Since the present stakeholder theory cannot systematically analyse and resolve the problems concerning the relationship of patterns of interest, organizational forms of coordination, and optimized coordination mechanism and trajortories of the stakeholders, this paper, using stakeholder theory in combination with the symbiotic analytical method, defines the key stakeholders in the transboundary ethnic sultural scenic spots and builds models relating to symbiotic relationship and symbiotic models; and, based on the typical case of the Lugu Lake scenic spots, builds a symbiotic game of chess analysis framework in such a kind of scenic spots. The study indicates that the coordinated application of S-S (stakeholder, symbiosis) theory has stronger power of analysis and explanation to the theoretical analysis and diagnosis of the relationship problems of the key stakeholders already occurred in the scenic spots of tourism so as to provide basis for the integration of conflicts and the establishment of coordination mechanism, and moreover, to explore new channels of the theoretical analysis for solving the problems. Specifically, according to the symbiotic theory, the key stakeholder groups in the scenic spots are defined and, in light of symbiotic conditions of the symbiotic units having quality compatible with parameters (e.g. interest), takes it as symbiotic units among the various hierarchies and identifies the symbiotic relationship among them; and then, in accordance with the various types of behaviors spoiling the public interests existeding in the symbiotic models and imperfections of the organizational forms, combining predesigned profits relatively equilibrium goal (such as from P₁ to P₄, M₁ to M₄) matching the improved stage interests of Pareto, it is possible to put forward management strategies and improvement schemes corresponding to the optimized symbiosis for the key stakeholders. In view of the philosophy, contradiction is the internal dynamics and necessary product of objects development.It is just because of the emergence, mitigation and elimination of the contradictions and conflicts as well as their reemergence, remitigation and reelimination in the symbiotic status that makes this process not only keep a reversible state but what is more, makes us find out internal law and mechanism from it. The is of certain theoretical value and profound practical significance to the construction of harmonious society and harmonious culture and getting rid of the "one lake, two management schemes" of Yunnan and Sichuan provinces as well as bidding for world natural and cultural heritage of the Lugu Lake.

There are four typical surface roughness length calculation methods, which are iterative method by least-square fit, Newton iterative method, Temperature Variance Method (TVM method) and a method proposed by Martano. The former two methods need wind speed and temperature profiles in several levels, while the latter two methods use three-dimensional sonic anemometer data in a single level. In this paper, the surface roughness length in various atmospheric stratifications over forest underlying in Changbai Mountains Experimental Station is calculated by the four methods respectively, with wind speed and temperature profiles and three-dimensional sonic anemometer data in 2003. Discrepancy among the four methods and uncertainty of each method are analyzed. The results indicate that, except Martano method, there is minor difference between surface roughness lengths calculated by the other three methods, while roughness length calculated by Martano method is obviously much smaller. By uncertainty analysis of Martano method, it is found out that smaller roughness length calculated by Martano method is probably related to data amount, and calculation results change obviously with data amount. Otherwise, by making uncertainty analysis for the other three methods, it is found out that as for iterative method by least-square fit and Newton iterative method, calculation roughness length is influenced by friction velocity u_*, and if u_* changes 1% between two neighborhood measurement heights, the calculated roughness length would change by 8.3%. As for TVM method, parameter of C₁ changes in such a certain range from 0.9 to 1.05 that the calculated roughness length changes by about 29.9%. By calculating surface roughness length in various atmospheric stratifications with four methods, it is verified that surface roughness length changes with atmospheric stratifications. Surface roughness length in unstable stratification is the smallest, the one in stable stratification is the highest, and in the neutral stratification is medium. Also in this paper specific values in various stratifications are calculated, The results are 2.642, 2.103 and 1.616m for stable, neutral and unstable stratification roughness length, respectively.

Professor Zeng Zhaoxuan(1921-2007), a celebrated geographer, geomorphologist and educationalist, initiated and promoted southern-styled methodology' all his life. He attached great importance to field work, read extensively and made great efforts in advancing innovations. He was an erudite scholar and involved himself in a wide spectrum of disciplines and technologies. His efforts were highly contributive in such fields as physical geography, geomorphology, historical geography, anthropological geography, local records, ethnology and folklore. One after another, he ushered in three new fields in geology, namely: 'rock geomorphology', historical geomorphology' and anthropological geography', filling in gaps disciplines. Professor Zeng insisted on practice first' all the time and advocated that the geographic science is a discipline for the sole purpose of application'. He recommended that scientific researches should be integrated with production and serve national economic construction. Besides scientific researches, Professor Zeng devoted his whole life to education and to the cultivation of geographers. He considered that students' academic proficiency and scientific quality was predominated by the textbooks, thus gaving top priority to the teaching material. He proposed that the geomorphological teaching material should be language easy to understand, contents diversified and knowledge up-to-date. These three aspects were not only required by the compiling of geomorphological teaching material, but also a unique idea for higher geomorphological education.

Rapid development of economic society benefits the human race, but deteriorates basin environment to a certain extent. At present, the shortage of water resources and the pollution of water environment affect the development of human society, economy and culture seriously. It is very important and necessary to enhance sustainable usage of water resources and ensure sustainable development of economic society. The traditional management theory on complex water environment and resources system understands the integrated management model incorrectly and neglects the fuzziness both in the thought of human being and objective phenomenon. Based on the theory of Engineering Fuzzy Sets suggested by Professor CHEN Shouyu, a new assessing method and its corresponding model for assessing the Liaoning provincial sustainable development degree is proposed and the procedure for calculation is presented in detail. Firstly the paper discusses the relationship of aquatic economy-ecosystem environment-economic coupling system and the sustainable development mode of this coupling system, and brings forward sustainable development degree measuring sustainable development status with fuzzy mathematics subjection degree. Secondly, the paper discusses the sustainable development assessing method of the complex water environment and resources system. The author thinks that the relative membership degree of Fuzzy Sets can be used to describe the sustainable development situation. The paper gives the definition and the calculating method of sustainable development degree. The author studies the sustainable development degree of Liaoning Province, researching the relationship between sustainable development of water resources and economic society, considering the present situation of water resources in Liaoning Province. The result shows the sustainable development ability of water resources is low (the sustainable development degree of water resources in Liaoning Province is 0.2456), and there are some exploring potentials and advancing space. The case study shows that the proposed method is more reasonable and its calculating method is very simple. It can also be used in various assessment fields. The result verifies that the method and its corresponding model are reliable and easy to be used. At the same time, the study can also provide decision-making support for sustainable usage and management of water resources in Liaoning Province.

