This paper defined the concept of tourism industry growth point and reinterpreted tourism industry growth path by applying the"path dependence"theory.With the example of Zhangjiajie tourism industry growth point,it put forward a universal SGGT analysis mode and researched its spatial evolution process and dynamic mechanism.The results showed:(1) specific historical conditions and social economic environment was a foundation for the formation of Zhangjiajie tourism growth point;demand and cultivation was the key factor of tourism growth point germination;innovation and development was the guarantee of tourism growth point while the tourism growth point was promoted to be growth pole by disintegration;(2)the three tourism growth points—Zhangjiajie National Forest Park,Tianzi Mountain and Suoxiyu—became the core growth points after they realized unification of the administrative jurisdiction in Zhangjiajie scenic spot by path creation and listed as a world heritage site;(3)driven by the generating power of tourism industry growth point and world heritage site management,Tianmen Mountain becomes a new growth point with its high quality tourism resources;(4)the two growth points of Wulingyuan scenic spot and Tianmen Mountain were formed as a result of joint action by tourism industry agglomeration and path creation in Zhangjiajie.The results provide a great benefit for the local government and enterprises to understand the tourism industry growth path from the perspective of tourism industry growth point and further offer scientific guidance for the sustainable development of tourism industry in the world heritage site.

Golf tourism not only plays an important role in China's tourist resource system, but also strongly supports tourism industry to transform from sightseeing travel to leisure travel.This thesis chooses Beijing as the research region and conducts studies on spatial distribution features and influencing factors of 51 standard golf tourist attractions which have over 18 holes.The conclusions can be drawn as follows:
(1)Under the influence of regional economic development,development of golf tourist attractions in Beijing can be divided into two phases:the slow development phase in 1985-2000,and the boom phase in 2001-2011.
(2)The spatial distribution of golf tourist attractions in Beijing is multi-centered with spatial dot-clustered mode transforming to dispersion and forming into line-network system.
(3)Judging from the area and spatial size of golf court,the golf tourist attractions in Beijing has developed into a system of unbalanced clustering in space.The density of golf courts in central area is relatively high but the spatial size is relatively small;while the density of golf courts in emerging peripheral areas is relatively low,and their development potential is greater and the spatial size is relatively big. On the whole,factors such as regional landforms,important water system distribution, transportation conditions,supporting services,development of relevant industries,prices of land and planning and policy making exert an influence on spatial distribution features of golf tourist resources in Beijing.This paper discusses and analyses the above three points through empirical studies.The other influencing factors will be discussed further.

In-depth interviews,text analysis of official documents,and representative case study are explored to the research on the disempowerment type and mechanism of tourism development on host residents in Tiantangzhai,an emerging isolated mountainous tourism area in Anhui Province,China.The qualitative research was conducted on the specific political and economic background of China.It is concluded that the host residents were disempowered or de-empowered on their rights to use their production and life space, indispensable community-owned natural resources,economic development information access, tourism benefits,and participation in tourism development.Disempowerment mechanisms of tourism development have been detected to some complicated interactions among host residents,governmental development strategies and institutional design,community elites` interest network,villagers'economic conditions,and social supports.The implications of our research that improvement of officials'performance assessment,consolidation of administrative supervision,timely dissemination of relevant tourism development information, and community capacity building are instrumental in operating tourism development policy smoothly and successfully.

TThe urban park is one of the most important parts in human environment,and is also one major consideration for the construction of livable city.Based on the review and discussion of current classification criteria,urban parks can be divided into five types: cultural relics parks,amusement parks,integrated parks,community parks,ecological parks. There are 148 parks within the 6th Ring Road in Beijing,with a total area of 7293.9 ha (averaged 49.28 ha).Each type of parks has its own distribution characteristics.The urban park plays an important role in four aspects,which is tourism and leisure,ecological value, disaster prevention and reduction,and scientific education value.Types of urban parks are closely related to its functions.Although the park is a composite of diverse functions,each has different dominant functions.Cultural relics park is featured by tourism-leisure and scientific education value;amusement park is dominated by tourism-leisure;comprehensive park has various functions;community function is dominated by tourism-leisure;forest park is featured by ecological value;country park is dominated by the ecological value and tourism-leisure.Refining the classification and identifying the dominant function of urban parks can contribute to construction and management of urban parks.

