This paper presents an expression approach to expert knowledge based frame network structure model, and discusses the building principle and achievable program of the model With the frame network structure of knowledge,the author describes the entity units in geo environment,and links the expression of knowledge at different levels with the pointer so as to make it the frame network from knowledge to semantics The data structure can be used to realize an integrated description for geographic entities and their interrelations, therefore the knowledge base of the system can be operated simply and easily with the model, to guarantee the realization of the inference mechanism. Taking the building of Design and Decision Expert System of Rational Land Use (DDES) in Urumqi river basin as an example, the author expounds the expression method of frame network structure for expert knowledge, and discusses the formative structure of knowledge base in expert system, as well as the organization mode of expert knowledge in knowledge base Furthermore, the author probes design principle of inference engine in expert system, and seeks organizational means of inference rules Moreover, the author elaborates control strategies of inference engine and inference algorithms Using the above model, the author makes evaluation and decision further at the geo expert level for planning rational land use in the test region, and the user can choose the practical suggestions for comprehensive management and regional planning of the watershed by consulting the system Finally, the author discusses and appraises the experimental result Also, the expression approach to expert knowledge based on the data structure provides flexible means for the expression of geographic decision knowledge, and the control strategies of inference engine realized by the method are also applicable to the inference algorithms of a large number of data for geographic spatial information

Detailed soil micromorphological analysisin Holoence loess-palaeosol profile in southern Loess Plateau, along with comparisons withanother profile nearby, the thesis discusses the characteristics of weathering and forming processes. It indicates that the micro-texture ofthe Holoence loess-palaeosol sequence is divided into both cementing texture including type 1, type 2 and type 3, and granular textureincluding type 4, type 5 and type 6.Cementing textureisalways in the palaeosol layers and was formed in warm-humid forest environment. Granular textureisalways in typical loess layers or weathering loess layers and was formed in a dry environment. It has been discovered that the palaeosol S 0 is separated into two distinct types of soils, namely palaeosols S 02 and S 01, because of the deposition of a layer (L x) inthe aridness. Soil S 0 substantively is a polycyclic soilthat is composed of two layers interbedding a loess layer, with two remarkable soil-formingprocesses. The lower soil S 02 is brown palaeosol, with the strongest argillification and eluviation, and was formed in early soil-forming phase. Argillic horizons were identified in the soil S 02. The upper soil S 01 is leached cinnamon palaeosol, with distinct argillification and weak calcification, and was developed in late soil-forming phase. The polycyclic soilS 0indicates that pedogenic environment has distinct variations. Cover layer above the polycyclic soilS 0is not a manured aggradated layer because of continuously piling up of loessial dung. It is a loess layer because of accelerated aeolian dust deposit. The cover is divided into both lower loess L 0weakly disturbed by cultivation activities and upper plough horizon strongly disturbed by cultivation activities. It indicates that it has been a relative arid period after the ending of formation of palaeosol S 0, with clear northwestmonsoon domino effect andaccelerated aeolian dust deposit. The polycyclic soilS 0 has been buried and become palaeosol of the Holoence.

It has been recognized for long time that there exists conflict between heritage protection and tourism development, especially in those developing countries where local governments appealed more on economic benefits from heritage tourism. Since China adopted the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Culture and Natural Heritage in 1985, 21 cultural heritages, 3 natural heritages and 4 mixed heritages have been inscribed in the list. Considering the fast development of heritage tourism in China, academic research literature is still less than hoped. What readers could find in this paper is a special relationship between demands on tourism development and need to protect World Heritage Sites (WHSs) in the country. To observe the conflict between the two sides, a comprehensive investigation and study is done with technical support of GIS, quantitative geography and other geographical analysis methods. According to the results of the research, there are many forces that enhance heritage tourism development in this most rapidly growing country of Asia, including densely populated urban market versus limited number of WHSs; closer distance between population centers and WHSs (easy access from major tourism market to WHSs); being at a special stage of industrial transforming of the country (switching from secondary industry to tertiary industry and service-oriented industry); more preferences of potential domestic tourism market; and being in a shortage of financial resources for heritage protection. Therefore, tourism development of WHSs is a natural result in current economic and social situation. Meanwhile, findings of the analysis also demonstrate that heritage protection is the most important consideration while taking them as major tourism attractions, because heavy pressure of tourism development calls for more efforts to preserve those sites. Only a well-balanceddevelopment model could maintain a sustainable development of WHSs and secure the long-term benefits.

