The Chinese Institute of Geography was founded in 1940 at Beipei, Chongqing, Sichuan province.It moved to Nanjing in 1947 and was closed in 1949. Within the decade (1940-1949), it carried out investigations of the eastern part of the Sichuan Basin, the Hanzhong Basin, the Gansu province, the Qinghai province and the Xinjiang province, and also made short-terra oceano-graphical observation along the Dongshan Island, Fujian province. Among the seven or eight scientific results that the Institute has published, "Report on the Geographical Survey of the Jialingjiang Drainage Basin" is noted by its spciailty.For instance, the chapters of "The Channel Geomorphology of the Jialingjiang" and "The Settlement and Its Population" and so on, are rich in contents and rather penetrating in observation. "Report on the Geographical Investigation of the Hanzhong Basin"is marked by its integrity and distinctness in the elucidation of the relationships between nature and human life, and also in the delineation of its geographic chracteristics. They are really fine records of regional geography, "The Economical Atlas of Sichuan Province" is the first such atlas in China with rather complete divisions and subdivisions and in an adequate way of illustration. The three publications above-mentioned have made contributions to the development of modern geography in China In addition, six volumes of "Geography" quarterly were published too, at that time.

国际地理联合会工业系统委员会1981年工业系统学术讨论会,于8月20日在法国南部蒙彼利埃以西的湼边举行。会议参加者60多人,来自25个国家(其中中国与西班牙是第一次参加)。会上提交论文约60篇。宣读近50篇。

地貌学与国土整治讨论会于1984年11月7日至13日在成都举行。出席会议105人,收到论文129篇,分1.河流、河口/海岸、三角州、平原及农业地貌,2.干旱、半干旱、构造地貌及地貌区划与地貌制图,3.水川、冻土、喀斯特、滑坡、泥石流与川地地貌三个小组宣读论文和讨论。

The variation of vegatation cover in a large range can change the physical properties on the surface, and influence evaporation from the surface into the atmosphere, because evaporation averaged for a long range on the whole globe should be equal to the corresponding precipitation, thus, it is possible that the variation of vegatation cover has some effects on the formation of precipitation in a certain region.In order to study the effects of the variation of vegatation cover on precipitation in a certain region and drought climate, by the improved lorenz's low-order moist spectral model, six numerical experiments whose integrational times are longer than seventy model days are designed and performed. The physical processes introduced into the model are solar radiation absorbed by the surface, exchange of sensible heat, release of latent heat, hydrological cycle, convective adjustment, frictional dissipations, land surface heat budget, orographic effects, and differences between sea and land. The experimental results show the increasing of the vegatation cover may increase the model precipitations, and shorten the durations in which the day's model precipitation is less than 1.0mm. It seems that the increasing of the degree of the vegetation cover contributes to an improvement of drought climate to a certain extent.

An energy base is produced to suit the development of productive force. It is a form of territorial combinations of new energy production which are engendered on the basis of territorial division in social labour. Generally, it is a region that has a quite big scale of energy resources and products and can provide other regions with a large number of energy products or processing products of energy.The regional scopes of energy bases are different,Some energy bases are made up by a centre of a big coal mine, a large oil field or a big water power station,The regional scopes of these energy bases are equal to a district of industry and mine or an industrial city of energy The super large bases of energy are composed of coneentrative region in energy,It consists of several big coal mines, oil fields or terraced water power stations that are in neighbour hood and are linked together and are also suitably unified planning The regional scopes of those energy bases may include a large part of the country According to the inner structure of production and the degree of comprehensive development in economy of energy bases, they can be divided into three types. (1) The unitary bases of energy which mainly develop energy and export energy, and whose processing industry is fairly backward. (2) The energy bases that mainly exploit energy and have a certain number of processing industry, and whose comprehensive development is in the stage of being formed and being perfected. (3) The energy bases whose economy develops comprehensively.Generally, the energy base which is developed comprehensively has basic characteristics as follows. (1) It has a large number of cheap fuel and power. (2) Energy industry is both the constitutional core and specialized department of production which in the is lead,The prosperity and decline of bases have a great deal to do with the development of energy industry; (3) The enterprises which are produced in the bases are the combination on using commonly fuel power bases and processing comprehensively the product of energy industry and using infrastructures of the basis in common,The linkage between these productive departments is close.In comprehensive development of energy bases, the main problem which needs to be studied and resolved is, first, the determination of the direction in comprehensive development of energy bases, second, selecting the positions of concrete items and distributing them reasonably,In developing energy bases comprehensively, it is necessary to develop the superiority of that region according to concrete conditions which are different and form reasonable stru-tures of economy which are of different characteristics The industrial location of energy bases should be convenient to production and people's life. When paying attention to dispersion of industrial distribution in a large area, it is necessary to concentrate properly in some centres and to distribute industrial enterprises in groups. Meanwhile, attention should be paid to arrange suitably light industry and heavy industry, and to keep the proportion of male to female in balance.

