The researches of shopping behavior in urban geography and planning mainly focus on how to manage urban residential non-work travel, how to regulate and optimize commercial spatial structure, and how to improve residential everyday life quality. In this paper, we put forward the conceptual model of the shopping decision-making behavior on the perspective of intra-household interaction. Hereby, using the first-hand data from a activity-travel daily survey of Beijing in 2007, we derive and formulate a multinomial logit model (MNL) for shopping timing decision-making, and a conditional logit model (CLM) for shopping destination choice, to interpret the behavioral diversity among different groups and evaluate the spatial policies. The results indicate that: First, the influences of the factors about intra-household interaction and different decision-making levels on the shopping space-time decision-making process are more significant than that of traditional socio-demographic characters. Therefore, the characters of household-based decision should be paid more attention by the studies of activity-travel behavior. Then, the groups travelling in the morning peak period seem to be low-income or exurb-living, with non-motor mode or longer shopping duration. Also, the dwellers travelling in the evening peak period seem to be with family companions, suburb-living or choosing the tour mode of HWSH. Moreover, it does mean to attract more shopping activities with higher commercial density. At the weekend, residential shopping activities are mostly concentrated within 6 km far from the home, or appear at the high-density CBD. Furthermore, the impacts of personal characters on the destination choice give more attention to the home-to-shop distance, rather than the density of the shopping district. Finally, the results from estimation and simulation evaluation show that the policy of mixed land-use might indeed reduce the travel time, but increase the probability of multi-purpose shopping tour, which will more probably choose the peak-time travelling, then aggravate the traffic jam. Besides, suppose that the commercial establishment would be uniformly distributed, the more shopping activities will be concentrated surrounding the home. Although the cities have commercial hierarchical structure, it would be better to use the policy of decentralization, rather than aggregation, to improve the urban transportation and advance the residential everyday life quality.

R&D investment motives and location selection by Japan and Korea in China have a strong correlation with their direct investment in China. Early Japanese R&D investment motives were production-based. They have subsequently moved on to resource-seeking, strategy-driven and techniques for market motives and so on. By comparison, Korean firms are mainly motivated by market-orientation and policy making. Japanese firms prefer R&D cooperation with universities, while Korean firms are more inclined towards joint R&D with local firms in China. Spatially, the R&D institutions of Japan and Korea in China are concentrated in the Yangtze River Delta and the Bohai Sea rim with the core cities of Shanghai and Beijing, respectively. Korean R&D investment is still in its infancy, located at particular points, whereas Japanese R&D investment is large scale and widely distributed among major large and medium-sized cities of China. In addition, different from the trend of direct investment in manufacturing, neither Japan nor Korea R&D investment shows an R&D investment trend towards central-western China.

The super-organic concept, which had been suggested by anthropologists, was introduced into the study of cultural geography by scholars of Berkeley School, an influential school of the study of cultural geography in the United States. Wilbur Zelinsky,a geographer of Berkeley School, gave the features of super-organism in his book Cultural Geography of the United States. It is the super-organism that shapes the cultural landscapes on the land of America. This concept, however, has been seriously criticized by the New Cultural Geographers although it had ever-great influence on the traditional studies of cultural geography. The discussion here is focused on the usability and limitation of the concept of super-organism. The correct using of the method of causal analysis,the different usability of the concept of super-organism in the studies of different scales of the cultural landscapes or different social perspectives are the major questions discussed in this paper. Some case studies by Chinese geographers have been mentioned in this paper. They show both the critic standpoint and positive attitude to the super-organism in these case studies. And the authors address that either positive or negative view-angles have their reasons for existence in cultural geography, even the New Cultural Geography leads the trend.