Carbon storage and sequestration is considered to be an important issue in the study of terrestrial C cycling and global climatic change. This paper mainly makes use of basic information of the second national soil survey,studies organic carbon density and pool of different soil types in Anhui Province, and also analyses natural and artificial factors which influence the distribution of SOC. The results showed total organic carbon pool of Anhui Province is 0.71Pg, and total storage of topsoil organic carbon pool is 0.28Pg, accounting for 40% of soil organic carbon pool. Soil average carbon density is 117.54t/hm² and average carbon density of topsoil is 29t/hm². SOC density in Anhui Province is lower than Jiangsu , Fujian and Guangdong provinces, indicating that there is great potential soil carbon pool in Anhui SOC density of burozem and that meadow soils of hilly area is high, but SOC density of the lithosols and yellow cinnamon soil is rather low. SOC density of paddy soil up to 114.37 tC/ hm² is higher than other soils. The spatial distribution pattern of topsoil organic carbon density in Anhui Province is: SOC density in the southeastern part is higher than the northwestern part, SOC density in southern Anhui mountainous region is the highest and the lowest in northern Anhui plain is the least. The order of SOC density in its five different geographical areas.The distribution of top SOC relates to the physical geographical factors such as climate,vegetation types,terrain, parent material, etc. The precipitation and vegetation types restrict provincial distribution of SOC, there is significant positive correlation between precipitation and soil. Terrain and parent material influence organic carbon distribution pattern of the subsoil species. Soil pH value,cohesive soil content and total nitrogen content affect SOC content. These conclusions can be used to analyze soil carbon pool change under agriculture land use in China. The difference between soil carbon density and carbon pool in Anhui Province revealed that human and natual factors can exert effects on soil carbon pool. So we must pay attention to land use and natural factor changes affecting soil and ecosystem carbon cycle.

The impact of spatial factors on karst rocky desertification landscape was studied in Wangjiazhai catchment.Based on the image of SPOT5 in 2005, with the support of the geographic information system (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) software, karst rocky desertification landscape patterns in the studied area was classified as: no, latent, slight, moderate, strong, and extremely strong karst rocky desertification types. Meanwhile, four spatial factors (slope, slope aspect, elevation and distance to the village) were derived from the digital elevation model. Quasi-quantitative analysis was made on the relationships between the above four factors with karst rocky desertification landscape distribution index (RLDI) and karst rocky desertification comprehensive index (RCI), respectively. Results indicate that: (1)The distribution of various rocky desertification landscapes along the spatial gradient is different. For example, the latent and slight rocky desertification is affected by slope aspect more greatly than that on other spatial factors; while the moderate, strong and extremely strong rocky desertification is highly correlated with the slope gradient. (2)The four spatial factors affect rocky desertification in different ways. For example, 27° is a critical angle for rocky desertification intensity which becomes severer firstly, and then becomes slighter around the turning point. As to the effects of slope aspect, due to the aspect of terrane and exogenic forces including solar radiation and precipitation, the severest rocky desertification occurs in regions of south or southeast slope aspect; and less for north, northeast and east cases, while it is slight in other cases. Moreover, with the increase of elevation, the intensity of rocky desertification is in a deteriorative trend. The regulation of rocky desertification along the distance to the village reveals the mode of human activities on rocky desertification process. (3) The fittings between RCI values and four factors, using the cubic curve estimation method, are obviously different in the descending order: slope>slope aspects>elevation>the distance to the village. The order, in a sense, shows the intensities of those spatial factors on RCI values. Though influences of each spatial factor on RCI could be evaluated by using single-factor correlation analysis, it also should notice that those factors affected RCI mutually.

Through the analysis of related literatures at home and abroad, we found that there is no uniform conclusion on the researches of regional economic disparities in Jiangsu province up to now. And quantitative comparison researches of its causes were rarely involved. Using gross domestic production per capita as a variable indicator to measure regional economic disparities and taking 67 cities and counties in Jiangsu province as geographic study units in this paper, we made a quantitative analysis of measuring the total level and the variety characteristics of regional economic disparities in Jiangsu with Gini coefficient and Theil index. Both methods show that regional economic disparities experienced the period of "drop-rise-drop again-rise again" process while the total regional economic discrepancy expanded significantly since the starting of economic reforms of 1978 in China. From the decomposition of Theil index, we found that overall regional disparities in Jiangsu province have shifted from rural-urban to intra-rural disparities. Meanwhile, the interregional inequalities among the southern Jiangsu(Sunan), the central Jiangsu (Suzhong) and the northern Jiangsu (Subei) were expanding. On this basis, we analyzed the factors of the formation and transformation of regional economic disparities in Jiangsu province, such as historical development foundation, economic geographic conditions, regional development strategy, industrial conversion capabilities, development of township enterprises, economic globalization and level of market maturity. Using regional separation index recently developed measures based on regional inequality decompositions, this paper makes a quantitative analysis of the agents of regional economic inequality and argues that the level of market maturity, industrial conversion capabilities and the regional development strategy are the main factors for the expanding of the regional economic disparities in Jiangsu province.

