion.By the way,the model considered slope factor and the effect of vegetation coverage on erosion and roughly calculated the gully erosion.So,the mechanism of the model is impersonal.Furthermore,the parameters of the model can be easily obtained and the computer manipulation is simple.The model can be applied to similar watersheds（i.e.,with similar climate and conditions of underlying surface） and the structure or principle of the model can be used as a reference to other regions.