Investigation of seven soil faunas of forest ecosystem in northern Da Hinggan Mountains respectively in June, August and October of 2004 revealed that their total number was 6729, that is, 67 categories, which belonged to 51 families, 18 orders, 7 classes and 4 phyla. The dominant group is Enchytraeidae, and its individual number takes up 58.5%. The total number of common types is about 10 categories, they are Formicidae, Lithobiomorpha etc. , accounting for 35.9%, and the number of rare groups is 56 categories. The categories of soil animals in different forest communities differ greatly, the more favorable condition the habitats is, the greater the number of individuals is, and the more abundant the categories are. The distribution law of individual, group quantity and biomass is not entirely consistent, which showed complexity of community composition, that is, the distribution of individual number is Ⅲ＞Ⅱ＞Ⅴ＞Ⅵ＞Ⅳ＞Ⅰ＞Ⅶ, the distribution of categories is Ⅳ＞Ⅲ＞Ⅱ＞Ⅴ＞Ⅵ,Ⅶ＞Ⅰ, and the distribution of biomass is Ⅲ＞Ⅱ＞Ⅳ＞Ⅶ＞Ⅴ＞Ⅰ＞Ⅵ. Furthermore, the proportion of each category of soil animals in total biomass differs greatly, and the biomass of Enchytraeidae and Lumbricidae is in absolute dominant position, accounting for 34.8% and 34.4% respectively, then the insect and its larva account for 22.8%, and the proportion of other categories is less than 8%. However, the dominant group of biomass is Lumbricidae in the forest of temperate zone, about 60% to 70% of the total biomass, which differs apparently from the biomass of soil animals in the forest of cool temperate zone; The vertical distribution of individuals and types is in the order of: 0~5cm＞litter layer＞5~10cm. The order of soil animals’ diversity index isⅠ＞Ⅳ＞Ⅶ＞Ⅴ＞Ⅱ＞Ⅲ＞Ⅵ. Evenness and richness index is positively correlated with diversity index, and is negatively correlated with the dominance index. What’s more, individual number, category, biomass and diversity index of soil animals vary with season, in other words, the dynamic change of the total number and category with season is in the order of October > August> June. The dynamic change of the total biomass with season is October> June> August. In addition, the dynamic change of diversity index with season is August > June >October.

In this paper, we analyze the impact of road and railway network on the spatial structure of accessibility,since reform and opening up in the past 20 odd years using Donguan city in Guangdong province as an example. As the transport network goes to mature, the spatial structure of accessibility presents homogeneous development regime, and the "Time Space Astringency" process of economically developed region apparently changed the decision making conditions. Locational decision has been changed with changes of accessibility, leading to expansion in both area and scope of the locational decision Ideally speaking, the better a accessibility in a district, the easier to improve the economic development, good transportation condition has showed fine accessibility Take Dongguan for example, the district which has best accessibility is the district whose economy is developing faster, but not the fastest one What is notable is that because of the superior condition of accessibility, together with the demand in the economic development, the district with best accessibility facing Hong Kong in Dongguan is developing dramatically in the estate The changing situation of the spatial structure of the accessibility in Dongguan is just a fleeting period in the transport network development Dongguan must strengthen transport construction in the mid western part in order to make the accessibility of the corridor's interior part stay at the same level What the Guangzhou Hong Kong Transport Corridor will face in future is the improvement of the accessibility's spatial structure,especially the contact zone between Guangzhou and Hong Kong

Located in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and the Zhujiang River, Guizhou Province is one of the provinces carrying out the National Natural Forest Conservation Project It is also one of the major gene pool areas and one of the famous producing areas of medicinal materials in China The development and conservation of forest resources is not only significant for protecting environment and biological diversity but also important to the economic development of Guizhou and even the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the Zhujiang River According to forest data collected in 1979, 1984, 1990, 1995, and 2000 by the Institute of Forestry Survey and Design of Guizhou Province, this paper provides detailed information about the dynamic changes of forest resources and concisely explains the factors arousing these changes In general, Guizhou's forest resources decreased rapidly from the late 1970s to the late 1980s; but since 1990, they have steadily increased (1)The forestry land keeps almost unchanged since 1984; the major types of forests expanded considerably, especially the protective forest, economic forest and specific forest; timber forest increased with some fluctuation, while sparse forest and non forest land decreased (2) The growing stock of living forests has had a trend of increase since 1984; the growing stock of major types of forests decreased from 1979 to 1990, but began to increase thereafter (3) The area and growing stock of planted forests increased rapidly; natural forests also showed a trend of expanding, and their growing stock began to rise after 1990 (4) Young age forests grew quickly both in area and in growing stock; mid age and over mature forests showed a trend of decreasing in area and growing stock from 1979-1990 but a trend of increasing since 1990 The percentage of young age forests decreased, while that of mid age and mature and over mature forests increased (5) As for the composition of forest resources, the proportion of timber and fuel forests has lowered, while that of shelter, specific and economic forests increased (6)Since 1990, thanks to the implementation of several ecological and sustainable development projects in Guizhou, its forest resources have grown enormously, and the ecology and environment greatly improved

