Urban soils are regarded as recipient of large amounts of heavy metals from various sources. Information on the environmental effects of different functional zones is lacking, especially in Yibin, a city with a rapidly increasing rate of development. Such information will assist in developing strategies to protect urban environment against long-term hazardous accumulation. In order to identify the concentration and spatial distribution of Zn in urban soils, 63 topsoil samples of Yibin, Sichuan Province, were collected and analyzed with geo-statistics extent based on GIS. The results showed the concentration of Zn in the soils of Yibin ranged from 36.16 to 362.15 mg/kg, with the average value of 138.88 mg/kg, which is apparently higher than the background value of Sichuan Province (p=0.000). Moreover, compared with the soil baseline value of Sichuan Province, 28.57% of the samples exceeded this reference. The concentrations of Zn in industrial areas, traffic areas and commercial areas were significantly higher than the background value, respectively. Using the soil-baseline concentration as a criteria, 71.42%,41.67% and 33.3% of the samples in industrial areas, commercial areas and traffic areas exceeded the limit, respectively. The geo-statistical analysis showed that the spatial correlations of Zn belonged to the medium degree, indicating that the concentration of Zn in the soils was influenced by the random factor and structural factor. Spatial distribution of Zn pollution accumulative index produced by kriging showed that Zn exhibited serious pollution risk in Shangjiangbei and Xiajiangbei districts, and that soils in Cuiping and Nan'an districts were contaminated by Zn to some degree, particularly in industrial areas, commercial areas and traffic areas.

In the paper, the evolution law of the typical wetlands (the wetland near the confluence of Raohe River estuary and main branch estuary of the Ganjiang River, and Ganjiang southern-branch delta wetland) in the Poyang Lake wetland was studied by the classification of the Landsat-TM images during the period from 1991 to 2008. Results showed that the wetlands expanded the main water body of the Poyang Lake obviously. Furthermore the wetland was in a positive succession from 1989 to 2001 before the operation of the Three Gorges Project. With the running of the Three Gorges Project, the effects on the succession of the wetlands were very different depending on the distance from Hukou. The succession of the Raohe River wetland near the Hukou Station was changed, which was obviously affected by the running of the Three Gorges Project. Some of the Carex beach changed into Bulrush beach, and the range of the Carex beach has greatly extended because the time when the wetland was exposed has been moved up. While the Ganjiang middle-branch delta wetland that is far from the Yangtze River had less changed after the operation of the Three Gorges Project and it was in a steady positive succession.

As the capital of China and a world famous metropolis, Beijing has the wind-sand problem, which attracts the attention across the country. The researches on the wind-sand problem of Beijing has been done by many related scholars and placed emphasis on the influence of local sand source. As the largest kind of bare land in Beijing suburbs, farmland is the most important local sand source in this region. This paper studied specially the spatial-temporal distribution and wind-erosion features of farmland around Beijing,which were analyzed with the aid of satellite images, field investigation and fixed-point observation. The results shows that stub keeping and ploughed land are the main wind-erosion farmland around Beijing. Stub keeping land is mainly distributed in Beijing suburbs and ploughed land is mainly in the Yanqing basin. In recent years, the farmland of Beijing reduced largely, but the stub keeping and ploughed land has increased. The strong wind-erosion happens in March and April due to stub keeping land, which lasts six months for ploughed and harrowed land, and only happens in April due to ploughed instead of harrowed land. This research can help us get a better understanding of the types, area, distribution and wind-erosion features of the farmland in Beijing suburbs, and establishes basis for the future research on the wind-erosion feature of farmland, wind-erosion quantity, dust emission quantity and its influence on the air environment. It is important for the research of wind-sand movement in Beijing.

Based on the data of winter wheat experimental field and meteorological data in Xifeng and Tianshui agrometeorological experiment stations and Pingliang and Chenxian agrometeorological observation stations from 1981 to 2008, the models of climate suitability had been established. The dynamic variation of climate suitability in the whole growth period from 1971 to 2008 was evaluated. The results showed that the suitability degrees of temperature, light, precipitation and synthesized climate were 0.77, 0.66, 0.50 and 0.60 respectively during the whole growth period of winter wheat. It is indicated that the temperature and light suitability degree increased by 0.001 and 0.0014 every year respectively and precipitation suitability degree decreased by 0.0013 every year from 1971 to 2008. The accumulated departure of temperature and precipitation suitability degree increased by 0.006 every year and accumulated departure of light suitability decreased by 0.0923 every year from sowing to stopping growing period in recent years. The accumulated departure of temperature decreased by 0.0254 every year and light suitability increased by 0.0139 every year during the overwinter period in recent years. The accumulated departure of temperature and light suitability decreased by 0.0497 and 0.0186 every year respectively from reviving to heading period in recent years. But the accumulated departure of precipitation increased by 0.0262 every year since 1971 and the meteorological condition was becoming better in this growth period. The accumulated departure of temperature and precipitation suitability degree decreased by 0.0031 and 0.016 every year and the accumulated departure of light suitability degree increased by 0.0637 every year during heading to mature period in recent years. The synthesized results of all climatic factors trended grim in this period. Precipitation was main limiting factors during the later growth period of winter wheat. We suggested that countermeasures for climate change should be modified in accordance with climate suitability in order to utilize climate resource effectively.