Land type is a basic study object of physical geography, which can reflect the meso-scale and small-scale section differentiation regularity and overall characteristics of the complex. Based on the complex hierarchy of the section and the application requirements of different management levels of Beijing, this study divided the land types in Beijing into four basic levels from high to low: land class, land type, land group and land phase. Divisional indicators for land class included morphogenesis form, soil sub-types, and zonal vegetation life form; divisional indicators for land type included meso-scale topographic feature, vegetation ecotypes, and soil forming conditions in order to give prominence to vegetation ecotype source coupled with soil material sources; divisional indicators for land group included small landforms with same aspect, same soil composition, and same vegetation group of association or formation; and divisional indicators for land phase included same geomorphic surface of aspect and slope, same root activities thickness and soil moisture, and same vegetation association coupled with same land use patterns.

Changes in forest land use contribute to the carbon source in most tropical regions due to large-scale deforestation but are poorly documented for arid forest ecosystem. According to "Guidelines for Land Use, Land-use Change and Forestry" documented by IPCC, we estimated sources and sinks of carbon from forest land use change between 1975 and 2005 in Xinjiang, China. The results indicated that: (1) the carbon stock of forest ecosystem in Xinjiang is 720.02 Tg in 1975, whereas the vegetation carbon stock is 191.20 Tg, and soil carbon stock is 528.82 Tg; (2) Generally, the effect of forest land use change in Xinjiang performed as a carbon sink, with a total carbon sequestration of 48.15 Tg, and increased by 6.69% compared with the total carbon stock of 1975. The accelerated afforestation led to a strong carbon sequestration (54.24 Tg), while the deforestation showed a main carbon source, releasing 5.42 Tg. The woodland transferring performed as a weak carbon source, releasing 0.66 Tg; (3) We recommend that some efficient measures should be taken on raising the quality and quantity of forest resources in the future to enhance the forestry carbon sequestration in Xinjiang. Therefore, this can offset the carbon loss from industrial activities so as to provide sufficient space for the sustained and healthy economic development in Xinjiang. This study will be conducive to further deepen the understanding of the influence of human activity on regional carbon balance.

To avoid the subjectivity and difficulty of dealing with high dimensional dataset for conventional methods, a set of evaluation index system of cultivated land intensive use was built. Based on data of land and socioeconomy from 1996 to 2009 in Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan (Chang-Zhu-Tan) urban agglomeration and in 2009 in each county, quantitative comprehensive evaluation of sequential variation and spatial differentiation was made by a projection pursuit model based on genetic algorithm. The results were obtained as follows. (1) The main factors affecting cultivated land intensive use were multiple-crop index, application quantity of chemical fertilizer, total power of agricultural machinery and plant production for per unit cultivated land area in Chang-Zhu-Tan urban agglomeration. (2) From 1996 to 2009, the degree of cultivated land intensive use in Chang-Zhu-Tan urban agglomeration took the year 2002 as the demarcation point, and presented a phased development trend with "stable-rapid growth". (3) In 2009, spatial differentiation characteristic of the degree of cultivated land intensive use declined gradually from suburbs to middle suburbs and outer suburbs in Chang-Zhu-Tan urban agglomeration; (4) Compared with conventional evaluation methods, the projection pursuit method was of impersonality and credibility, abundance in characterization information, with reasonable results and high validity in evaluation of cultivated land intensive use.

Nowadays, urbanization is becoming a comprehensive subject in the process of socioeconomic development in China. So it is significant to probe into the urbanization process and its eco-environmental effect. As we know, the night light intensity index may reflect the change of urban population, economic strength and infrastructure construction. So in this paper, a group of DPMS/OLS data for continuous years (1992-2009) has been used to study the process and pattern of urbanization in Shanxi-Shaanxi-Inner Mongolia (Jin-Shaan-Meng) energy area. Furthermore, a line chart of urbanization pattern indices is made, which might reflect the dynamic conditions of urbanization in the energy area. The result shows that the total intensity of the urbanization process has been increased continuously, but the urbanization intensity of unit area is fluctuant and inconsistent. The changing trend of urbanization pattern tends to be the complex edges, as well as the decentralized layout. The distribution might be relative to the dispersive patterns of mining areas. Net primary productivity (NPP) value is taken as a representative of the ecological service for carbon fixation and oxygen release. The NPP value and urbanization intensity are both growing in most of the areas, though in a few of the areas the urbanization intensity grows very fast, while the NPP value comes to fall. This phenomenon indicates that although the ecological effect of vegetation is declining in some zones due to the increase of the impervious surface area, the urbanization process does not minimize the overall regional ecological effect. Moreover, the differences of the NPP value between the edge area and the outside area are small, which are only caused by the inferior natural conditions in the whole region. On the contrary, in the central area for human activities, the eco-environmental effect is recovered. In the arid area, a good eco-environment will become an objective demand in the urbanization process when the economic property has been accumulated to a certain extent. What's more, both the good environment demand and enough economic property can availably promote the ecological construction. Of course, the positive conclusion can be drawn through the short-term data analysis of urbanization, but the whole vegetation ecological effect cannot be extrapolated on time scale. The difference between short-term urbanization process and long-term irreversible urbanization behavior should be noticed, and more consideration of ecological restoration in energy area is surely in need at present.

