Based on two kinds of proxy data,a tree-ring width chronology at Huashan and the wetness/dryness grade series around Xian in north-central China,this present study demonstrates how different types of proxy climate records can be combined to give a more reliable estimate of the climate in the past than either record candoindividually,With comparison and correction of the two data sets, various statistical models can be developed from individual and combined series.Among them, the best combined model produced by the conditional quantile adjustment method can be selected for reconstruction of April-July rainfall at Huashan back to 1600 A.D.

In the practices of urban tourism development and planning,it becomes more and more urgent to set up a correspondent model both theoritical and applicable,This artical tries first to establish such a model which can be operated easily,based on the conception of Landscape Ecology.In use of the model,geographical spatial analysis and designing of three operational blocks which are patch,corridor and matrix are the most important.

Based on the analysk of 7 sections,it is proved that both the thalweg and the mean riverbed of the lower reach Yellow River have been silting and raising since the 1950's.The amplitude of raising is the most at the middle part of the lower reaches.For example,the raising amplitude of thalweg is 0.77m at Huayuankou,0.75m at Jiahetan,3.29m at Guocun,3.69m at Sunkou,2.71m at Luokou' and 1.20m at Lijin,respectively.The reduction in the cross setion under standard water level is very evident.At present,the cross section area is only 40－70% of that in 1950's.The channel shrink of the lower reach Yellow River can be divided into different periods,and it has been accelerated since 1986.The great hydraulic engineerings have greatly changed the distribution of the coming water and sediments of the lower reach Yellow River and brought about marked channel adjustment.The diversion of water from the Yellow River for irrigation reduces water quantity and increases the sediment concentration, and consequently enhances the channel shrink of the lower reach Yellow River.

In this paper,we studied the spatial and temporal changes in temperature in Ningxia.The results are that the temperature in the south is lower than that in the north in Ningxia.The exactitude of reckoning temperature by using height,latitude and longitude is very good.The year-to-year change of temperature has 10-12 year and 2.2-2.5 year cycles.

Analysis of association between acute onset of coronary heart disease and stroke and factors of solar and Geomagnetic activities was done by statistical and simple correlation,for a period of 8 years from 1984－1991.This study covered a population of about 700 000 scattered in defined areas of Beijing.The result showed that there was certain correlations between acute onset of coronary heart disease and stroke and some factors of solar and Geomagnentic activities.

This paper analyses and sums up the distribution types of the genera of Legumine in China(excluding the cultivated genera coming from other countries),and indicates several characters of geographical distribution:regional limitation,disjunction and extension.Through comparatively analysing the types of genera size and distribution types,it is found that the tropical composition of genera has a close relation with the gnera size.About the characters of nodulation and nitrogen-fixation,three subfamilies are different.They are related not only with the genetic factors but also with the geopgraphical distribution.With the increase of the importance of Leguinine plants in agriculture,forestry and agroforestry in our country,this paper can provide a theoretical guidance for selecting the Legumine plants in a regional scope.

自1967年英国学者R. J. Chorley和P. Haggett发表其名著《Models in Geography》以来,模型这一现代科学方法论中的核心概念在地理学中开始得以建立,由此吸引了一批研究者用模型的思想方法来探索地理学各个领域里的理论和应用问题。1987年,英国学者在纪念该书发表20周年的学术讨论会上,更清醒地认识到,象在地理学这样的学科基础上,建立完善的模型和定量理论,不可能是一朝一夕的事情,这需要有一个长期的积累和发展过程。特别是受技术环境的约束,地理模型研究应该与计算机技术和信息技术的发展同步.并逐渐地把模型研制纳入到地理信息系统的框架中。在我国现实的经济发展条件下,理模型研究如何跟踪现代信息技术的前沿,既为学科的理论发展提供支持,同时又能解决当前我国社会经济发展中的现实问题,确实是一个值得深入探讨的大问题。秦耀辰教授根据大量的研究实践撰写的《区域系统模型及其应用》一书(以下简称《模型》)便是这方面的有益探索。该书包括9章内容,约39万字,1994年9月由河南大学出版社出版。综观全书,我认为该书有以下特点。

