This paper takes the urban public service industry as its study object to comment the process of industrilization occurring in recent years.Guangzhou city is taken as a study case for discussing the supplying modes and governance forms of public service or goods.Moreover we discuss the right governance structure and rules under de-regulation condition which leads us to draw the following conclusions: The supplying of public service industry in Guangzhou city has four modes which are government-supplying-leading mode,market-supplying-leading mode,grass-root mode and mixed mode.Because of the limited level of recent social development,we still can not evaluate value of various modes.But the social practice shows that all the modes should need governance with government participation although the modes are different. In space distribution,the transformation from urban centre to the marginal rural area in the governance mode changes from government-supplying-leading mode,market-supplying-leading mode to grass-root mode in turn.The diversification of geographical space results in the differentiation of the governance structure and mode of the public service industry.In old or traditional areas which have rich public service resources,the government-supplying-leading and non-government-assisting mixed mode should be chosen.Whereas in the newly developing town,urbanized or suburban areas,the communities should exert adequately the social wealth,and the non-government-leading mode should be chosen in combination with the social and economic bases of these areas. According to the developing process of Guangzhou city and common governance theory,put forward five principles of governance including service first,government controling,good governance,regional equality and sustainable development are put forward.These five principles partly embody the "five overall considerations" idea according to the need of scientific developing theory.Furthermore how to develop the governance modes of public service industry under its guidence is our future research field. The governance of public service industry's influence on and function to the urban development is also discussed with special emphasis on the aspect of geographical space and its geographical meaning for the purpose of attracting the concerns of more researchers.

Having been invited as a member of the project of global nutrient export from watersheds（Global NEWS） by UNESCO-IOC （2002-2005）,the author summarizes progresses of human activities on global nutrient export from watersheds.Human activities,such as production and consumption of food and energy to supply the increasing demands of the human population,have markedly altered the Earth's N,P,C and Si cycles.Consequently,many terrestrial,freshwater and marine ecosystems are being significantly altered.Nutrient inputs to coastal ecosystems are not evenly distributed globally.The uneven spatial pattern,in part,the result of the global distribution of human population,and activities associated with the production and consumption of food to feed those people and support their energy needs,has made nutrient enrichment contribute to increased algal growth,loss of seagrass habitats,increases in anoxic water,harmful algal blooms,coral reef degradation,and increased anthropogenic emissions of CO₂,N₂O and CH₄ among other effects.Marked increases in human population are predicted over the next 50 years in certain world regions（e.g.,S.and E.Asia,S.America,and Africa）.Industrialization is also predicted in many of these same regions.Both will undoubtedly lead to increased export of N and P to coastal ecosystems,as well as changes in the ratio of N:P:Si exported.The purpose of the project is to develop spatially explicit global models to hindcast,nowcast and forecast under a range of potential scenarios the export of N,P,C and Si to coastal ecosystems as a function human activities and natural processes in watersheds.Dissolved inorganic N,P and Si;dissolved organic N,P;and particulates N,P and Si are being explicitly modeled.Progress in the development of these model systems will be presented.

The relationship between soil organic C and land use change is one of the important fields in the study on global change.In the past 20 years,with the rapid economic development and population increase in China,large-scale land reclamation resulted in oasis expansion and natural desert vegetation decrease,especially in Xinjiang.Taking the oasis of Sangong river watershed as a study case,we have evaluated the spatio-temporal variability of soil organic C and nutrients.The results show that:(1) The soil OC contents was roughly equivalent in 1982 and 2003,but lower in 1999 than in 1982 and 2003.The AN,AP and AK contents tended to increase with cultivation time.(2) The nugget-to-sill ratio of soil OC changed from 53.3% to 70.3%,suggesting that the spatial correlation belongs to moderate class.However,the nugget-to-sill of AN,AP and AK is higher,suggesting that the spatial correlation belongs to low class.Influenced by soil types and planting crops of the study area,the anisotropies of soil OC were obvious,while those of AN,AP and AK were weaker.(3) The results estimated by Kriging and IDW showed that soil OC declined from 1982 to 1999,and then increased from 1999 to 2003.AN,AP and AK increased significantly from 1982 to 1999,while decreased from 1999 to 2003 due to balanced fertilization application.In conclusion,soil OC had been increasing with the cultivation time in the Sangong river watershed,indicating that oasis soil presented C sink.This also indicates that the human activities in the oasis were reasonable and the environment of the oasis was improved.

Researches on the exploitation and utilization of sea water and sea ice as a kind of fresh water resource of Bohai Sea have been conducted recently.However,the impact of such activities on the water balance of Bohai Sea has seldom been studied.This paper focuses on such an impact from the aspect of the contribution of atmospheric precipitation to the water balance of Bohai Sea.We chose Bohai Sea area and the seaward land in the watershed as the research area.Based on the average annual precipitation data from 92 meteorological stations in the researched land area from 1971 to 2000,we use Thiessen polygon theory grounding on GIS to make statistic analysis of average annual precipitation in the two areas.Statistic results show that average annual precipitation in the watershed is 63.88% of the total precipitation in the whole land area in 2000,being three times of the water required in this area.The amount of the sea water which was directly utilized from Liaodong Bay is 3.09% of the average annual precipitation in this bay,which is 15.86% in Bohai Bay,17.38% in Laizhou Bay and 8.82% in the whole Bohai Sea.And the sea ice reserve in Liaodong Bay in 2002 is 6.08% of the average annual precipitation in this bay.Results show that it is feasible to calculate average annual precipitation based on the Thiessen polygon theory in the researched area of seaward land in the watershed.Compared with(using) average annual precipitation in the whole area around Bohai Sea in calculating the(amount) of water finally flowing into Bohai Sea from land,the method of picking out the seaward land in the watershed to conduct the calculation is much more reasonable.The(approach) applied in this research of examining the relationship between the amount of the exploited and utilized sea water and sea ice and the average annual precipitation in Bohai Sea area is primary,but it is in support of further study on the relationship between the(amount) of the exploited and utilized sea water and sea ice and the water balance in Bohai Sea.