The water environmental quality of Dongting Lake has been directly or indirectly influenced by the construction and operation of the Three Gorges Project. In the study, the water pollution indexes were selected by using the principal component analysis. Then the paper evaluated the water quality of Dongting Lake based on overweight comprehensive water quality identification index method, and analyzed the water environmental quality variation after the impounding of the Three Gorges Reservoir. TN and TP were found to be the main pollution indexes through the principal component analysis. The comprehensive water quality identification index of the typical sections indicated that the construction and operation of the Three Gorges Project produced negative effects on the water environmental quality of Dongting Lake for the index was higher than that before the construction. Before 2003, the water quality identification index mainly belonged to class Ⅲ, while after 2003, it mainly belonged to class IV. Temporal and spatial analysis of water environmental quality under the support of ArcGIS showed that there was an obvious change in water environmental pollution distribution after the operation of the Three Gorges Project: some local pollution area transferred to other places, and east Dongting Lake and outlet of the lake were the most polluted areas.

With the support of Arc GIS and Geo Da software and using exploratory spatial data analysis as well as percentile and coefficient of variation, this paper analyzes the spatial pattern and the evolution of the spatial autocorrelation characteristics and relative difference characteristics of ecological carrying capacity in the Dongting Lake region from 2001 to 2010. The results show that: (1) As a whole, the spatial distribution of ecological carrying capacity presents a W-shaped pattern from southwest to northeast and the difference of an inverted-U shape between counties are apparent. (2) As to spatial autocorrelation, the distribution of the ecological carrying capacity of global spatial autocorrelation is positive. There is spatial gathering between similar counties; Global Moran's I is almost the same in different counties; the degree of spatial aggregation is relatively stable and fluctuates around a low degree of aggregation within small scale; LISA cluster of local spatial autocorrelation can be divided into three types, including HH, HL and LH, which are in turn concentrated in the central, southwest and northeast parts of the Dongting Lake region; local spatial pattern remains relatively stable, but the clustering characteristics shows a sign of slight change. (3) As to the evolutionary process of relative differences, the ecological carrying capacity of the Dongting Lake region shows some differences from 2001 to 2010 as a whole. The relative difference is small from 2001 to 2003 and tends to be stable; there is relatively large difference before and after 2005; the relative difference since 2005 has become greater.

The paper examines the urban growth patterns in Quanzhou City based on remote sensing images over the period 1993-2008. Using SLEUTH cellular automata model, we simulate two typical scenarios of urban development: the self-organizing expansion and planning oriented growth in Quanzhou. We also employ landscape metrics and spatial statistical analysis methods to analyze the spatial characteristics of urban spatial expansion in the study areas over the study period. The results show that: (1) The SLEUTH model is a useful tool to predict urban growth patterns under different scenarios. (2) Four landscape metrics, i.e., MPS, ED, AWMSI and MPI, for the planning-oriented growth scenario are significantly greater than those derived from self-organizing expansion scenario. The planning oriented scenario is also characterized by better connectivity and integrity of urban growth patches. This further demonstrates that the urban planning, if efficiently implemented, can help to achieve the goal of compact and sustainable development. (3) However, over the years, we find that urban expansion rate and spatial aggregation in the study area are weakening and the hotspots of urban growth also changes as follows. First, from 2008 to 2020, the distribution of urban growth hotspots is characterized by a "single-ring" pattern with an emphasis on the "cross-river development". Second, from 2020 to 2030, the layout of hotspots is more dispersedly distributed characterized by "bay-area-oriented development" and "isolated development". We argue that a combination of simulation, landscape metrics and spatial analysis can provide more reliable evidence to support policy decision making concerning city planning and management in China.