Great attention has been paid to the forest landscape change, and the robust modeling of these processes is important for policy as well as academic concerns. The science of forest landscape change analysis is advancing rapidly, with the development of increasingly sophisticated, reliable and accessible tools and techniques. Perhaps the most effort has been devoted to the modeling of deforestation processes including agricultural expansion. This paper concerns a relatively small area of Yiluo River Basin where considerable national and international attention has been paid to slow down the expansion of land for non-forests into the remaining natural forests. In the present study, we reconstructed the former forest landscape structure and elucidated the landscape change from 1983 to 1999. Two sets of maps were used for analyses: forest resources distribution maps of 1983 and 1999. The result showed that there was an increase in the area of the forest landscape from 960.34 km² in 1983 to 1175 km² in 1999. Then the approach adopted here is to examine the degree to which forest landscape conversion can be attributed to a set of factors that have been identified as significant at broader scales, namely topography, distribution of the village clusters (centroids), distance from villages (centroids) and forest edge(1983). By using "spatial analysis" in Arc/gis 8.3, the correlation on forest landscape change and driving factors were constructed. The study finds that forest landscape conversion in the concerned area is largely explained by elevation, slope, and village proximity.

Danxia landform is defined as a kind of landform made up of non-marine red clastic rock and characterized by red walls and red cliffs. Flat top, steep face and gentle piedmont are the most typical geometrical features of it. Northwest is one of the regions in China where Danxia landforms concentrate. The Danxia landforms are mostly distributed in the narrow strip area; around Longshan Mountains, the valleys of the Yellow River and the Huangshui River, Hexi Corridor and the south of the Tianshan Mountains. The main line of the Silk Road is just along these areas.Because of this, the Buddhism was introduced to China and spread along the Silk Road, so there are numerous Buddhism grottoes.In the west of China, almost all of the Buddhism grottoes are located on the Danxia landforms, so it is certain that there exists a relation between the Buddhism was grotto and Danxia landform along the Silk Road. This paper firstly describes the routes, along which Buddhism was introduced into China. According to the difference of the landscape and lithology in northwest, the paper divides the study area into six sub-areas. They are the areas along the north route of the Silk Rout, Hexi Corridor, the valleys of Yellow River and Huangshui River, the areas to the east of Longshan Mountain, Binxian of Shaanxi Province, and Dunhuang area. They are all the areas where Danxia landforms concentrate, excluding Dunhuang area. The paper discusses the Buddhism grottoes located in these areas respectively, comparing the difference of the grottoes' distribution, structure and style. In addition, it discusses the environment of each area. Based on the discussion it analyses the relation between the grottoes and Danxia landforms.It is held that the characteristic of the Danxia landforms is the basis for the grotto excavating.The red color is in favor of the Buddhism grottoes and the lithology make people cave easily. Therefore, the Danxia landforms are the best choice to cave grottoes and almost all the grottoes along the Silk Rout are located in these areas. If there is no Danxia landform there would be no grotto or no stone statue, for example the southern part of the Silk Road and Dunhuang area. Because of difference of rock character and the environment, each grotto has its own structure and style. Of course, the style of the grottoes and the statues on Danxia landforms differ from those on non-Danxia landforms, even they are all on the Danxia landforms they are different, for some kinds of rock are fit to cave subtly, some are fit to shape statues and others only fit to paint fresco. Therefore, the paper thinks the difference of the rock character is the most important factor controlling the grottoes' structure and style.Finally the paper compares the Buddhism grottoes of the Danxia landforms and of other landforms, such as karst landforms. Although the karst landforms are widely used for cutting grottoes and carving status, comparing to Danxia landform it has disadvantage. Based on the above, the paper concludes that the Danxia landforms are the best choice for Buddhism grottoes and the most important natural conditions that control the grottoes distributing structure and style. The grottoes in the Danxia landforms along the Silk Road integrate with nature, history and art perfectly.

The environmental pressures on industrial firms, involving government, public and market etc. , come from exterior of the firms and force the firms to improve their environmental behaviours. The industry in Jiangsu Province along the Yangtze River has been developing rapidly in recent years, and thus inducing many environmental problems. The increasing environmental problems in consequence enhanced the environmental pressures on the industrial firms from exterior. In order to get insight into the structure, degree and changes of environmental presures on the firms so as to adjust and innovate the environmental policies for enhancing industrial greening, this article studies the impacts of all kinds of environmental pressures on industrial firms and their contributions based on dataset of questionaire from concerning firms with LISREL model. This study revealed that in the study region the pressure from government administration is still the main pressure to the industrial firms, and the improvement of the environmental behaviors of industrial firms is also made by the force of government. Although it is becoming more and more important, the pressures from market, especially the pressures from domestic market have not been the main ones to the industrial firms, and the pressures from the public are also very weak. But in the developed countries, the pressures from market and public are the main environmental ones to the industrial firms. Therefore, there is a long way for China to go to adjust the structure of environmental pressures. In the future, necessary measures should be taken to improve the environmental pressures from market and the public while with the pressure from government administration being sustained.

The Yellow River has a vast expanse of drainage basin,but most of which is in arid and semi-arid areas.The influencing factors, such as increasing water demand, flow regulations by reservoirs, water diversion, and climate change impose intense effect on the channel. Based on field data in 1960-1997, the relations of several influencing factors with the wet area at full-bank stage of the wandering reach in the lower Yellow River are discussed, and linear multiple regression functions have been found. The bankfull cross-section area of the lower Yellow River experienced four alternating periods with expansion and shrinkage from 1960 to 1997, i. e.1960-1964 expansion, 1965-1973 shrinkage, 1974-1985 expansion and 1986-1997 shrinkage. The variation was caused by many factors.Among them annual runoff was most important and annual sediment load was minor important. The peak discharge in flood season and annual average sediment concentration have also influence. Moreover, water diversion is an important factor affecting the bankfull wet area.Flow regulation by the reservoirs upstream of Lanzhou station exerted a remarkable influence on bankfull wet area. Different operation modes of the Sanmenxia reservoir had a direct effect on the channel of the lower Yellow River, but the influence became limited after 1973 when the reservoir began the operation mode of "storing clear water and releasing flood".