Under the background of global climate change,there are even greater uncertainties of the precipitation changing trend and regional differences.Therefore,it is one of the most important frontier fields of presently global change research to study the changing characteristics of precipitation in different regions.In this study,we analyzed the spatio-temporal patterns of precipitation in China during 1951 to 2002 by using spatial spline interpolation method and Mann-Kendall trend test,also with the support of GIS,based on measurements at about 730 meteorological stations nationally.The results showed that there was an obvious decreasing trend from the 1960s to the 1990s in China,and a recovery occurred in the late 1990s,while in summer and winter precipitation was comparable with that in the 1950s and the 1960s. Furthermore,results showed that precipitation presented clear regional spatial differences in the analyzed period: In North China,Central China,and southern Northeast China,precipitation reduced persistently in the period we studied,while sharp increase occurred in the south of the Yangtze Valley,and in northern Xinjiang,northern Northeast China,and western Tibet,precipitation decreased from the 1960s to the 1970s,and had a relative recovery in the 1980s.While climate in northern China appeared to have a sign of turning from dry to wet,and North China,Northeast China Plain still have been at the stage of drying which began since the mid 1960s.On the whole,the total declining trend of precipitation in China was comparable with that of global in the analyzed period,but regional variation patterns were opposite from global that precipitation increased obviously in the middle and high latitude regions,and decreased in the tropical and semi-tropical regions.

Principal components analysis(PCA) is a statistical technique used to investigate the structure of a data set,in an effort to identify the procedures controlling the scores of the variables in the data.PCA produces several linear combinations of observed variables,each linear combination being a component or factor.The factors summarize the patterns of the correlations in the observed correlation matrix and can in fact be used to reproduce the observed correlation matrix.Since the number of factors is usually far fewer than the number of the observed variables,there is a considerable parsimony in factor analysis.Furthermore,when scores on factors are estimated for each subject,they are often more reliable than scores on individual observed variables.The advantages of PCA are particularly useful in soil complex contamination studies,especially in poorly recorded areas historically,and could be further used for the spatial assessment.Now PCA has been used in the fields of resource exploitation and protection,environmental degradation and quantitative soil contamination assessment. In this paper,data structure of soil contaminations,relationships and differences of soil pollutions were discovered,and the major components of soil pollutions were identified.The result of agriculture field quality classified with component scores showed that paddy field irrigated with clean water was on the top of the six types of land,and soil environment of sewage irrigated paddy field had worst quality.The relationships with and contribution to contamination of soil pollutants were reflected well.The effect of heavy metals inputting was higher than organic pesticide,and is the major factor of soil contamination. The study implied that PCA is advantageous in the assessment on complex soil contamination and classification of soil environmental quality,and could be used in soil pollutants identify ication and soil environment assessment as well. The method could simplify the process of major soil pollutants identification,especially in cases of complex or poorly recorded contamination.

There were almost 4000 items about precipitation,disasters and harvest of Kunming in the archives of the Qing period. Using these materials and other historical documents,based on analysis of periodical characteristics of modern precipitation,the series of precipitation grades in Kunming during 1711-1911 is reconstructed.System deviations are modified successfully by means of the rectification measures.Comparison of the dryness/wetness grade with precipitation grade indicates that the series of precipitation grades can express precipitation of the rainy season more actually.The analysis indicates that the 201 years from 1711 to 1911 can be divided into four phases according to the precipitation of the rainy season in Kunming,and the amount of precipitation during the 18th century is slightly lower than that during the 19th century.This indicates that the amount of the 1870s is the maximum through comparison with the series of Indian monsoon precipitation based on the Himalayas Dasuopu ice core,and the amount of the second half of the 19th century fluctuates more obviously in both series.However,the amount of precipitation during the last 30 years of the 18th century is higher in Kunming,but is lower during the 18th century,all indicated by the precipitation series of Dasuopu ice core.The characteristic of monsoon precipitation in the Yunnan Plateau is unique.Two peaks of 90a macula cycle correspond with the two peaks of the series of precipitation grades in Kunming,the 90a solar activity cycle affects the precipitation of rainy season in Kunming possibly.It is helpful to extend the area of reconstructing the high-resolution series of historical climate by exploiting and utilizing medium-resolution materials.

As is known,urban soil has an important effect on the urban sustainable development ant its conteminations have been paid more and more attention.To investigate the impact of mining activities on soil contamination and environmental risk,the present study was undertaken as a preliminary survey on an urban scale in Jinchang,Northwest China.Because of mining and smelting,the soils were severely contaminated by Ni and Cu,70% and 57% of which in samples exceeded the limit values（GB15618-1995 III）.The soil contaminated areas with Ni and Cu were estimated to be 26 and 24 km²,respectively.Cd and As concentrations in urban soils exhibited the anthropogenic induced increasing values around industrial districts and tailing pools.Fortunately,the values were in most cases below tolerable values of soil in the residential areas.The Cr contaminated soils were mostly distributed in places near tailing pools and mining areas. According to the results of statistical analysis,heavy metals were classified into three groups: 1) Co,Cu,Cd,Pb and Zn;2) As and Ni;and 3) Cr.The major sources for the heavy metal contamination in Jinchang city are released from the smelting industrial district to the east of the city,tailing pools to the north of the city and mining district to the south west of the city,to which the highest concentrations of heavy metals are generally located.Based on heavy metals in the soils investigated,the results of Nemero index assessment suggested that the health risk in the residential areas seems to be of minor importance.However,direct ingestion of soil and inhalation of dust coming from seriously contaminated areas may contribute largely to the accumulation of heavy metals in human bodies.