The spatial interpolation of some physical geographical elements is becoming increasingly important nowadays in resources management, disaster control, environment improvement and the research of global change. The core of the spatial interpolation of those elements is to seek the functions that can reveal their characteristics of spatial distribution. But, as for specified regions and sample data, there are many functions in the list for choice. And the best choice is difficult to make because of the complex effects from theoretical foundation, algorithm, temporal spatial scale, and attributes of sample data. By referring to the major achievements in the interpolation research field, this paper comes to the point that the accuracy of certain spatial interpolation depends on its capability of reflecting the element's spatial variance and spatial correlation. Models using other elements as variables, when regression variable has high correlation with interpolation variable, will give more accurate results than others, because they have better reflection of spatial variance. Models without other element variables change in accuracy according to their consideration of the anisotropic characteristics or not. With spatial temporal scales' variance, the disposed spatial variance and correlations will be different, which affects the interpolation accuracy. The density, spatial distribution, data extent of sample points also makes the interpolation results different for the same reason. As for applications, the optimal interpolation method should be picked out after the analysis of those spatial characteristics embedded in the sample dataset.

代表地球形状的地球椭球面(或球面)是不可展曲面,而地图通常是表示在平面上,在解决地球曲面与地图平面的矛盾中产生的一门学科———地图投影,是用数学方法将地球曲面上的经纬线描写到平面或可展曲面上建立对应的经纬网以确定地面物体的地理位置。地图投影既是一门独立的学科,同时又是地图制图学的重要组成部分,所以它从地图的生产到使用都是不可缺少的数学基础和地图要素。由南京大学城市与资源学系孙达、蒲英霞编著的《地图投影》一书,最近已由南京大学出版社出版发行了。两位作者都先后在该系承担地图投影课程的教学任务,其中孙达教授来南京大学任教之前在总参测绘局从事地图编辑工作十多年,对投影的实际运用和后来的教学实践都有着丰

Coal resources have played an important role in social and economic development, at the same time, the ecosystem has been seriously affected by the exploitation in the coal mining area. Due to the inherent characteristic of time duration, spatial expansion and strong interference of coal exploitation, ecological cumulative effects have been caused remarkably and many ecological problems emerged including surface subsidence, vegetation degeneration, gangue stack, ground water resource withered and farming productive dropping etc. Based on the theory of cumulative effects and the principles of landscape analysis, ecological cumulative effects induced by coal exploitation are discussed in the paper. The concept of landscape ecological baseline value is proposed, and landscape spatial cumulative burdened index model is constructed using the landscape structure cumulative index, landscape disturbance cumulative and landscape ecological sensitivity degradation cumulative index. Taking Lu'an mining area as a case study, landscape ecological cumulative effect was calculated based on landscape analysis. Results show the cumulative load of mining landscape presents a significant increasing trend during the 13-year period (1993-2006). In terms of the intensity of human activities, different subareas have different accumulation levels, and since 2000, increased human disturbance has made cumulative degree change greater than before.

Guangxi Xijiang Economic Belt is an important component of future development axis in southern China. Recently, a tendency of industrial agglomeration has emerged along the Xijiang River. Although the industrial parks in this area have developed rapidly, many negative phenomena have appeared, such as disorders in industrial park development, industrial structure resemble, and low rate of land output. By analyzing the development characteristics and affecting factors of the industrial parks along the Guangxi's Xijiang River, the study finds that regional development basis, industrial park development basis, industrial park development potential and constraint conditions of industrial park development are the main factors affecting the development level and trends of industrial parks. Firstly, regional industrial basis and urban layout are macro factors. Secondly, traffic conditions and government support policies are micro factors. Thirdly, instructing China-ASEAN Free Trade Area (CAFTA), developing Xijiang waterway and undertaking the eastern industrial transfer are the driving factors. Fourthly, resources and environmental pressures are constraints. On this basis, we construct a 4-factor index evaluation system consisting of 13 indexes, classify the industrial parks into three types-development-optimizing type, agglomeration-stengthening type and cultivation-guiding type, and propose different development paths for them. Development-optimizing type should give full play to its leading role in the region and strengthen the growth of new industries, and emphasize industrial association, especially the high-tech and high value-added industrial chains and links. Agglomeration-stengthening type should ensure the development direction of the industrial park, and make the industrial park to be a competitive and influential industrial cluster. Cultivation-guiding type should focus on industrial parks at a certain scale, and promote production concentration.

As one of the important research fields in the land use or in the LUCC, the expansion of the urban land use is one of the significant indexes to evaluate the urbanization level of a city. Based on the related multi-temporal and multi-source spatial data, this paper conducts a research on the expansion modes and spatial-temporal variations of the urban land use in Mianyang City, one of the science cities in Southwest China. It analyzes the expansion speed coefficient, the expansion intensity index, the compactness, the fractal dimension, the barycenter index, the extending orientation and direction index with the methods of the RS thematic information extraction and GIS spatial overlay analysis. The result shows that the land use in Mianyang City in the last 30 years has increased to 110.11 km², or 3.8 km² per year. The average expansion intensity is 0.65. The extending direction of space differentiation is obvious, which can be described as Y mode with a center and three axes. And the expansion mode indicates a transformation from extensive expansion to intensive expansion.

