The Suzhou-Wuxi-Changzhou(S-X-C)region is one of the hottest spots for socio-economic development in China, the land use change and corresponding eco-environmental problems have intensified further. Taking 12 county-level cities and districts of the region as study units, the spatio-temporal distribution characteristics were revealed and eco-environmental situation was evaluated, based on Landsat TM data in 1980, 1995, 2000 and relevant statistical and investigation data on eco-environment. Further, this paper mainly analyzes the eco-environmental responses to spatio-temporal distribution of land use change. Results of the study show: (1) The dominant types of land use change from 1980 to 2000 are the land expansion for urban onstruction purpose and sharp decrease of cultivated land. The conversion of paddy fields to urban and rural construction land dispersed in every unit. However, the conversion of other different land types relatively concentrated in several main units. And the number of dominant types of land use change more from was greater 1995 to 2000 than that 15 yearsago. (2) As an index used to measure land use diversity, D_j showed that there were different land use structure in every unit, and the diversity degree between every two units was different but the difference showed a tendency of decreasing. The information entropy of land use structure was used to weigh land use system orderliness. On the one hand, it showed that land use system tended to be more and more disordered in the majority of units, on the other hand, the disordered degree becomes gredter more obvious with the development of society and economy. In addition, the index V indicated the similar character of land use change rate with land use system orderliness. (3) Eco-environmental situation tended to deteriorate gradually in most units, especially in the recent five years (1995-2000). There were distinct and different eco-environmental responses to land use change and its spatio-temporal distribution. The phenomenon was more outstanding in the main units of land use change. (4)In different units, the eco-environmental status responded differently to the orderliness and comprehensive change rate of land use. Moreover, the response and its differentiation increased to different degrees with the change of land use. In general, the paper emphasizes the response of eco-environment to land use change and its spatio-temporal distribution characteristics. It puts forward suggestions concerning the adjustment of land use planning, industrial policy and the optimization of land use pattern and improvement of land use mode, on the basis of simulation and prediction of land use change and its possible eco-environmental response.

This article chooses the upper reaches of Fenhe River, which is an eco-fragile region, as the study area. Using "series cross profile" and "pressure-state-response" framework model, this article explores the main problem of the basin's ecological security in historical period. The study indicates that, in line with the social production in historical period, both human capacity to intervene on the environment and the ability to respond to environmental changes are low, hence presenting a fluctuation in ecological security in the historical period; research on the basin ecological security, the cultivated land quantity, the plantation quantity, the level of stock raising, the state's policies, the war frequency and so on in eco-fragile regions in historical periods should be the main indexes; in the "pressure-state-response" evaluation system, the pressure factor and the state factor indexes decreased, while the response factor indexes increased; and the emergence of civil control behavior proves the intensification of the ecological evolution from the other aspect. This paper restores and discusses the evolution state of ecological security of the upper reaches of Fenhe River in historical period. It is necessary for us to do more researches about how to quantify the ecological thresholds in different stages, and how to judge the ecological safety.

Regulation and rebuilding of landscape structure are the keys to redevelop the regional safe ecological pattern. The eco-environment of the 13 provinces in northern China is relatively fragile. In order to understand the eco-environment feedback mechanism and seek a way to optimize landuse/cover spatial pattern under ecological security, the temporal and spatial dynamic changes of the ecological security in northern China during the 11-year period from 1989 to 1999 is analyzed based on the landscape ecology theoretic, semivariogram and GIS in this paper. The results show that: (1)The eco-environmental quality in the study area showed an obvious decreasing trend. The eco-environmental quality in the areas with high ecological security decreased more slowly on the whole. The main reasons are that the eco-environment is better,flexible and steady. So it has higher capability to resist the outside disturbances. (2)The level of ecological security in the east region was more secure than that in the west and central regions.For each sub-region, the level of ecological security in Northwest China was the lowest; Inner Mongolia was secondly; Shaanxi and Shanxi provinces that lie in the Loess Plateau were in the third place; North China was higher than the above three sub-regions; and the three provinces in Northeast China were the highest. (3)The changes of the indexes of ecological security could be divided into three types: ①the indexes of the level of ecological security increased firstly and then decreased, including Beijing, Liaoning, Shanxi and Qinghai; ②the indexes of the level of ecological security decreased and then increased, including Heilongjiang, Jilin, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia; ③the indexes of the level of ecological security decreased continuously, including Tianjin, Hebei, Shaanxi, Gansu, and Xinjiang. During the ten years, the levels of ecological security decreased at different speeds except Northeast China.

