On the basis of the field surveys organized by WWF in the wetland restoration areas of the Dongting Lake, this article analyzes the characteristics and restricted factors of agricultural labor transfer in the wetland restoration areas of the central Yangtze Valley. The results of the study are as follows: the rate of the surplus agricultural labor transfer is much lower on the whole in the investigated areas, and the outflow labor is mainly young people whose educational level is so low in general that they cannot satisfy the needs of labor markets in cities. In addition, the employment information is inadequate, the job opportunities are few, and the transfer cost for peasants is comparatively high. Those factors also restrict off-farm employment in the investigated areas. Finally, according to the situation of the rural economic development and the employment of the labor force in the investigated areas, along with relative research materials at home and abroad, the article identifies some ways for offective transfer of agricultural labor force. They are as follows: to adjust internal agricultural structure and allocation in the lake areas, exploiting the employment potential within the agriculture; to strengthen the development of agricultural industrialization; to adjust the development direction of the township enterprises strategically, combining with the construction of town- and township-run enterprises; to speed up the process of rural urbanization; to develop the eco-tourism of the wetlands; and thus to take active measures to drive the surplus agricultural labor force to other places.

This article focuses on the analysis of the relationship between Ommastrephes bartramifishing ground and marine environmental factors. Based on daily catch data of Ommastrephes bartrami during 1995 to 2000 by China fishing boats and SST isoline chart covering 1995 to 2000 issued every 3 days by Japan Fisher Information Service Center. ArcGIS was used to store, manage and analyze the data. All the catch data were processed and spatialized to display their spatial distribution. The fishing grounds were identified interactively from the catch data maps. Matching Ommastrephes bartrami fishing ground with SST isoline map revealed that the relationship between them could be divided into 3 main patterns and 16 subclasses. The fishing ground in patternⅠis distributed on the tongue of Kuroshio and Oyashio branches, hence called as tongue type. PatternⅠcan be further classified into 5 subclasses,i.e., warm tongue type, cold tongue type, warm tongue + cold tongue type, warm tongue + cold tongue+ warm tongue type, and warm tongue + cold tongue+ warm tongue + cold tongue type. PatternⅡis located on the branch of Kuroshio or Oyashio, so called as branch type. In patternⅡ, five subclasses can be defined,i.e., warm branch type, warm branch + cold tongue type, warm branch + cold tongue+ warm branch type, cold tongue+ warm branch + cold tongue type, and warm tongue+ cold branch. Pattern Ⅲ is distributed on eddy caused by Kuroshio branch encountering Oyashio branch, also named as eddy type. Pattern Ⅲ can be ulteriorly classified as warm eddy type, warm eddy + cold tongue + warm eddy type, warm eddy + cold tongue (branch) + warm tongue type, warm eddy + cold tongue type,warm eddy + cold tongue + warm branch + cold tongue + warm branch type,and warm eddy + cold tongue + warm branch type. Statistical analyses of 239 samples indicate that pattern III has the highest occurrence frequency and highest catch, and pattern II has the lowest occurrence and lowest production. Subclass 35 has the highest occurrence frequency, and subclass 14 has the highest catch. The average CPUE of pattern Ⅲ is the highest, patternⅠthe lowest.Subclass 31 has the highest CPUE value. In 1995 and 1996, patternsⅡ and Ⅲ dominate. In 1997, pattern Ⅲ dominates. From 1998 to 2000, patternⅠis in domination. In August, patternⅡis in domination. In September, patternⅠdominates. In October, patternsⅠand Ⅲ are in domination. In November, patternⅢ dominates. The SST in patternⅠ usually falls between 15℃and 21℃,patternⅡ,17～24℃, and patternⅢ,10～18℃. The temperature grade in the patternⅠchanges slowly, while pattern Ⅲ, has a big grade change. PatternⅠis mainly located on Kurushio branches 3 and 4, patternⅡon Kurushio branches 2 and 3,and pattern Ⅲ mainly located on Kurushio branches 1 and 2.