The exploitation and utilization of water resources affects environmental development and quality. In the early 1970's water resource in Hai He and Luan He drainage basins was exploited and utilized very greatly, once the natural environment was changed enormously. In the past 35 years, the total storage of new reservoirs was 25.9 billion cubic meters, and areas of new agricultural irrigation was 100 million mu, at the same time questions of flood control and water supply in cities, industrial and mining areas were partly solved, About 10.17 million mu of saline-alkali soil were improved and 23 million mu of low-lying and frequently flooded land were treated in a comprehensive way The drainage conditions in the plain of China were improved and soil has been changed into drab soil. The distribution of water resources in time and space varied greatly. The average annual discharge to the sea has been decreased half as much as the amount of 21 billion cubic meters in 1965 Utilizing ratio of water resources increased from 23% in the 1950's to 59% in the 1970's. Annual extraction of groundwater amounted to 17.8 billion cubic meters, Groundwater levels went down and infiltration of precipitation increased. The utilizable and effective water resources that changed from evaporation of groundwater by some rational ways amounted annually to about 2 bilion cubic meters per year. The changes in the elements of water balance gave rise to harmful changes in environment, the main aspects being as follows.(1) Natural water area of river and lakes greatly decreased, and aquatic products and their quality were also decreased due to water pollution and construction of sluice gates.2) As drainge of waste water increased, the quality of surface water and ground water deteriorated. The most serious conditions were in the Long Yang He. Generally, the water quality of the first flood each year is very poor.(3) The variation of runoff of rivers often gave rise to siltation of resar-voirs, river courses and estuaries.(4) Exploitation of groundwater in depth made groundwater levels decrease greatly over large area and cause surface subsidence. For instance, the area of land subsidence in Tianjing was 2,308 square km and the highest subsidence was 2.04m. In some areas, deep groundwater contains heavy fluoride and alkali materals, having effects on human health, on soil and plant.(5) Due to decrease of discharge in some rivers, shipping was reduced, indirectly affecting environmental quality.The main reason for harmful impacts on environment is the shortage of water resources. The water transfer from south to north is a strategic measure to solve questions of environmental water conservancy When we consider water supply to cities, industry and agriculture, we must simultaneously consider water supply for fishery, shipping, treatment of siltaion, protection of water quality and tourism We must prevent water pollution and do well for management of environmental water conservancy and assessment of environmental impacts.