本文着重探讨土壤-植被-大气各子系统之间接相互作用。用冠层、地表能量平衡和能量传输连续方程构筑优化函数,采用梯度优化方法,确定冠层蒸腾和地表蒸发在总蒸散中的相对贡献。从冠层风速衰减机制出发,导出能反映冠层湍流反梯度输送的风速廓线,由此修订植被-大气系统湍流能量交换过程的主要阻力项。考虑土壤饱和。非饱和界面以及土壤温度梯度对系统水分迁移的响应,建立了土壤-植被-大气系统综合模型。通过浅层地下水地区冬小麦由拔节到乳熟期农田水分能量平衡的综合田间观测,获取模型25个参数中的21个。而对气孔阻力的大量观测发现,冬小麦叶片气空阻力反面与正面之为王比约为1.44,与正反面气孔数目之比1.4非常接近;气孔阻力具有垂直变化,可以将冠层分为以倒数第一片、第二片为主的较小阻力层和以倒数第三片以后的叶片组成的第二层,该层阻力比第一层大一倍以上。模型运算结果与实验结果对比分析表明,净辐射、潜热通量、显热通量、土壤热通量、土壤含水量和土壤温度的模拟值与实测值相当吻合。模型敏感性分析表明,叶面积指数和叶片最小气孔阻力对冠层能量平衡各分量的影响显著,而土壤阻力、冠层拖曳系数和土壤饱和导水率的影响较小。

雨水资源化是既古老又新兴的水资源研究领域,自1983年国际雨水收集协会(IRCSA)成立以来,雨水资源化的研究成为近十余年来水文水资源学研究的热门,几乎每年都举行国际学术会议。雨水资源化基本内涵在于强调雨水、降雪、其他形式的大气水源以及转化派生的土壤水、结合水的资源作用,因地制宜地加以利用。狭义的雨水资源化是指雨水的集流、蓄存与雨水农业利用等;广义的雨水资源化包括人工催化增水以及通过工程或各种管理技术促进其转化,成为各种形式赋存水的开发利用。本文侧重于系统阐述雨水资源化的理论及内涵、雨水资源的计算评价方法、雨水资源集存利用的应用基础;并在雨水资源化的理论与概念基础上,提出了多水转化的模式,揭示了雨水过程、界面、水资源形态之间的系统关系,并对持续发展要求的水资源支持体系进行了探索;联系现实水资源利用的问题及趋势,对我国雨水资源进行了初步区划,提出了各分区的开发利用模式,以河北元氏县为案例进行了比较具体的雨水利用规划方案的研究。

本文研究了气候变化对沱江流域水文及其极端事件的影响,主要内容有:1.综述了气候变化对区域水文影响的研究方法、取得的成果及存在的问题。2.进行了流域水量平衡的模拟计算。根据近地层物理最新进展,重新推导了梯度-通量关系不成立时的Penman-Monteith公式。在此基础上,分析了应用Penman-Monteith方程可能产生的误差,论证了其适用条件并讨论了有关空气动力学阻力及风速函数的订正问题。3.建立了流域气温、降水空间相关议程并利用NCARCC输出结果生成了次网格、月尺度气候情景。结合小气候学方法讨论了更小空间尺度的细网格化问题。4.分析了流域水文要素值及年内分布对气候变化的响应:水文要素对气温变化不敏感但对降水变化非常敏感。此外,水文要素年内分布发生了相应的变化。5.建立了用于气候变化影响研究的日流量随机模拟模型。该方法不仅考虑了月值变化对季节周期项的影响,也考虑了月值变化对极端事件的影响。应用此模型对洪水、干旱频繁的影响进行了个例分析。

琵琶湖是日本第一大湖,面积约673.8km²,最大水深104m,湖泊四面环山,地形复杂。本文首先建立了流域复杂地形下的三维非定常大气边界层数值模式和湖泊三维正压水动力学数值模式。湖泊水动力学数值模拟工作在国内虽然取得了很大进展,但大多数只适应于浅水湖泊,停留在三维正压水动力数值模式基础上,对深水湖泊的三维斜压模型的研究仍然是一空白,另外,目前世界上湖泊水动力数值式发展很快,但使用的湖面风场、温度场等条件均是假设的,十分不合理。所以,本文接着着手建立了三维斜压水动力数值模式和三维大气-斜压水动力耦合模式。当前,由于世界各大湖泊均面临富营养化等水质恶化问题,而要探索水质的改善途径,首先必须弄清水中各污染物传输、扩散的规律,因此研究湖泊环流机制变得尤为重要。对琵琶湖环流形成机制的讨论已有很多年了,这一直是物理湖泊学家们观测研究的重要课题,本文运用数值模拟的方法对此作了深入探讨,并取得了一些有益的结果,证明了濮培民(1987)的理论分析结果,认为在北半球大湖中普遍存在的气旋式环流主要是水陆动力特性差异形成的,热力因素起辅助作用。