With the outstanding universal value,the precious natural and cultural heritages are the treasures left over by our ancestors.With constant deepening in the knowledge and understanding to this value,especially the aggravated damage to the natural and cultural heritages caused by natural disasters and unsustainable economic growth,the world heritage protection and heritage site development have become one of the hotspots attracting the worldwide attention.Scientific research is an important base for the heritage protection,which can provide the theoretical support for heritage protection and its sustainable development.Thus,to identify the scientific issues is of vital importance in the heritage research.In this paper,the authors discuss some key issues relating to the natural and cultural heritage protection,management and sustainable development systematically,which are as follows:(1) paying more attention to the discovery and protection of the national heritages while applying to be listed on the World Heritage List;(2) harmonizing the relationship between the protection and sustainable development of the heritage sites based on the principle of "dynamic conservation";(3)promoting the synthesized research of natural and cultural heritages;(4) implementing "participatory management" strategy by bringing into full play the role of the neighboring communities in protecting heritage sites;(5) understanding the "world heritage" in a broad sense which should include not only the world heritages accepted by the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage but also ones such as GIAHS,nature reserve,geopark,industrial heritage etc.;and(6) strengthening the scientific research of the heritage protection including the theories and methodology of protection,and sustainable management approaches.

Environmental justice studies focus on the spatial justice of people's life quality. With the rapid development of urbanization and industrialization, industrial pollution has led to intensifying environmental degradation. Due to the spatial distribution of polluting enterprises, the levels of environmental degradation vary among urban settlements in the city. Recently, this variance has become a major environmental justice concern in China. Based on this understanding, it is imperative to understand the relationship between distribution of polluting enterprises and the social characteristics of the regional population from the spatial and temporal perspective. Cities with many industrial enterprises can lead to differential distributions in residential settlements. Guangzhou, a typical city, is selected as the empirical case. Based on a collection of enterprise census of 1995, 2004 and 2013 and the population census data of 1990, 2000 and 2010, this study analyzed the distribution of polluting enterprises and its spatial changes using ArcGIS visualization tool, and further examined the spatio-temporal changes of relationship between polluting enterprises and sociodemographic characteristics of regional population in Guangzhou by geographic weighted regression model. We find that the clustering of polluting enterprises has transferred from the central city to the suburban and border areas. The regression results reveal that old people and immigrants had become the main groups greatly affected by enterprise pollution in the 1990s, whereas differences among social classes including social stability, educational level and income level are related to the spatial distribution of polluting enterprises since 2000. This change of spatial relationship reflects the reconfiguration of urban industries and socio-spatial differentiation in modern Guangzhou. Further analysis discovers that the spatially influenced environmental injustice of pollution evolves from insignificance to a significantly city-wide relationship between different social classes and the pollution burden of enterprises. This evolution is different from the characteristics and mechanisms in a Western context. Compared to their Western counterparts, the public environmental resources are endowed with commodity attributes and the fundamental driving force to redistribute spatial environmental benefits through profit capture under the Chinese social market system. Based on our findings, this research further calls attention to seriously considering the environmental rights of low-income classes and emphasizing the need of public participation when making relevant policies.

最近十年来,做为一门科学的地理学已经发生了重大的变化。现在,社会经济地理学形成了一种关于社会空间形式的知识体系。经济一地理这门学科的分化同时又是综合的趋向是和地理学研究当前强调与经济学、生态学与社会学方面的联系有关的。

The five deltas of South China and Indochina Peninsula are all deposited in downfaulted basins. The downfault structure is mainly shown by the red weathering crust on the basement of the Quaternary,island hills on plain,islands off estuary,seismic activity and others.The thickness of Quaternary of Chao Phraya Delta is over 650m but that of Zhujiang Delta is only 63m, showing the different amplitude of downfaulting. The deposits of Early and Middle Pleistocene can be found in the three deltas of Indochina Peninsula but the kown oldest datings are only 52 138 a B P and 45 120 a B P in Hanjiang and Zhujiang Delta,respectively. Since middle stage of the Latest Glacial Period the five deltas have undergone three times of deltaic deposition and two times of discontinuity occurred.The maximum of Holocene transgression is mostly dated at 6 500-5 000 a B P.The advance rate of plain during the past hundred years is 63-120m/a in Zhujiang Delta but that of Chao Phraya Delta is only 4.0m/a. The similarity of the deltas can be enumerated as follows:abundant water and less silt content,composite deposits of several rivers,braided stream,several river mouths,smaller channel curvature,extensive flood plain and wetland,south-westward extending of delta plain,and sedimentary of mangrove. The deltas have following differentiation.The areas of the deltas are quite different.The altitude of plain is larger in the delta inside of estuary.The submerged delta developed in the delta with smaller shelf gradient.The hydrodynamics of the deltas can be recognized as follows:runoff-tidal type of Zhujiang Delta and Chao Phraya Delta,runoff-wave type of Hanjiang Delta and Red River Delta,and runoff-tidal-wave type of Mekong Delta.