With accelerated reform of state-and-collective-owned enterprises since the mid-1990s, urban poverty has attracted great attention of the Chinese academics, but there have been few studies on spatial measurement of mutiple poverty and quantitative analysis of spatial types of urban poverty areas. On the brief review of the studies and indexes of mutiple deprivation in western counties, this paper firstly highlights the expansion of measurement indexes of urban poverty from economic facet to mutiple facets including housing, education and household characteristics etc. Taking Guangzhou as a case, using the MLSP (Mninimum Living Standard Programme) recipients data and fifth census data, the paper summarizes five key factors of mutiple poverty and calculates the comprehensive scores on the level of sub-districts by the method of factor analysis. On the basis of spatial mesurement, the paper classifies 42 sub-districts which have higher scores than the average score into three types by the method of cluster analysis. Three types of urban poverty areas are identified: outer concentrated workers' area, outer concerntrated unemployment area of inner city, and dilaidated core with poor facilities of inner city. Then the authors did questionnaire and comprehensive investigation in three typical commnunities representing three types of poverty areas. The statistics further proved the analytic outcome on sub-districts level. Concerning mechanism of differentiation of three types of new urban poverty areas, it is the outcome of institutional and market factors in planned and transitional period. Though market-oriented factors affect the discrepency, the paper argues the institutional factors are most important. The socialist housing provision system and the construction policy in planned economy is the basis of difference of three types. The housing reform policy and the regeneration of community are the institutional factors in transitional period. The location of different communities and the selected gentrification also influence the differentiation of physical and social characteristics of poverty areas.

Shipping companies are well aware of the growing importance in global container shipping network. Much attention is directed to the configuration and spatial system of container shipping service by studying schedule tables. In this paper, we chose 24 container shipping corporations, taking monthly container shipping schedule and 530 ports as studying objects, and constructed the spatial analyzing model and appraised the spatial regularity of marine container transport network in detail.This paper demonstrated that there are great diversities among the different regions and Northern Hemisphere. Especially, East Asia and Southeast Asia are the core regions of global shipping network. East Asia, Southeast Asia, Northwest Europe and east coastal region of North America become four port clusters of container shipping lines and schedules starting or calling, only several ports including Hong Kong, Singapore, Shenzhen, Shanghai and Kaohsiung located largely at East Asia and Southeast Asia have uppermost service ability. But global container shipping service system has not been yet developed and there are many regional container shipping networks, and three systems with hubs of Antwerp, Singapore and Hong Kong are most important. The spatial contiguity of marine container shipping networks is obvious and there are often two hub ports in a region. In some regions, there are two container shipping networks with north and south location on the same coast. But in several regions such as Mediterranean Sea, there is spatial configuration of multi-networks of container shipping service. Many literatures point out hub-and-spoke system has been developing in marine container transport. However this paper reveals that it doesn't yet develop a completed and pure hub-and-spoke system. But limited to observed ports and data, this paper could not reveal and describe accurately global container shipping networks, and the importance of some ports may not be reflected. Future study of container shipping network should pay more attention to shipping companies and complement data to modify the conclusion of this paper.

Based on daily records of precipitation from 687 weather stations over China from 1990 to 2000, we interpolate and validate daily precipitation interpolation using DAYMET. The technique interpolates on a systematic grid daily precipitation from surrounding stations based on the principles of a weighted Gaussian filter. In this study we calibrated DAYMET using the China climate data base and modified DAYMET considering the different effects of the dimensional orientation of surrounding stations on the local point interpolation, which allows us to interpolate daily precipitation for any location within the country. We validated the technique using crossing validation, and compared the MAE to the result of the methods named gradient plus inverse distance squared (GIDS). Our results can be summarized as follows: without modification, the mean absolute error(MAE) of daily precipitation interpolation using DAYMET is 1.8mm, the value for GIDS is 2.2mm,and the MAE for annual total precipitation is 29.8% for DATMET. After modification, the MAE of annual precipitation for DAYMET is 27%. The reason for considering high MAE of the two methods is that the weather stations in China are sparsely distributed in space, especially in Western China. To decrease the MAE of interpolation, the addition of the precipitation observations from hydrological station network should be considered. We chose Wudinghe Basin located in Western China with an area of 30261 km², only 3 weather stations, but 93 precipitaition stations of hydrological station network, to test it. With the surrounding 30 climate stations, the interpolation MAE of annual precipitation is 77mm(28%) for DAYMET,but aided by precipitation stations of hydrological station network, the MAE is 48mm(12.1%)。