The eastern part of the Hebei plain is located at the mountain apron of the Yan Shan Mts. It is mainly made of accumulated plain of Luanhe, jiyunhe, Chaobai he and Yongdinghe. The thickness of Quaternary sediments increases gradually from north to south of the plain and it is 500-600M in the coastal region. This paper is based on the chemical analysis of 15 bore holes from the eastern Hebei plain. After sdusying the information, it is clear that the geochemical characteristics of the eastern Hebei plain have some connections with paleogeographical environments.The contents of chemical elements in the Quaternary sediment are respectively Fe 2.65%, Mn 395.4ppm, Cu 27.4 PPm, Zn.70.1 Ppm, Ni 36.1 ppm, Ca 2.4%, Mg 1.0%, Ti 0.4%, Sr 185 ppm, Ba 556 Ppm, B 46.3 ppm, Ga 18.6 ppm, V 100 ppm.The Mn content of sediment is one time less than that of the earth's crust and B content is three times more than the average content of the earth's crust The concentration of other elements is as much as the average content of the earth'crust. It is clear that comparing with tne content of the earth's crust, the chemical elements of Quaternary sediments in the e-astern part of the Hebei plain have no great difference. Elemental laws of movement and distribution and accumulationare controlled the various natural conditions.The natural environment of the eastern Hebei plain underwent a great change in Quaternary geological age. The climate during the Quaternary age had many times transformed from cold to warm. Therefore, the distribution of chemical elements have periodic change When tne weather was warmer and moister and the sea level elevated, the contents of chemical elements increased.

There is an important physico-geographic boundary line on the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau. It is the Gangdisi-Nyainqentanglha range.The physico-geographical differentiation of both sides of the Gangdisi-Nyaiqentanglha range is conspicuous owing to their altitudes and latitude position Both natural zones are separated by the range, the zone of montane shrubby steppe of broad valleys and basins of South-Xizang is located on the south, the zone of alpine-steppe of the Qiangtang Plateau stretches to the north.The background of topographic configuration, climatic differentiations, hydrographical features a.nd characteristics of vegetation and agriculture of the two zones are discussed in the present paper. The boundary line of the Gang-disi-Nyainqentanglha range is compared with the important boundary line-the Qin Ling mountain-Huai He river line in Eastern China. The former on the plateau may be considered as a variety of the latter outside the plateau that has been raised to a much higher elevation.

The evolution of health and diseases is related to the developmemt of human ecological environment. Since the beginning of the century, disease types in the world have changed. (1) acute diseases caused by biological infe-ction have dropped substantially while non-infectious chronic diseases have increased. (2) Progress has been made in the battle against infantile and chi-ldren's diseases, at the same time, aged diseases have increased. (3) diseases induced by nutritional deficiency have been abated while those caused by over-nutrition have increased. (4) endemic diseases origiginating from the natural environment are decreasing, diseases caused by pollution resulted from man-made-environment are increasing.Health level and disease types of the Chinese people are evidently related to China's ecological environment, the major emphasis being the character of transition. It includes. (1) China is following the precedent set by developed nations, ancient (acute-biological infectious) diseases are being superseded by modern (cardiovascular diseases and cancer) affliction. (2) viewing disease types from an ecological geography,China is not only different from developed nations, but also from developing nations. (3) There exist both Kinds of diseases, endemic diseases and technogenic diseases', in China. (4) Urban disease types close to those of developed nations while Rural disease types are similar to those of developing nations. Examining its disease types, life expectancy, aged structure and mortality, China assumes a median position now. It is related to its ecological and social character of geography.By the end of the century, China's disease pattern will appear very similar to that of developed nations. It means that Cardiovascular diseases and cancer will be the leading causes of death in China. Strategies in the realm of health care and medicine in China must be continued to reduce bio-infectious diseases while struggle against cardiovascular diseases and cancer must be developed quickly. The main emphasis must be gradually placed on the prevention of cardiovascular diseases and cancer.

The authors have established a formula of drought and flood in agromet-eorolgy from the viewpoint of water-balance in farmland, and analysed the crops require-offering relationship and crops requirement of water (N), at the same period, that is. K={W+R(1-σ-S)+Q}/NMany parameters of effect have been considered, such as precipitation (R), moistures of soil in the depth of a metre (W), surface runoff (a), evaporation of under-ground water and moisture in the deep soil (Q), permeation (S) at the supply of water as the parameters of effect.As the parameters of effect are different in distinctive region and reasons, the parameter K has different formula of simplifying.The authors have established the table of drought-water-logging by experience (Table 5,) here K is divided into five grades i. e. water-logging, sub-waterlogging, normal, subdrought and drought.Finally, both K anb the real case are compared, it shows that they are approximate.