According to the defintion the concept of the harden ground, the harden ground is classified as road, town block and farmyard. Through analyzing erosion quantity and the capability of rain-water collection of different kinds of harden ground in the east of Gansu Province, by utilizing the formula which could testify the rain-water collection capability of the harden ground in the 400-600 mm rainfall area on the Loess Plateau, the paper points out that there is serious soil erosion particularly by the roads, towns and villages, which is related to the physiognomic phenomena of gullies on the Loess Plateau, since the rain-water collection of the harden ground is more effective than the natural ground on the Loess Plateau. It is argued that the rain-water collection capability is connected with the harden ground's characteristics, different ways making harden ground led to different kinds of rain-water collection and different kinds of soil erosion, even if this happens on the same type of the harden ground. The study holds that the increasing population, the enlargement of harden ground area, and the resultant more serious soil and water loss constituted one of the essential reasons for the aggravated soil erosion on the Loess Plateau in the historical period.Therefore, the future soil and water conservation work on the Loess Plateau should organically connect the work of prevention and control of soil and water loss with the solution of water shortage problem. Furthermore, the best resolution to the problem of water shortage on the Loess Plateau is to use the harden ground gathered water for industrial and agricultural, produation and domestic consumption.

The rapid development of motor traffic in China increases the heavy metal concentrations of the dust, and might contaminate the soils along the roads. In order to quantify the effects of motor traffic on the heavy metal concentrations of roadside soils, the traffic emissions of Pb, Cu, Zn and Cd in individual provinces of China, and the pollution index of Pb in roadside soils, as well as the contaminated areas caused by traffic were calculated by the models induced from the reviews of researches at home and abroad. Results showed that the emissions of Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd from traffic in developed eastern provinces were higher than those in the western provinces. During the years of 1990 to 1996, Pb inputs of the roadside soils in Beijing City ranged from 2.48 to 3.17 mg · kg^-1 · a^-1, and Pb accumulation was 11.4 mg · kg^-1 along the roads because of the use of lead in gasoline. After inverting to lead free gasoline, Pb inputs of the roadside soils in Beijing City decreased to 0.26 ~ 0.29 mg · kg^-1 · a^-1 from 1997 to 2003, and Pb accumulation was only 1.30mg·kg^-1. Lead concentrations in roadside soils decreased rapidly with the increase of distance from road. The land with the distance up to 10 m from road was heavily contaminated by Pb emitted from traffic, and that moderately contaminated between 10 and 65 m. According to the models, the areas of contaminated lands by Pb from motor traffic in Beijing and China were 289 km² and 3.63×10⁴ km² in total, respectively. The results revealed that the traffic emission is one of the important reasons of heavy metal contamination of soils in China. This study provides both the models for the relationship between motor traffic and heavy metal concentrations in roadside soils, and the practical guiding for the prevention of heavy metal contamination by motor traffic.

This paper analyzed ecological effects of eucalypt planting, environmental impacts of pulp production, economic benefit, and profit allocation on the project of forestry-pulp-paper integration in social-economic development of Yunnan Province in terms of environmental ethics. In the case that benefit conflict occurs among stakeholders, environmental ethics guideline of non-anthropocentrism should be kept to implement the principles of harmony between man and nature, ecological security, synthesized benefits, equity, win to win competition, and the best benefit coverage. Analysis of responsibilities of environmental ethics in sustainable regional development for different communities shows that: the decision maker community is the most important group that must comprehensively consider relationship and interaction between social-economic development and resources/environment while formulating strategies for regional development. It must take the entire, long-term and ultimate benefits as a whole. It also should give up the benthamism behaviors of getting economic profit through damage of the environment. The enterpriser community should pay attention to cost of the society, and take the benefit of the whole society priority to that of enterprises. This community should recognize clearly that only if the whole society is sustainable could enterprises be sustainable, and take the approach of sustainable enterprise based on sustainable environment. The news media community has significant introduction function in the society. It should insist on impersonality, reality, and vocational morality in reporting environmental ethic issues. It should also avoid misleading and confusing reports. The scientist community should take the responsibilities of finding out problems, bringing about suggestions, searching way out, as well as propagandizing, popularizing and educating environmental ethics to improve decision makers, enterprisers and the public in recognizing the nature, respecting the nature and protecting the environment. As main body of the society, the public must improve the awareness in environmental ethics on one hand, play the monitoring role on the other hand, and focus on the regional harmony among population, resources, environment and development.

Based on the "shortest path matrix", with the indexes "weighted mean travel costs" and "economic potential", the author studied the optimization of highway network in Hunan province and the evolution of spatial pattern from 1984 to 2004.With the economic accessibility and the index of "economic potential" it is possible to analyze the spatial pattern effectively through the changes of transportation network; it is beneficial to organize the urban and regional spatial structure, which will support the region's exploitation and the transportation's organization.The study result is that from 1984 to 2004, the accessibility of the highway network in Hunan province was a "core to edge" spatial configuration.The accessibilities isolines have been relaxed. The "CHANG-ZHU-TAN" region is a stronger core and the Yueyang county, Huaihua and Jishou are weak in the spatial configuration. From 1984 to 2004, the disparity of the absolute accessibility was reduced, and that of the relative accessibility became increasingly. The changes of economic potential reducing followed the transportation lines, and took as a "hand-shape". According to the "weighted mean travel costs" and "economic potential", the author divided the Hunan province into four categories of counties: the best development region, the better development region, the popularly development region and the worse development region. The accessibility shows the spatial configuration with a "point-axis" sign in 2004, which is contrary to the "lower-level and out-of-order" in 1984. In the future, the government should develop the "CHANG-ZHU-TAN" region and "one point and one line" regions, which will promote the fast Hunan provincic economic level greatly and form the economic channels in the eastern part of Hunan province. At the same time, the government should make great efforts to improve the accessibility in the western part of Hunan province, narrow the big gap of the economic development level in the province, thus being beneficial to the optimization of the spatial pattern in a "balanced and ordered" state.