本文是一项跨学科、综合性的研究,其论述涉及了地理学、经济学、管理学等相关领域,运用了系统论、信息论及地理信息系统等有关原理和方法,尝试建立区域发展调控的理论体系。全文共分六章,第一章论述了国外区域发展调控(干预)的由来和发展,并对有关理论进行评述,深入分析了我国在区域发展和调控方面的历史、现状及问题,提出了我国在向社会主义市场经济体制转轨时期进行区域调控的必要性;第二章着重对我国各不同时期区域调控的机理进行深入分析,并特别研究了转轨时期区域调控的机理和体系结构;第三章至第六章则分别就区域规划、区域政策、法制建设及关系进行论述,并在总结了国内外经验教训基础上,提出了各种调控手段在当前和今后向市场经济体制转轨时期的应用设想。

城市独特的双重排水体系以及城市化过程的不断加剧,使城市洪水问题的研究远较农村地区的洪水研究复杂。本文在总结国内外城市洪水研究的经验的基础上,探讨利用地理信息系统(GIS)进行城市洪水过程的分析与模拟,提出了一套完整的GIS求解策略,包括流域水文特征参数的提取、分布式降雨-径流模型及洪水演进模型、开放式GIS系统的对象结构、模型与GIS集成的若干技术与理论问题、时序GIS以及三维和四维时空体的视觉化表现方法等,并应用于福建三明市1994年5月3日城市洪水过程的反演及洪水风险分析,取得较好的结果。本文的研究在城市洪水分析的模拟、3系统集成及环境模型的视觉化表现等方面具有广泛的应用价值和理论意义。

山洪灾害系统是地球表层系统的异常或突变组分之一,对其通过冲毁、淹没、淤埋等致灾过程所产生的灾情进行准确评估是救灾、减灾和防灾的基础。本文针对山洪灾害系统的特点和目前的条件,提出了山洪灾情评估的系统集成策略。即山洪灾情评估集成系统必须集地理信息系统、专家系统和应用分析模型为一体,采用基于公共接口模块的外连式结构进行集成,同时应具有友好的用户界面和构造特定的应用框架为用户导航。这样,山洪灾情评估集成系统实施的中心环节就是组分软件的优选、各组分间转换、访问函数的实现和特定应用框架的构造。转换访问函数实现为动态链接库形式,以便应用程序共享:应用框架用逐步输入-处理-输出图(SIPO)来表示,用程序管理器和具有OLE接口的多文本编辑器来构造。集成系统应用于山洪损失评估、山洪风险评估的功能分别以北京北部山区孙胡沟流域、闽江上游地区为例进行了验证。最后以综合分析的原则、发生的原则和为减灾服务的原则为基础,将我国分为六个山洪灾害危险度特征一致性区域即西北区、内蒙区、青藏区、中部平原区和东南区。在这六个区域中,中部区山洪灾害危险度最高,东南区次之,西北区和青藏区较低,东部平原区和内蒙区最低。

Tjhis paper comprehensively discusses the present situations, problems and countermea-sures of soil and water conservation in Chna.Soil and water conservation, as ahnd of science, has experienced four stages which are exploration period(1920-1940), model demonstration and development period(1950-1970), period of close combination of small river basin control and economic benefits(1980s), and period of legislation for amelioration and development.Nowadays, China has a soil erosion area of 3.67 million km², occupying 38.2% of the territory.The condition is getting worse. In order to control soil erosion and develop regional economy, since 1949, China has controlled more than 500 000km² eroded land, constructed 0.15 billion mu farmlands and more than 0.5 billion mu soil and water conservation forests, planted and reserved more than 50 million mu grasses, planted more than 50 million mu economic fruit trees. The accumulative increased amount of product value is 63 billion RMB Yuan. The annual increased amourit of foods is l5 billion kg, the annual increased amount of fruits is 25 billion kg.The water retaining capacity was increased by 18 billion m³.The annual amount of eroded soils was decreased by 1.1 billiont.Moreover, a great progress was made in legislation, scientific research and latent training. The writer thinks that soil and water conservation is a longterm task.We should improve the works in soil and water conservation in the future.