Regional manufacturing industrial competitiveness is compositive capability of regional manufacturing industry between different regions which include effective product and service ability and predictive development capability.With market economic system as the foundation and the fast pace of economic globalization,Competitive Capability research has become a focus of concern of scholars.In China,manufacturing industry has become the main part of regional economy in recent years.Under such circumstances,the study on regional manufacturing industrial competitiveness(RMIC)is of great theoretical and practical importance. Since the early 1970s,the researches on RMIC in the developed countries have become more and more active in the official institutions,nongovernmental organizations and academic circles.China began its researches just in the early 1990s.Based on the competitiveness theory of regional manufacturing industries,and the understanding of the characteristics of RMIC,the affecting factors of RMIC are analyzed.The theoretical frame and model of appraising the competitiveness of regional manufacturing industry of China are constructed in accordance to the characteristics of China's regional economy and manufacturing industrial development.The evaluation system of RMIC which comprises 11 indexes is presented. Utilizing three different methods,the paper classified RMIC into five types from the provincial macroscopic point of view.Based on competitive manufacturing performance,the five types are the highest,higher,high,low,and the lowest.Based on competitive manufacturing performance,and combined with the change of national ranking of provincial RMIC from 1985 to 2003,four different types are diagnosed,which are the highest level and steady-going,high level and fluctuant,low level and fluctuant,and lower level and descendent.Some further research also presents five types on the foundation of interior structure of RMIC,which are absolutely market driving,strong innovation and weak market driving,size-growing driving,and RMIC balanced structure,RMIC specially unbalanced structure.

The research on the LOICZ and the buffer area in the eastern coast,Laizhou Bay,three points were obtained.1 Buffer area of coastal zone The main idea of buffer area layout is to actualize effective projecting and controlling in the region of acute LOICZ,in order to harmonize the relations among population,resources and environment.The possibilities and feasibilities of coast zone programme are summed up in the following: ①The multi-environment in the Holocene（such as lagoon,billabong etc.） is the base of the coastal zone system stability. ② Sea water intrusion,coastal zone erosion and land degradation occurrence since the 1960s need to be prevented and controlled.③ The start of the Chinese Nature Foundation Item,"coastal zone eco-recovery research",marks the initiation of eco-recovery and rehabilitation.④ The intense LOICZ,concentrating in coastal zone,forms the core of buffer area which should be the focus of study and planning.2 The frames and functions of coastal zone There are archaic lagoons sandy coast,sandy coast of gentle deposits,artificial coast and estuarine coast which are generalized into three basic types: confined type of geomorphology in archaic lagoons,opened type and artificial coastal type.The opened type includes estuarine coast and deposit coast.The cross section of the coast is divided into three buffer belts.The belt Ⅰ lies between the low tidal line where only the greatest tide could arrive.Its function is to prevent the marine hydraulic action.The belt Ⅱ is from high tidal line to the farthest land affected most seriously by tide-storm in the history.This belt could mitigate the destruction caused by tide-storm and flood.And the belt Ⅲ extends to the distributing parts of the alluvium and diluvium of the mid Holocene and was mainly affected by hails,so relevant measures should be taken to reduce the loss of hail disaster.3 The boundary and dynamic process of buffer area It is the most important modality which interacts between fresh water and sea water.As a matter of fact,the transitional zone between fresh water and sea water was very wide in Chinese coast.Within the transitional zone,the main cations-exchange among water and rock occurred between Na⁺ and Ca²⁺,but K⁺is strongly adsorbed in mixed water.From coast into land,the Na⁺ and Mg²⁺were reducing and the Ca²⁺ was enriching and reached its extreme by the margin of the transition zone.The extent of the transition zone varied from 2 km to 4 km in Laizhou area,from 1.5 km to 3.5 km in Longkou area and from 1.5 km to 6.0 km as a whole.

New relations on urbanization level and velocity are derived from logistic equation of urbanization process:（1） Z_max（V）=max(Z_t)/2,and（2） max(V_t)=kmax(Z_t)/4,where max(Z_t) denotes percentage of capacity at end of terminal stage,max(V_t) denotes maximum of urbanization velocity on the trend line and k denotes urban-rural growth difference.The first formula implies that urbanization velocity becomes a maximum when urbanization level becomes half of the saturation value,and the second formula means that the maximum velocity of urbanization equals the product of urban-rural growth difference and the saturation value of urbanization level.The US urban and rural population data by census from 1790 to 1960 are applied to validating/verifying the above-mentioned theoretical relations. We can predict the saturated level of urbanization by means of the maximum velocity of urbanization;meanwhile,we can also achieve the goal of expected saturated value by control of urbanization velocity.As the relations are derived from logistic growth model,the precondition of applying the formulae is that urbanization process in a region follows logistic rule.In addition,the maximum velocity of urbanization should be estimated by trend line instead of observed data because of random stochastic disturbance. The formulae are applied to China's data of urbanization level from 1978 to 2000.Conclusions are drawn as follows:（1） Saturation value of China's urbanization level is predicted as around 79.26%.China's level of urbanization reaches the peak value round about 2005,when level of urbanization is 39.63% or so.（2） Urbanization of China should be decelerated from 2005 forth/onwards.Population of China is more than 13 hundred million nowadays.It is hard for such a large country of population to make its urbanization level exceed 80%.According to China Statistical Yearbook 2005,the urbanization level of China is about 41.76%.If the current urbanization velocity holds the line,it might lead to grave consequences,such as over-urbanization,pollution of the environment,ecological disturbance,and various urban problems.