The Huang-Huai-Hai plain is the region of China where the groundwater was first abstracted and where the degree of its use is the highest. The increase in groundwater use has produced numerous hydrological changes. They include: the decline of the groundwater level and the appearance of cones of depression, effects on the recharge of shallow aquifers by rain infiltration: impacts on surface runoff; and the effects of well irrigation and drainage for salinization and alkalization. A basic principle of reasonable abstraction of groundwater entails the control of the groundwater level. The key step in barnessing drought, waterlogging, salinization and alkalization is the control of the use of shallow groundwater in the Huang-Huai-Hai plain.

Professor Wu Shangsi is a famous geographer of the old China, He took the MA Degree in Granoble University in France, and came back to his mo ther country in 1934, and taught in the geography department of Sun Yetsen University from 1934-1946, and worked as the head of the department form 1940-1946. He died in the morning of 22th September 1947 at the age of 43 years only; But he has written more than 70 famous articles.The list of his articles is shown in the Chinese text.I know there are many papers in memory of prof, Wu after he died. In U.S.A, from G,B, Cressey (1947) to prof, wang(1982), there are at least three papers in memory of prof, wu. In U,S,S,R,, I know the library of the Moscow University once hanging the photo of prof, wu as a famous geographer of China And now I am told that they still nemember prof, wu in heart.Now,the geographical society of Quangdung held a meeting in memory of prof, Wu at his 80th year birthday on 28th, Sept, 1984. There are more than 60 geographers and hydrologists attending the meeting. And I am the chairman of the meeting.

This paper deals with in brief the progress of river geomorphological re searches in foreign countries in four stages as follows.1) About one or two thousand years ago, that was in the embryonic stage, the Greeks the Romans and the Arabs had already known some phenomena in river geomorphology.2) During the second stage, in the Renaissance and the 18th century, rivers and their erosion were widely studied by many scholars from Europen countries, because of the development in hydraulic engineering. In the 1800's, studies on different stages about the development of river geomorphology began.The embryo of quantitative approach emerged as the time reguired. Lomonosove proposed a conception of interaction between endogenic and exo-genic forces, and F.Hutton advanced thet heory of river erosion. They have made important contributions.3) In the third stage study of river geomorphology was on the upgrade In the 19th century a lot of scholars proved that stream erosion is one of the most important factors which sculpture the landforms on the earth surface and criticized the Diluvialism for landform f ormation. The development of waterways promoted the study of river geomorphology in Russja. In the meantime, the requirement of exploiting the west U.S developed the theory of river erosion rapidly and took the lead in studying it. Davis Erosion Cycle theory became a classical one in studying river erosion.4) From the 80th century on, a new stage in studying river geomorphology has come. Introduction of knowledge about fluvial dynamics and hydraulics and application of the mathe-physical methods have influenced the study of river geomorphology widely and deeply, have given the classical theory more precise physical meaning, and thus have promoted the study of river geomorphology by quantitative methods. All the factors, such as Horton's drainage network theory, Machin's "graded" conception, experimental study and mathematical simulation, deeper study of river valley, establishment of different models about delta developing and study of formation and change of river patterns from different angles have all made great progress in recent study of river geomorphology.Finally, some modern techniques and methods are also discussed, all of which will open up the way to a bright future for the study of river geomor phology.

南水北调是为了改变我国水资源分布不均局面的一项重大工程措施。现已初步归纳成三条引水线路方案。西线引水入黄河上游供西北地区用水并增加黄河水量;中线和东线共同供水黄、淮、海平原。目前东线第一期工程已动工兴建;中线工程列为国家重点工程项目。

中国1:100万地貌图编辑委员会自1980年成立以来,在中国科学院地理研究所主持下,组织了全国50多个单位的300多名专业人员,进行了系统而深入的区域地貌与地貌制图研究试验工作。