Chna's regional development can not be fully understood if its overall economic management system is not examined.The relationships,in forms of fiscal budgetary power and economic planning,between the central and local governments and between the state and enterprises are important components in China's regional development.This is because these relationships have basically determined the direction and distribution of flows of capital and resources in the economies,which are crucial source and dynamics for regional development. This paper is to examine the institutional weakneses in the Chinese socialist fiscal and planning systems and their resultant impact on China's spatial development before 1993.Based on a systematic evaluation of the practices and reforms in the state financial and plan-ning systems and the experience of regional development over the past four decades,this paper argues that both "interior balanced development" and "neven coastal strategy" (or "gettiiig rich first")have serious systemic flaws.In line with the new development of western regional development theory and Chinese reality, this paper attempts to explore for a better system or amodel for Chinese regional development,in which central cities and urban agglomeration play vital parts for more efficient and equitable spatial development in China.

In this paper,we study the natural background of disaster occurrences,especially the impacts of geological tectonic,monsoon climate and geomorphological factors on the disasters. The regionalization of natural environment producing disasters is laid down. The resultshows that there are two main areas producing disasters,which are northern plain and southern hills.Ten subareas prone to disasters are divided based on the geomorphological types.We also analyse the background of socioeconomy,area capacity of bearing disasters and impacts of human activities on the disasters. On the basis of the interactions among all the components in the earth system and the impacts of external forcing factors on the disasters,theoccurrence and development of disasters are discused.

In this paper, it is considered that the confliction between the quick growth of population and the shortage of cuItivated-land, climate change and it's bad impact on agriculture played a special role on evoking Taiping Tianguo Rebellion(frotn 1851 to 1864 A.D.)to break out, based on the analysis of a lot of historical materials.

The present situation of environment in the Region of Beijing, Tianjin and Tangshan is the result of human activity in the historical periods.Especially since the Jin Dynasty, the human effects on the nature had become stronger and stronger, the environmental problems ap-peared in a vicious circle.This paper is to explain the process and interrelation between popu-lation and landuse and try to find some laws that are useful to the improving of the regional environment.There are folloving two main parts in the paper:Ⅰ.Population research:In the Jin Dynasty, population increased acceleratively;in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties(A.D. 1276-1644), population increased with a sustainability;from the Qing Dynasty to the Republic Period, the population increased greatly. Ⅱ.Research on the landuse process in the region.Reclaiming wasteland and growing food grains by garrison and peasants appeared in the Jin Dynasty and reached its climax in the Ming Dynasty.According to the interrelation analysis between the population increase and cultivated area, it is concluded that theyfollow a linear equation(before A.D.1796):y=522+5.24x(y:cultivated area, x:population).The equation means that population and cultivated area increase with a similar rate.

Regional interfering aims at the promotion of regional division and cooperation and the reduction of regional disparties.The main problems in the developed countries are the increase of spatial disparities and the equilibrium between different regions. The regional policies in the developed ountries were made and implemented when economv was developed to a certain level and the per capita(GDP was more than 500 USD(at the price in 1920's and 1930's).The expenditure used to balance different regions accounts for about 10～30% of the budget of the central government.The regional policies in China have two aspects:regional development and equilibrium between different regions. During the ninth "five-year planning" period, the general conqideration in(China's regional polices should be to give firxt priority to efficiency.The equilibrium between different regionsk should also be considered.The main measures adopted should be to speed up the construction of markets which are spatially connected, to combine industrial policies and regional policies and to streng then the works to help poor areas.

Population,Resource,Environment and Development (PRED)are four foci of the human environment relationship. There are complex relationships and feedback among them.Therefore,the key to solving these problems is to make PRED develop coordinately and harmoniously. By defining the concept of "Regional、 FRED System" and applying the systemanalysis method,we can explore the mechanism of the interplay and feedback of the PRED system. On the basis of this,the framework of the subordinate decision-making support system (SDSS) for the regionol PRED coordinated development can be constructed,including the processes of quantitative analysis,modelling,simulation,and multi-objective decision evaluation.

Urban area land-use and planning is a complicated system engineering issue which is controlled by many kinds of factors,Based on engineering geologic point of view,the analysis should consider many factors including geologic environment and city construction,collect much more information and data,and get the most optimum result.All works can be done by making a evaluating system with the computer,The author of this paper described the knowledge hase structure of the system,showed the techniques to change the code number,to translate and to optimize the information,and introduced a case study of evaluating system fpr the land-use and planning in Nanning City.