Shibanqiao Reservoir（25°56′56.5″N,105°26′44.5″E,¹400 m a.s.l.） was built in Guanling County which is one of the areas where the worst soil erosion and rocky desertification have been taking place in Guizhou Province,Southwest China.The catchment(6.00 km²,1452-1630 m a.s.l.) of the reservoir is largely underlain with carbonate-rocks,being mainly dolomite.A 24-cm long sediment-core was sampled from the reservoir.Some mineral-magnetic parameters(χ_lf,ARM,IRM_20mT,SIRM and IRM_-100mT) are measured with these sediments and furthermore ARM/SIRM,HIRM and IRM_-100mT/SIRM are calculated for them.Soil-erosion occurring during the past 42 years（1960-2002） in the drainage basin is inferred by interpreting the mineral-magnetic characteristics in combination with results of analyses of ¹³⁷Cs,grain-size,and TOC and C/N simultaneously made and depositional rates calculated for these sediments.Soil erosion seems to have generally intensified in spite of some sub-order fluctuations in its intensity during this period.Causes of the inferred changes in soil erosion are deduced by combining the interpretation with the collected rainfall and land use/land cover change（LUCC） data.The overall intensification of soil erosion may be caused by the decrease of woodland area and the increase of cropland area since 1960 and the occurrence of looser soil scarified in the mass tree-planting initiated since 1990 in the catchment.The minor fluctuations in intensity of soil erosion may be attributed to those in rainfall.In other words,soil-erosion intensity is controlled predominantly by human activities（i.e.land use） while rainfall is likely to influence intensity of soil erosion only relatively moderately,which is generally in agreement with conclusions derived by some other investigators in doing similar studies in other areas.

Although there is a dispute about whether the spatial concentration of poverty is a major cause of social problems,concentrated poverty' was a rapidly spreading phenomenon in many western cities has come to a broad consensus.Since the market transition of economic system in the early 1990s,urban poverty has become a prominent social problem and attracted some attention among Chinese officials and academics.However,there have been few studies on the spatial features of urban poverty.The purpose of this paper is to examine the spatial distribution of urban poverty in transitional China and in turn to explore the typology,features and creation mechanism of low-income neighborhoods.The research reveals that,the spatial distribution of urban poverty is dispersed at a city-wide level but concentrated in specific neighborhoods.Specifically,three types of low-income neighborhoods have emerged in urban China,which are the old-city dilapidated residence,the degraded worker's village and rural migrants' enclaves.The research further argues that the emergence of low-income neighborhood is rooted in the state-led urban development policy and the socialist housing provision system,and is intensified by the housing marketization and real estate-led urban development.Based on the analysis and field survey of typical low-income neighborhoods in Nanjing city,the spatial distribution of poverty and the features of low-income neighborhoods are examined,and the creation mechanism of low-income neighborhoods is validated.Further discussion indicates that low-income neighborhoods in urban China are different from the slum or ghetto in advanced Western cities.

Under joint effect of atmospheric circulation and topography,the distribution of water/thermal elements and vegetation bears a three-dimensional zonal characteristic in Tibetan Plateau.As we know,within the vast expanse of the Tibetan Plateau with undulating terrain,the spatial distribution of water/thermal elements and vegetation has strong local impressions,which are different in one location from the other.This paper aims to explore such a spatial pattern in central and eastern Tibetan Plateau,with ground collected data of air temperature and precipitation from 100 meteorological stations and remotely sensed NDVI data by NOAA AVHRR during 1982-2000.Firstly,latitudinal and longitudinal transects are designed to analyze the role of altitude in spatial distribution of water/thermal elements.Secondly,to focus on roles of latitude and longitude in the above-mentioned spatial pattern,these 100 stations are divided into 5 groups with altitudes restricted nearly within a range of 500 m so as to restrain the influence of altitude. The study shows that 1) because of sharp altitudinal variation,the thermal element in the central and eastern Tibetan Plateau firstly follows the adiabatic lapse rate of air temperature while solar radiation variation over latitudes is the second thermal control factor;2) the spatial distribution pattern of precipitation is relatively complex,which is dominated by the distance to and the accessibility of vapor sources;and 3)finally the annual mean NDVI,the indicator of general vegetation condition,is governed jointly by precipitation and accumulated air temperature,so its spatial variation is the combination of those of the two climate elements.

Growing System is always determined by many factors such as environment and physiological characteristics of the crops.In the competition with traditional crops,corn,from the beginning of its emergence in China,showed the advantages in mountainous area and replaced millets due to its high yield.In North China,corn yields one crop a year(the seedtime is in spring) or three crops per two years(the seedtime is in summer) while in South,China,corn is rotated with some other crops.During the past 300 years,the population of China increased tremendously.And the increasing population,along with the distribution of corn,moved from plain to mountainous area,from Central China to peripheral area.In the first half of the Qing Dynasty(1644-1911),corn was planted to the south of the Great Wall(built during the Ming Dynasty,1368-1644),and to the east of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.While in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China(1912-1949),accompanied with the emigration into Northeast and Northwest China,corn distribution broke the original limit and extended to Northeast China,Qinling and Daba Mountains and Southeast China.In the concentrated distribution zone,corn played different roles in different areas.In the one crop a year spring corn rotated area of Northeast China,corn constituted the highest percentage of the crops.To the mid-20th century,corn accounted for 20% of the crops in Northeast China and became one of the dominant crops in this region.