The concepts of landscape are diverse. Cultural landscape is the evidence of landuse history and relics can be seen as a living model of sustainable landuse and can provide human beings more chances to enjoy scenery,happiness as well as natural and cultural diversities. It is also the last reserve of biodiversity and the buffer zone of absolutely protected area. Thus, more attention has been paid to the protection of landscape. The Yuanyang Terrace,famous for its large area, wide distribution, astonishing architecture,uniqueness in China and rarity in the world, was designated as the core area of the cultural landscape of Hani terraces by the government of Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture of Yunnan Province, China. The terraces were the physical basis of Hani peoples' life and the symbolization of Hani peoples' spirit. And the cultural landscape of Hani terraces was the model of sustainable landuse and harmonious human ecosystem between culture and nature. In this paper, we selected Malizhai administrative village located in Shengcun Township of Yuanyang County as a study area.Using semi-directive interview and field survey mothods,we analysed the characteristics,spatial structure and functions of Hani terraces and concluded that the Hani terraces have antiquity,uniqueness,sustainability and aesthetic values. The vertical structure of the distribution of forest,village and terraces along with altitude can benefit both environment and Hani terraces. Finally we put forward corresponding conservation strategies of the cultural landscape of Hani terraces in light with the risky situation of facing landslides,collapse,etc.

According to the targets and action plans towards sustainable development set up in China's Agenda 21-Shanghai Action Plan, based on seven principles, this paper selects ten indicators including total population, total GDP, total fixed investment, water quality index etc.to study Shanghai's regional development process during 1978-1998 through correlation coefficient and regression analysis. The aim of the study is to approach the characteristics and regulations of Shanghai's regional development and to provide bases for future needs. Research showed that the confliction between economic growth and environmental improvement has come to relax in the latest 20 years especially during the period with moderate economic growth rate at 7-8%. More close correlation occurred during 1990-1998 compared with that in 1979-1989. From the regression analysis, GDP was an indicator that can be forecasted with a relatively small error.

This paper introduces a self made GIS software system a multimedia graphics query information system based on spatial database, including its structure, function and application in environmental planning and management It presents that this system can meet the needs for applications in decisional management level and public information release level and can be used as a valuable example for planning and managing the environmental projects Besides some common functions of GIS system, the system we made also integrated modern multimedia technology with traditional spatial database, hence the multimedia information query based on the spatial database came true This function not only enriched the query content of attribute database, but also improved the visualization of map information In this paper, we specially focus on the details of the spatial analysis method including the algorithms and their actual implementation in this system queries according to the rectangle, ellipse(circle), arbitrary region and spatial co relation

Based on the theory and practice of high tech industrial division, especially of regional division based on value chain, this paper verifies the different requirements for factors and location of main value added parts of high tech industry's value chain and the spatial distribution of main value added activities of some high tech enterprises in Zhongguancun by analyzing the questionnaires for them, and draws a conclusion that Beijing's high tech industry has formed rudimental regional division based on value chain. The R&D departments of many high tech enterprises mostly agglomerate in Beijing, especially in Zhongguancun; the manufacturing departments of them are distributed all over China, even overseas, and the marketing departments of these enterprises mainly agglomerate in Beijing and global network is forming, which means Beijing has become a special region with headquarters, R&D departments and marketing departments of high tech enterprises concentrated in China. The rudimental regional division based on value chain of high tech industry in Beijing reflects the condition of Beijing's factor endowment in our country, shows Beijing's advantages in developing high tech industry, and verifies that different value added activities of high tech enterprises have different locational preferences. The R&D departments are generally located in the places where there are plenty of professionals with high ability, scientific research institutions, and convenient information acquiring and communicating. Locating the manufacturing departments, the enterprises think a good policy environment, a strong industrial cluster, convenient transportation, cheap land price and convenient provision with raw and processed materials and components are important. The marketing departments are often located in the places with convenient transportation, perfect marketing network, convenient communication network and large demands. This paper summarizes the different value added activities of the value chain such as headquarter, R&D, manufacturing and marketing, and the mode of high tech industrial regional division based on value chain, which is divided into basic activities and assistant activities according to Michael E.Porter's Value Chain Theory. Based on the condition of Beijing's high tech industrial regional division and the difference of factor endowment among districts in Beijing, the paper discusses the developing trend of Beijing's high tech industrial regional division based on value chain in future.

Collapse-landslides and debris flows are main types of mountain disasters in Palong Zangbu river valley of Tibet. These disasters are large in scale and serious in harm-fulness to the valley. Differences of hydro-thermal conditions related to aspect of valley slope lead to differences distribution of the collapse-landslide and debris flows.Differences of the geomorphologic evolution and morphologic processes of the valley lead to distribution differences of the disasters along the river. Differences of growth conditions between collapse-landslides and debris flows lead to distribution differences of the two types of disasters. For control of mountain disasters and site selection of highways and railways along the river, distribution regularities of the collapse-landslides and debris flows with the above-mentioned differences are identified, by quantitative methods including orderly sample optimum cutting method and the variance analysis, method. These regularities are: (1) the whole river section (from Ranwu to Lulang) can be divided into: a) upstream gorge section with concentrateddistribution of debris flows, avalanches and debris cones; b) midstream broad valley section with more concentrated distribution of debris flows and collapse-landslides; and c)downstream gorge section and the tributary of Layue with extremely concentrated distribution of debris flows and collapse-landslides. (2) Quantities and scales of collapse-landslides and debris flows on the northern slope surpass those on the southern slope of the river valley. (3) The collapses and landslides have an increase tendency towards downstream and the debris flows have a decrease tendency in order of the downstream gorge section, the upstream gorge section and the midstream broad valley section. Further, some suggestions on site selection principle of road plane are advanced.