The famous hydrographer, professor of the Institute of geography, of the Chinese Academy of Science, Guo Jinhui died at Beijing on April 5,1985.Prof.Guo Jinhui was born on October, 1916, at Dingxian County Hobei Province, in a peasant family.Before the Japanese invasion, he was studying in Beijing.He joined the Chinese Communist Party in 1939, and was appointed educator for revolution in his county.After the Liberation, Guo taught and served as the head of the department of geography in normal university.In 1955, Prof.Guo came to the Institute of geography, of the Chinese Academy of Science, and made researches on hydrography and took on management of the Institute of geography.Guo Jinhui was appointed vice-president of the Geographical Society of China,vice-precident of the council of the Oceanogra-phical Society of China, member of the council of the Chinese Society of Water Conservancy and member of the Commission of Toponymy.He was an originators of the Chinese hydrography.In early 1950's, Prof.Guo estimeted the resources of surface flow of all the country and published the first map of modulus of surface flow "The surface flow of China", "The factors of geographical impact on surface flow in China" and "The basin hydrography of the Heilongjiang River" and several other articles and books These became the foundation works of hydrographical researches in China.He organized and led the writing of "China's physical geography" professor Guo Jinhui led and took part in the integrated investigation of the South-north water transfer in west China and the integrated investigation of Xinjiang.Professor Guo Jinhui was an outstanding activist of the geographical society of China.He did much valuable work for the society.Professor Guo also was an educationist training a large number of cadres for revolution.His students spread all over the country.Under his fruitful work, he fostered lots of scientists for hydrography and hydrology, and this has promoted China's hydrography to develop rapidly.Professor Guo Jinhui made contributions in many aspects Although he died, he will forever live in our heart.

Shanghai is China's largest economic centre and port city with the spatial advantage for economic development.Ocean frontage, estuary location on the Changjiang River, extensive hinterland and bordering Huangpu Jiang as link best describe the spatial factors of Shanghai's geographical location.The aggregate effect of these spatial factors account for the locational superiority of Shanghai over other cities of China.Shanghai is located in the plain of the Changjiang Delta, contiguous to the Tai Hu (Lake) Basin, the heart of the Delta.It has long maintained close economic ties with other parts of the deltaic region.Before its designation as a treaty port in 1842, Shanghai was merely one of the towns of urban agglomeration in the Delta and acted as the outer harbour of Suzhou,At the turn of this century, Shanghai emerged as the largest city and economic centre of China, Statistics about the birth places of the inhabitants of Shanghai or their ancestors may demonstrate the economic ties between Shanghai and the above-mentioned areas,On the eve of liberation, inhabitants born in Jiangsu Province accounted for 39% of Shanghai's population,and those born in Zhejiang Province, 19%.Before liberation, capitalists of Jiangsu and Zhe-jiang Provinces either invested much of their capital in enterprises in Shanghai or divert a part of their capital earned in Shanghai to develop the economy of their home towns.It is evident that the capital and labour force exported from Jiangsu and Zhejiang Provinces have substantially contributed to the growth of Shanghai's economy.As the basic factor, the predominance of spatial location stimulates the economic development and urbanization of Shanghai, The urbanization progress has been developed rapidly since liberation,Before 1958,Shanghai was a solitary city without a regional urban system.The limited urban area was very much restricted for economic growth.In that year, ten neibouring counties of Jiangsu Province were incorporated into the municipality of Shanghai.Sinca then, an urban system with a hierarch of five levels has taken shape.Namely, the city proper, suburban industrial districts, outer-suburban satellite towns, county seats and towns directly under the counties, and state-farms.Before liberation, both Chinese and foreign capitalists endeavoured to make use of the spatial advantage of Shanghai to gain high profits.As a result of uncontrolled development, the spatial arrangement of central city was chaotic and crammed.Due to the aftermath of the long-standing urban policies, such as "construction first, livelihood second" and "consturction wherever there's a room", the overall congestion and spatial confusion have not been fundamentally relieved.Intensive space utilization of the central city is manifasted in the following aspects.1, overpopulation.2, overgrowth of industrial enterprises.3, shortage of per capita living space.In view of the fact that the coefficient of space utilization of the central city is too high and the use of urban space has already reached saturation, construction and renewal of the central city should be based on the policies of spatial decentralization of factories and population, readgusting the spatial distribution of enterprises, gradual increase of space to meet the needs of livelihood and production, amelioration of environment quality, and striving to reestablish a harmonic relationship between man and environment in the city.