叶大年先生及其合作者的《城市对称分布与中国城市化趋势》一书,以一种新颖的形式展示了作者有关城市空间分布对称规律研究的理论和实证成果。从城市对称的基本概念、理论基础到分析范例,书中都系统地进行了表述。这本书的特色非常明显。其一是学科交叉性质。叶先生及其合作同事都不是地理学出身,但却推出了别具一格的地理学研究专著。其二是大家风范。作者视野开阔,纵览全球,广征博引而又能从容收放,思维方式往往一反常规而不斤斤计较于研究对象的细枝末节。其三是科学性。虽然没有人能够给出一个权威的"科学"定义,但"科学"的标准却是众所周知的,那就是可重复性和可检验性。书中列举的大量事例说明了城市对称规律的可重复性,书中的任何一个模式都很容易借助地图和相关的地理知识进行验证。其四是生动有趣。作品图文并茂,行文深入浅出。毕竟,好的研究一定是生动的研究,好的科学一定是有趣的科学。最后,特别值得称道的特色是,本书几乎没有实质性的参考文献——最重要的"参考文献"居然是中国地图和世界地图。这是真正的原创性作品。作者通过长期考察中、外地图发现了人文地理现象的对称规律,并揭示了城市对称分布格局背后的自然地理过程。

Many scholars believe that a principal characteristic of rural poverty is its invisibility in developed countries——which means that the truth of the poverty is hidden by the status of countryside development based on the average statistical data.Taking Lianzhou city at county-level as a research area,this paper discusses the spatial manifestation of rural poverty and its invisibility characteristic.This paper uses two methods to examine the rural poverty space.The first one is using the average statistical data and quantity chart analysis method;the second one is using impoverished people data and the poverty incidence method.And then,it compares the two results.The conclusion shows that the spatial differentiation of economic development based on the average statistical data cannot reflect the spatial differentiation of poverty population truly,in other words,the aggregated official statistics,based on average levels of income and expenditure,disguise the presence of poverty within the county.Such findings have relationship with the development background of this research area and also provide some useful information to the recent local poverty elimination practices.Thus we should consider both of the average statistical data and the poverty population to confirm the reality of rural poverty in order to improve the pertinence and effectiveness of the poverty alleviation.

From the economic geographical point of view, both mineral and energy resources and geographical position are important conditions, which we must make full use of, in establishing regional industrial systems with certain specialized sectors as the core.According to the categories, amounts, and territorial combination types of mineral resources, 26 provinces (or autonomous regions) if China can be classified jinto five types.(1)9 provinces with well-combined mineral resources and some of the important mineals in great amount.(2) 4 provinces with certain rich minerals but the combination of minerals not so good;(3) 3 provinces with a considerable range of minerals but without large reserves.(4)6 provinces with less kinds and amounts of reserves but still rich in a certain mineral.(5) 4 provinces with least kinds and very limited amounts of resrves.The regional economic appraisal of energy conditions is the basis of the rational distribution of production. Regarding this, the first fundamental work is the inventory of potential energy resource of different regions and comparison of their respective structure and richness of energy resource.The energy resource structure of six large regions of China is shown in Tab.2.Energy resource per capita is more meaningful than absolute amount in consideration of the great differentiation of area and population among provinces in China. According to this index, all provinces can be classified into four types:(1)8 provinces with richest energy resource (per capita energy resource more than 1000 tce); (2)5 provinces with moderately rich energy resouce (300-1000 tce);(3) 9 provinces with less rich energy resource (100-300 tce);(4) 4 provinces short of energy resource (less than 100 tce).Geographical position of a region is closely related to regional advantages which we should make full use of. In the author's opinion, it consists of. (1)the physical geogrphical position, (2)the communication position, (3)the distance to the nearest industrial area of the country, (4)accessibility to the major harbours, (5)interregional transport trunklines and (6)interregional traffic capacity.A preliminary analysis of the interregional traffic capacity of 25 provinces (exclusive of Taiwan and Tibet) shows that four grades could be classified.Ⅰ grade (largest traffic capacity, more than 200 million tons annually). 7 provinces belong to this grade,Ⅱ grade (large capacity, 100-200 million tons). 6 provinces,Ⅲ grade (small capacity, 50-100 million tons). 6 provinces,Ⅳ grade (very small capacity, less than 50 million tons). 6 provinces.After liberation, quite a few provinces, such as Liaoning, Jilin, Hebei, Shan-gdong, Jiangsu, etc. with very favourable conditions of geographical position and transport facilities, have played an important part in the development of industry. However, several provinces with advantageous geographical position and large traffic capacity haven't deserved much more attention yet. For example, Henau, Anhui, Hubei, and Hunan, situated in the central part of the country and easily accessible-in all directions, should be considered as one of the key areas for capital construction from now on.In Table 4 are listed 12 index of 26 provinces, including kinds of key mineral, type of territorial combination of minerals, ratio of reserves of coal to that of iron ore, grade of richness of energy resources, grade of interregional traffic capacity, interregional transport trunklins, and in addition, proportion of the provincial population to the total of the country, proportion of the urban population to the provincial population, level of development of the agriculture, kinds of raw materials for light industry, proportion of the provincial industrial output value to the total of the country. It may be of some reference value to understand the advantages and disadvantages of each province in developing industry and assuring the orientation of its industry.