Based on radionuclide dating (²¹⁰Pb and ¹³⁷Cs) in the sediment core of the Dianchi Lake, Yunnan Province of China, we calculated the sedimentation rates in the past 159 years. The vertical profile of ¹³⁷Cs has three obvious ¹³⁷Cs peaks in the core corresponding to 1963, 1975 and 1986, since the onset of ¹³⁷Cs fallout in 1954. Using the dating of the ¹³⁷Cs peaks, the four time-averaged accumulation rates of the Dianchi Lake were 0.062, 0.051, 0.049 and 0.043 g/cm²·a^-1, respectively. Four stages with different accumulation rates in core DC1 indicated a slower process since the onset of atmospheric nuclear weapons testing in the 1954. According to the result of ²¹⁰Pb (CRS) dating in DC1, the sedimentation rate is 0.052 g/cm²·a^-1, which is unstable in the past 129 years, which might be related to human activities during different historical periods of the past 100-150 years. As for dissimilar physical and chemical associations, diffusion characteristics for the two radionuclides (Pb and Cs), we interpreted the rationality of deviation by the two dating methods. The further precise result can be obtained by combining two or more dating methods, respectively. Compared with the local rainfall in the past 50 years with sediment grain size in the region of Dianchi Lake, it is found that there was an obvious variation trend in the sediment grain size with the fluctuations of rainfall. All these findings indicate that there is a positive correlation between grain size and the fluctuations of rainfall. This shows that sediment grain size could reflect the rainfall changes trend at a short time-scale and high resolution investigations, i.e. larger sediment grain size reflected more rainfall and wetter climate while smaller sediment grain size reflected less rainfall and drier climate.

The structure and spatial distribution of forest age are important parameters for assessing carbon sequestration potential of forest ecosystems at regional scale.In this study, we tried to estimate those parameters based on survey data of the average forest age and area of dominant tree species retrieved from detailed investigation of the fifth national forest at provincial level, along with the growing season NDVI data derived from NOAA AVHRR sensors in the same period. We then analyzed the spatial patterns of forest ages in China with remote sensing downscaling techniques. The results indicate that the spatial distribution of forest ages showed significant heterogeneity. The forest age of southeast China was lower than that of rest of the country, with average values ranging from 20 to 30 years. The forests aged over 120 years are mainly distributed in central Sichuan and northwestern Xinjiang. And the forest ages of the southeastern Tibet, northwestern Heilongjiang, northeastern Inner Mongolia and southern Yunnan are mostly between 70-120 years. From the national-level perspective, the main forest age is ranged from 10 to 80 years, with their area accounting for 85.4% of the total forest area. The area of forest aged 20-40 years accounted for 35.3% of the total forest area. The average forest age was 40.6 years in China, whose standard deviation is 26.6 years. As for the probability, Chinese forest ages showed a single peak of abnormal distribution.

Parameter λ is an important index of the SCS runoff model. Model researchers take the standard value λ= 0.2 as the model parameter. However, the model has not considered the impact of landform types on runoff. There are a lot of differences between soil thickness, surface slope, lithology and the degree of development of rock fracture of different landform types in karst basin. All these factors have a direct impact on runoff mechanism of watershed. The landform types have a great influence on the runoff of karst basin. The SCS model is modified by calibrating the values of λ of different landform types. GIS and RS are important means to obtain the spatial information of a watershed. By using GIS and RS, we extract the information data of landform types, soil classification, land use, and obtain the CN values of different landform types. There are no karst basins with a single landform type. So it is difficult for measured data alone to calibrate the value of the various landform types of λ. This paper attempts to calibrate the parameter λ of different landform types by analyzing the relationship between landscape structure and the parameter λ. The parameter λ values of the karst basin are calculated in combination with measured data and landform characteristics, and the karst basin SCS runoff model is established at last. The model is applied to the Pinghu basin, compared with the SCS runoff model. The results demonstrate that the precision of the karst basin SCS runoff model is much higher than that of the SCS runoff model. It has been shown that the karst basin SCS runoff model can be used to simulate the runoff of a typical basin of karst. The result of this study showed that this method can be used to complete the model parameterization, calibration and verification, which is feasible under the conditions of lack of information. It can refer to other factors which affect runoff also. At the same time, hydrological models are supported by GIS and RS technology, which not only enriches the means of access to spatial information, but also improves the efficiency of the model calculation.