This article analyzed the principal components of air temperature and sunshine, the two major climatic elements, and defined the dominant distribution patterns of secular temperature deviation (Fig.g) and sunshine-hour deviation (Fig.4).Furthermore, the group average method was used to obtain the similarity (or distance, Fig.5) among the clusters with the factor loading (Tab.3) that are related to the rise and fall of the dominant distribution patterns.It was regarded as the indexes of the regionalization to make the cluster analysis (Fig.6).Finally, the climatic regionalization (Fig.7) of air temperature and sunshine with time change in Northeast China was completed.It is a new method of the climatic regionalization combining the principal component analysis with the cluster analysis.It overcomes the short comings of subjectivity and nonunity of the regionalization indexes in traditional regionalizations.Meanwhile the article also indicated that the quantitative clima tic regionalization should be applied combining with the special climatic map (or available climatic map).We should promote the advantages and overcome the shortages in order to provide reliable scientific basis for arranging the agricultural production structure to suit the local conditions.

This paper analyzed the character of water consumption for C₃-plants (wheat and soybean) and C₄-plants (millet and maize) and found that the process of water consumption intensity is very different for the two types of plants.C₃-plants possess wide peak value zone, but C₄-plants narrow one.The width or narrow of peak value zone of the water consumption can probably cause the difference of water consumption between C₃-plants and C₄-plants.The ratio of the water consumption by crops to evaporation from water surface in the growth stages can be regarded as a curve of physiological water consumption, from which it is seen that the water consumption in the beginning and the end o.f growth is small,but in the middle of growth it is large.For winter wheat the peak value zone of water consumption is in tillering and florescence-grouting, for soybean in florescence-bearing fruit, for millet in florescence-grouting, for maize in heading-grouting.The detemination of the peak value zone has an importance in irrigation.In North China Plain, the key periods of water consumption by crops usually are in April-May and July-September.Water supply in these periods is more important.Characteristic coefficient of water consumption by crops is quite different,for example, the coefficient for soybean is about twice as high as the coefficient for millet.It must be on the basis of the strict experimental data to obtin the coefficient of crops.It must consider plant types and water consumption coefficient to estimate evapotranspiration from agricultural lands.

The study of karst development in Puding region, Guizhou Province reveals that karst is more intensively developed in bioclastic sparitic limestone and biomicrite, and underground rivers are also well developed.There is an uplifted Karst peneplain that was formed from Early Tertiary or Late Cretaceous age, in Puding region.The mogotes may be formed in Neogene when it was tropical climate.But it is distinctly subtropical climate now.The mogotes are subdued usually less than 200M high.They are known as relict mogotes.Owing to the recent strong uplift of the Plateau, the rivers have incised depply into the Plateau and thus formed steep gorges.The development of Karstification is not abated but enhanced in puding region from river-valleys to waterdivides.The distribution of the Karst topography reveals that it is in zontion horizontally and in Layer verlically.There develop caves.They may be grouped into three categories.(1) caves formed by a belt of downward filtration, (2) caves fit in with the baseleve] of the Karst erosion, and (3) caves of the inactive deep Karst.

The whole country is divided into three typal realms under sewage irrigation on the basis of comprehensive natural conditions and characteristics of sewage irrigation.Geographical differentiation of sewage irrigation in China and its cause of fomation are emphatically studied.According to the sewage irrigation regionalization in China, geographical distribution of sewage irrigation is as follows.

The rise of the petroleum industry in Gulf Coast Region has been one of the greatest economic geographic phenomena of the past decades in the United States.This paper relates mainly the following contents concerned with the phenomena.1) Gulf Coast Region is the core of the petroleum industry in the United States.2) Some regional favourable factors, such as oil and gas resources, facilities and economic geographic position, that influence the growth of the petroleum Industrial complex in gulf coast region are discussed.3) The technical and socioeconomic conditions concerned are discussed as well.4) Based on the discussion, the growth process of the complex is ana-lized in some detail, the leading departments being laid emphasis on.5) With the analysis,theoretical and practical significance of the leading departments in regional economic development and in the research on regional economic geography is emphasized.