Industrial wastewater discharge is the most important source of water pollution in China, and the water environment in humid regions has burdened heavily in the process of industrialization. This paper analyzed the discharge characteristics of industrial wastewater from 1980 to 2004 in Jiangsu Province, which is located in the eastern developed area of China, the relationship between the discharge amount and the economic growth, and the factors influencing discharge change. The result showed that because of the steady development of economic growth, the amount of industrial wastewater has increased slowly with some fluctuations since 1980, while the discharge intensity decreased. Compared to the increase rate of GDP in Jiangsu during the same period, the growth rate of wastewater was much slower. The source of industrial wastewater came mainly from both manufacturing sector and energy producing sector. Nanjing city, three cities in southern Jiangsu, and nine cities in cemtral-northery Jiangsu possessed about 1/3 of the total annual wastewater discharge of the province each.The relationship between industrial wastewater and economic growth was also simulated adopting the Environmental Kuznets Curve model. The studies argued the relationship between industrial wastewater discharge and GDP per capita was an inverted U-shaped+U-shaped model in 1980-1996, while inverted U-shaped model in 1997-2004. Simulation reveals that the discharge amount tends to climb up in a short period and then declines with the economic development. Applying decomposition analysis, factors influencing industrial wastewater discharge in the periods of 1997-2000 and 2001-2004 were decomposed into generalized technical effect (GTE), scale effect and structure effect. The result showed that GTE and scale effect were the most important factors determining discharge change, while GTE had crucial function on pollution control.Stimulation of the enterprises-induced pollution suggests that the environmental policy should place emphasis on enhancing the contribution of GTE in Jiangsu province in the future.

Ecological suitability assessment on land use is one of the fundamental works to use the limited land resources in China rationally. The conflict between urban land use and eco-environmental protection is very intense in the rapidly urbanized area, and it's important to do ecological suitability assessment on land use in such an area. Based on summing up the application of GIS technology, this study develops a domestic widely-used weighted factor-overlay method and extends it to a weighted potential-constrain approach which is originally from cost-benefit analysis. The main advantage of this approach is to divide the assessment factors into two groups, one contains ecological potential factors, and the other the ecological constrain factors, to choose the factors under the principle intensively of data obtainable, and to determine their weights by choosing exact means. The employment of this approach could help to determine the ecological suitability classes more scientifically and reasonably. In this study the potential-constrain approach is employed in Dalian city region, the analysis shows:(1) the area that could be intensively developed for urban construction purpose is 850.46 km² in Dalian city region, being about 6.28% of the total study area; (2) the area that could be developed moderately for construction purpose is 1835.97 km², or about 13.56% of the total area; and (3) the area that could not be used or being moderately and lightly suitable for construction is 10851.92 km² , or about 80.16% of the total area. Hence the land used for urban construction should be controlled under 20% of the region's total area , and the remaining 80% could not be used for urban development. Furthermore, based on the ecological suitability assessment, four planning zones of construction improvement zone, construction emphasized zone, construction restricted zone and construction forbidden zone could be worked out, in which the development strategies and implementations in each zone are suggested. The following aspects could be discussed in the application of the potential-constrain approach: (1) the resolution of satellitic image, which is the basic data, is one of the most important reasons affecting the precision of the result of assessment, according to different levels and different regional scopes, the right size of satellitic image should be chosen to keep balance between quality and quantity of the data dealt with; and (2) to the exactly assessment object, the factors chosen, the weight determined and the overlaying process should be all considered scientifically and reasonably.

It is significant for regional development whether the distribution of manufacturing industry is rational or not. Based on data from the census of Beijing's basic units in 1996 and 2001, this paper, with the Ordered Probit Model (OPM) and analytical techniques in Geographical Information System (GIS), attempts to probe into how the location factors impact the manufacturing industry in Beijing these years, as well as the changes of the impacts. On the one hand, through these studies concerned with a special region, the capital, it might offer the development of Location Theories some material, and it also helps to promote the practical application of the OPM; on the other hand, the studies' findings can be useful references to both the adjustment of industrial distribution and the planning of industrial development in Beijing in the future. The findings suggest that:(1) Beijing's manufacturing industry is being in the course of developing towards outer city and suburbs, and that development trend accords with the characters of Beijing's resources, environment and economy, which is an optimization of the spatial distribution pattern.(2) The OPM's results validate findings (1), and reveal that labor factor, enterprise factor, industry factor, convergency factor, and geography factor have different effects on the locational behaviors.(3)The laborers' quality plays a vital part in Beijing's manufacturing industry's spatial distribution, and in order to maintain the higher level of industrial structure, Beijing should improve the laborers' quality in the outer city and suburbs, which are the most important viewpoints of this study.

In recent years the ecological footprint (EF), originally developed by Wackernagel and Rees in the mid-1990s(Wackernagel M and Rees W,1996,1997), has gained much attention in ecological economics. This method tracks natural resources consumption of a nation or a region and translates them into biologically productive land area, which is required to produce the resources and to assimilate the wastes.EF calculation should be based on different scales (globe, nation, region, city or individual) of consumption. And then we can compare the EF and the ecological capacity (EC) of the same scale to determine the ecological status of this scale. Most of the researchers used statistical data and models to calculate EF and EC; however, the calculation is static. Moreover, the theory and methodology of EF and EC prediction have not been developed in literature so far. This paper is one of the few quantitative studies of EF and EC predictions. In the paper, the concept, theory and method of ecological footprint are introduced which can measure the goal of sustainability. On the basis of it, the study brings forward the method of EF and EC prediction.In terms of EF prediction, the method of combining consumption model with population model is adopted while for EC prediction the method of combining geographical cellular automata with GIS is used. The above models and methods are employed to calculate EF and EC in 1995 and 2000 and predict them in 2005 in Hexi Corridor. The result shows that EF is continually increasing, and EC ascended in the anterior five years and will descend in the posterior five years. This calculation and prediction model method is characterized by accuracy, speediness and high operability but the prediction method is of limitation to a certain degree.