Quantitative study of urban spatial structure is the core content of urban geography research. Based on analysis of the building space structure, we explored urban spatial structure and its change rules. According to the characteristics of the building space structure, we designed a "vector model" to explore urban spatial structure. In this model, we applied three different polygon-based data, administrative districts, concentric circles and fan divisions, to respectively analyze urban construction center, urban construction direction and intensity of urban construction. The results show that this method well characterizes the change rules of Beijing urban spatial structure. The characteristics and rules reveal that: (1) Beijing city develops in a single direction because of the effects of urban function diffusion and agglomeration. The inner city expands to the outer city, and the outer city agglomerates to the inner city; (2) Due to the influence of the major events, urban area may expand to the opposite direction or form a bidirectional development; (3) The reason of urban sprawl in Beijing is not only the expansion of inner city, but also the agglomeration of outer city; (4) The urban area of Beijing city develops towards the air while sprawling, and the new denser urban regions tend to occur in the urban fringe; (5) "Biaxial structure" of Beijing urban area has been established, but "west-east axis" is more notable than "north-south axis". Now, the differentiation of Beijing urban development in each direction is decreasing, and Beijing has a balanced development in each direction.

As one of the most rapidly modernized agricultural areas, reclamation areas play an exemplary role in rural industrialization and urbanization in China. This paper discusses the dynamic mechanism of urbanization process for the reclamation areas in two aspects. In terms of funding sponsor and developing body, the urbanization process can be divided into two phases, the top-down urbanization stage (1947-1978) and down-top urbanization stage (1979-present). The authors attempt to explore the dynamic factors causing urbanization by the principal component regression model, and the results indicate that market force, endogenous force, administration force and exogenetic force are main driving forces for the urbanization in this area. Compared with coastal rural areas, the reclamation areas are featured by "endogenous growth", so they set a good example for inland urbanization in the vast central and western regions of China. However, reclamation urbanization has its own special characteristics and shortages, so it is urgent to coordinate the relationship among agricultural modernization, industrialization and urbanization, transform institutional mechanism, make reasonable planning and change the growth mode for future development.

Toll roads are an important part of road system, which makes significant contribution to the rapid development of China's high-grade road (especially expressway). Since the 1980s, China's toll roads have experienced three stages: preliminary and exploring stage (1981-1997), rapid development stage (1998-2003), normalizing and management stage (since 2004). According to analysis of the sample of 32 countries, area, GDP, and population are the three major factors influencing the scale of toll roads. However, the development of toll roads in China's has deviated from its economic level, and the scale is larger than that of the reasonable level. Meanwhile, the spatial distribution of toll road infrastructure shows an inverse U-shaped pattern, which means that the scale of toll road infrastructure in the western region is higher than that of the eastern region, and then the central region has least. The U-shaped pattern does not correspond with the gradient pattern on economic distribution, which decreases from the east region to the central region and then to the west region. Also, the investment, income, and expenses of toll road have shown the U-shape pattern, different from the economic pattern; Income per km presents the gradient pattern, showing similar trend with the economic distribution. Finally, payback period indicates that China's toll roads have feasible revenue, but provincial difference is huge.

Based on the establishment of indicator system which can synthetically evaluate county level transportation superiority degree and regional economic development level, county level transportation superiority and regional economic development in 2003 and 2008 in Henan province are synthetically appraised and analyzed by introducing Projection Pursuit Model (PPM). And then, coupling-coordination degree between transportation superiority and regional economic development of each county is measured, compared and classified by the coupling-coordination model. Although all counties' transportation superiority degree and regional economic development level had a more significant upgrade during 2003-2008, their regional disparity was remarkable. Spatial pattern of each county's transportation superiority shifted from zonal distribution state along the main traffic lines to bulk distribution state. Transportation superiority degree was higher in Zhongyuan urban agglomeration areas than that in the perimeter areas, and it is also higher in plain areas than in the mountainous areas. The county level economic development was universally higher in western counties of Henan province than that in eastern Henan, and it is also universally higher in mountainous resources counties than in plain agricultural counties. Coupling degree between transportation superiority and economic development was highly and greatly enhanced during 2003-2008, while the coordination between transportation superiority and economic development needed to be promoted, and the transportation infrastructure of most counties are ahead of regional economic development. Under conditions of the ascendant transportation superiority, how to speed up counties' economic development is a key issue to achieve coordinated development between transportation and county level economy.