Through the analysis of the disadvantageous factors in regional spatial development of Xi'an city, the authors put forward the main urban development framework for New Xi'an,i.e., "One core and three inferior cores"pattern which provides new regional space of urban development. This can form a reasonable layout and orderly development. The clustering city structure should be formed, which can take effective measures to protect cultural relics and ruins and can emphasize ecological construction. Xi'an city's development mechanism is discussed from different angles such as the relationships among cities, Guanzhong urban belt, and the northern part of central and west regions of China. Then the author suggeststhat the goal of urban development should be redefined according to the principlesof integrated planning, colligated allocation, division of labor and co-operation for the harmonization of coordinated development, tourism economy, urban construction and environmental protection.Taking tourism and trade, scientific research and education and high-tech industry as dominant factors and the internationalization of urban running mechanism, running modes, and running environment as criterion, the internationalization of urban comprehensive function can be promoted and the goal of leaping over development can be eventually realized.

由中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所鲁奇研究员任中方总协调人的中国与欧盟合作科研项目———“可持续性农业生态系统管理与城乡互动发展研究 (ＳｕｓｔａｉｎａｂｌｅＡｇｒｏｅｃｏｓｙｓｔｅｍＭａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔａｎｄｔｈｅＤｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｏｆＲｕｒａｌ -ＵｒｂａｎＩｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉｏｎｉｎＲｅｇｉｏｎｓａｎｄＣｉｔｉｅｓｉｎＣｈｉｎａ)”项目启动会于2 0 0 2年 10月 14日至 16日在河北省保定市召开。来自欧盟、ＭＴＴＡｇｒｉｆｏｏｄＦｉｎｌａｎｄ (芬兰 )、ＴｈｅＩｍｐｅｒｉａｌＣｏｌｌｅｇｅｏｆＳｃｉｅｎｃｅ ,ＴｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙａｎｄＭｅｄｉｃｉｎｅ (英国 )、中科院地理科

This paper makes an in-depth analysis on the type, process and effect of enterprises' spatial transfer in Chongqing municipality after a comprehensive investigation. At present, the enterprises transfer from urban region to the outside mainly focuses on such sectors as auto and motorcycle accessory, food and beverage, textile and garment industries.From now to the near future, its transfer area mainly involves outskirts, then ambient cities and medium-sized cities, finally up to farther cities and counties in the Three Gorges Area. On the basis of the analysis of enterprises' spatial transfer,the paper makes a key study on the spatial amalgamation and cooperation pattern between the urban enterprises and the enterprises in the Three Gorges Area. Meanwhile, the analysis and discussion are made to the different patterns. Now, the spatial transfer of the enterprises in Chongqing is at the fledgling stage and only involves outskirts of the urban area. The amalgamation and cooperation of the enterprises between urban area and Three Gorge Area is mostly exogenous with a characteristic of vertical cooperation in the link between enterprises. Endogenous network for the spatial link between enterprises has yet to be established. The amalgamation and cooperation between urban enterprises and the enterprises in the Three Gorges Area has boosted the development of the enterprises in the Three Gorges Area as well as the improvement of their production technology and played an active role in the development of the socioeconomy in the Three Gorges Area.

This paper empirically examines Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) with time series data from 1985 to 1999 and provides a basis for the environmental policy evaluation of Beijing. The results lead to two main conclusions:1) The environmental policy and the environmental investment of Beijing municipal and central governments have made the turning point of EKC come early, being around 10000 15000 yuan at constant price of 1978, or 25000 40000 yuan at present price of 1999, or 3000 5000 US dollars by exchange rates of middle price in the year end of 1999, or 15000 20000 US dollars calculated in Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) way,and if the GDP per capita grows at the rate of 8%, the turning point will come true during 2005 2010. 2)The relationship between economic growth and environmental degradation takes on an inverted U, but different regions may have different turning points, different time spans for realizing the turning point of EKC, and different slopes for the rising declining pattern. Four points are identified from this examination of the EKC for Beijing: First, this analysis suggests that it is not appropriate to generalize the emergence of EKC for all environmental indicators. Among the 12 main environmental indicators of Beijing, only two do not have enough explanatory meaning for the EKC. On the whole, the relationship between economic growth and environmental degradation in Beijing has an obvious EKC character. Second, the efficient environmental policy and the huge environmental investment of the Beijing municipal and central governments have made its turning point of the EKC arrive early. Third, the EKC should not be widely assumed and it is necessary to refer to various and more flexible explanations. In other words, economic factors may be important, but social and natural factors should also be taken into account, such as environmental policy, environmental awareness of residents and the spread of environmental technology. Finally, the relationship between economic growth and environmental degradation theoretically takes on an inverted U, but different regions may have different turning points, different time spans of reaching the EKC turning point, and different slopes of rising declining pattern.