To arrange migration froin the,ubmergible region in the Three Gorge Reservoir to themountains,it is possible to bring about changes in water and soil conditions of terrain surfacein the reservoir region.The storm is the most important dynamic factor causing erosion. The paper analysed temporal distribution of the annual precipitation in the Ziqui region,and discovered very strong variation characters in the temporal and spatial distribution ofstorms,At the same time the paper described relevant hydrological factors,such as evapo-transpiration,moisture of the soil,etc.Then the stormrunoff process in the Wangjia Bridge catchment was simulated.

According to the records a6out sunny and rainy days in Xu Xiake's Travels, it is discovered that there was a continuous heavy rain which lasted for 57 days in a 87-day period from the late September to the early December in 1638.Of the 48 days from Aug 8 to Sept 26 in the lunar calender there were 44 days with continuous heavy rains. In the present meteorological records from the central part of Yunnan there are no such extra long autumn rains.

Baed on the study of deven authentic works and induction of the periodcal linkage between climate and celestial activities, this paper discusses the correspondence between climate and celestial activities and its regional characteristics, It is pointed out that(1)there is a close periodical correspondence between climate and celestial activities;(2)there are strong regional characteristics in both the impacts of celestial activities on earth climatic system and the responsis of regional climate to celestial activities.

Geographic engineering is aproject which combines the geographic theories with engineering.It is imperative and possible to develop geographic engineering.Distinguished with the environmental engineerring,it is based on the theories of geographic systems. In terms of the principles of geographic engineering, a project which adopts of the theories the agro-forestry system, soil amelioration and low input technologies of irrigation, is devised for the small catchments in the red soil area in Southen China.

我国的自然灾害,发生频繁,危害严重.如何应用遥感、信息系统和计算机等高新技术、对重大自然灾害进行监测评价是国民经济建设和社会保障的重大问题.建立处理洪水、林火、旱灾、虫灾、雪灾、地震、沙灾等7种灾害的技术集成信息系统(ICS)来解决这一重大问题势在必行.论文论述了建立这一系统的必要性,介绍了系统的结构和功能模块.ICS的建立主要包括两方面的工作:数据库的集成和模型的集成,本文详细介绍了各种不同格式的灾害数据转换技术和不同机型的数据通信技术,介绍了模型库集成的一种方法,最后以洪水应急为实例,说明了ICS的应用.

在分析自然资源和社会经济特点基础上,探讨区域开发的方向、结构与布局问题,提出实施深层区域开发的策略.全文分五部分:第一部分论述区域外向型经济发展的内、外部环境因素.第二部分剖析外向型经济发展所特有的四大优势:1)区位优势,2)劳动力资源优势,3)南亚热带气候资源优势,4)“侨”、“台”关系优势.第三部分以“投入-产出”关系分析区域经济发展特点及其部门结构,指出经济发展的不平衡性及相对低效益.第四部分研究创汇农业、三资企业、乡镇企业三大支柱产业部门存在的问题及对策.第五部分以厦门经济特区为核心的外向型经济地域组合形式,评价区域经济发展潜力,并对社会经济发展进行预测.

植被-气候关系研究是开展全球变化对陆地生态系统影响研究的基础.本文首先对植被-气候关系研究进行了回顾、分析和总结,指出了这项研究的内容、方法和存在的问题.进而指出,在传统的生态系统定位研究基础上,结合现代的生理生态学研究成果,采用计算机模拟研究、遥感监测和GIS技术为手段的研究方法,是今后的发展方向.

本文密切结合我国城乡关系的变化、城市化道路及其水平与特征、市场经济条件下的土地使用制度改革等实际,以北京市城乡交错带为例,探讨了城市与乡村土地利用类型之间的相互作用及其演变规律,进而研究其空间地域结构特征,分析目前土地利用所存在的主要问题及其原因,并在此基础上提出了北京市城乡交错带土地合理开发利用的对策与措施.全文共包括三大部分共7章.第一部分讨论了城乡交错带土地利用的有关理论问题.第二部分为实证研究部分.具体结合北京市城乡交错带,从土地利用的影响因素、演变动态、主要类型及其地域分异、现存问题与原因等方面进行了系统分析,划分了城市扩展区、园艺农业区、集约农业区、多样化农业区等4个圈层式的土地利用地域类型,充分揭示了北京市城乡交错带土地利用结构特征、水平与效益等的地域分异规律.第三部分为城乡交错带土地资源合理开发与利用的对策构想.提出了北京市城乡交错带土地合理利用的主要原则;针对目前土地利用的基本特征及其主要问题,从四个方面提出了合理开发利用城乡交错带土地资源的基本对策.