Dealing with regional land surface parameters and radiation balance components is a very important and difficult task. Studying on land surface parameters and components of surface radiation balance over inhomogeneous landscape, the utilization of satellite remote sensing is indispensable. In this study, a parameterization method based on Landsat-7 ETM+ data and 22 weather stations data is described for deriving the regional distributions of land surface parameters (NDVI,surface reflectance, surface temperature) and components of surface radiation balance (surface absorbed shortwave radiation, surface upward longwave radiation,downward atmospheric radiation, net radiation) over the southern Ningxia region.Distribution map and histograms of the parameters and components are given. Furthermore, the southern Ningxia region is classified into five surface types, regional distributions of land surface parameters and components of surface radiation balance are discussed according to each type. The results indicate: (1) All the regional distributions are characteristic in their terrain nature and the regional distributions are obvious and regular. The maps of mountains and rivers are very clear with dense vegetations growing on the mountains and by the rivers. It is seen that the derived regional distributions of land surface parameters and components of surface radiation balance for the whole mesoscale area are well in accord with the land surface status. (2) The maximum NDVI is on the Liupan mountains (with a forest) followed by the Yueliang mountain and rivers and other irrigated areas (with grass or crops),and the low NDVI value area over water bodies and nudation.(3)The regional distributions of surface reflectance and surface temperature are basically in-phase opposition with the corresponding regional distributions of NDVI.(4)The surface absorbed shortwave radiation is high over the Liupan mountain, the Yueliang mountain and by the rivers, and the nudation is low.On clear day, the surface absorbed shortwave radiation is mainly determined by surface reflectance. The regional distribution of net radiation is similar to the surface absorbed shortwave distribution.

Soil erosion and eco-environment on the Loess Plateau are among the most serious problems in the world.To improvements of the vegetation coverage and ecological efficiency are the key issues to be settled urgently in future in the context of erosion control and food security. According to the data from the key counties with different spatial locations on the Loess Plateau, the effects of climate, land cover and land use pattern on sediment yield as well as the relationship between sediment yield and environmental variables are studied in this paper. The integrated impact by natural variables and human activities and their weights in influencing sediment yield are also quantitatively analyzed on the Loess Plateau, particularly in the sandy and coarse sandy areas. Furthermore, the adaptive coefficient of eco-water requirement of natural vegetation and the concepts of restoration degree of forest and grass are used to systematically discuss the macro-configuration changes of land use pattern and vegetation restoration prospect in the middle Yellow River, particularly in sandy and coarse sandy areas. Studies indicate that on the Loess Plateau, where the growth of vegetation mainly depends on natural precipitation, biological measure (mainly vegetation type) is required to be in accordance with natural zone, and the restoration and construction of macro-vegetation should adhere to the vegetation restoration degree and its adaptive coefficient of eco-water requirement. With the pressure of growing population, it is a key problem to reconstruct vegetation and crop planting to settle out the contradictions, such as properly dealing with the relationship of economic development and environmental protection, reducing reclamation rate and protecting farmland, planting forest and making grass and their adaptative to precipitation as well the reasonable configuration of biological and engineering measures on the Loess Plateau.

This article inferred the formula of accounting energy consumption in mining shallow groundwater, based on the supposition that the energy consumption of groundwater mining is equivalent in the mining well and in its radius of affected area. According to the characteristics of evolution of shallow groundwater seepage field in the south Haihe River plain in the three periods of time, namely, the 1960s, the 1980s and initial period of the 21st century, as wall as integrating the GIS technique,we account the energy consumption and their differences in groundwater mining of the three different typical years (1964, 1984 and 2001) of the three periods. The results indicated that, when shallow groundwater table drops deep for 1m in the study area in 1964, 1984 and 2001,the energy consumption of groundwater mining is respectively 0.16×10⁸ kw · h, 0.65×10⁸ kw · h and 1.2×10⁸kw · h; when shallow groundwater table drops deep for one unit, in comparison with the three different periods of 1964-1984, 1984-2001 and 1964-2001, the energy consumption difference of shallow groundwater mining is respectively 0.49×10⁸kw · h, 0.55×10⁸ kw · h and 1.04×10⁸ kw · h. After analyzing the spatial distribution map of energy consumption of shallow groundwater mining in different periods of time in the south Haihe River plain, it is found out that, since the 1960s, the energy consumption of shallow groundwater mining has increased substantially, from average 269kwh/km² to average 1781kwh/km², due to groundwater overdraft.The computation of the energy consumptions and their difference of shallow groundwater mining both assume the increasing tendency from the alluvial and coast plain region to the Taihang piedmont plain region, the maximum energy consumption of groundwater mining is from 68 kwh/km² to 8908 kwh/km², but the energy consumption difference of shallow groundwater mining increases from 4760 kwh/km² to 8568 kwh/km².The research results could be used to provide the reference for the social and economic benefits appraisal of the shallow groundwater table rising after implementation of the South to North Water Transfer Project in the study area, and provide service for the research of the local construction of an "abstemious society".

In the paper,the author uses the growth index to attribute the urban spatial expansion intensity and the spatial difference, uses the incidence coefficient to portray the essential factor of the influence of urban spatial expansion mechanism, initially constructs an appraisal method of taking the city land use area (urban construction land + industrial construction land) as the dependent variable, taking the nature, the humanities, the society, the economy, the ecology as well as other factors as the independent variables to quantitatively reveal the city space dynamic evolution and its influencing mechanism. The diagnostic research of city space expansion in Chongqing after being directly under the Central Government for nearly 10 years indicated that, the Chongqing city's "pole nucleus" layout gradually developed into the duplicate suitable spatial pattern by "the centralized concentric circle type" and "the dispersible group type". From 1998 to 2004, the increasing urban construction sites of urban expansion played the dominant role, with urban residential land expansion index reaching 0.0504, being more than three times that of industrial construction in terms of annual average expansion rate.The unceasing enhancement consumption level of and continuing development of the economic level are the two major reasons accountable for the Chongqing city' s spatial expansion, The projects under the government guidance and the process of rural industrialization under market direction are the major influencing factors for Chongqing city's spatial expansion after the implementation of reform and opening up policy.