Riparian areas have important ecological, social, economic and tourist value Ecological rehabilitation of degraded riparian ecosystems has become a topic of intense interest worldwide Taking ecology, geomorphology and hydrology as a basis, riparian studies involve a wide range of disciplines and technologies, but however, studies on basic theories and methods of degraded riparian ecological rehabilitation in China are very poor, and as a result, the primary concepts and problems have not been uniformly recognized.Therefore, in this paper, the author discusses the theoretical basis of ecological rehabilitation in riparian areas in the light of the actual scientific research practices carried out in the past six years The riparian concept, riparian vegetation functions, scale of range and time of ecological rehabilitation are defined and the significance,contents,riparian management concerning research on ecological rehabilitation in riparian areas are discussed as well by taking Qianshui riparian beach land at the foot of Tianzhu Mountain as a case In order to explore an approach to rebuild riparian beach land areas of Qianshui river in Anhui province,we planted five tree species on trial which were divided into two experimental design types. Through the analysis on the ecological and economic functions of reestablishment of riparian beach land,the experimental results showed that the influence of reestablishment on river flow,soil physical and chemical properties,soil fertility,soil texture and silt ation in different reestablishment measures and the stability of riparian zone is very significant

China's regional development policy has been changed greatly over the past two decades, in this paper the sound effects of opening-up policy to the outside world on the economic development of coastal zones and the central & western areas in China have been calculated using econometric modelsrespectively. From the early 1980s to the year 1999, the GDP of the coastal zones increased from about 179.80 billion RMB yuan to 1146.84 billion yuan. During the period the total increment of the GDP amounted up to 967.04 billion yuan, in which about 206.81 billion yuan is contributed by the opening-up policy. The average contribution rate of the opening-up policy to the GDP of the coastal zones is about 21.39%.Accordingly the average annual GDP growth rate of the coastal zonesincreased from 9.1% to 10.24%. And the contribution of the policy on the average annual GDP growth rate of the coastal zoneswas 1.14 percentage points. However, before the early 1990s the central & western areasin China did not open up to the outside world. From 1993 to 1999, the GDP of the central & western areasin China increased from about 443.31 billion yuan to 824.27 billion yuan. During the period the total increment of the GDP amounted up to 380.96 billion yuan, in which about 16.16 billion yuan is contributed by the policy. The average contribution rate of the policy to the GDP of the central & western areas is only 4.24%.Meanwhile the average annual GDP growth rate of the central & western areasonly increased from 8.96% to 9.27%. And the contribution of the policy on the average annual GDP growth rate of the central & western areaswas 0.31 percentage points. The reasons for this big gap is mainly because the opening-up time of the central & western areas was much later than that of coastal zones, and there were great differences among the preferentialpolicies enjoyed by the central & western areasand coastal zones in China in opening-up to the outside world.

The evolution of urban morphology in the process of urban growth is one of the theoretical frontier issues, while the spatial-temoral structure of the distribution of urban populationdensity is one of the important contents of urban growth. Combining with data of the previous censuses(the second census in 1964, the third one in 1982 and the fourth one in 1990), the author usesdata of the Fifth Census of Hangzhou to study the models of spatial distributionof population density and its evolution in Hangzhou for more than 30 years systematically. First of all, the author transforms data of population census into spatial data by using the map of Hangzhou, and extracts data of urban population density distribution of different years.Then seven kinds of models are tested, including the linear one, the exponential one, the logarithmic one, the power one, the lognormalone, the power-exponential one and the second degree exponentialone. With a viewpoint of the whole tendency, the power-exponential model, as an amended form of the negative exponential model, can describe spatial distribution of urban population density of Hangzhou well. The parameter σreflects the tendency of changes of information entropy of urban geographic system. The parameter σfluctuates, increases and approaches 1, indicating that the power-exponential distribution of urban population density evolves into the ideal Clark (negative exponential) one with the lapse of time. The analysis of urban growth and its spatial dynamics shows that the spatial complexity and the utility of Hangzhou's function unit increase, and that urban spatialstructure tends to be in a new order with the increase of urban ability as a self-organization and the development of suburbanization. As a result of regression, we can't get a model like that of Newling, and there isn't any tidal wave of expansion in the development of spatial distribution of population density in Hangzhou within the past several decades, so it is easy to draw a conclusion that there is a large gap between Chinese cities and western ones in multi-nucleus morphologyand process of suburbanization.