Spatial structure of regional tourism and temporal distribution of tourist flow are important for tourism, but few international or domestic researchers have examined the correlation of these two factors. The tourist flows are a typically intense short-term flow in Golden Weeks in China. We sampled 7 typical scenic spots from Kunming, Dali, Lijiang and Xishuangbanna (the four key tourism cities of Yunnan): Stone Forest, Kunming Expo Garden (KEG), Three Pagodas, Mt. Yulong, Tai Garden, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden (XTBG) and National Forest Park. Yunnan Provincial Holiday Tourism Information Center issued daily reports for tourist flows of major tourist areas during Golden Week of "Labor Day" and "National Day". These data sets are used for this research. Except for KEG, the temporal distribution of tourist flow has no significant variation between different Golden Weeks at the same spot for the other six spots, which are tested by skewness index G, correlation analysis, and Person coefficient. Temporal distribution is a one-peak curve. There is an obvious difference between the timing for the peak of tourist flow and G index in one Golden Week. The peak occurs in the early Golden Week at Stone Forest, and it has the lowest G value at this place. The peak value appears in the middle of Golden Week at Three Pagodas, Tai Garden and XTBG, and a slightly higher G value is observed at these places respectively. The peak values at Mt. Yulong and National Forest are in the late Golden Week, but the highest G value is found at these two places. Results show that temporal distribution for short term tourist flows significantly corresponds to spatial structures of regional tourism. G value and the timing for the peak of tourist flow in Golden Weeks for these spots significantly correspond to spatial structure of tourism in Yunnan. The response mechanism follows these rules: the geographical location of regional tourism resources affects tourists choosing their destination places and the number of tourists; the spatial structure of transportation is the major factor that guides tourist flows. Limited by the holiday schedule, temporal distance from the tourist transport center to each destination is the major reason affecting temporal distribution of tourist flow. The longer the temporal distance is, the later the peak of tourist flow appears and the higher the G value is. And, temporal distribution may have multiple responses to spatial structures of regional tourism with different spatial scales in certain spots.

：Urban rainstorm waterlogging is one of the urban' s most common natural disaster. Since the environment of urban underlying surface is complex, urban rainstorm waterlogging has a short response time and submerged speed characteristics. Digital Elevation Model (DEM) is the key of urban surface water catchment, and it is also the basis of rainstorm waterlogging inundation analysis, but the DEM building by traditional methods cannot meet the needs of urban flood analysis under complex underlying surface environment. This paper based on the thinking of multi-source data fusion terrain correction, aiming at constructing the urban DEM for the surface water catchment analysis. This paper used multi-source data fusion approach to incorporate DEM obtained by digital photogrammetry method and technology, then, modified the fused DEM using building、water system elements which change the route of urban runoff. This paper selected the Gongzhufen area in Haidian District, Beijing, to verify the feasibility of this method, the result showed that the urban DEM with a relatively high accuracy, especially in the urban road area where the accuracy was at the centimeter level. The DEM realized the key expression of urban road area which is easy to accumulate water, moreover, the water network and catchment area extraction results based on it were more accurate. The DEM built by this method was suitable for urban rainstorm waterlogging analysis.

Evaportranspiration(ET) of Shandong Province was assessed by MODIS satellite image coupling with meteorological data based on SEBAL model herein. It was revealed from the analysis results that ET derived from MODIS data was in very good agreement with the measurement by lysimeter and the calculation recommended by FAO Penman-Monteith method, with the consistency index of 0.917, correlation coefficient of 0.872, and daily relative error of about 11.34%. Further, the monthly and seasonal water budget of different land use/land cover types during 2005 and 2006 have been analyzed by coupling retrieved regional ET and spatial interpretation of precipitation. Results show that the total average of actual ET and precipitation during the month of March to November in the year 2005 were about 637.45 mm and 639.61 mm, respectively. The mean precipitation can almost meet the water consumption of ET. While in the year 2006, the actual ET and precipitation for the same period were respectively averaged 578.48 mm and 443.98 mm. The water loss reached 134.50 mm. It was also found that water deficit and drought were more serious in spring and autumn compared to that in summer.