The loess gullied-hilly area of the Loess Plateau in North China is one of the most severely eroded regions in the world with a mean annual soil loss rate exceeding 10000t/km².Based on the observed data here from two stations, the relationship between runoff and sediment yield is examined for single storm events. In the study area, sediment concentration keeps stable when flow discharges are in excess of some critical values, and mean sediment concentration for single flood events mainly depends on the heavy-discharge stage in flood duration. Thus, the mean sediment concentration also keeps stable for heavy flood events. Therefore, one new runoff-sediment relationship model is established for specific watershed:M＝Ch,where M is area-specific sediment yield, h is runoff depth. Furthermore, this model has excellent applicability due to the importance of extreme events for soil loss in the study area. The results of the model applied to the annual timescale showed that the model can predict the annual sediment yield very well for the watershed without base flow; and for the watershed where base flow exists, the model can also obtain a good estimation in wet year using the total runoff volume occurred in flood season.

Wetlands, named as the kidney of nature, are transitional areas between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, and often have the unique characteristics of both. Wetlands perform functions such as providing habitat for birds, animals and plants, and cleaning water of nutrients and pollutants, and these functions make wetlands important and valuable to humans. But in recent years, due to both disturbances of the nature and human, worldwide wetlands have shown a degraded trend. Based on the data from hydrographic monitoring, field survey and analysis of experiments, this paper analyzes the hydrological characteristics and ecological degradation pattern of Lake Nansi in the last 50 years. As one of the biggest lake wetlands in North China, Lake Nansi wetland plays an important role in reserving the regional biodiversity and adjusting climate. The water inflow into Lake Nansi is obviously decreasing with a rate of 5.5×10⁸m³/10a. Water reduction, mud and hydrophyte deposit make Lake Nansi shrink and block up. The lake is dying out. The water environment of Lake Nansi polluted by the waste water of Jining and coal mines is so serious that the security of the lake's ecosystem has been severely affected. As a result, human couses much more damages to the environment than the nature. The deterioration of water environment of Nansi Lake has badly endangered the health of the ecosystem and restricted the sustainable development of society and economy. On the basis of the above-mentioned analysis, the paper puts forwards some brief suggestions on wetland conservation.

Cultivated land, a type of non-renewable resources, has its quantity changes often presented several phases with the development of industrialization and urbanization.It is the rapid economic growth and accelerating urbanization process in China that make the limited cultivated land resources to pay a high price for. As a major agricultural province in China, the reduction of cultivated land resources in Shandong Province has become an unavoidable loss of cost for the rapid economic growth phase in the Province and the cultivated trends, which intensified the contradiction of the supply and demand between people, and seriously affected sustainable development of agriculture in Shandong. Therefore, we must correctly understand the changes of cultivated land area and development trends,and correctly analyze and grasp the primary driving factors and mechanisms for the changes of the cultivated land area. It is of great significance to the proper handling of the relations between the changes of cultivated land area and economic construction. This issue uses the EMD method for the first time, which carries on the comparative analysis of the relations of economic growth and the changes of cultivated land resources of Shandong Province, attempting to find out the interactive relations of them, and to conserve the cultivated land resources of Shandong Province. The findings indicate that the undulating cycles of GDP growth in Shandong are 13, 23, 37and 55 years; the cycles of its cultivated land changes are 9, 13, 37 and 55 years. It has been fully proven that the growth of GDP drives the changes of cultivated land in Shandong. Around the year 2015, the price of cultivated land loss for economic growth in the Province will be greatly reduced, the amount of cultivated land will be maintained at a relatively stable level, and the economic growth and the decrease of cultivated land will enter a good developmental stage. Finally, a dynamic model with a cycle in this issue is made for the first time, and the changes of the cultivated land area in the next 20 years in Shandong Province are forecasted.

With the development of disaster research and economy, disaster risk assessment has become a new research area, which will help decision makers to choose optimal technical policies to manage disaster and to set up disaster mitigation strategies. As one of the important natural disasters, the grassland disaster has greatly influenced the development of stockbreeding. So it is necessary to research on grassland fire risk. The grassland in the western Jilin province is an important one in China, which belongs to Songnen grassland in Northeast China, and is also a region susceptible to fire. According to the statistics, the fire disaster in the grassland in the western Jilin province occurred 142 times and affected an area of 7095.5ha during the period 2001-2004, thus seriously threatening and restricting sustainable stockbreeding development in the region. In terms of natural disaster generating mechanism and risk analysis formula, the grassland fire disaster risk index (GFDRI) is set up based on the analysis of grassland fire disaster, exposure, vulnerability and emergency response and recovery ability by using linear weighting model, analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and grassland disaster risk evaluation model. The risk values of grassland fire disaster are calculated respectively in the western Jilin province. The study area was divided into four risk regions, namely, extremely heavy, heavy, moderate and light.The results are proved to be higher reliable.This study is can provide reference and guidance for grassland fire disaster insurance, managing grassland fire disaster and developing strategies to mitigate grassland fire disaster and reduce losses from it. Because grassland fire disaster was influenced by many factors, the index such as vegetation and terrain should be taken into account when the study is carryied out in other place where the terrain changes sharply and the vegetation varies. At the same time, the index value should be changed correspondingly. In the further research the spatial data should be applied to describe the distribution and variety of grassland fire risk.