The regional distribution differences of the wage level due to many influencing factors are a kind of common economic geography phenomenon, and the mechanism of its formation and evolution also has specific regional characteristics. This paper uses the methods of spatial economics and GIS to analyze the existing regional differentiation pattern of the wage level, which aims to examine the regional differentiation mechanism and the effect of China's wage level.
This paper firstly briefly describes the basic facts of the regional differentiation of the wage level in China, and later describes the effective mechanism and the main factors of the existing wage level differentiation by using classical wage equation of NEG and based on the combination of actual economic and social development. And then, using Moran's index, the spatial lag model and spatial error model, this paper empirically examines the influence of various theoretical factors on regional wage heterogeneity and further the spatial effects.The result shows that market potential, openness and the degree of market segmentation have an important effect on the regional differentiation of China's wage level and there is a significant spatial error effect on the town wage level among provincial cities.
Finally, this article raises some recommendations from the perspective of narrowing the existing wage level of regional disparities and promoting regional coordinated development. The specific recommendations include: Improving the labor market coordination mechanisms to reduce the cross-regional movement barriers of labor resources; Strengthening the force of human capital accumulation in reducing regional wage differentials; Promoting trade links between the provincial geographical unit and weakening the degree of market segmentation; Optimizing the foreign trade and investment environment of the low-wage areas to enhance the competitiveness of foreign trade and financing efficiency; Promoting the transformation and upgrading of the eastern region as soon as possible; and Cultivate the important growth poles in the mid-west provinces actively.

Since the 21st century, many studies on the location selection of producer services within cities have already been issued by economists and geographers because of their great impetus to the urban economic growth and urban spatial structure transformation. However, there is still little academic progress in the urban location selection of the construction supervision enterprises (CSEs) at the moment. Therefore, this paper theoretically discussed the location selection of CSEs within cities and presented its agglomeration orientation and formation mechanism through analyzing the production chain of CSEs, as well as consulting the published literature about the urban location of producer services. What's more, a case study of the location selection of CSEs in Xi'an is employed to test and verify the theoretical achievement above. The increasing and concentrating process of CSEs at block scale in Xi'an from 2000 to 2011 is depicted and inspected with the help of ESDA method and Geoda software, while the location pattern of CSEs in Xi'an is explained according to the agglomeration mechanism. The conclusions of this paper indicate that: (1) Spatial agglomeration is the basic characteristic of the location selection of CSEs within cities; (2) Immediate contact to key person, localization economy among construction technical service enterprises, and favorable policies are the crucial reasons for which the CSEs attempt to locate together at some special blocks of a city. (3) The location agglomeration pattern of CSEs mainly based on the cooperation and imitation among construction technical service enterprises is obviously different from the pattern guided by the development zone planning in the case study.

Urbanization drives the urban agriculture development by its huge marketing effects and diffusion functions, while it also has negative effects on land and water resources and eco-environment. Firstly, due to the huge market scale, the higher level and diversified consumption from urban population, and the large-scale development of agricultural production have been promoted quickly, which mainly shows the agricultural structure' s transformation from the traditional agriculture to high-grade modern commercial agriculture. Secondly, due to dense population, heavy traffic, intense working pressure and urban eco-environmental deterioration, the increasing desire for the beautiful natural environment and the huge demand for leisure culture from citizens promote further development of the ecological service and the recreational function provided by the urban agriculture. Thirdly, the development of the science and technology and its diffusion of information services in process of urbanization also improve the commercialization, economic scale, intensification and socialization of the urban agriculture. Finally, with the rapid process of urbanization, the increasing urban population and high-scale industry take up a large amount of land and water resources. This is resulting in the shortage of land and water resources and the deterioration of soil and urban eco-environment, which has restrained the development of the urban agriculture. On the contrary, the development of urban agriculture strongly promotes the process of urbanization by providing abundant and various products, as well as social and ecological services to satisfy citizens' demand. Therefore, there is close interaction between urbanization and urban agriculture development. Exploring interacting relation between them is very important to develop urban agriculture, solve the economic, social and ecological problems in process of urbanization and adjust relationship between urban and rural areas. Based on the built value indicators for urbanization and urban agriculture development, this study reveals the interaction mechanism and quantitative coupling relationship between urbanization and urban agriculture development in Xi'an city by principal component analysis method and correlation analysis method. The results show that: (1) urbanization level and urban agriculture development degree are simultaneously increasing in the last decade; (2) there is significantly positive correlation between them, and the correlation coefficient is up to 0.955; (3) urban modernization, citizens' living quality and population and economic structure are the major factors that influence urbanization development in Xi'an city, and urban modernization is the dominant factor for promoting the development of urban agriculture in the process of urbanization.