The Ejin natural oasis landscape lies in the lower reaches of the Heihe river basin in the arid interior regions of northwestern China.With decreasing water resources from the upper reaches of the Heihe river basin,many urgent ecological and environmental issues in the Ejin natural oasis have become more pressing in recent years.Analysis on landscape patterns not only can clarify the characteristics of the natural oasis landscape spatial structures,but also can provide a scientific basis for the study of the landscape degradation,protection and its sustainable development.Using remote sensing techniques,GIS,and landscape pattern analysis software APACK,the landscape patterns of Ejin natural oasis landscape are studied respectively from the aspects of area statistics,indices at landscape level,indices at classes level and indices between attribute classes based on Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper plus data in 2001.Moreover,correlation analysis between different landscape indices is carried out with the integration of Ejin natural oasis landscape indices in 1987,1994 and 2001.Results show that: 1) typical"matrixcorri dor patch" landscape structure was shown in Ejin natural oasis landscape; 2) it was not steady for Ejin natural oasis landscape with high fragmentation,low landscape diversity,and coarse land scape texture; and 3) it was not independent of each other between different landscape indices,and the relations between some of the indices was obviously correlated with each other.Furthermore,the authors suggest that it should be careful to select some of the landscape indices during landscape patterns analysis.

[Objective] Rare earths are widely used in strategic industries such as national defense and military industry, and clean energy technology. The Sino-US economic and trade frictions and the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic have accelerated the restructuring of the global rare earth supply chain, which has challenged the status of China’s rare earth industry in the global supply chain. In this context, based on the perspective of supply chain resilience, this study aimed to explore the evolutionary process of rare earth supply chain resilience in overseas countries (regions), and put forward China’s countermeasures accordingly. [Methods] This study constructed an evaluation indicator system of rare earth supply chain resilience, including three dimensions of agility, robustness, and dependence. Taking NdFeB permanent magnet as an example, the resilience of rare earth supply chain in overseas countries (regions) was evaluated by using event sequence analysis, semi-structured interviews, and network simulation. [Results] (1) After the “rare earth crisis”, the agility of rare earth supply chain in overseas countries (regions) has been greatly improved, including the increase of new rare earth mining, the improvement of recovery rate, the increase of replacement amount, and the reduced use of heavy rare earth elements. (2) The resilience of the rare earth supply chain in overseas countries (regions) has declined on the whole. The import dependence of overseas countries (regions) on China’s rare earth products showed a trend of transferring from the upstream to the downstream. (3) In general, although China’s exports are still the key factor that affects the resilience of rare earth supply chain in overseas countries (regions), its influence tends to decline. [Conclusion] On the basis of continuing to promote independent innovation in rare earth technology, China should participate in global rare earth supply chain governance by deeply embedding in the global rare earth supply chain network. At the same time, China should simulate the possible scenario of overseas countries (regions) decoupling from China’s rare earth supply chain, and prepare international game and cooperation plan as soon as possible.

It is noted that the climate change is not globally uniform. Regional variations can be much larger and considerable spatial and temporal variations may exist among climatically different regions. In addition, climate change in a specific region or nation is of particular interest to that region and its economic activity. Archival meteorological data of monthly air temperature and precipitation series were used to investigate climate change trends and characteristics in 1951-2010 of Kunming, which is located in the low-latitude plateau region of southwest China. The magnitude of a trend was estimated using linear regression analysis and the station significance of a trend was assessed by the M-K test and MT-test. Furthermore, the periodicity of a series was probed by Morlet wavelet transform. The results show that the climate change presents increasing air temperature and decreasing precipitation in the past 60 years in Kunming region. The annual mean temperature increased at the trend rate of 0.24℃/10 a at the significance level α= 0.01. The annual precipitation decreased at the rate of 3.89 mm/10 a. The increasing trend of air temperature is more obvious in dry season than rainy season, but decline rate of precipitation is obvious in rainy season than dry season. In the first 10 years of 21st century , Kunming experienced much more severe temperature increase and precipitation decrease than in other periods over the observation period of 60 years. In addition, annual mean temperature of Kunming exits two evident characteristic time scale with 5-10 years and 10-15 years. The periodic variations of annual precipitation time series are localized in 10-15 years.