Retail activities and their spatial organization have always been one of important research themes in urban/economic geography. With the popularity of the new advanced information and communication technologies, online shopping as a new form of retailing is increasingly being accepted by retailers and consumers. The impact of this trend on retail value chain, business models and spatial organization can not be ignored. These were a new area of study—the implications of the growing prosperity of e-commerce for the geographical patterns of consumption—which has been paid more and more attention by Western-based geographers. However, compared with high-speed expansion of online retailing, the emergent commerce remained a neglected area in geographical research in China. This paper attempts to carry out a preliminary study of spatial organization of online retail business and its influencing factors.We take a case of Dangdang.com which is one of the largest Chinese-language online retailers, and explore its spatial organization and spatial dynamics of market extension. The result reveals that the geographical factors play very important roles in the development of e-commerce. Three conclusions are drawn. First, just like previous technological innovations, the spatial expansion of online retail enterprise in China still follows the hierarchical path. Secondly, information infrastructure, fulfillment and logistics services, and payment methods are three major influencing factors of the development of online retailing. Furthermore, these conditions depend on the level of local economic development. Finally, at the macro level, the difference of spatial organization between online retailers and traditional retailers is not significant, and still subject to geographical factors.

This paper used spatial statistical analysis to establish the statistical relation among data according to the spatial location. It aimed to understand the spatial dependence, spatial association and spatial autocorrelation related to geographical location. On the basis of the method of geographical spatial analysis and spatial analysis software, this paper analyzed the spatial situation of GDP in Hadaqi industrial corridor in 2008, including spatial correlation of each county and the relationship between GDP and population. Some conclusions can be drawn as follows. The spatial correlation of GDP in Hadaqi industrial corridor is positive, whereas the correlation coefficient is small, GDP spatial distribution is not entirely random, but spatial clustering of spatial similar value. According to analysis of the correlation of GDP and population, we found that the spatial distribution is greatly polarized. There is a positive correlation between GDP and regional population. This study can provide a scientific basis for the intuitive expression of GDP spatial correlation information in Hadaqi industrial corridor, and put forward that the spatial statistical analysis could present some reference value for analyzing spatial structure and pattern and policy-making.

This study takes Hainan as a case and its 18 counties as basic unit for analysis. Choosing 3 indexes, including transport network density, proximity and accessibility, this paper constituted the spatial mathematical model to evaluate transport superiority degree firstly. Then, by utilizing GIS and IDW (Inverse Distance Weighted) technology, this paper studied spatial characteristic of transport network in Hainan. Moreover, we selected 4 aspects, i.e., total economic output and industrial structure, population and urbanization, living standards, transportation and the urban construction, 20 indexes all together and uses SPSS16.0 software with principal component analysis to quantitatively evaluate the level of economic development. By analysing spatial characteristic and summarizing spatial disciplinarian, this paper studied the relationship between regional transport superiority and economic performance in Hainan. The results showed that there were great differences in spatial distribution patterns between accessibility and economic development. But the spatial distribution patterns of transport superiority and regional economic performance are coherent, and there are positive relations between them, which showed an opposite spatial arrangement with geographic characteristics in Hainan.

Urbanization has entered a key stage in China. Since the implementation of the policy of "small town, grand strategy", small towns have played a critical role in China's urbanization. However, China is one of the countries that have suffered various natural disasters, and is fighting against technological accidents as well as more terrorist attacks and criminal activities. China is confronted with a great challenge to strengthen the emergency management for small towns, so it seeks for a resource allocation system with flexibility, fluency, punctuality, rationality and effectiveness. The Chinese Government is therefore striving to intensify the emergency management system. For instance, according to the plan of Beijing government, every big community or neighborhood in Beijing will establish one to two emergency material depositories in the coming 3 to 5 years. So far there have been relatively few documents on the allocation of small-town emergency material depository with quantitative methods. Besides, the location of traditional facilities seldom focused on the satisfaction difference of demand points within the covering radius of facilities. In the light of this situation, we present a maximal covering location and build a maximal covering model as an integrated programming under the goal of maximizing the total satisfaction of demand points. After investigating the model, we introduced an ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm to solve the considered problems. Then, we obtained the allocation result of emergency material depository of Fangshan District in Beijing. The computed results have shown that the model we proposed is a solution to facility location in a more effective manner. Finally, we give suggestions to future research.

The focus on world cities is always a hot issue in urban studies in global vision. However, the research methods for world cities in the mainstream field are gradually changing over time. To clarify its history, we divide studies on world cities into three periods, that is, stage of world cities with attributes but without relations, stage of world cities in network society, overly new stage of world city network in global environment. With rapid development in information technology and communications and deepened involvement in global integration, advanced producer services (APS) play an increasingly important role in economic and social relations between any two world cities. Meanwhile, new developments in other sources of retrieving data and introducing new approaches from other disciplines into world cities studies reveal that it is a new spring called stage of world city network for academic research in this field. The leading scholar, Peter J. Taylor, and his colleagues develop an interlocking network model when they obtain data from the survey in APS. We claim that new improvements in traditional urban system studies are obviously seen if theoretical and analytical methods in world city network are introduced. In detail, the improvements and implications are: (1) the transformation from attributes to relations, that is relation data instead of attribute data in retrieving basic sources; (2) new stage from hierarchy to network, that is linkages and cooperation instead of orders and hierarchies; (3) the research objectives from closed urban systems to open ones; (4) innovative research methods, that is network approaches instead of comparison of statistical data.