Field investigation,magnetic susceptibility,grain-size analysis and optically stimulated luminescence(OSL) dating in a loess profile of Holocene on north bank of the Yangtze River,Nanjing,have revealed the characteristics of aeolian dust deposition and pedogenic environmental change during the formation of the first paleosol.The results show that a layer of paleosol(yellow-brown soil) was formed during the Holocene climate optimum(8500-3100 aBP) on north bank of the Yangtze River,and the climate became warmer and wetter,the proxy index such as magnetic susceptibility is generally higher than other layers,and frequency graphs of grain-size distribution have double peak values,the peak values of grain size(<1 um) have been formed during pedogenic processes.but only a peak value in loess layer,so the pedogenic rate was much faster than aeolian dust deposition rate.The optically stimulated luminescence(OSL age) dating indicated the loess formed in the last glacial became the parent matters that the paleosol re-developed.On the grounds of the sediments chronology and the sediment thickness,deposition rate was 12cm/ka in the last glacial on the north bank of the Yangtze River,which can deduce that serious soil erosion happened in top paleosol during Holocene climate optimum(8500-3100 aBP) and the thickness of soil erosion was at least 1 meter.The matters eroded redeposited on the lower place and formed the secondary loess.This means that the source of the secondary loess and Xiashu loess were the same,but the secondary loess redeveloped due to heavy precipitation.There was a transformation period at 3100 aBP,representing a climate change from the period dominated by the southern monsoon to the period dominated by the northern monsoon.A layer of modern loess(about 50cm) have been accumulated since 3100 aBP,this means that the period of the last 3100 years was a one with intensified dust accumulation.

Historically migrating of population over time is the most original force to drive the evolution of regional human-environmental relationship.This paper,mainly based on the clan data recorded in the book Xiang-Yin-Xian-Tu-Zhi(Records of Xiangyin County) published in 1880 by Guo Songtao,a famous scholar as well as diplomat,and limited in the district of Xiangyin County in the Qing Dynasty,analyzes at the township level the migrating process and spatial distribution of the immigrating clans settled in Xiangyin County from A.D.121 through 1735 and the following conclusions are drawn. 1)184 of 226 existing clans in Xiangyin County are immigrants.Their immigrating types included straightforward immigrating from ancestral home,circuitous immigrating from ancestral home through one or more transfer settlement places, and return immigrating of previously out-migrating clans from Xiangyin County.Under the migrant cohesive force and migrant inertial force,the affinity on geography and cohesiveness on kin resulted in the contiguousness of out-migrating places and the aggregation of in-migrating places.At the provincial level, 67.2% of immigrating clans were from Jiangxi,15.5% from Hunan and Hubei,7.3% from Jiangsu and Anhui,the rest from Fujian,Zhejiang,Henan,Shandong,Shanxi and Shaanxi provinces. 2)According to the Records of Xiangyin County,the earliest clan immigration occurred in A.D.121-125,but mostly took place after the 10th century.Among all the immigrating clans,69.6% migrated in Xiangyin during the Ming(1368-1644),10.3% during the Yuan(1297-1368),7.6% during the early Qing(1644-1735),6.5% during the Song(960-1279),4.9% during the Later Tang(923-925),and 1.1% during the East Han(121-125) dynasties.The three immigrating climax periods(923-925,1341-1398 and 1621-1722) separately accounted for 4.9%,45.1% and 13.6%. 3)The settled places of immigrating clans within the Xiangyin County had a shifted tendency from southeastern foothills toward northwestern wetland.In the Later Tang dynasty,immigrating clans largely settled in the southeastern crisscross of foothills and plains;in the Song and Yuan dynasties,mainly in the central plain along Xiangjiang River valley;in the Ming and Qing dynasties,mostly in the wetland adjacent to the Dongting Lake.The spatial evolution of settled places of immigrating clans reflected in the Dongting Lake drainage basin there was a regional developing trend from foothills to plains and in turn from plains to wetlands. 4)The migration process in agricultural society was largely a process of labor investment,so the comparative advantage of land cost usually was a decisive factor for immigrating clans to select their settled places.Because of the varied reasons and goals of clan migration,the settled places of immigrating clans showed some difference in the spatial distribution: Jiangxi clans spread over the townships of Xiangyin County,the composition of immigrating clans in county town and in the southeastern townships were multiple,and the immigrating clans in the northwestern were mainly from Hubei,Fujian provinces and other counties of Hunan.

The history of the land use of many developed countries shows that the courses of industrialization of economy and urbanization of population are usually accompanied by marginalization of agricultural land use.China is now in a developing stage with rapid industrialization and urbanization,and changes such as "the more rapid non-agriculturalization of agricultural land,the continuous loss of farmland,abandonment of arable land,the substantial loss of labor force sources from rural areas,the shrinkage of agriculture in the eastern littoral,etc." has occurred in the process of agricultural land use in recent years.Many scholars have studied these changes and their driving forces,mostly adopting a correlation analysis in statistics.These researches encountered a lot of criticism,deeper analyses of the mechanism are called,but little progress has been made.So seeking a new synthetical research approach is especially important. This paper firstly defined the essence of the marginalisation of arable land and its criterion to diagnose.Then,based on the cost-income data of three kinds of grain crops such as paddy,wheat and maize during the period 1980-2002, this paper diagnosed the marginalisation phenomena of cultivated land use in China.The results show that there were once suspicious marginalisation evidence and two times obvious marginalisation phenomena of the cultivated land utilization in the last two decades in China.The suspicious evidence only had a faint trace in 1987,and the first and the second ones were in evidence in 1991 and 1996,but the second one was wider and more serious.The marked decline of the degree of intensity of the cultivated land use,the notable shrinkage of the sown area of the grain crops and the severe abandonment of the cultivated land had causal relations with the action of the margilisation of arable land.Theory of the marginalisation of arable land use is useful to explain the changes of arable land use in China.

This paper focuses on famous mountain research in China,starting with the background of human geography,using the ideas of environment reception and environment cognition which origin from behavioral geography,to study the relationship between human and famous mountains and to find out the reason how mountains became famous through the human activities and how they developed.Using this method this paper studies North Yandang Mountain which is situated in Southeast China from 423 AD when XIE Ling-yun went to the Jin Zhu Jian river at the south west of Yandang Mountain to the Qing Dynasty when North Yandang Mountain was developing smoothly.It comes to the conclusion that the developing period of North Yandang Mountain is divided into four parts: mountain marginal contact before Sui Dynasty;beginning period when some monks entered the mountain in the Tang Dynasty;flourishing period when the 18 ancient temples were built in the Song Dynasty;smooth developing period when the temples on the mountain began to eclipse and more and more people came here to visit the mountain in the Ming and Qing dynasties.Conclusively North Yandang Mountain is thought to be a famous tourism and dwelling mountain but is not a famous Buddhism mountain.By discussing the development process of North Yandang Mountain,this paper provides a feasible way for the study of the famous mountains in China.