Adaptability thinking and method have become a focus in the world academia due to its fitness for requirements for biodiversity protection and its significance to the sustainable development and the improvement of livelihoods in a social-ecological system (SES). Firstly, this article reviews a great amount of relative literatures about studies on the adaptability of a tourism destination SES and then summarizes in the aspects of research scale of objects, research methods, research contents, resolution path and target management of complex subsystems. This article also tends to provide some references and guidance for the construction and the studies on adaptability of tourism destination SES. Among current researches, the scales include macroscopical and microscopical ones, the majority of which is microscopical. As for the research contents, they comprise several dimensions such as “social-ecological” “social-economic” and “ecological-economic”. Secondly, by comparing relevant literatures domestic and abroad, this article indicates the resolution paths of studies on adaptability include “vulnerability-adaptability” “resilience-adaptability” and “resilience-sustainability”, and evaluation methods mainly consist of “conceptual evaluation and framework construction” and “model building”. On the other hand, researches reveal that tourism destination SES is a complicated adaptive system including many subsystems like society, ecology and economy, whose connectivity can be constructed by target management among these subsystems. Finally, it concludes that scholars home and abroad place their focus on “concept of adaptability of SES”“application of adaptability theory or method” and “connection between adaptability thinking and tourism destination SES” in the studies on adaptability of tourism destination SES. Since relevant research on tourism destination SES is still at its early stage both domestic and overseas, it requires a great of studies. This article gets the following inspirations after sorting out the concept of adaptability of tourism destination SES: 1) Researches on medium scale lack now. Scholars should pay more attention to local culture, transportation in the scenic area and tourist attraction. In the time of doing so, they also should carry out their researches with integrity and comprehensiveness rather than in single aspect or several specific ones; 2) Based on multi angle path analysis and multivariate evaluation methods, future researches should introduce new ideologies, angles crossing subjects, and further improve the application of adaptability of tourism destination SES; 3) By constructing connectivity among complex subsystems in multi routes through target management, relevant researches need to integrate various discipline theories and methods on purpose of explanation and analysis on different types of tourism destination SES and internal elements within. At last, scholars enrich their research contents so as to achieve the sustainable development in tourism destination SES.

The research was suggested by Sir Gilbert T. Walker and carnied out under his supervision. The object is (1) to find out the relationship between the rainfall of China of the rainy season and world weather; and (2) to find some regression for-mulae for foreshadowing China rainfall of the rainy season. Walker’s shorter method has been used for the calculation of the correlation coefficients and his critoria have been applied for testing the reliability of the coeffieients.

It was explored that the drying trend of eastern China were divided by abrupt changes (280’s,880’s and 1230-1260’s).The changes of population during the last 2000 years were delineated and the percentage of people living in the northern part was calculated (table 1).It shows that during the early time,the population in the northern part got the higher percentage than that living inthe southern part.Then the percentage dropped rapidly at the 13th century, and had not recovereduntil now.Table 2 gives the percentage of population of provinces showing the population constractbetween the west and the east.It shows that before the 13th century the Shanxi/Shaanxi (westernpart) were almost the same with the Jiangsu/Zhejiang (eastern part),but afterward the easternpart got higher percentage than the western part.Cultivated land and tax were adopted here toshow changes of economy.Table 3 shows the percentage cultivated land and tax of the northernpart.Same conclusion are given as that shown in Tables 2 and 3.It hints that after the 13th century,a new geographical structure was set up.The relationship between the changes of demography (and culture) with the climate are tried toinvestigated in this paper.It has been discovered that the central government often lost their rulingover this country during the cold epoch.

The term of geopolitical environment refers to the combination of both natural and social environment. Geopolitical environment system is a gigantic and complex system which consists of physical element (e.g. topography, geomorphology, water and land resources, meteorological conditions, etc.) and social economic elements (society, ethic, culture, politics etc.). The research of the geopolitical environment system simulation is a scientific support to the understanding of the international geostrategic dynamics and successfully implement the national strategy. In recent years, the connotation and extension of the geopolitical environment system research have changed dramatically due to the international geo-strategic shift, the global economy and technical progress. This paper presents a review of the origin and development of the geopolitical theory, from classical geopolitics before World War Two to the geopolitics during the cold war period, and the geopolitical researches in post-cold war era. The integration of geopolitics and earth system sciences has brought new advances both in the disciplines and methodology in these areas. The key issues of the simulation of the geopolitical environment system include the dynamic changes of the geopolitical factors, the interaction and adaption of the multiple geopolitical environment factors, methods for establishing the geopolitical environment system and virtual geographical environment techniques. The results indicated that faced with these complicated nonlinear problems like "geopolitical environment system", the hierarchical, reasonable generalization of the model and the numerical approximation methods can achieve the results of quantitative analysis for specific geopolitical issues. Meanwhile, the big data technology is increasingly providing a new paradigm for the studies of geopolitical system. By the methods of heterogeneous data mining, machine learning and high-performance computing, it is expected to explore the associated relationships among the elements contained in the geopolitical environment system to forecast and intervene in the geopolitical environment system evolution, and to provide a new technical method for the solutions to geopolitical issues.