The positional information of offshore drilling platform is very important to oil spill monitoring and shipping routes safety. However, confronted with the difficulty of extraction and verification, nowadays few studies have focused on offshore drilling platform detection. This paper presents an offshore drilling platform extraction method based on the constant false alarm rate (CFAR) detection algorithm according to the movement characteristics between ships and drilling platforms. There are three main steps in the method: a) Generate a land mask of the study area based on the GDEM data; b) Conduct offshore objects detection based on dual-parameter CFAR algorithm by using two temporally-adjacent ENVISAT ASAR images; c) Remove false ship alarms and configure drilling platforms according to the positional differences of objects between two phases. The southeastern Vietnam offshore area was selected as an experimental area to examine the presented method. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of CFAR method for drilling platform targets extraction. In this study area, 30 drilling platforms were extracted, which are mainly located in the Bach Ho and Rong oil fields in the Vietnam oil block 09-1.

The gully head is the most active development position in loess landform. The individual and group of gully heads to nibble the loess area between gullies has a marked influence on monitoring the surface erosion and evolution in Loess Plateau. The effective extraction and investigation of gully heads is of critical significance to have a deeper study on the spatial form structure of loess landform systematically. In this paper, three typical landform areas of Loess Plateau are chosen as study areas which are Chunhua, Yijun and Yanchuan. They are located in loess tableland area, loess broken plateau area and loess hilly area respectively, and distributed in the north-south direction of the northern part of Shaanxi province. A gully head extraction model is designed based on 5-m resolution DEMs considering geomorphological structures. In each test area, the spatial information of gully heads is obtained by the extraction model, and the spatial distribution of gully heads is analyzed via the point pattern method. The result of precision evaluation shows that the automatic extraction method considering the shoulder line has 78.7% accuracy on the precision of quantity and 83.4% accuracy on the precision of shape consistent degree. The experiment of the spatial distribution characteristic is completed by the improved point pattern method. The experimental result shows that gully heads gradually approach to the divide line along with the increasing development degree of ravines. And in loess tableland area, loess broken plateau area and loess hilly area, the spatial distributions of gully heads respectively present three statues: clustered far from divide line, random and clustered near divide line. The application example also proves that the spatial distribution characteristic of gully heads is more in line with the actual situation when using the improved method called Area Decomposition Method to convert polygons to points. In conclusion, the research could be valuable not only in deepening the understanding of the spatial pattern of loess landform from the view of gully head, but also in offering a methodological support for digital terrain analysis on Loess Plateau.

With the turn of "produce in space" mode to the "spatial produce" mode, it is an unavoidable trend for human beings' development transferring from element paradigm to system paradigm. In modern society, the human beings should build and regulate the society with the concept of effective space, which plays an important role for people to manage the living space and adjust the relationship between human beings and the nature. City and country, which directly bear the function of politics, economy, and spatial welfare, are the two most universal spatial means for people to manage the world. City is a material space and a spatial opportunistic servo system created by human beings and it is also the basic spatial mode for people's living with the integration of time, space, material, energy, information and capital. City has the function of politics, economy, culture and environment, and is a social spatial system with all kinds of meanings, such as economic capital, political life, and power operation. Unquestionably, city is an effective spatial tool for managing and governing the living space, regulating spatial behavior, and providing sustainable welfare.

Along with the rapid growth of China's economy, power, culture and other domains, the discipline of Chinese Geography is showing a great achievement. However, the Chinese geographers feel more and more perplexed, as they have to make intriguing choices, though they have no idea about the route to take. In essence, the Chinese geographers have been divided into two groups, "exogenous geographers" and "endogenous geographers". And the problem is further illustrated by their differences in terms of the axiology: pragmatism and scientism. In details, the exogenous geographers go and follow the leadership of western geographical theories and methodologies, whilst the endogenous geographers target only upon native projects, more than often without theories and methodology. Against this epistemological dualism, every Chinese geographer has to make a choice: to be or not to be. It also makes the Chinese geography a strange stone, like systemic geography developed without regional geography, economic geography is trying to lead human geography, etc. From this point, this paper articulates the feature and challenge of recent Chinese geography. The author interrogates the way to reconstruct Chinese geography: through active discussions about the future and directions of geography development, Chinese geographers may find and achieve an agreement to promote the sustainability of its geography. That is, the politics of Chinese geography.