There is a coupling relationship between ports and cities in a regional system according to system dynamics. Based on SD principle and method, this paper establishes a PU-SD port-city coupling model to analyze multiple feedback mechanisms of port-city coupling system and the process of their interaction within the system. The model, which has proved to be reliable and applicable, takes Lianyungang City in Jiangsu Province as an example. Applying historical data fitting, varying economic and social parameters, the model takes 2008 as a base year to produce a scenario simulation for development of the port city in the following 30 years in order to determine appropriate development models for its corresponding phases. The result indicates that port-city coupling relationship and its variation with the parameters modified are complicated and time-varying. This result conforms to the port-city development cycle theory. Therefore, under the guidance of port-city coupling mechanism with its necessary adjustment, Lianyungang City can achieve coordinated development through applying economy-driven, resource-driven and community-driven model according to different phases by exerting different regulating strategies.

For an international tourist, the destination choice is affected by many factors, including high degree of uncertainty. This paper classifies them into three kinds, tourism attractions abundance, traffic location, and trade connection. Meanwhile, based on investigation and research, three assumptions are proposed on the choice of international tourists, which is to select high-grade tourism attractions, to select nearby destinations, and to select rich economy. Taking arrivals from Japan as an example, with systematical data, including the distribution of Japanese tourists in the 31 provinces and these provinces' tourism attractions abundance, traffic location index and trade with Japan, etc., this paper analyzes the relationship between Japanese tourists' visiting rate and these three factors. The result is that the location index and the degree of trade links have a greater impact on the visiting rate of Japanese visitors, and that the integrated interpretation rate of three primary factors has exceeded 97%, which to some extent reveals the regional distribution of international tourists and the macroscopic rule of destination choice.

The structure and its evolution of inbound tourism size is a dynamic complicated process, which is the significant composition of the development of regional tourism system. Based on the investigation on application of size distribution model, this paper analyzes the features and evolution of size distribution and its interior structure of inbound tourism in China using data of local inbound tourism population from 1999 to 2008. The results indicate that the coefficient of size distribution obtained from the data sample of the same threshold size are incomparable between the different years and the ones of the same region are comparable due to the influence of the changes of size descending. The size distribution type of inbound tourism in China and the Three Zones belongs to transition distribution from 1999 to 2008, and changes to rank-size distribution type when arriving at some threshold size. Furthermore, the concentration of size distribution is the main feature on the different spatial levels, but the degree of the concentration has been descending, and the changes of interior structure is consistent to the fact that the dispersive force of size distribution is stronger than concentrated one from 1999 to 2008. On the other hand, the size distribution of inbound tourism changes from concentration to dispersal along with the increasing of threshold size. The study on the regional disparity suggests that the concentration of size distribution of the East Zone is the strongest and the one of the Middle Zone is the weakest, but the decline of the degree of concentration is the fastest in the Middle Zone and is the slowest in the West Zone. At last, the changes and their types of the provincial size distribution indicate that the primate rate of size distribution is increased in the provinces with lower rate of size growth, while the primate rate is descended in the provinces with higher rate of size growth.

As one of the spatially-explicit simulation models, geographical cellular automata (Geo-CA) are able to simulate and project the scenarios of urban expansion and land use patterns. In the geographic simulation, neighbor configurations remarkably impact the mining of transition rules and the accuracy of simulated results. It is recognized that the impact of neighbors on results could be quantitatively analyzed in terms of key factors such as iteration processing and accuracy of simulation, landscape pattern, and model performances. With logistic regression based CA model, and Von Neumann and three types Moore neighbors respectively, the land use changes of Baoshan District, Shanghai from 1992 to 2008, were simulated. It is demonstrated that there are remarkable differences on attribute and spatial patterns between the simulation results produced by different cell neighbors. The number of newly added cells and the simulation accuracies are decreasing with the simulating process. However, the results generated by Moore 5×5 neighbors have higher accuracy than the results generated by Von Neumann, Moore 3×3, and Moore 7×7 neighbors. As for the landscape pattern, results produced by Moore 3/5 neighbors match with actual pattern obtained from classification maps which is better than those by Von and Moore7 neighbors. Besides, the requirement of computation increases and model performances decreases with the increase of number of neighbors. This study showed that it is appropriate to simulate the land use changes with the Moore3/5 neighbor configurations.