Since the 1990s,the city of Beijing has entered into a centrifugal acentric phase of suburbanization,and the expansion of construction land in Beijing mountainous area will take up an important position.So study on the expansion of construction land is of great significance.Some indexes were created to indicate the expansion of construction land,such as the growth intensity index,the relative growth rate,etc.and they have their(unique) advantages and disadvantages.To overcome their shortcomings and make the expansion differentiate among different districts in Beijing mountainous area notably,we put forward the growth degree index along with the above two indexes to depict the spatial differentiation of construction land expansion comprehensively. Based on the land use shift data and land use change data,these indexes in three successive phasesi.e.,from 1993 to 1996,1996 to 1999 and 1999 to 2002 respectively,were calculated and the characteristics and spatial difference of land use expansion of different construction land types were analyzed.The results indicated that since the 1990s,the suburbanization has been extending to the outer suburbs,and great changes have taken place in Beijing mountainous area,the expansion degree became increasingly great.And the spatial expansion of construction land has the characteristics of both difference and abnormity, which expanded everywhere taking irregular expansion as the characteristics and suburbanization here was still in an initial phase.At the same time,the expansion has an outwards trend.Also because of the restriction of natural conditions and the orientated function of different districts,the regional spatial difference is evident.We hold that with the maturity of pole-axis system,the process of suburbanization in Beijing mountainous area will be entering a more active phase.Relevant measures should be taken to direct the expansion to a move active way.

Based on related statistical data,as well as some classical economic foundation research methods,we studied Hunan tour-hotel industry's advantageous features through comparison between the 31 provinces(autonomous regions and municipalities) and the cities in Hunan Province.The following conclusions are obtained:(1)The rapid and steady development of tour-hotel industry(THI) in Hunan makes it a big province in THI.(2)The THI in Hunan has not become the foundational department of national economy,and it is still in a humble status nationally,and can not coincide with the province rich tourism resources.So the development of Hunan's tourism resources should be enhanced and guest market expanded.①To strengthen development of the tourism resources,especially priority should be given to rich cultural elements.Emphasis should be given to the exploitation of human tourism resources which are poorly developed such as detailed Huxiang culture.Nowadays,cultural tour has attracted more and more attention in all the tour consumption means.Hence,the prospect of developing the Huxiang tourism resource is very broad.②To intensify the sense of deep processing of tourism products.So far the deeply processed hunan tourism resource is poorly and hastily developed,we should develop excellent tourist product strategy and play the trumps of Hunan Province.③To develop tour market both inside and outside energetically so as to ensure guest resource .(3) The regional development of THI in Hunan Province is uneven.Changsha city takes the lead of the other cities in Hunan,Zhangjiajie comes the next.The THI in Yongzhou and other cities developed relatively slow,and has confined the rapid development of THI in these places.(4) Changsha city,capital of Hunan Province,takes the lead of the other cities in THI but its function of tourism centre does not embody well.So we have to strengthen its reidential function.Finally,based on the above analysis,this thesis brings up some proposals for the further development of Hunan′s THI.①To improve transportation of Changsha to other scenic spots in Hunan,heighten the synthetic transportation ability of flight,train,road and water transport means,make sure Changsha and other tour areas contact conveniently,and make Changsha the core radiative to other cities.②To pay full attention to Changsha′s guest resource,not only to the expansion of domestic tour business but also the foreign.③To perfect the basic facilities,build the guest centre,offer detailed information for the guests.④To perfect the city symbol and explanation system.⑤To strengthen develop ment of tourism around Hunan,so as to make it comprehensively developed for cultural sighteseeing tour,business tour inside and outside,exhibition tour and weekend tour.

Domestic scholars pay little attention to tourism labor's inter-industry mobility all the time.Tourism employment has so many positive characteristics such as low threshold,variety,more self-control and easily forming small business that attracts a large number of local and nonlocal labors into tourism industry along with rapid growth of tourism destination economies,and consequently induces human capital mobility in sectors and regions.This article takes Jiuhua mountain as a case study and uses partial contexts as reference from the questionnaires applied to the studies of Hungary and Somerset and Coventry in the United Kingdom.Through comparative study,it analyzes tourism labor's mobility pattern,self-evaluation of mobility impacts,and mobility motivations driven by employment characteristics.The study finds that labor comes from an unusually wide range of industries,and mobility pattern has close relations with regional economic surroundings,labor market's structure,job status and income.The most positive impact of mobility was reported on the job satisfaction variables,and labor preferred to surrender long Working Hours and surplus-education in return for an improved standard of living,a better Physical Environment,and a favorable job.The rankings and subsequent factor analysis of thirty motivation variables confirms the existence of five hypothesized orientations,and "Instrumental utility" and "Positive" appears to be the main motivational orientation of tourism labors.Although social and economic surroundings are very different among Jiuhua mountain,Hungary and Somerset and Coventry in the United Kingdom,the comparison of the findings in the three regions reveals so many common features that it proves some general characteristics of tourism employment and is worthy of further research.