人类赖以生存的环境具有空间变异性的特点。随着科学技术的发展和自然资源大规模开发利用,环境变异的影响范围日益广泛,影响程度日趋复杂。对自然环境变化进行地理学研究和预测,无疑是我们面临的一个重要课题。

This paper has the following contents.(1) Discussing the development of man's knowledge about climate from five aspects, the concept of Climate-origin of history, perceptual knowledge, relatinships between climate and weather or between climate and geography and the climate-forming process;(2) Summarizing the concept of climatology and dividing it into four field——statistical climatology, synoptic climatology, geographical climatology and dynamical climatology;(3) on the basis of criticizing the long prevailing definition suggested by E.C. and advancing a new definition of climate- "Climate is a macroscopic atmospheric physical process";(4) Unequivocally pointing out that "climatology" is not a branch of geography, but is juxtaposed with it in the classification of science.

我国第三次人口普查是建国以来规模空前、项目众多、内容丰富的高质量国情调查。为了全面系统地反映这次调查成果,国务院人口普查办公室和中国科学院地理研究所商定共同编制《中华人民共和国人口地图集》,最近图集编委会正式组成并在北京召开了第一次会议。人口地图集编委会由有关领导和专家组成,国家统计局局长、国务院人口普查领导小组副组长兼办公室主任李成瑞同志任主任,地理所名誉所长黄秉维同志等任副主任。

The paper having analysed the ecological environment and the tea production condition in China and also studied the ccological adaptability differences of every breed tea tree now puts forward a new scheme for tea tree ecological environment regionalization in China.The new region-alization scheme has a two-level system.The first level units have four tegions, They are south temperate zone tea-producing region (leaflet breed tea tree cultivable region), north subtropical zone tea-producing region (super quality leaflet breed tea tree normal region),subtropical zone tea-producing region(super quality leaflet tree breed optimum region), and south subtropical, tropical Zone tea-producing region (grandifoliate breed tea tree normal region).The second level units have nine regions.The new regionalization scheme,which can indicate the pro-duetion direction of different tea producing area in China and point out the distinction of China tea production.is very important for the future development of China tea production and China tea export trade.

According to the geographical cycle theory, drainage landform evolution process is divied into three periods—young, mature and old period. In defferent evolution periods, the relation between gully density and cutting depth is various. However, it is sure that landforms are the most tattered and gully density reaches the maximum in the later young—early mature period. By presuming that the drainage landform is evoluted into hills in the period, the maths equation of the theoretical maximum of gully density was established, which is D=ctgθ^h∫_h0^maxdh/(hctga+c)² (1) where:D: gully density;θ: slope;h: cutting depth;c: gully bed average width;h₀: cutting depth minimum;h_max: cutting depth maximum On the above presuming base, the maths function on relation between gully density and cutting depth were established for the defferent development periods. The maths function shows that:①in the early young period, the gully density and cutting depth increase at the same time; ②in the later young—early mature preiod, gully density reaches the maximum and it decreases as cutting depth imcreases; ③ in the later mature—old preiod, gully density decreases as cutting depth decreases. Two example calculations demonstrate that the maths equation of the theoretical maximum of gully density may be used in practice. It can infer drainage landform evolution period and predict soil erosion developing tendency. It supplements quantitative anslysis on landforms shape elements with drainage landform evolution in defferent periods.