The urban gravitational model taking the form of the law of universal gravitation has been regarded as an experiential model for lack of theoretical basis so far, in contrast with Wilson's spatial interaction model based on entropy-maximization.It is of significance to make a theoretical proof as well as an advance that will lead us to its underlying rationale.In the paper contributing to spatial interaction of cities, the gravitational model, I = GM i M j r - b , is derived out of the general function, I = A * f ( x 1 , x 2 ,..., x n ), on the assumption of general fractality of urban system, and then the model is transformed into the new expression such as F ( r , τ )= GR ( τ ) r - b = Gr -b F - 1 [ S ( ω )] by introducing time-varying function, M i = f i ( t ), M j = f j ( t ), and time-lag parameter τ , while taking into account the cross-correlation function R ( t )=∫ f i ( t ) f j ( t + τ )d t , where S ( ω ) is energy-spectral density, and F ( r , τ ) the integral of the gravitation, I .Thus the analytical method of power spectrum for urban interaction is developed based on the new gravitational model.The new model was applied to characterize the process of spatial interaction between two cities,Beijing and Tianjin,from 1949 to 1998, and the experiential analysis can be divided into three steps.First, the spatial cross-correlation was described by means of the primitive time series of urban population, and some kinds of regularity were revealed through the patterns of cross-correlation coefficient and the corresponding power spectrum.Secondly, after taking the trend component parts out of the time series using fit equations, the spatial cross-correlation and power spectrum analyses were made based on the data with some periodic change to bring to light more hidden regularity on urban spatial network.Going a step further, we can make more deep analyses by taking out the periodic component parts, this step fails to be taken as space is limited.Inspite of this, the anti-intuitional rules have been discovered conforming to which the cities interact spatially.This paper will initiate the power spectrum analysis of urban interactions based on the gravitational model by giving an entire typical example, and more studies will be expected in this field in the future.

In this paper the areal model of agricultural integration is defined as the major model of agricultural integration adapted to the sort of leading products, marketing orientation, the degree of rural economic development and the organization level of farmer household in different regions. The formation mechanism of areal models of agricultural integration is as follows:1) sort of leading products is the fundamental factor; 2) marketing orientation is the key factor; 3) the degree of rural economic development is the restrictive factor ; 4) the organization level of farmer household is an important factor; and 5) location,resources and environment are the external conditions. There is great intraprovincial imbalance of social and economic development within Jiangsu Province,and the areal models of agricultural integration should be differentiated with concret conditions of each region.The processing factory driving model,special market radiation model and leading products based model are recommended as the major areal models of agricultural integration in Southern Jiangsu, and the intermediary organization servicing model and the plural participation model are recommended as the major areal model of agricultural integration in Northern Jiangsu. Some typical examples of areal model both in Southern and Northern Jiangsu are analysed in detail: 1) the dairy integration model in Nanjing city region;2)the model of Yangchenghu crab integration in Wuxian county;3)the pearl integration model of China's Weitang Pearl Market; 4)the model of garlic integration in Dafeng county; 5)the model of egg integration in Hai'an county;and 6)the model of laver integration of Yucheng Group Company.

Taking Chongqing reservoir site as an example, this paper analyzes the characters of dual economic structure in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area firstly from static and dynamic state The static characters represent the dualities in capital accumulation, productivity and urban rural income standard The dynamic characters represent the proportion of industrial investment being much higher than that of agriculture, comparative productivity of industrial sector higher than that of agricultural sector, the income and consumption standard of urban producers higher than that of rural producers Additionally, in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, besides the agro industrial or urban rural duality, there exists duality in the division of industrial sector and the grade of technology, which makes the duality in the Three Gorges Area go beyond the bound of agro industry or urban rural area given by the traditional dual economic theory, hence putting up a multi termed character Secondly, this paper discusses the four reasons which lead to the duality in the area, including: 1) accompanying capital economy before liberation made the duality come into being immediately; 2) after liberation, the adoption of Super Industrialization Model enhanced the dual constriction between urban and rural areas in the Three Gorges Area, making the duality expand swiftly and taking on an extra intensive state; 3) relatively close productive structure and the shift to an earlier time lead to the lower acceptance for surplus labor forces, this makes the dual economic structure appear an excessively stable state; and 4) the large span between inter industries or inside industries leads to the clear dual structure in the division and the grade of technology Finally, the paper gives the pipelines for changing the dual economic structure in the Three Gorges Area The method is to strengthen the economic relation between central urban areas and rural area around, exert the driving effect of central cites to reservoir areas, realize the industrialization in urban and rural areas at the same time Thus starting in light of economic relation and seeking the mutual compensative chain to establish the industrial contacts is a good and practical pipeline to reduce the dual discrepancy in the Three Gorges Area

Rainfall erosivity shows the potential ability of the soil loss caused by rainfall and is very important for predicting soil loss quantitatively.It is estimated by the product of the rainfall energy and maximum 30 minute rainfall intensity, which combined the effects of soil detachment by the raindrops on the soil surface and runoff transportation. This study is to determine the rainfall erosivity index used in China for plotting isoerodent map accurately by using detailed available weather station data.Data of rainfall and soil loss for 12 plots representing the main climate zones in China and rainfall data from 14 weather stations were used to analyze the relationship between rainfall characteristics and soil loss in different regions. The rainfall erosivity index used in China was determined to be PI 10 , where P is the rainfall amount and I 10 is the maximum 10-minute rainfall intensity. To keep the unit identical and the result comparable, the relationship for transferring from PI 10 into EI 30 were formulated:(EI 30 ) = 0.1773(PI 10 ).