At present, the studies of water system mainly focus on water problems in arid region, while the pollution-induced water shortage problems are almost neglected.The relevant methods are mostly half-quantitative, and the results are almost macro-scope related suggestions.The pollution-induced water shortage problems takes on some characteristics, e.g. man-made effect, all-around in function and randomicity in process.The paper considers comprehensively the pollution-induced water shortage problem in southern China where water resources are abundant. And based on System Dynamic (short for,SD) water system under different policies is simulated.Taking Yangpu district in Shanghai as a case, according to its characteristics the model which includes five subsystems and six control parameters is built.The model runs and produces three kinds of desired schemes by adjusting control parameters.Based on the results the paper identifies the main impact factors of water system: water price, ratio of sewage treatment, consciousness of water saving, and technical reform. Combined with the simulation results, some reasonable policies are put forward in order to realize the balance between supply and demand on water resource, and to realize harmonious development in the region.The corresponding measures mainly refer to a rise in water price, consciousness of water saving and the ratio of sewage treatment, and reform technical in production, which can solve effectively the pollution-induced water shortage problem.Some policies depend on regulated and control reference values(corresponding years: 1990/1995/2000/2005/2010/2015/2020): TPW (water price)= 1.3/2.7/2.9/3.5/4.7/5.2/6.8; TRWW (ratio of sewage treatment)=0.73/0.79/0.84/0.85/0.93/0.96/0.97; consciousness of water saving, INDEX1=2.5(after the year 2005),INDEX2=1.021(before 2005); at TRT (technical reform.)=1/1.1/1.28/1.35/1.5/1.65/1.66.It is predicted that water system balance between supply and demand will come true in 2010 because then the total demand of water is about 14.0×10⁹(t) and the capacity of water supply arrives at approximately 13.9×10⁹(t).But the model can not reflect the pollution-induced water shortage phenomena due to pollution accidents; and can not provide quantitative relationship between some control-parameters, so both problems are the topics of concern in seeking for the solutions to the pollution-induced water shortage problems.

Land use and land cover change research needs to pay more attention to its environmental response, especially to its desertification response. The study area is typical in the agro-grazing ecotone, where desertification is a serious threat to agricultural economy. Based on three land use maps, which were identified by using 1985, 1995 and 2000 TM remote sensing images, this paper analyzed the land use change and its desertification response in the central Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. Supported by spatially statistical function of GIS technology, land use indices and landscape indices, including single land use dynamic index, patch density, fractal index, etc., the analysis tried to discuss the relationship between the pattern of land use change and desertification trajectory during recent 20 years. The results suggested:1)General land use change analysis showed that the middle-covered grassland and lower-covered grassland decreased obviously, and woodland presented a trend of protection and reconstruction after previous destruction. 2) Hotspots of desertified land shifted from northern sandy region to central region from 1985 to 2000. The region near Yanghuang trench should be paid much more attention in terms of its desertification condition. 3) Desertification of grassland was extremely serious among all the other land use types. The desertification of middle-covered grassland gathered in the northern region, where there were more agricultural activities. The patch cohesion index of middle-covered grassland in that region was relatively large. The desertification of low-covered grassland appeared around original sandy land, and it was more sensitive to physical change than human activities. 4) Considering instability of different agricultural land use activities in the study area, the middle-covered and low-covered grassland were more instable than other types, especially the middle-covered grassland. It was indicated that the middle-covered grassland was the most sensitive land use type in the region in response to physical and human disturbances, and it needed effective management and scientific pattern of ecological reconstruction.

Moisture content change and characteristic, distribution, formation reason of dried earth layer under artificial forest land and lawn ranging 0~6m depth in Guanzhong Plain were studied in this article by drying-weight method.The aim of the research is to verify the distribution scope of dried earth layer in the south of the Loess Plateau and the reason of it, and to provide scientific basis for the prevention and control of dried earth layer. Experiment results show that the average earth moisture content is 8.4% between 2 and 4m of 10 age apple trees, the average earth moisture content is 9.0% between 2 and 4m of 12 age phoenix trees in Xianyang. The average earth moisture content is between 9.3% and 9.5% between 1.8~3.6m of 12 age phoenix and poplar trees in Lantian. The average earth moisture content is 9.2% between 2 and 3.5m of 15 age apple trees in Wujiafen, and there is formation of dried earth layer between 2 and 3.5m. There is obvious formation of chronic dried earth layer in artificial forest land at Xiekou of Lintong and Weiqu of Chang'an.The average earth moisture content is more than 12% below 4m of the middle age artificial forest land, which indicates that the dried earth layer doesn't extend to the layer below 4m.The average earth moisture content is more than 12% below 2m of 6 age and 4 age apple trees land, and there is no formation of dried earth layer. According to the computation of CaCO₃ migration depth model, under 600mm annual precipitation condition in Guanzhong Plain, the migration depth of gravity water is less than 4m, which indicates that the dried earth layer in this area is chronic. The changes of the moisture content of the artificial forest land show that the dried earth layer is distributed extensively on the Loess Plateau, and the south boundary of it has reached the northern foot of the Qinling Mountains.In Northwest China, where annual precipitation is less than 600mm, the dried earth layer in the artificial forest land is a universal natural phenomenon. The formation reason of the dried earth layer is that the gravity-capillary zone depth, which is determined by precipitation, is obviously smaller than 2 m.The direct action of water factor of dried earth layer is that the buried depth of the zone is small and the water movement velocity is slow, while the high water consumption tree species is the vegetation factor of it. It is clearly shown that the depth of the gravity water and the capillary water in Guanzhong Plain is the main natural factor for the formation of the dried earth layers. Whether the artificial forest or natural forest, the dried layers generally develop in the middle age forest land. The formation of the dried layer doesn't mean that the forests can not develop in this area, but they cannot develop well.Trees can be planted in areas where dried earth layer developed poorly, but they are not suitable to be planted in areas where dried earth layer developed intensely.