The research on carrying capacity has involved in an evolution process which includes many concepts such as non-human biological population carrying capacity, population carrying capacity, resources carrying capacity, environmental carrying capacity, ecological carrying capacity, cultural carrying capacity and social carrying capacity. Four typical characteristics are emerging in the process, one is that the appraisal of carrying capacity was extended from biological population to "cultivated land-food-population" , the second is that the evaluation of carrying capacity restricted by single factor has changed to multiple factors, the third is that the appraisal of carrying capacity merely based on natural resources endowment has extended to depend on integrating natural resources endowment and human development requirements, and the fourth is that the estimation of carrying capacity was enlarged from single city to conurbation. This paper claimed that the urban comprehensive carrying capacity is not a meaningless question; its threshold limit value existed indeed in a particular temporal-spatial situation and under definite resources and environment constraints. Additionally, some issues such as the philosophy of evaluation for urban comprehensive carrying capacity, identification of the limiting factors, spatial classification appraisal and grading appraisal and evaluation methods were discussed. Also, the further study of urban carrying capacity is prospected.

Based on the analysis of major elements, magnetic susceptibility, grain size and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of samples from the Zhongliangtiechang (ZLTC) profile in southern Shanxi Province, China, using comprehensive approaches such as Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA), loss and accumulation of major elements relative to UCC, A-CN-K diagram, the geochemical characteristics and its paleoenvironmental significance are discussed. The results show that the chemical compounds consist mainly of SiO₂, Al₂O₃, CaO and TFe₂O₃. The curves of Al₂O₃, TFe₂O₃ and K₂O have the same trend, and the three elements come out top in paleosol layer when the climate is warm-wet. Ca enriches while Na and K decrease in ZLTC profile relative to UCC, which possibly represents the characteristics of loess in the source region. The climate is the main factor which influences the feldspar weathering process, and the feldspar weathering is mostly showing up to plagioclase feldspar weathering. The profile is in low weathering intensity as a whole, which lies between profiles in Fufeng of Shanxi and Pengyang of Ningxia; the sequence is in accordance with recent climate conditions in the three regions. The paleosol layer is in medium weathering intensity, in which Ca and Na leached greatly; while the loess layer is in low weathering intensity. Geochemical characteristics of major elements indicate that the climate "cool-dry (9.6-10.5 ka BP)-> warm-wet (4.9-9.5 ka BP)-> warm-dry (2.5-4.9 ka BP)-> cool-dry (since 2.5 ka BP)". During 1.2-2.5 ka BP, the content of particles with grain size above 100 μm is the highest, the deposition rate is high, and Ca leaches relatively, which represents the sheet erosion is strong at that time.

Manufacturing cluster and specialized market are respectively formed from the high-degree concentration spatially of production section and sales section in economic activities, and their interaction and integration has become a new way for industrial transformation and upgrading in China's coastal areas. Based on the framework of theoretical analysis on co-evolution, with the leather industry in Tong'erpu Town, Liaoning Province as an example, and by means of field investigation and enterprise interview, this paper researches the formation & co-evolution process and driving mechanism of manufacturing cluster and specialized market, and focuses on surveying the functions of the government and enterprise derivation in pushing forward their co-evolution. The research shows that, the manufacturing cluster and specialized market of leather industry in Tong'erpu Town, Liaoning Province follow the evolution mode of symbiotic development, and present the co-evolution process of “co-enlargement of industrial scale, co-evolution of organization mode, and co-deepening of industrial division”. The broad consumption market in the Northeast China, the active promotion of local government, and the enterprise derivation in manufacturing cluster and specialized market are the main reasons for their co-evolution. Processing enterprises and sales merchants have promoted the formation of closer relationship between production and market network at the local place of Tong'erpu through backward and forward integration respectively. The leather industry at Tong'erpu Town has also been confronted with a series of challenges in its development process. Firstly, the appearance of modern enterprise groups is gradually disintegrating the foundation and precondition for the development of specialized market; secondly, the leather industry at Tong'erpu Town is confronted with the dilemma of insufficient talents and supporting services for its transformation; and finally, in specialized market, sales profit is higher than the leather processing profit, so plentiful capital transfers to sales field, and processing is confronted with the risk of decay. Different from the existing researches which pay attention to the impact of the adaptability change and derivation of enterprises inside certain industrial cluster on convention inheritance and diffusion, the present research expands the cognition with the mechanism of enterprise deviation's action on inter-industry co-evolution.