With rich mineral resources and convenient transportation, Tangshan has been developing into an important heavy industrial base, but also facing serious environmental problems.This article discusses the relationship between Tangshan industrial structure and its environmental impacts, analyses the mechanism and makes suggestions. Tangshan industrial evolvement is generalized mainly via the compositions of industrial output value from 1952 to 1999. The secondary industry is the most important one and its composition of industrial output value has been always higher than the whole country, and heavy industry was much more important than the light one. Smelting and pressing of ferrous metals, machinery and equipment, nonmetal mineral products, mining and quarrying, raw chemical materials and chemical products, paper making and paper products, metal products, and electric power were the main industries, of which the total composition of output value was 81.2% in 1999. By comparing emissions of waste water, waste gas and material per 10 000 yuan, output value generated land distributions of wastes emission from 1985 to 1999 among different industries, the pollution situation was analyzed. Heavy industrial sectors with higher compositions of output value consumed a large amount of natural resources, with higher compositions of wastes. Serious environmental problems such as air, water and solid pollution as well as ground subsidence have appeared. Apparent inconsistencies between economic benefits and environmental protection are resulted from continuous development of heavy industries lack of protective measures of town and township enterprises and solutions to environmental problems, as well as formation of effective system of environmental management.Without doubt, industrial structure adjustment is the basic approach. Reducing the environmental impacts from industrial activities now is the most effective way. Cooperation of government, enterprises and consumers is helpful to form the effective environmental management system.

Relieving and de-farming" is identified presently as an important strategic measure for national eco-environmental rehabilitation in the loess hilly-gully region. Based on the issue, the characteristics of relieving and de-farming measure are discussed. The sizes of de-farming slope farmland over 25° and 15° and the quantum of policy allowance of each county are calculated. With the aid of constructed de-farming exponential and policy allowance fund density exponential, 55 counties of the loess hilly-gully region are classified into groups of different levels, and the spatial differentiation characteristics of de-farming sizes and policy allowance are respectively analyzed. It is found out: (1) The area of de-farming slope farmland over 25° is 41.91×10 4hm 2,and the policy allowance is 44.01×10 8yuan(RMB). The area of de-farming slope farmland over 15° is 125.53×10 4hm 2,and the policy allowance is 131.82×10 8yuan. (2) There are two main relieving and de-farming districts in the loess hilly-gully region. The larger district is located in the contiguous areas between Yan, an and Yulin city of northern Shaanxi province, and the smaller one is situated at some counties neighboring on the Liupanshan Mountains in eastern Gansu province and southern Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. (3) The process of relieving and de-farming project should be divided into two phases. De-farming slope farmland over 25° should be regarded as the main task of the first phase, and that between 25° and 15° as second phase task. (4) To formulate regional policies on relieving and de-farming as soon as possible and put the limited fund to the two main relieving and de-farming districts

This paper introduces a new kind of evaluation approach of residential environment based on Area Source Model. Cell (1 km×1 km size of raster unit) is partitioned in the study area, which is realized in raster GIS platform (ARC/INFO GRID sub-modular). Dalian city is divided into 162 cells whose attributes are acquired and calculated from the questionnaires. When processing, evaluative indexes are determined by MDS method. Independent degree of resident attributes and evaluation of residential environment are tested by the method of Crosstab. Parallelism of evaluative difference of residential environment is discussed by the method of Factor Analysis. Finally the paper analyzes spatial difference of evaluation of residential environment by the spatial analysis of GIS, and the following points are resulted. Firstly, evaluative values of convenient environment fall from the center to the skirt step by step. Secondly, evaluative values of circumferential environment are affected by zone characteristics, especially the types of urban land-use to a great extent. Thirdly, evaluative values of human environment are not regularly diverse. Finally, evaluative values of residential environment have three epicenters of Zhongshan Square, Carrefour Supermarket and the edifice of municipal government.