As an important terrain factor, surface roughness calculated by digital elevation models (DEM) is directly used in geoscience models such as soil erosion models, surface photo-thermal simulation and so on. But there has been no generally accepted definition of surface roughness until now. Various types and similar concepts of surface roughness may cause difficulty for selecting a suitable surface roughness model. In this paper, we present a new algorithm for assessing surface roughness models based on semantics and profile characteristics. Some contrast experiments are presented by choosing hybrid landform types as sample areas, using DEM produced by traditional topographic map digitizing and LiDAR technology. Main conclusions are drawn as follows: (1) The method we presented in this paper can accurately express the local variation of terrain profiles suitable for assessing surface roughness models. (2) Both triangular boundary effect of TIN model generated by traditional contour based DEM production and surface random noise in DEM generated by LiDAR technology based DEM production influence the calculation of surface roughness. DEM data should firstly be filtered and noise reduced beforehand. (3) An SAR model is insensitive to the flat relief. It is not suitable for areas of plain and valley plain dominated areas. Roughness models based on vector calculus are accurate in expressing ridge and valley lines and straight slope areas which is not effectively described by SAR models. SDev model is more suitable for application in fine scale DEM. Slope based standard deviation model can be applied to most types of terrain, which is sensitive to four semantic rules. But SDsp model is more sensitive to break of slope.Curvature based standard deviation models are not advantageous in surface roughness description except for their high sensitivity in surface roughness of flat relief areas.

Taking Wuchengxiyu and Yangchengdianmao regions as examples, the paper investigates the temporal and spatial changes of extreme water levels in the river networks of Taihu Lake basin. The improved MK test and homogeneity test are used to detect trend and change points in the series of maximum and minimum water levels, and Kriging and semivariogram methods are adopted to analyze the spatial characteristics of water level changes. Furthermore, the relationship among extreme water levels, precipitation and human activities are discussed. Some meaningful results are obtained as follows. As for temporal changes, there is a global increasing trend in both the low water level (LWL) and high water level (HWL), with the increase of LWL being more significant than that of HWL. Both LWL and HWL experienced an abrupt change around the 1980s. What's more, the temporal variations of annual HWL are bigger than those of the LWL. As for spatial changes, the results of contour analysis show that the maximum increment magnitudes of HWL and LWL are observed in Yangchengdianmao Region. And the gradient of HWL and LWL variation coefficients is on the rise, indicating that their spatial variability has increased. Besides, the spatial autocorrelation of extreme water levels has been weakened after the abrupt change according to semivariogram analysis, which might be mainly due to the extensive human disturbance. The paper comes to the conclusion that there are differences between the characteristics of extreme water level changes and rainfall variations in the study region, and anthropogenic influences have played more and more important roles in the process of water level changes.

Due to the impact of global climate change and human activities, there are some problems such as ecological water scarcity, water quality degradation, soil salinization, seawater intrusion and so on, resulting in area reduction of Shuangtaizi estuarine wetland. To restore and protect the wetland environment and address the balance of water supply and demand in wetland, this paper used the eco-hydrological coupling model in the eco-hydrological viewpoint, and simulated eco-hydrological processes of Shuangtaizi estuarine wetland from 1981 to 2005. The results showed that: the inter-annual change of the hydrological elements in the wetland showed a decreasing trend, but the reduced coverage was not significant; the annual change showed a single peak curve, mainly in July and August. The natural supplement water was 8.32 billion cubic meters per year in the wet year, which can meet the eco-water demand. The natural supplement water was 6.21 billion cubic meters per year in normal year, which can meet the minimum eco-water demand. Eco-supply capacity was 1.15—3.90 billion cubic meters per year in the low flow year with the natural supplement water being 4.70 billion cubic meters per year. The eco-water demand can be met after the appropriate measures for ecological supplement regulation are taken.

Water resource is a necessity of life for us. Water pollution is an important restriction factor in the process of China's sustainable development. Water pollutants are mainly from our production and living including industrial waste water, domestic sewage and agricultural waste water. China has reduced discharge of waste water and has strived to protect water environment in recent years, but industrial waste water is still a major source of water pollutants. And with more and more industrial enterprises' establishment and development in China, a large amount of the discharge of industrial waste water can do great damage to the water environment and pose a serious threat to the safety of drinking water because industrial waste water contains large quantities of heavy metal ions. So on the one hand we should know the regional difference of standardized discharge of industrial waste water among these regions including temporal difference in each region and spatial difference in each year, on the other hand we must know whether the regional difference is becoming larger in order to make the relevant policies on water protection. Based on the attainment rate of industrial waste water standardized discharge, this paper examines regional difference of standardized discharge of China's industrial waste water among eight regions through σ convergence and β convergence during the period 1998—2008. The results show that there is no significant σ convergence about regional difference of standardized discharge of industrial waste water in China's eight regions during the same period. From the aspect of the time we can see that the spatial difference is not always becoming small in each year, although the trend is becoming small. As far as the temporal difference of China's eight regions is concerned, the in regional difference Southwest China is the largest among eight regions, while eastern coastal region presents the smallest difference. The model of absolute β convergence and conditional β convergence shows that the overall regional difference of standardized discharge of industrial waste water in China is becoming small, initial conditions in each region are critical factors narrowing the differences, and annual growth rate of industrial value-added plays a role as well. Thus these results could help to provide suggestions to policies making for water protection.