In recent years, the frequent occurrence of waterlogging in China has been one of the serious urban diseases. Spatial pattern of urban impervious surface density is an important factor affecting the waterlogging. This paper aims to provide a new method to optimize the spatial pattern of impervious surface in order to reduce urban waterlogging by the integration of SCS-CN model and the Ant colony algorithm. Firstly, the density of urban impervious surface was estimated by remote sensing images through the method of linear spectral mixing modeling. Secondly,the CN value was corrected by using the Williams formula. Then, the modified SCS-CN model was used to calculate the surface runoff. Thirdly,according to the goal of minimizing runoff coefficient, the spatial pattern of impervious surface of 18 runoff plots was optimized by Ant colony algorithm. Fourthly, landscape pattern indices were used to analyze the spatial pattern of impervious surface. The results show that: in rainfall reappearing periods of 1 year, 5 years, 10 years, 20 years, 50 years and 100 years, the optimized impervious surface pattern could reduce the runoff coefficient by 21.19%, 19.58%, 19.38%, 18.93%, 18.41% and 17.25%, respectively. Based on the experimental results above, this research puts forward three suggestions for the optimization of urban renewal. ① Increase the area of grassland, garden, trees and other vegetation types to reduce the high impervious surface area which can be further divided into patches of lower levels of impervious surface. ② Gather low and medium-to-low types of impervious surface to increase the connectivity and the medium-to-high levels of impervious surface. ③ Increase the quantity and density of patches in each runoff plot and reduce the degree of spread and aggregation.

All the rivers have anti-disturbing and self-restoring capacities with varying water flows.But if the flow is lower than a limit,the river system would be destroyed and the river's function would be lost.This flow should be called the life flow of the river.Then,how to understand,estimate and assure the life flow are still a very important issue.Due to the inadequate human intervention to the Yellow River water resources and sediments,the problems then caused such as river channel shrinkage,water quality degradation,wetland deterioration,etc,considerably affected the health of the lower Yellow River.This paper indicates that in order to restore the healthy life of the river,water demands for sediment transportation,pollution control and wetlands ecosystem have to be maintained.The paper also addresses that the river's life flow greatly depends on people's expected value and future water condition.To implement and assure the life flow is also an important issue.Therefore,further study should be carried out in the Yellow River in terms of river's life flow,water supply capacity and way of water utilization,because this kind of study is still in the preliminary stage.

The Manas river valley has an integrated and independent hydrogeologic unit,topog-raphic composition,and ecologic differentiated structure,which form the typical movement rule and conversion law of water resources and water cycle in the interior drainage basins.The intensive and high-efficient exploitation of water resources has changed the course of water cycle and unity of ecologic service functions from the cycle course and cycle peculiarity,hence leading to the two dimensional division of oasis water resource,and hydrologic cycle.The growth and decline from the natural cycle to the human one change the time-space distribution and transformation conditions of water resources between the natural oasis,human oasis and the transitional zone.According to the existing distributive hydrologic cycle model and hydrologic monitoring statistical data,oasis used water resources didn't affect the mountain area over 2 000 m,but the man-made oasis has acquired the competitive advantage in the cycle of regeneration of water resources in the plain area.Based on extensive statistic data analysis,man-made water supply has occupied 73.5% of the total volume supplied,and man-made exploitation amount has occupied 41.78% of the total output.Hence the plain area hydrologic cycle has brought about two dimensional division dominated by the man-made hydrologic cycle.The ecologic entity between the man-made oasis,natural oasis and the transitional belt,and desert belt has taken on a no-sequence trend.The vertical hydrologic cycle of man-made oasis has been enhanced and evaporation and infiltration intensified.At the same time the horizontal discharge of natural oasis and the transitional belt has decreased and the available eco-water lessened.This change has resulted in an antagonistic tendency between oasis-desert ecosystem.Such a study can provide the scientific basis for the reasonable allocation and sustainable utilization of water resources in arid region.

ANN is the foreland of nonlinearity and artificial intelligence, and is seldom applied in the field of water resources carrying capacity (WRCC) research. This paper introduced the method of ANN into the WRCCR research firstly. And through establishing the model between WRCC and its influencing factors——the coupling WRCC model based on ANN and taking Huizhou city as study region, the quantificational computation of WRCC is discussed. Recently, most of the WRCC models were constructed by coupled system of economy and water resources, and because of the complexity between the two systems, few good results were obtained. This paper explored the complex relationship between these two systems using the ANN model and succeeded in avoiding the difficulties which had happened in other methods. Some method was advanced to compute the ultimate WRCC. Based on the exploitation of water resources and the economic development model, the carrying states of WRCC were forecasted by ANN, and the ANN model was used to classify the WRCC with the index that had been forecasted. Then, this computing process was used to obtain the ultimate WRCC. This paper adopted the method of curve matching error to avoid variable's nonsmooth process in the WRCC model. When the ANN forecasting model of WRCC is established, it uses the training of matching error, exports the forecasting error and compensates the forecasting of the dynamic WRCC. In this way, the extension issue of BP network for forecasting is well solved and it improves the forecasting precision of the nonlinear factors in the system of WRCC. The WRCC model based on ANN can simulate the diversified dynamic changing trends of WRCC according to the different developing projects and reflect the influence from human being. It can also estimate the region's WRCC state. The paper took the Huizhou city as the study region and forecasted its WRCC in 2010 and 2020. At the same time the results' rationality was analyzed by contrasting the results computed by the methods of multi-objects computation and grey synthetical evaluation. And the results can be taken as the reference during the social and economic planning.

The Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, includs mainly the Qinghai province and the Xizang region. It is the highest and greatest plateau on the Earth. But no unanimous idea has been reachad about its exact extent. Based on the characteristics of the major structural landforms of this plateau and the distribution of the plateau surface higher than 4000m above sea level, the author has delimited its extent. More attention has been paid to the eastern boundary that has not been clarified for a long time.The eastern boundary of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau runs along in the middle and northern part of the Hengduan Mts, i, e, along the east and south side of Min Shan-Chaping Shan-Qionglai Shan-Jiajin Shan-Daxue Shan-Jinping Shan-Yulong Shan, It's northeast corner pesses into the east end or Qilian Mts. and western part of Qinling Mts.and its southeast corner mingles with the Hengduan Mts, In these two aveas no obvious structural and ge-omorphological boundaries exist. But according to the distribution of an almost continuous peak plane above 4000m, we can set the northeast boundary of the plateau as lying to the west of the line of Minhe-Kangle-Minxian-Wudu-Wenxian and the southeast boundary as running to the north of Lijiang-Lushui. The southern boundary is situated on the south foot of the Himalayas and the northern boundary on the north foot of western Kun-]un Mts.-Altun Mts. and Qilian Mts, The western boundary of the Plateau merges with Pamir.

Geography is a discipline with its notable characteristics of integration. In other words, integration and regionalism are the basic characteristics of geography. CGE (Computable General Equilibrium) model is a multisectoral, economy-wide nonlinear equilibrium model that are closely related to the Walrasian model of a competitive economy. General equilibrium and autonomous decision making are two concepts central to the CGE modeling framework. It is effective to simulate and evaluate the interaction between the environment and society, and has been widely used in integrated study of geography. This paper introduces the CGE model application in the fields of the sustainability of resources and ecology, global change and resource taxes formation mechanism and the comprehensive risk management of disasters, and regional environmental process and control of pollutants. The model agents, model constraints, simulation methods, processes and results are the main integration point between the CGE model and geographical research. Based on current researches of resources and environment accounting, there are three main methods to combine environment and society together in CGE: extending traditional SAM (Social Accounting Matrix) to ESAM (Environmental Social Accounting Matrix), subdividing environmental sectors, and adding environmental functions in the model constraints. We can draw three conclusions. First, CGE is a mature integrated model for the simulation of an eco-economic system. Using the CGE analysis, this model has been well developed and widely used in some areas in different geographical integrated fields all over the world. Second, CGE model has significant advantages in evaluating the system change effects. Third, in the future, expansion of model application, coupled with other geographical models and set rational scenarios will probably better serve the development of the CGE model.

The iron and steel industry has developed rapidly and now become the most important industry in Tangshan city The total production value and the profit and tax are nearly 40 percent in the whole economy of the city It can be divided into three phases during the development of the iron and steel industrial Before the middle of the 1980’s, the state owned enterprise Tanggang subject to Hebei Province is the most dominant whose output proportion of the iron, steel and steel products was 82 12, 96 46 and 88 32 respectively in the whole city, and the production value was about 80 percent in 1985 In the first of the 1990’s, village and town small enterprises developed rapidly driven by the policy supporting the rural industry and cooperative firms and with the aid of Tanggang After the middle of the 1990s’, the whole level of the iron and steel group has improved New firms are mainly near Tanggang and located in the North near the minerals Most of them first engaged in steel rolling or steel making, now have almost the whole working procedure from sinter to the last products The amount of the local iron and steel industry has come up to that of Tanggang in 2001 The main factors to boost the developmemt of the iron and steel industry are the industrial environment and the institution The first includes the industrial guide offered by Tanggang company, the powerful support of relevant industries, abundant labor force and professional human resources, special relationship between Tanggang and its neighbor villages, communication and imitation among the enterprises The last consists of the role of the national policy, the strategy of local government and the institutional innovation of enterprises Apart from these factors, the increasing demand for the steel products promotes the development of the industrial group too The capacity of learning, adaptation and innovation is important to the growth of the local companies How to promote the sustainable development of the companies without connections in the working procedure is the key issue The government should make efforts to build the connection network, set up effective business environment, guide the firms to adjust the structure of products , foster the cooperation of the firms.