According to the overlap between the gravity center of the source system (or the sink system) of China's crude oil flow and the gravity center of China's overall economy, as well as the consistency of their displacement trends, this paper analyzes the spatial coupling degree between the gravity centers of the source system (or the sink system) and economy in five typical years from the research period 1985-2009. To reveal the driving mechanism of China's crude oil flow, Indicator Kriging Interpolating Method is applied to be fit for the trend surfaces of the source and sink system, as well as the distribution of main domestic oil fields, seaports of oil import (including land ports, same as below), and domestic refineries, and then, the spatial correlation coefficients are used to determine the spatial correlation between them. Some conclusions are as follows. (1) In the research period, the gap between the gravity centers of sink system and economy remained a certain range within 300-400 km, which reflects that economic growth has more influence on the sink system than on the source one. Meanwhile, the gap between the gravity centers of source system and economy has narrowed rapidly after the typical year of 2003, which showed that the influence of the economic growth on the source system had been growing gradually. (2) According to the spatial correlation analysis of the source system, the regional differences of crude oil production and import is the major determining factor of the spatial correlation between the source system and main domestic oilfields, as well as between the source system and main domestic oilfields-import seaports;and the distribution and displacement of crude oil flow elements, including oilfields, pipelines, oil refineries and others, also have some influence on the changes of the spatial correlation coefficients. Thus it can be seen that the displacement of the source system in typical years of 1985 and 1995 was mainly driven alone by the development of domestic oilfields, and it was also driven by both the development of domestic oilfields and import seaports in the typical years of 1999, 2003 and 2009. (3) There is a close relationship between the spatial distribution of the sink system and domestic refineries, as reflected by the spatial correlation coefficient. Therefore, domestic refineries' huge need of crude oil is the principal driving force of the displacement of sink system. Because of data limitation, this paper only analyzed the typical year of 2009, and it is necessary to be further improved.

The spatial distribution of population is essential for both environmental and socio-economic researches. Traditional studies on the spatial distribution of population are mostly based on single scale analysis and ignores scale dependence of population distribution. Analysing the spatial distribution of population at different scales is beneficial to more exactly reveal the spatial distribution law of population. This paper analyzed and compared the spatial autocorrelation of population density using spatial autocorrelation method and statistical correlations between population density and environment-economic factors including DEM, slope, annual average sunshine hours, annual rainfall, average temperature, land use data and GDP at city, county and 1 km?1 km grid scale, and further discussed the spatial distribution patterns of population and the effective or indicative factors to reveal the spatial distribution law of the population at multi-scales. Some conclusions can be drawn as follows. (1) The information at different levels of details can be obtained by multi-scale analysis of the spatial distribution of population. At the city scale, the spatial distribution patterns of the population can be derived. High density districts are in the southeast of Shandong Province including Jinan, Liaocheng, Tai'an, Jining, Zaozhuang and Heze. At the county scale, the spatial distribution patterns of population of some cities can be displayed, and the cases are Jinan, Jining and Dongying. The population density in Jinan is high and unevenly distributed. The population density in Jining is high and evenly distributed. The population density in Dongying is low and evenly distributed. At the 1 km?1 km grid scale, the spatial distribution patterns of population of counties can be obtained. (2) Spatial distribution law differs with scales. Environment-economic factors have a greater impact on population distribution than spatial autocorrelation at city and county levels. At the city level, average sunshine hours, percentage of rural land, and average temperature are the main indicators of population distribution. The level of economic development to some extent affects the population distribution, and the percentages of urban land, and rural land are indicative of population distribution.

In view of the entity and integrity of natural reproduction and economic reproduction of agriculture, the paper selects and builds the Evaluation Index System (EIS) of agricultural resources effective utility on the basis of the necessity and observable basic principles to build EIS. This paper includes four sections as follows. Firstly, the author discusses observable basic principles to build EIS. The principles include objective laws of sciences, a system in its entirety, easy operation, good arrangement and sequence of structure, and changeable trends. Secondly, by analyzing systematically the behavior and characteristic of agricultural production progress of resources and the basic ways of agricultural resources effective utilization, the author selects 94 indices, which include 46 background and input indices, 14 potential indices and 34 evaluation indices. As a result of analyzing comparatively 34 evaluation indices, the author builds the evaluation index system consisting of 13 comprehensive evaluation indices. Thirdly, as an addition to EIS, the author discusses 5 comprehensive evaluation indices of 13 ones, including attenuation intensity of soil production, biotic economic index, scientific and technical contribution ratio of agriculture, commercialization index of agricultural products, and management comprehensive index. Last, some problems are discussed in the paper.