Based on remote sensing data from three periods of 1980s, 1990s, and the period after 2000 as well as the data of plots in forest resource inventory over the same periods, forest biomass of Xiao Hinggan region was estimated by using the remote sensing information model. With the combination of GIS and geo-statistics, this paper studies the temporal changes in forest biomass, spatial autocorrelation and heterogeneity of Xiao Hinggan region in the three periods of 1980s, 1990s, and the period after 2000. Results indicated that the overall biomass presented fluctuation change in the research area from the 1980s to the 2000s. With relatively low biological value, low-grade biomass was dominant in the 1980s, and there was contiguous distribution of low-value biomass, with high degree of spatial autocorrelation. However, the random factors of medium and higher biomass increased, indicating the man-made interference degree continuously strengthened. In the 1990s the main advantages biomass in the study area was medium biomass, which evolved from dominant low-grade biomass in the 1980s. The changes in the 10 years showed that overall biomass tended to recover. For the data were mainly concentrated in the late 1990s when the Natural Forest Protection Project (NFPP) had been launched that made the forest status towards a good direction, the overall biological value was increased. After 2000 the spatial autocorrelation of overall biomass in the research area was not high, but medium and higher biomass was similar and changed evenly in every direction. Median biomass was distributed widely, while high-value biomass was of small patches with fragmentation, and the spatial variability caused by random factors such as man-made disturbance or the factor of spatial autocorrelation was just similar, and appeared a stability trend.

This paper aims to discuss the driving force mechanism of urban land use change during the urbanization process in the resource-based city of Daqing, Northeast China. Based on the data during three periods of 1988, 1996 and 2007, the spatio-temporal characteristics of built-up land were revealed. The panel data used to estimate the models are generated by combining remote sensing data with economic and demographic data from annual compendium supported by STATA. This paper mainly analyzes the driving force mechanism of urban land use change. Results indicate that the investment in fixed assets, wages in mining and productivity generated by land associated with agricultural and urban uses are the main factors affecting urban land use change in Daqing city. This suggests that large-scale investments in industrial development play a major role in urban land conversion in resource-based cities.

Remote sensing data of Hong Kong and Shenzhen and statistical data were used to extract the land use information and socio-economic statistical information, and the intensive land use database was established based on the data. According to the concept of intensive land use, the system on the evaluation of intensive land use was set up. The results of the evaluation of intensive land use were acquired as follows. The analysis shows that due to historical, economic status and differences in the international context, there were obvious differences on intensive land use between the study areas. In terms of land use intensity, Hong Kong was higher than Shenzhen. Due to the terrain and the more advanced land management system, Hong Kong had a poorer appearance in the aspects of land use and sustainable land use, but it had a better appearance than Shenzhen in the aspects of land input and effective land use. The experience of Hong Kong was used for reference to Shenzhen. Some measures should be taken to promote closer regional cooperation and major infrastructure docking. Industrial cooperation should be strengthened to build a high-quality living circle. The approach to cooperation should be innovated.

Based on the data of 8 precipitation stations and 5 hydrological stations from 1957 to 2006 in the inner Lixiahe region, trends of the rainfall are detected by the Mann-Kendall test, and the Pearson and Spearman methods are used to analyze the correlation of rainfall and water level. Results reveal that long-term Changes of areal rainfall and the rainfall at the single precipitation station as well as the maximum rainfall of a certain day in flood season show a decreasing but not significant trend in the period 1957-2006. Flood water level is sensitive to the maximum 3-day rainfall and maximum 15-day rainfall in the view of the flood mitigation, and the days of warning water level is in a good accordance to the maximum 30-day rainfall, and it is significant that rainfall in a longer period has a cumulate effect on flood water level. The recurrence interval of maximum 3-day rainfall and maximum 15-day rainfall have an increasing trend in recent years, which is the main reason for the increase in flood water level and the increase in the days of warning water level, and the higher intensity a single storm rainfall is, the larger probability the higher flood water level may have. The water level change in the inner Lixiahe region is consistent spatially while it changes in different phases temporally. The water level and the days of warning water level decrease with the decrease of the areal rainfall between the late 1950s and 1970s and increase with the increase of the areal rainfall between the 1980s and 1990s, and the water level increases with the decrease of the areal rainfall while the days of warning water level decreases slightly in the first 7 years of the 21st century. The relationship between the rainfall and the flood water level indicates that negative hydrological effect of human activities and the change of the earth surface due to the urbanization process have an increasingly significant impact on the flood risk besides the rainfall, which makes the relationship between rainfall and flood water level more complicated.