The scale-dependence of geographical pattern requires that research on the spatial heterogeneity of vegetation cover should be conducted at multi-scales. Based on the satellite-derived Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), this paper applied Geographic Information System (GIS) and Geostatistics (GS) softwares to investigate the scale-dependence, isotropy and anisotropy of spatial heterogeneity of vegetation cover, with a case study of Guizhou Karst Plateau. The main conclusions can be drawn as follows. (1) The spatial heterogeneity of NDVI was significantly scale-dependent because scale coarsening had remarkable smoothing effects on NDVI. However, the mechanism of data coarsening was different between two kinds of resampling methods. (2) There were differences in the spatial patterns of NDVI between RS data sources. The comparative results from traditional statistics and geostatistics for three NDVI datasets were different, indicating that spatial information is very important for statistical analysis. (3) Spatial heterogeneity of NDVI was accompanied with anisotropy, which was sensitive to RS sources. The important impact of altitude, precipitation and bio-temperature on the macro spatial distribution of NDVI also changed with spatial directions. The research findings are helpful for rocky desertification controlling and ecological reconstruction.

There is a the strong correlation of major land use transformation patterns with the timing and strength of subjectivity projects and their hysteresis effects when large-scale water conservancy projects (especially extra-large reservoir) constructed. The construction phase of Three Gorges Project in this paper was divided into five time points, considering the impacts of strong cloudy and foggy on image quality and its availability. The objectives of this paper was to comparatively understand the characteristics and trajectories of land use change the different project construction stages in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area through single land use dynamic degree, land use composite index, land use degree change, using five-term TM/ ETM image data. The results showed: (1) The transformation of cultivation land and forest-grass land, building land occupied cultivation land and forest land, interchange between forest and grassland, and cultivation land, forest land and grassland water flooded by water body were the main ways of land use conversion throughout the construction phase of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area. (2) Land use change and its drivers presented significant detailed trajectory with the stage under the framework of the overall pattern, due to the drivers occurring at different times, and the differences of their role strengthen degree during various construction stages. (3) The composite index of land use degree was relatively stable, and it was more than in the middle level throughout the construction phase. However, the change in land use composite index took overall on decreasing tendency with a "W"-type dynamic pattern. (4) The distribution breadth and concentration degree of major land use conversion patterns possessed larger differences at spatial scale. Moreover, the effects of subjectivity projects on major land use conversion patterns showed strong heterogeneity with the deepening of project construction phase. The results of this paper will contribute to rich the people's understanding to land use under the stress of water conservancy, and provide a scientific basis and reliable support to arrange adaptive land use regulation policy in the future.

In this paper, we selected two typical profiles in karst mountainous area of Liannan county, Guangdong province, the underground distribution feature of funnels and crack were investigated and grain-size parameters were measured. The results show that, main underground transport channels of soil are funnels, cracks and caves, which are formed by differential weathering of carbonate rock, abundant rainfall infiltration, gravity and corrosion. Funnels, cracks and caves distribution depends primarily on the rock composition and the joint structure, and surface range of 0-10 m is the main distribution area. The funnel soil area accounted for 23.1%-28.1% of the total cross-sectional area, while the crack soil area occupied 5.3%-8.9% of the total area, and the hole soil area is only 0.16%. The total soil area in the profiles accounted for 28.4%-37.16% of the total area of profiles. Soil grain-sizes underground are mainly coarse silt and sand, followed by clay and fine silt. The vertical grain-size distribution of soil in the funnel and crack proves that there are two processes of soil migration: the horizontal erosion and vertical leakage. There are three soil migration stages: surface erosion, infiltration of fine-grained soil material, and accumulation of fine-grained soil material in the karst mountains. The main driving force of the soil migration leakage is soil gravity and the infiltration of water gravity.

The Huangpu river basin is physically and socio-economically vulnerable to storm induced flooding. In the future, climate change and associated sea level rise are very likely to cause negative impacts on this area. Considering estuary sea level rise, tectonic subsidence and compaction of sediments, two projections of relative sea level rise were presented for 2030 (170 mm) and 2050 (390 mm). And then, extreme storm flood elevations were generated for 2030 (7.17 m) and 2050 (7.39 m) using a simplified algebraic summation of the relative sea-level rise, monitoring maximum storm surge and the maximum astronomical high tide level. A 1D/2D coupled flood inundation model (FloodMap) was used to simulate the two scenarios. The results indicated that all the riparian regions of both sides of Huangpu river would be inundated, and the inundation depths gradually reduced from upstream to downstream. Finally, future research needs, such as uncertainty analysis, floodwall breach inundation scenarios, and changes in intensity and frequency of storms, were suggested.