This paper calculates the risk probability of strong wind by information diffusion theory, draws the risk zoning map by GIS technology, and then analyses the temporal and spatial distribution of strong winds in 78 counties or cities of Heilongjiang Province during 1971-2005. The results are shown as follows. (1) There were fluctuations of strong wind occurrence in Heilongjiang in the 1970s and 1980s. The occurrence of strong winds has been decreased noticeably from the 1990s to the early 21st century. Strong winds occurred mostly in spring, which was the main reason having drought and fire risks. (2) The high values of the number of strong wind days were mainly observed in Songnen plain and Sanjiang plain, and the low values appeared in Da Hinggan, Yichun and Mudanjiang. (3) The strong wind risk probabilities of 1d, 2d, 3d and 4d have been calculated by information diffusion theory. The areas with high risks were distributed in the central-southern parts of Heilongjiang as a zone from west to east, and those with low values were located in the northern, central-northern, western and southern parts. This paper takes the advantages of information diffusion theory, which requires less information and can evaluate the risks and loss risks.

The CO 2 flux concentration gradient and microclimate characteristics of a summer corn community were measured with an infrared CO 2 analysis system and a Bowen ratio device. The instantaneous CO 2 flux density and the water use efficiency of the corn canopy were calculated. The result showed that the CO 2 flux and CO 2 concentration gradient as well as the water use efficiency of the summer corn community had distinct daily and seasonal change patterns. The daily change of the water use efficiency was described in a ‘L’type curve with a peak value around 8 a.m. in the morning. Before grain filling, the water use efficiency increased as the corn grew, while it decreased after grain filling because of the decrease of photosynthetic ability of the corn community and the increase of respiration consumption. The water use efficiency was affected by the factors such as global radiation and CO 2 concentration and air saturation deficit etc. Therefore, in agricultural practice, the water use efficiency of the corn community could be raised by means of straw cover and sprinkling irrigation to reduce drive potential of transpiration.

Crop growth model is a useful tool for quantitative evaluation of crop production potentials. Since itsstudy was first published in 1985, EPIC model has been widely used in the world because of its powerful functionality.In this paper, the main structure, function and data requirements were firstly summarized, and then the model applications in the world and China were reviewed. In China, since the first application in 2001, the EPIC model was used to evaluate crop yield potentials, quantify effects of irrigation and climate change on crop production,estimate nutrient losses and soil carbon storage, and predict soil losses. Finally, a brief discussion and suggestions were given on the model use.

在赤道附近及某些沿海地带,冷水随斜温层上升。本文论述该现象在气候变化中的重要作用。现将观测事实简述如下:a)赤道附近的海面温度与大气中 CO_2和H_2O 的含量之间呈正相关关系,b)信风强度与赤道(包括沿海地区)的海面温度之间呈负相关关系,c)信风强度与两半球付热带高压纬度之间呈负相关关系,d)赤道和两极对流层的温差与付热带高压纬度之间呈负相关关系,e)全球温度的变化与赤道和两极对流层的温差之间呈负相关关系。而这种对流层的温差则是由雪、冰、反射率温度反馈所造成。假设半球气候的反馈机制是:在一群火山爆发后的冷却过程中,经向温度梯度变大,付热带高压纬度转低,信风强度增加,赤道附近的海面温度降低,大气中 CO_2和 H_2O 的含量减少。其结果,气候进一步变冷。在火山活动的间歇期,由于气候变暖,上述趋势则相反。这个反馈机制剧烈地改变着赤道附近和海岸地区海水翻腾的频率与强度。由于海洋好像封闭的盆地,而深海海水翻腾一次约需要500年的时间,所以这个过程只能在若干世纪之内才出现一次。

Researches on decisions about car ownership and usage, as the basis of urban traffic planning, investment in transportation and policy making, has become an important discipline and academic focus which capture the attention of the international academic communities. This study focuses on the decisions about car ownership and usage, and analyzes the development of the relevant studies in foreign countries from the aspects of theoretical foundations, empirical studies and research approaches. In addition, the paper summarizes the basic categories and theoretical models. Based on that, we systematically review the important topics in domestic studies. The review indicates that the studies on the decisions about car ownership and usage have gone through the shift from macroscopic level to microcosmic level at home and abroad. The foreign studies mainly concentrate on basic theories, characteristics and influencing factors, research of models, and so on. The domestic studies have shifted from only focusing on the consequences of a rapid increase of car ownership and the countermeasures to investigating the mechanism by which car traffic and urban environment affect each other. Finally, based on the analysis of insufficient areas of the current research, the paper predict a trend for the related research and puts forward an analysis framework for the future research on the decisions about car ownership and usage.