Vegetation coverage and surface temperature(Ts) are important parameters to describe characters of land covers.More useful information will be created by integrated analyses of these two kinds of data together,which will help us to find out main principles of the temporal and spatial variation of surface soil moisture.The present paper aims at demonstrating how Terra/MODIS data may be used to estimate spatial patterns of soil moisture,a key variable in distributed hydrological models.The basic approach is to interpret the so-called Ts/NDVI space in terms of surface soil moisture status.To understand the relationship between them and landuse types on the Loess Plateau,a simplified land surface dryness index(Temperature Vegetation Dryness Index,TVDI) based on an empirical parameterization of the relationship between surface temperature and vegetation index is suggested. Based on examination of Terra/MODIS image of the Loess Plateau,acquired in September,2003,NDVI(MOD11) and Ts(MOD13) are investigated as an alternative indicator of vegetation abundance and land surface temperature.Based on Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus(ETM+) image,the landscape classification map is conducted on supervised classification and interactive modification.To examine soil moisture conditions at the surface,TVDI is conducted with Ts and NDVI. Then,we evaluate change of TVDI under different landuse types formed by both natural and human activities.First,TVDI was divided into 10 levels to describe the spatial variability of surface soil moisture on the Loess Plateau.Second, we evaluated the water-holding capacity of each landuse type to different dryness degrees. The results are as follows:(1) Based on satellite derived information only, TVDI is conceptually and computationally straightforward,and the potential for operational application of the index is therefore large.(2)The spatial variation in TVDI reflects the variation in moisture on a finer scale than can be derived from the hydrological model in this case.(3)It can be inferred that the water-holding capacity in forestland and sparse woodland is better than farmland and grassland in relatively wet condition,and grassland is better than forestland and sparse woodland in relatively dry condition.(4) From the aspect of vegetative restoration on the Loess Plateau,according to variability of water-holding capacity in different landuse types,it could be suggested that increasing forestland and sparse woodland area in relatively wet region,increasing grassland area and reducing land reclamation in dry region can promote the process of ecological pattern optimization.

In tourism area,the human impact on natural environment comes from local residents and tourists.And due to the same impact mechanism,these two factors can be added directly.New methods need to be employed to reflect the characteristics of tourism area.As the basic model of this research,the ecological footprint model(EF) developed by Rees and Wackernagel has been promoted as a policy and planning tool for sustainability.The aim of this paper is to create the tourism ecological footprint model(TEF) to measure the influence from tourists,and furthermore to evaluate the sustainable state of tourism area quantitatively,combining local resident ecological footprint(LEF) and ecological carrying capacity(EC).The TEF model is made up of five subsystems,which are 'food','accommodation','transport','sight-seeing' and 'shopping',therefore tourist consumption is transferred into corresponding biological productive units.And sustainable states of tourism area could be partitioned into the 'sustainable','potential sustainable','middle','potential unsustainable',and 'unsustainable' states.Lijiang Naxi Autonomous County,situated in the northwest of Yunnan province,is taken as a study area.The tourism industry in the study area has been developed rapidly in the past few years.The study result reveals that:(1) regional total ecological footprint,which is composed of TEF and LEF,is lower than EC.It implies that the area runs an ecological surplus,and the relationship between regional social-economic development and ecological environment is in a harmonious condition.(2) Comparatively,the 'transport' and 'shopping' subsystems,which are about 59.86% and 29.10% of the TEF respectively,are the key factors to affect the value of TEF.(3) The influence of tourism activities on regional ecological environment is obviously different from that of regional resident activities.The research indicated that it is feasible to apply EF and TEF analysis as a tool to assess tourism area sustainability.Nevertheless lacking data is a difficult problem the method faces,yet to be adequately resolved.

The coastal zone is the geographical unit where human activate most intensely.In recent years,with the rapid development of economy,the resources and environment of coastal zone have been greatly damaged due to the unreasonable utility of land resource.So the study on dynamic monitoring of the land use changes in coastal zone has became a hot topic of global changes.This paper uses the multi-time remote sensing data,integrates spectral values,texture data with the distance from coastline by BP Neural Network classifier,adopts visual interpretation and user interface computer classification technology to abstract the coastal zone land use information of Longkou city from 1984 to 2004.It analyzes the dynamic change characteristics of Longkou city's coastal zone on the aspects of land use total quantity change,land use changing rate,mutual transformation of land use types,coastal location effect of the change of land use types,and so on.The findings indicate that during the 20 years more than half of the coastal zone's land types in Longkou city have changed.There was a great decrease in sandy land and cultivated land and a remarkable increase in water area,orchard land and construction land;the rate of the land use change was up to 1.53% per year,the period of 1996-2000 saw obviously larger changing rate than that of the period before and after,and water area changed at the highest rate(among) all land-use types.Concerning conversion degree,cultivated land conversion to orchard land,occupies the greatest proportion,distributing extensively in both northern and western coastal zone;cultivated land convered to construction land comes the second distributing obviously in the western coastal zone due to southward expansion of Longkou,and the construction land converted from orchard and forest lands are distributed mainly in the northern part of the Longkou port and the Northern Sea Developing Zone of the Nanshan Group.However,the active land-use conversion was the sandy land turning to other land-use types in the region in a distance less than 500 m from the coastline.So the characteristic of the locational change is that the nearer to the sea,the more obvious the change of the coastal zone characteristic land-use type.On the contrary,the farther from the sea,the more prominent the characteristic of the inland land-use change presents.