The emergence and recent rapid growth of rural industry in China is a striking and in many ways unique phenomenon. How to explain it with the approach of locational analysis is a very important and interesting topic to economic geographers. However, for more than a century, the phenomenon of spatial agglomeration of economic activities has been occupying the central position in the study of economic and industrial geography, so it is very difficult to provide powerful explanations to China's highly dispersing rural industrialization with normative or modern locational analysis. Based on the hypothesis of "economic man", this paper integrates a new set of theoretical tools involving new economic and industrial geography, new institutionalist and evolutionary economics and normative locational analysis, and advances an integrative framework of locational analysis which synthesizes four location factors: institutions, technology, market and resource endowment. In this framework, each location factor affects the industrial location behaviors through affecting the transaction costs or the production costs. In particular, the paper argues that the institutional factors and the mechanism of transaction costs are critical for understanding the high speed and scattering distribution and great regional imbalance of China's rural industrial development.

Spatial structure is the core topics of geography and planning research. Since the 1970s, information technology has begun to affect urban and regional socio economic development. Especially since the 1990s, global informatization characterized by Internet and mobile telecommunication has made urban and regional development face more rapid and more comprehensive transformation. Western academic fields have done lots of research on this new topic. Based on western literatures, this paper reviews relative research on spatial structure under information era from three points, which are: 1) new research topics; 2) shift of research paradigms;and 3) main research contents. With rapid advancement of information technology and its application, geography begins to face continuous challenge, and attention to information activities makes new research topics and new branches emerging. Meanwhile, interaction between information and society also leads to changes in traditional research paradigm. The main research contents are summarized as follows: 1) Cyber space-new spatial logic; 2) location research; 3) decentralization & centralization and even & uneven development of space; 4) innovation network and regional spatial structure; 5) spatial outcome of information development mode; and 6) new spatial polarization.

Based on the EOF, the paper takes 6 factors such as precipitation, climatic output of grain, the relative change of livestock, wind speed, days of yearly gale and climatic wind erosive force as fluctuating factors of desertification to analyze their principal components since 1950 in rear hills of Bashang. The result shows that despite their synchronization in fluctuation for the dominance of rainfall, they can be decomposed into three relative independent series of wind, cattle and rainfall according to the REOF. Hereby, we choose four factors of climatic output of grain(O), the number of livestocks(A), days of yearly gale(G) and climatic wind erosive force(C′) as the ones which mainly influence desertification, and calculate them in the same weight coupling(C) in biological year by two different types of pastoral area and interlock area of farming and pasturing(IAFP) In pastoral areaC(%)=(G+C′+A)*3 -1 in IAFPC(%)=(G+C′+A+O)*4 -1 The coupling(C) in the 3 year smoothed average among the principal components of desertification factors fluctuated between 25%～100% since 1950, and maintained the level of 75% after 1965, but it reached the highest period during 1967～1977. The conflict between pasture and livestock mostly took place in the two periods of 1965～1975 and 1986～1990, in which there was deficient rainfall in the study area. As the resonance of the higher annual wind speed, much more days of yearly gale and less rainfall during 1965～1975, soil erosion experienced higher risk. Compared with the human contribution to the development of desertification, natural environment just forms a background, it is the irrational reclamation that plays the leading role, and the sustainable development of desertification in the mid 1980s with much more rain fall speaks well for the leading role of human played in this region. Nothing but the coupling between irrational land use and strong wind erosion during 1965～1975 greatly promotes the overspreading of desertification. Two different fluctuating types of Hebei province and Inner Mongolia are identified in the study area.

Chinese enterprise groups are large corporation organizations generated from the reform and opening to the outside world. Under the background of the economic globalization, the study on their international expansion is of great practical significance. This article mainly focuses on the international expansion of Chinese manufacturing enterprise groups. The article is in five parts. The first part, as a brief introduction, expounds the situation of globalization and the roles of MNCs. The second part offers a detailed introduction to Professor Hayter's model, i.e. the theory of locational entry of multinational corporations. Selecting Haier Group as a case, the third part analyses the multinational expansion process of enterprise groups. It concludes that the multinational expansion process requires full domestic development and a sound local basis. In the fourth part, analysis is made on both the entry advantages and the spatial barriers of Haier Group. Among the entry advantages of Haier Group are the managerial and cultural advantages, technological innovation advantages, product quality advantages and marketing advantages. But it is also facing up with some spatial barriers such as psychological distance, small size and policy restrictions of host countries, etc. In part five, the article concludes that the multinational expansion process should go through the stage of domestic development and form a sound local basis. Furthermore, it is important to pay attention to the orientational role of market area and thrive to balance between integration and localization to develop diversified competitive advantages.