Based on rural energy consumption for non-production purpose in China, the emission factors of different energy types and emissions of SO₂,NO_x and TSP resulted from rural energy consumption for non-production purpose were evaluated. Emission inventories by provinces in 2004 and the share of different fuels on SO₂,NO_xand TSP emissions were estimated. In general, in the year 2004,the total emissions of SO₂, NO_x and TSP from rural energy consumption for non-production purpose was 5300kt, 720kt and 3900kt respectively. Compared with the year 1979,the emissions of SO₂ merely from the consumption of firewood increased by 20%.SO₂ and TSP were the main air pollutants of all,the emissions of SO₂ was 23.5% of the total emissions in 2004,and the emissions were different greatly in each province. The share of different fuels on SO₂, NO_x, and TSP emissions in each region was obviously uneven, and coal burning was the dominant source of SO₂, straw and firewood were the main emission sources of NO_x, straw was the main emission source of TSP. The energy structure influences the pollutants emissions in rural areas. Emissions of three pollulants of (SO₂, NO_x, TSP) selected in this work were the main cause for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer, and these diseases were the main cause of death in rural areas of China in recent years. So this work not only just estimates the quality of emissions in rural areas of China, but also indicates some relationship between energy consumption and illness such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer due to energy consumption.

With rapid social and economic change around metropolitan, peri-urban phenomenon, as a transitional process from rural to urban area, is becoming one of the most important research topics for urban studies. However, current research on Chinese peri-urbanization is generally focused on the description of its unique characteristics of an identified peri-urbanization area at a specific year, and there are very few studies on the dynamic change of peri-urbanization areas and the comparison of different peri-urbanization areas. Taking Hangzhou municipality as a case, this paper aims: (1) to explore how to identify peri-urbanization areas through establishing an indices system; (2) to empirically identify the spatial distribution of peri-urbanization areas in Hangzhou municipality and further to identify the different spatial evolution types of peri-urbanizations areas in the period of 1990 to 2000; and (3) to compare the different characteristics of different spatial evolution types of peri-urbanization areas, such as the lasting peri-urbanization area and the newly-developed peri-urbanization area by using Xiaoshan District and Fuyang Municipality as respective examples, and thus to enhance our understanding on the interior differences among peri-urbanization areas.

The thermal condition, occurring frequency, risk index and climatic risk probability of the maize chilling damage in Northeast China were analyzed, and the synthetic climatic risk index and model were developed. Northeast China was divided into five climatic risk areas(highest, higher, moderate, lower and lowest)using synthetic climatic risk index. The risk evaluation model of climate-economic loss of the chilling damage was developed using synthetic climatic risk index,considering the maize’s output and proportion of planting area.On this basis, Northeast China was divided into five typical damage areas of economic loss risk, including the highest, higher, moderate, lower and lowest one. Then the authors put forward relevant measures to reduce the damage risk in different areas. The difference in damage risk is obvious in different areas. The northern and eastern parts of Northeast China are the highest climatic risk areas, and southwestern Jilin and most parts of Liaoning are the lower ones. The central part of Northeast China, the northern part of Heilongjiang and eastern Jilin are the highest risk areas on economic loss, western Jilin and northeastern Liaoning are moderate, the central and eastern parts of Liaoning are lower, and southern Liaoning is the lowest one even without risk. Though the climate becomes warm, the supply-demand relation of thermal condition of maize production is still tense as a result of the increasing proportions of maize production(especially the late-ripe species). Therefore, the chilling damage risk is still high in most parts of Northeast China, and we should positively control the chilling damage under the condition of climatic change.The main measure to reduce the damage risk firstly is to improve the planting structure, adjust the maize variety proportion in different areas; and secondly is to use the cultivating technique of resisting the damage for promoting the resistibility.

Through the analysis of related literatures at home and abroad about the measurement of urbanization level and its dynamic changes, we found that China's urbanization has entered a rapid development stage and the motive forces for the development of urbanization have changed enormously. Therefore, the scientific measurement of urbanization development level and quantitative comparative analysis of its ideal powers will be particularly important to promote the level and quantity of regional urbanization. Based on the urbanized connotation, the paper constructs the appraisal index system of the synthesis level of the regional urbanization embarking population urbanization, economic urbanization, life-style urbanization and regional landscape urbanization. With the method of entropy, the generalized analyses to the evolution of the urbanization level of Jiangsu Province from 1991 to 2005 are carried out. The result shows that the urbanization of Jiangsu Province has been enhanced continuously. At the same time, the urbanization mainly represents the fast development of the economic urbanization and the regional landscape urbanization. But the population urbanization is becoming weak to the overall contribution of the regional urbanization and lagging behind other urbanizations. Economic urbanization, life-style urbanization and regional landscape urbanization have improved constantly. Meanwhile, they are turning harmonious gradually. On this basis, the multiple linear regression models are linked to the comparative analysis of the main urbanized impetus of Jiangsu Province from 1991 to 2005. Then the result is that the market forces, the intrinsic forces, the exterior forces and the administrative forces are the main powers of the urbanization development of Jiangsu Province. And the market forces and administrative forces are the ideal powers that promote the urbanization and the economic development of Jiangsu Province.