从全球城市(Global city)到全球城市区域(Global city region),全球化影响下的城市与区域正普遍处于重构与转型之中。无论是mega-city的发展还是mega-city region的出现,中国城市与区域发展也正面临快速变化。半个世纪前法国学者戈特曼提出了“大都市圈”的概念,但他并未能预计到今天中国大都市圈的蓬勃发展。事实上,三大都市圈———京津唐、长三角和珠三角正快速成长,三者各具优势,竞争与合作局面并存。与此同时,一种新的区域格局正在出现,其形态表现为巨型城市走廊。曹小曙博士的新著《穗深港巨型城市走廊空间演化研究》(商务印书馆,2006年出版)适时地以珠三角为研究

A healthy ecosystem provides a fundamental basis for the realization of regional sustainable development.Using the theory and technique of ecosystem heath to estimate area ecosystem health will possess rather good significance in theory and practice for eco-environmental management and regional sustainable development.Based on RS & GIS technology,using the integration of multi-source and multi-period data and micro-catchment estimation section,this paper sets up an integrated assessment index system and assessment model with the concept of PSR（press-state-response）,and accomplishes driving force analysis of regional ecosystem health state change by representative correlation analysis technique. Qinhuangdao area,situated to the northeast of Hebei province,covers an area of about 7812km².The assessment result showed that: the area of the first grade subarea of the ecosystem health state（very healthy state） is 1176.68km²,making up 15.08% of the total area of Qinhuangdao;the area of the second grade subarea（healthy state） is 1930.77km²,being 24.71%;the third grade subarea（sub-healthy state） is 1937.35km²,or 24.79%;the fourth grade subarea（non-healthy state） is 1805.47 km²,or 23.11%;and the fifth grade subarea（morbidity state） is 961.90 km²or 12.31%.The analysis of pattern of ecosystem health state from land use structure showed that the health state of woodland and grassland was the best,the health state of plantation was diverse for some acting factors.There are many forces acting on the changes of the ecosystem heath state such as adjusting industrial structure,distributing productivity reasonably,developing primary industry,applying fertilizer properly,controlling soil erosion and so on. The sticking point in this article was the selection and quantification of the ecosystem heath assessment index system in terms of ecological state,vigor and resilience with remote sensing data,GIS technique and landscape ecological indexes,so as to provide guidance for ecosystem heath assessment research in other districts.

In China,the rate of cybercrime to total crime raised from 0.6% in 2001 to 21% in 2004.The occurrence of cybercrime made great challenge to the whole society in terms of both government management and people's daily life.Therefore,new technology should be developed such as cybercrime spatial management information system to prevent and suppress it.It aims to establish an advanced information system based on GIS,network seeking,IP tracing and spatial data mining,which can search evidence,manage data,find location and analyze spatial manner of cybercrime. The technique procedure includes the following aspects:(1)to use the customized Internet auto-searching engine to find the evidence of cybercrime,collect the data such as IP address and put it into GIS database after analyzing and data mining;(2)to set up GIS database to manage the cybercrime identification(email,passport,user account,,host address,etc.) with its IP address,and mark them on electronic map for tracing and locating;and(3)to make spatial data mining on the database,try to find the spatial rule of cybercrime,such as construction and developing trend,and develop some professional models for the actual application. The dislocation between technology,study and reality situation made it difficult to resolve cybercrime efficiently,and also the management system and method should be developed accordingly.With the integration of relevant technologies for the innovative application based on the factors above-mentioned,great achievement can be expected soon in struggling against cybercrime.

Urban image is an important index for decoding the urban environment.Analysis and research of urban image will help decode and evaluate advantages and disadvantages of urban landscape,levels of quality of the living environment,and also help decode and make the full use of urban space structure.This paper firstly reviews the research of related urban image at home and abroad.Urban image factors and urban image elements in the main districts of Chongqing are selected according to the related field experts′ evaluation of investigation,then the survey questionnaire of urban image is built to analyze and evaluate urban image elements.A scattered diagram of urban image elements is gained from the survey results;then this diagram is applied by using the image index as vertical axle and quality index as horizon axle to have four quadrants.By analyzing the position of each urban image element in this diagram,the relationship between quality sorting and perception of residents about urban image elements can be realized,thus this research can be helpful to urban planning and design and construction in Chongqing.The authors draw the following conclusions: (1) The order on the importance of 8 urban image factors is gained according to the residents′ evaluation: firstly,important roads and bridges and traffic joints;secondly,mountains and rivers;thirdly,squares and pedestrian streets;fourthly,cultural heritage and historical relics;and fifthly,marked buildings and public green space. (2) 76 important image elements approved by residents are the key elements that are used to perfect urban image of the main districts of Chongqing,and these elements are of important help to the urban development and construction in the future. (3) 63 inferior quality image elements approved by residents are the key elements that are improved in the future. This paper puts forward also identifies the problems concerning the 8 urban image factors and relevant countermeasures.

Urban agglomeration is a complex with the central city as the core surrounded by two or more cities. It is the objective reflection of the economic growth and social development as well as industrial layout in a region. It has also become a main form of urbanization in developed countries. In fact, the "urban agglomeration" concept in China is the characteristics of a noun, no equivalence in foreign countries. In Western literature, the "urban agglomeration" means "urban cluster", that is, a big city and its surrounding satellite towns in remote sensing image formed the connected irregularities each other, and the spatial range includes "urbanization area (UA)" and "metropolitan area (MA)". Sometimes, some of metropolises connected each other are also called as urban agglomeration. United Nations gave a definition of urban agglomeration as follows: "Comprises a city or town proper and also the suburban fringe or thickly settled territory lying outside, but adjacent to, its boundaries. A single large urban agglomeration may comprise several cities or towns and their suburban fringes." Therefore, urban agglomeration in the Western concept includes the cities, towns and urban-region outlying areas. "Urban agglomeration" in China refers to geographical concepts of a group of major cities which are similar and interactions among administrative, transportation, economic, and social fields. In the 21st century, thanks to China's entry into the World Trade Organization, a national coastal urban agglomeration has become the main region for the national trade economy, export and the "world manufacturing bases". Urban agglomeration as an important urban spatial pattern was a unique choice to promote the process of urbanization in China. This article reviewed some progress in studies of urban agglomeration, such as the concept of urban agglomeration, overseas research of urban agglomeration, early researches of Chinese urban agglomeration and studies on Chinese urban agglomeration as a national strategy. This paper has prospects for the studies of Chinese urban agglomeration in the future. It argued that there is more complex mechanism for the rise and development of the Chinese urban agglomeration than those in Western developed countries, so that the relevant researches need innovations.