In recent years, growing attention has been devoted to the development areas in China. While most of the researches concern much to the development of research parks in China, the comprehensive researches about the Economic and Technological Development Areas (ETDAs) are very limited. Therefore, the main concern of this paper is first devoted to discussing the characteristics of ETDAs, and then based on the field investigations of main development areas in the coastal zone, the mechanism of development areas is explored. Since 1984, the Chinese central government has authorized 54 state-level ETDAs which are distributed within the whole country. Meanwhile the number of ETDAs planned by the provincial and local governments has increased so fast that the total number amounted to more than 500 by the end of 2000. From the spatial perspective, the developmental period of ETDAs can be divided into three stages: the first 14 ETDAs scattered in several cities along the coastal zone, and then they dispersed to the east and south regions of China; so far, the ETDAs have spread into the middle and western China. Most of the ETDAs has contributed a lot to the regional development, especially in terms of economic growth and use of foreign direct investment (FDI). Some of the ETDAs have become the most important growth poles in places where they are located. However, there are significant regional differences among the development areas. On the whole, the economic performance of development areas located in the coastal zone is better than that in the middle and western China. The main driving forces of the ETDAs' growth, as being argued in this paper, are the special policies for ETDAs, which can be regarded as the original force, the influence of the transnational corporations (TNCs), the market mechanism and the role of social and cultural factors. Moreover, in the long run, the regional learning and innovation ability is even more important for ETDAs' further development. Within China, however, the understanding of ETDAs still rests on the important role of special policies played in the development of the development areas. Accordingly, most regional governments, by increasing the number of ETDAs and providing preferential polices, have tended to accelerate regional economic growth, while ignoring the other driving forces that are in fact the endogenous powers for the development of the ETDAs.

Urban-rural integration is an urbanization process suitable to Chinese conditions. For China it is a new task. The focus of research on urban-rural interaction and integration is to evaluate the status and development extent of the urban-rural relationship scientifically. Urban-rural interaction and integration means the highest stage of urbanization. Urbanization means the absolute equality between the urban areas and rural areas. This paper tries to debate and testify the predications that urban-rural integration is actually the free change of natural resources and economy and social elements between city and countryside, and the amount and speed of the exchange are decided by the correlative-degree of urban and rural areas.For a long period of time, we only used one evaluating indicator-the proportion of non-agricultural population to total population to measure the degree of urbanization. We think that is far from enough. The equality between city and countryside also includes the equality of status and other rights. So we start our tentative research based on the analysis of the representation, characterization and the influencing factors of urban-rural interaction, and the authors constructed the evaluating indicator system by AHP. The system reflected the characteristics of interaction between urban and rural areas in all aspects, which can be used in practice. By this system, the comprehensive evaluation indicator correlative-degree was used to evaluate the development level of urban-rural interaction in 31 provinces (municipalities) of China in 2000. The result of evaluation revealed the real condition of the factor's transfer between urban and rural system, and showed development level of interaction between them. The method of correlative-degree of urban-rural interaction was a valuable attempt in quantitative research of urban-rural interaction.

Developing the west is a proactive policy to boost national economic development in the 21st century, which bears great importance for the sustainable development of the west and the country as a whole. The keystone of developing the west is eco-environmental protection, infrastructure and industrial restructuring; so the problem is how to harmonize the relation between eco-environmental protection and economic growth. Based on this viewpoint, firstly,the article expatiates small and medium-sized enterprises upon developing the west. Secondly, the article analyzes the problem of developing the west by discussing the relation between the development of small and medium-sized enterprises and eco-environmental protection. In addition, a completely new consideration of the policy for eco-environmental protection is made in the paper. Finally, the article puts forward some advice for eco-environmental protection in the development of small and medium-sized enterprises. We believe that economic development is a sticking point to solve the problem of environment in west China, especially, to improve the living condition in the region. It is an important strategy to accelerate the development of small and medium-sized enterprises. Properly lifting restriction on pollutant discharges and carrying out flexible policy to close down small enterprises are two important measures for the further development of small and medium-sized enterprises of the western region.

This paper explores the methods for studying regional economic difference in the aspects of research unit's being decided, measurement index's being chosen, and measurement means' being selected. It also points out the advantages and disadvantages of each method by taking 31 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities in mainland China as regional study unit,and per capita GDP as total index to measure regional economic difference.It quantitatively measures the overall leveland the characteristics of dynamic variation of the recent inter-provincialeconomic difference from the angles of standard deviation , and standard deviation coefficientof every region's per capita GDP.The absolute difference rose linearly and the relative difference wavelike. The frequencies distribution of every region's per capita GDP is a kind of positively slanting distribution, deviating normal distribution greatly. Every year, only a few provinces' per capita GDP is above the average level of the whole country. It also quantitatively measures the characteristics of spatial structure of this differential variation from the angles of the ratio of every region to the whole nation, and the difference of every region's relative development rate. Coastal areas are developing faster, in contrast with the inland areas, especially some western regions. There is a narrowing tendency in economic difference among coastal provinces, but in contrast there is a widening tendency among the east, the middle and the west. The spatial structure of the three belts was strengthened in the 1990s. The regression model between the growth rate of whole nation's GDP and the standard deviation of every region's per capita GDP was set up and according to this model the warn standard of inter-provincial economic difference was probed in this paper. Theoretically, the standard deviation of per capita GDP in 1994 had already broken warn standard. Moderately balancing policies should be carried out right then, so as to control the widening difference and to make each region develop harmoniously.