Coordination of rural housing and employment is the key to promoting common prosperity and implementing the rural revitalization strategy. Based on the cross-section data of Chongqing Municipality in 2007, 2014, and 2020 and from the perspective of conjugation, this study constructed an evaluation indicator system and evaluation model for the coordinated development of rural housing and employment at the county level, revealed its spatiotemporal differentiation characteristics, and classified the types of housing-employment coordinated development and proposed differentiated rural revitalization paths. The results show that: 1) There were significant spatial and temporal differences in the degree of rural housing-employment coordination in Chongqing Municipality, which generally showed a positive development trend both in terms of quantity and quality and a spatial pattern of high in the central area and low in the surroundings; The balance index of rural housing-employment generally showed an upward trend and a spatial pattern of local prominence and high in the south and low in the north. The efficiency index of rural housing-employment showed a steady upward trend and its spatial distribution pattern changed from clustered to high in the west and low in the east. 2) The coordination of rural housing-employment at the county level can be divided into six types, including high coordination type, medium coordination type, balanced medium type, balanced medium-low efficiency type, strong employment medium-low efficiency type, and strong housing medium-low efficiency type. The high coordination type was mainly distributed in the core area of the main metropolitan area. The medium-low imbalance type was mainly concentrated in the periphery of the main metropolitan area and the northeastern area of the municipality. The severe imbalance type was mainly concentrated in the key districts and counties that received assistance from the rural revitalization program. 3) There was a higher degree of coordination in the economically more developed counties in the main metropolitan area, and these counties can attract their rural population to live and work there. After the implementation of the targeted poverty alleviation program and the rural revitalization strategy, the rural housing-employment coordination in the economically less developed northeast and southeast areas of Chongqing showed a faster improvement trend compared with the main metropolitan area. The backflow of rural population has occurred. Finally, based on the types and spatial distribution characteristics of rural housing-employment coordination, the article put forward a differentiated path for rural revitalization.

ArcGIS technology was used to obtain the distribution map of land for tourism in Zhuhai in 1996 and 2007. Dynamic degree model and Markov model were applied to quantitatively analyze the quantity, origin, type, structure and spatial distribution evolution characteristics, as well as the reason and change tendency of the Zhuhai's land for tourism from 1996 to 2007. Conclusion was drawn as follows:①Under the theme of ecological and leisure tourism development in recent years, the scale of the Zhuhai's landuse for tourism grew rapidly in quantity;the rate of increment and the dynamic degree of the type of eco-tourism land were the biggest, which was far bigger than other types;the growth of land types for tourism decreased progressively in turn from the eco-tourism land, the resort, the theme park, the cultural landscape to the recreational garden . The scale of each land type for tourism in Xiangzhou district grew obviously, the overall dynamic degree in Jingwan district was the biggest. ②The forest land was the important source of the Zhuhai's land growth for tourism.The probability of originating from the farmland to tourism land of each district was small.The origin types of tourism land in various districts was closely related with their natural conditions and economic development. The resort transformed from forest land and construction land primarily. The cultural landscape and the theme park transformed from construction land . The eco-tourism land transformed mainly from forest land. ③ The main type of the increasing tourism land in Zhuhai was eco-park. The space shape evolution of tourism land presented the "十" shape, and mainly concentrated in the eastern mountains and islands of Zhuhai. Because of different resources condition and tourists market's attraction, each type of tourism land evolution shape was different from each other:the space evolution of the resort type was "U"-shape expansion along the west coast;the space evolution of the theme park and entertainment land presented the "L" -shape expansion. Because cultural landscape of Zhuhai lacked attraction, this kind of tourism land increased few and the shape showed scattered punctuate. As the tourist destination of garden recreational are mainly the local tourist, there was no increase in recent 11 years. ④Because the eco-tourism land of the forest park increased most obviously, the type and structure change of the forest land was most prominent. Land-use change trends of tourism land in Zhuhai were as follows:land for tourism area will increase, the growth scale of eco-tourism land will still be the biggest, the growth of tourism land in Xiangzhou district will be the most obvious, the tourism land origin in the future is mainly from Wanshan islands' shrub land and bare land, tourism land will be mainly extended to "two areas and a belt":eastern island of eco-tourism area, western leisure and tourism area, north of greenland and wetland ecotourism belt. The proportion of tourist facilities will continue to increase.