Based on Landsat TM Image, vegetation field survey data and meteorological data, we derived the distribution patterns of vegetation types, temperature and precipitation in Liupan Mountains by using image classification methods and regression analysis method. Subsequently, we analyzed the changes of landscape pattern in three transects with different climate conditions. The results showed that the annual mean temperatures in Liupan Mountains vary at different altitudes, ranging from 0.8℃ to 7.0℃, (the mean temperature lapse rate is 0.51℃/100m). The annual precipitation ranges from 599 mm in northwest region to 770 mm in southeast region. In the vertical direction, the precipitation tends to increase as the altitude increases and then begin to decrease when the altitude is more than 2502 m. The main vegetation type in Liupan Mountains is warm temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest. However, as the precipitation decreases from southeast to northwest, there is a tendency in vegetation types from forest to steppe. Therefore, precipitation is dominant factor affecting the vegetation landscape pattern in arid area of Northwest China. The conclusion is helpful for people to understand the mechanism of ecological response to climate changes and it can also provide scientific basis for regional ecological construction.

In last decades, the potential contribution of SMEs to economic growth has been enhanced, due to the fact that globalization and informatization reduce the importance of economies of scale in many activities and promote SMEs' share in the market. In China, for example, SMEs have a major contribution to national employment and economic output. In 2010, SMEs accounted for about 80% of total industrial employment, more than 75% of technological innovation, and 60% of gross domestic product (GDP) in China. Therefore, it is critical to figure out the spatio-temporal development of SMEs in China and its determinants. It is against such a background that this paper takes a comprehensive examination on the provincial development of SMEs in China and its influencing factors. First, by using ArcGIS and calculating CV, we analyze spatio-temporal distribution of SMEs in China in 1997-2010. Second, based on literature review and SPSS software, we identify 20 indicators and then employ principal components analysis and regression analysis to measure the determinants of spatial distribution of SMEs in China. Lastly, we try to provide some positive advices for SMEs development in China. Our examination shows that: (1) SMEs development in China shows very clear features of spatial concentration in coastal provinces of China, and SMEs have been increasingly agglomerated since 1997. (2) The spatial distribution of SMEs is the result of comprehensive function of provincial economic strength, innovation, informatization, policy, labor, resources and transportation, while provincial economic strength, finance, market and innovation play key roles in the spatial distribution of SMEs, and informatization, labor, railway and agriculture resources are also important determinants.

Regional inequality is an important issue in geographical research and regional development studies. China's market reform and economic growth have aroused considerable attention to the issue of inequality and social justice. The recent research on economic geography indicates that regional inequality has been playing an important part in coordinated development of regional economy. Although regional inequality is a hot issue in research at home and abroad, the current research ignores the directions as well as the main scalar for regional inequality. With the availability of data, this paper, based on the framework of "Optimal scale, Overall trend, Direction for inequality, Mechanism factors", employs conventional global inequality indexes, scale variance, particular direction index and multi-level regression analysis to examine the regional inequality in Guangdong province from 1978 to 2011. Firstly, with the scale variance and its decomposition, we find that there is an increasing sequence according to the scale variances and their decomposition, which reveals that the scalar variance lower at the smaller scale contributes more to the whole regional inequality. Secondly, we use conventional global inequality indexes including coefficient variance, Gini coefficient, Theil index, Global entropy index and Atkinson Index to explore the overall changing trends of regional inequality in Guangdong and find that since the reform and open-up, they all experienced increasing trends and fluctuated change. Thirdly, using the particular direction index (PDI index), we discover that the main direction of regional inequality in Guangdong is the "core-periphery" structure direction, and the gap between the core-periphery is increasing. However, the regional inequalities of the coast-inland and center-periphery are weakly rising and lessened respectively. Lastly, with the multi-level regression analysis, we discovered that globalization, decentralization, investment and marketization are the four important mechanisms which result in regional inequality. Globalization coupled with decentralization has become the most important mechanism that causes regional inequality between countries and between the core-peripheral areas. Fiscal decentralization, despite its effectiveness in creating a growth-oriented environment in Guangdong, tends to have a negative impact on the equitable development and indirectly aggravates regional inequality. Marketization has potential to mediate the uneven development in Guangdong.