A sporo-pollen assemblage with dominant Classopollis-Cicatricosisporites has been found from a section of Cretaceous deposits in Lunggar mountain in western Xizang.The assemblage is characterized by the dominance of gymnos-permous pollen which occupied 69.2% in the total sporopollen numbers of the assemblage.Secondarily, it is rich in pteridophytic spores (30.8%) and there is not any angiospermous pollen.Within gymnospermous pollens, some primitive coniferae are absolute dominant which include Classopollis (47.0%), Callialasporites, Psophosphaera, Exesipollenites, Abietineae-pollenites and Parvissaccites etc.Besides, there are some Epedrapites and Monosulcites pollens.Pteridophytic spores are mainly Cicatricosisporites (23.3%).Others are Cyathidites and Cingnlalispor ites.It shows that continental flora, mainly gymnospermae Brachyphyllum and pteridophytic Lygodiaceae (Anemia and Mohria) existed in Lunggar mountain during the early Cretaceous stage.Also it infers that this area might belong to Indo-European region on a palaeobotany-geographical classification.Palaeo-climatecally, it was rather hot and dry and a tropic-subtropic zone could be proposed.

This paper, treating the urban district of Hangzhou as a whole, attem pts to make a systematic analysis, based on materials and sources available, of the laws of the urban development of the city, and its urban changes through dynasties from Qin, Han, Sui, Tang, Wuyue, Song, Yuan, Ming, Qing and the Republic of China up to this day, so as to give an outline of its growth from the very embryo to a full scale.This article also divides the development of the city into early stage, the stage of the booming ancient capital, the decline stage in Yuan and early Ming dynasties, the stage of recuperation and development in Ming and Qing dynasties, modern stage and present situation.Accordingly, it finally shows the writer's own view and suggestion on two problems, the water source and the reformation of the present city in future development.

This paper is a part of the outcome of a joint-effort of the geography department of Zhongshan University, PRC and The Chinese University of Hong-Kong in developing software for micro-computer cartography.The characteristics, feasibility and popularization value of micro-computer cartography are discussed,and then the programming of a software package is emphatically introduced in order to perform three types of choroplethic maps.These types are.1) choroplethic mapping by the character mode of the system.2) density shading by point patterns.3)densty shading by lines.Since this software can finally show up maps by means of a printer, the writers hope that this may help to promote automatic mapping both in education work and popularization object.

In this paper, the mathematical model of Fuzzy comprehensive judgement of the division of the north sub-tropical belt is preposed.The division of the north sub-tropical belt in Shaanxi province is carried out with this model, the concrete location is defined, and the quantitative problems of transitional belt and indices are solved.This not only changes the traditional qualitative division of the north sub-tropical belt into quantitative one and promotes its accuracy, but also liberates the division of boundaries from absolute affirmation and negation, and thus various transitional states appear.

The present paper mainly deals with water allocation in the First-Stage Projeet of the East-Route Water Transfer in China on the basis of system analysis from geographical point of view.According to water-heat budget of the water transfer regions, the water allocation can be estimated geographicallyby an index of aridity.

The Middle Route in South-to-North water transfer is one of the effective way to increase the water source for Huabei region in China, According to the plan of the water diversion from the Hanjiang River in the primary period, the mean annual volume of the water transfer is about 10 billion m3.It will give priority to the water supply for industrial development in the eleven cities along the channel.The irrigated area will be increased about 810,000 hectares.By the way, it will offer advantages for navigation, generation of electric power and fish-breeding etc.This paper tries to analyze the economic effect of the Middle Route Transfer, The results are.Ratio of Benefit-Cost is about 2; and Internal Rate of Return about 14%, These norms give indication of the feasibility of this project,Not only economic development will be advanced in the water consumption region after this project is completed, but some other advantages will be gained in the water supply district because of the compensative works in the Middle and lower reaches of the Hanjiang River.