Tree-ring samples of Pinus koraiensis and Larix olgensis were studied along an altitudinal gradient on the northern slope of Changbai Mountains, Northeast China, and ring-width residual chronologies were developed for four sites at low and high elevations. Annual ring-width variability was different between elevation sites. For Pinus koraiensis, low elevation chronology had higher mean sensitivity (MS), standard deviation (SD) and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), while high elevation chronology of Larix olgensis had higher mean sensitivity (MS), standard deviation (SD) and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Therefore, Pinus koraiensis growing at low elevation sites and Larix olgensis growing at high elevation sites had better climatic signals. Correlation analysis was used to study the relationships between tree-ring widths and mean monthly temperature and total monthly precipitation. The results showed that the growth of Pinus koraiensis at low elevations was affected by previous temperature and precipitation, and that at high elevations was only affected by temperature of current year. Temperature in the previous year played an important role in Larix olgensis' growth at low elevation sitea, while temperature and precipitation of current year made great contribution to Larix olgensis' growth at high elevation sites. With the increase of altitude precipitation increased, and more precipitation was related with low temperature. Consequently, tree growth was also affected by temperature with its indirect effect on the duration of growing season. Thus, the temperature was the most important factor influencing Larix olgensis, and showed that there was lag-effect of the growth response to climate force of low elevation.

2011年5月14~15日,"2011年中国人文地理学术年会暨纪念李旭旦先生诞辰100周年学术研讨会"在南京师范大学隆重举行,来自中国内地、中国台湾、新加坡、美国和俄罗斯的学者400多人出席了会议。大会由中国地理学会人文地理专业委员会主办,南京师范大学地理科学学院承办,中国科学院南京地理与湖泊研究所、南京大学地理与海洋科学学院和江苏省地理学会等单位协办。大会开幕式由中国地理学会人文地理专业委员会主任、中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所方创琳研究员主持。
出席本次年会的专家和领导有:中国科学院赵其国院士,江苏省教育厅厅长沈健教授,南京师范大学党委书记文晓明教授,中国地理学会副理事长、国家自然科学基金委地学部副主任宋长青研究员,中国地理学会原副理事长、中国科学院南京分院原院长佘之祥研究员,中国地理学会原副理事长、广东省高教厅原厅长、中山大学原党委书记许学强教授,中国地理学会原副理事长、北京大学蔡运龙教授,中国城市规划学会副理事长、中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所樊杰研究员,中国地理学会秘书长张国友研究员,新加坡国立大学杨伟聪(Henry Wai-chung Yeung)教授,中国地理学会人文地理专业委员会原主任、中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所郭来喜研究员和毛汉英研究员等。为了推动中国人文地理学长足发展,会议期间南京师范大学地理科学学院还专门邀请了一批兄弟院校的校长、院长约20余人出席会议并指导工作。本次年会交流学术论文260余篇,其中大会报告论文21篇,分会场交流论文90篇。这是近10年来中国地理学会人文地理专业委员会召开的规模最大的一次盛会, 成为中国地理学会人文地理专业委员会迈向新的发展阶段的重要里程碑。
本次会议的主题是人地关系创新与城乡统筹发展和纪念李旭旦先生诞辰100周年。深切缅怀中国人文地理学的奠基人李旭旦先生光辉的一生,颂扬李旭旦先生为中国人文地理学做出的巨大贡献,把李先生的人地关系思想传承下去,成为指导人文地理学发展的核心思想和人文地理学研究的核心主题。围绕人地关系这一主题,会议设立了基础理论与技术方法、产业结构与区域发展、土地利用与城乡统筹、低碳城市与宜居城市、旅游开发与景观设计、历史过程与文化底蕴六大分会场和一个"编辑·作者·读者"座谈特设分会场,大家从不同视角提出了非常有见地的创新成果。会议期间,还专门组织了人文地理啤酒沙龙和人地关系大辩论,各位代表更是各抒己见,妙语连珠,将整个会议推向了高潮。
大会闭幕式由中国地理学会人文地理专业委员会副主任、北京师范大学周尚意教授主持,中国地理学会人文地理专业委员会主任方创琳研究员作了大会总结,颁发了本次年会青年优秀论文奖。下届人文地理年会承办单位——华中师范大学城市与环境科学学院院长罗静教授向各位代表发出参加下届学术年会的诚挚邀请。为了鼓励人文地理年轻科研工作者的快速成长,本次会议推选出了10篇青年优秀论文并在闭幕式上予以表彰。在明年条件成熟的时候将以中国地理学会的名义设立"李旭旦奖"。
展望未来,中国人文地理学的发展前景无限广阔。在未来征途中,将以中国地理学会人文地理专业委员会为平台,以李旭旦先生提出的人地关系理论、吴传钧院士提出的人地关系地域系统、陆大道院士提出的点轴结构理论等核心理论为指导,发展面向国家与地方战略需求的人文地理学,构建具有中国特色的人文地理学学科体系,为推动中国人文地理学的创新与发展做出更大的贡献。

2011年5月28~29日,"纪念谭其骧先生百年诞辰国际历史地理学术研讨会"在复旦大学隆重召开。
谭其骧字季龙,笔名禾子,浙江嘉兴人。1911年出生在沈阳皇姑屯车站宿舍。1930年毕业于上海暨南大学历史系。1932年毕业于北平燕京大学研究生院,师从顾颉刚先生。新中国成立前,先后任教于辅仁、北京、燕京、清华、浙江、暨南等大学。1950转任复旦大学历史系教授,1957~1982年任系主任,兼任中国历史地理研究室主任。1982~1986年任中国历史地理研究所首任所长。曾当选为第三至第五届全国人大代表。他是我国历史地理学科主要奠基人和开拓者。1934年,协助顾颉刚发起成立禹贡学会,任理事,主编《禹贡》半月刊。同年发起中国地理学会。曾任中国地理学会理事、历史地理专业委员会副主任。1981年当选为中国科学院院士(学部委员)。国务院学位委员会批准其为历史地理专业博士生导师。从1955开始,由他领衔主编的《中国历史地图集》,历经30余年编绘出版,是中国历史地理学界最重要的成果,成为中国史学界的两大基础工程之一。由他主编的《中华人民共和国国家历史地图集》也即将问世。谭其骧先生还主编有《中国自然地理·历史自然地理》等,个人文集有《长水集》、《长水集续编》。谭先生育人有方,为中国历史地理学界培养了邹逸麟、周振鹤、葛剑雄等一大批中坚力量。如今,在谭其骧院士的影响下,复旦大学中国历史地理研究所茁壮成长,为教育部首批"人文社会科学重点研究基地",并是首批"国家哲学社会科学创新基地"。近年来复旦大学中国历史地理研究所一直致力于中国自然地理与人文地理的研究,在生态环境、人口地理、行政区划、经济地理、区域研究等诸多领域都取得了重要成就,研制的CHGIS(中国历史地理信息系统)为众多学科的发展提供了研究平台。

The dual challenge of economic development and environmental destruction has aroused public attention recently. According to the cross-sectional data of 112 independent economic entities and econometric analysis, based on statistical analysis and econometrics, a complex quantitative model was established to elucidate the carbon emissions per capita and carbon emissions per unit GDP affected by the factors of per capita income, urbanization rate, industrialization rate, and proportion of service industry. Finally a four-stage and five-type model was generalized which reflected inner relationship between carbon intensity and socio-economic development. Accompanied by socio-economic development, the increase of carbon intensity has a convergence trend in the long range. The key to reduce carbon intensity lies in decrease of luxury consumption mainly conducted by developed economic entities and their technical aid to the low income economic entities, especially in energy technology and advanced technology aspects. Meanwhile, areas in the quick development of industrialization should pave a new industrial path rather than the following predecessors, to improve energy structure, accelerate technological transformation and abandon outmoded production technology. Moreover, optimizing settlement distribution, constructing compact cities and proceeding modern service industries should also be on their list.

The global greenhouse effect may be one of the greatest challenges ever to face humankind. Policies in the developed countries aimed at the reduction of nationally produced CO₂ emissions may result in the relocation of emission intensive industries into poor countries with less stringent policies. This relocation often not only leads to a simple relocation of emissions, but to an absolutely increase of emissions due to a less advanced technology in the poor countries and the failure of global greenhouse gas emissions reduction target. To overcome this difficulty, based on input-output technology, consumption-based approach to account for all the emissions attributable to the final activities of a country has been widely employed. China has been the 1st place of CO₂ emissions in the world. Behind the rapid increase of CO₂ emissions in China, there is the fast expansion of foreign trade in China. The study on relationship between trade and CO₂ emissions could help the government understand the origin sources of CO₂ emissions and make better CO₂ emissions reduction policies to respond global climate change. On the basis of non-competitive input-output models, this article sets up a relationship model about CO₂ emissions of anthrop industrial activities between two regions in the way of decomposing the economic activities into exporting, importing, consumption and investment. Then the authors calculates the CO₂ emissions induced by consumption, investment, export and import of China respectively. The conclusion is that the augment of export and the improper export structure are the main reason of rapid increase of gross CO₂ emissions in China. Especially, after China entry into the WTO, the CO₂ emissions induced by net export account for a quarter of Chinese gross CO₂ emissions. So it is the efficient way as well as the key task to change the export structure, expedite the high energy-using industries international transfer, and promote the industrial technology and add-value of export products.

Climate change will alter the capacity of carbon sequestration, and the risk assessment of carbon sequestration for terrestrial ecosystem will be helpful to the decision-making of climate change countermeasures and international climate negotiation. Based on the net ecosystem productivity of terrestrial ecosystem simulated by Atmosphere Vegetation Integrated Model, each grid of the risk criterion was set by time-series trend analysis. Then the risks of carbon sequestration of terrestrial ecosystem were investigated. The results show that, under the IPCC SRES-B2 climate scenario, the climate change will bring risk of carbon sequestration, and the high risk level will dominate the terrestrial ecosystems. The risk would expand with the increase of warming degree. Till the long-term of this century, about 60% of the whole country will face the risk, Northwest China, mountainous areas in Northeast China, Middle and Lower Reaches Plain of Yangtze River areas, Southwest China and Southeast China tend to be extremely vulnerable. Risk levels in most regions are likely to grow with the increase of warming degree, and this increase will mainly occur during near-term to mid-term. Northwest China, deciduous coniferous forest, temperate mixed forest and desert grassland tend to be extremely vulnerable.