Missionary case is one of the most direct reflectations of the conflict and combination between foreign religious culture and local culture. The paper obtains data from the relevant historical literatures and uses GIS graphical technique and the mathematical statistical analysis method to conduct study.It is found out that the evolution process of Guangdong missionary case before 1911 can be categorized into four stages: newborn, multiple, climax, and recession. Their imbalanced spatial distribution in Guangdong can be seen obviously: the Pearl River Delta (PRD) is the distribution center of missionary case from beginning to end; Chaoshan region and Hakka areas in the east of Guangdong also become the inferior centers successively. Furthermore, an analysis on geographic concentration indexes of missionary cases in every state of Guangdong before 1911 evidences the structural character of the centeral areas of missionary case. In view of the cultural dissemination pattern, the diffusion of missionary cases in Guangdong not only belongs to the ink-mark type of migration proliferation, but also obviously has some features of hierarchical proliferation, in which the level of population density is taken as the primary diffusion character, and then is the administrative area rank. The regional cultural causes of the distribution and diffusion of missionary case lie in the geographic environment in Guangdong, which is enclosed to inland and opened to outseas, leading to different regional cultures of various localities among themselves. Our geographical research on the missionary cases gives a new and unique perspective on how to decrease growing regional religious conflicts in the world. Some geographical research methods, including GIS & GCI(Geographic Concentration Index), which is used in the context,could find a new way for the research on religious geography.

The Shahe profile in Dongling, Liyang, the Caoxieshan site in Weiting, Suzhou and Maqiao site in Maqiao town, Shanghai are chosen as the major research objects on stratigraphy, from which we analyze and study the paleo-corroding surface, deposit characteristics, sporo pollens, chemical elements, ¹⁴C dating and climate transformation curve transformed by chemical composition from the stratum of the Maqiao site in Shanghai, combined with the analysis of the regional paleoenvironment and environmental archaeology as well as the research results of the temporal and spatial distribution of archaeological sites since the Neolithic Age in the Taihu Lake region. The research results indicate that the climate of Liangzhu epoch in the Taihu Lake region increasingly changed towards colder and drier than that of its former time in Holocene Megathermal period, however, much more time of it was still warmer and wetter than today. In the end of Liangzhu epoch, the climate was at the lowest position and showed rapid and violent fluctuation, which matched well a long time course of sea-level falling that was reflected by the paleo-corroding surface of Liangzhu epoch. The flood accumulation layers, the buried ancient trees, the buried archaeological sites and cultural interruption, etc. prove the existence of the ancient floods; the iron manganese concretion and the ancient wells under water such as the Taihu Lake, Chenghu Lake and the Taishidian in Zhouzhuang etc. today reflect on the dry periods or drought events. The background of Liangzhu cultural development was that the sea-level in the Taihu Lake region was slowly falling, the area of fresh-water lakes and marshes were increasingly decreasing, which made the land increasingly exposed; in the meantime, the climate was slightly better than that of today. In 4300-3800aB. P., the low sea-level, the abnormal climate as well as the frequently occurred floods and droughts were the environmental background of Liangzhu culture towards the decline and fall.We think that the direct reason for the decline and fall of Liangzhu culture is more complicated than we have imagined ever, however, the frequently occurring floods and droughts as well as the abnormal climate should be seriously fatal hit for Liangzhu people living on the paddy growing, fishing and hunting.

The urban park is an important part of urban recreational spatial system. However,currently recreation products and service provided by urban landscape architecture fail to meet the development of visitors’ diverse requirements. Thus,how to plan,design and manage applicable recreation activities in order to fulfill visitors’ needs becomes a crucial issue to urban park managers. Evaluation is the foundation of planning and management,so the paper proposes a technical process of "designing,evaluating and decision making" for urban park recreation management. In the empirical study,four urban parks in Wuxi City are taken as examples. First,the paper develops an evaluation index system of recreation activities in urban park from the perspective of visitors,which consists of three hierarchies and 13 indexes. Second,the paper collects data from the survey on visitors of four urban parks and evaluates recreation activities in these urban parks. The results are as follows:(1) environment quality of urban parks in Wuxi City is better than service quality; (2) pricing and particular activities for the aged are supposed to be improved; and (3) the recreation management of tourism urban parks should pay attention to crowd and visitor impact management,while the recreation management of recreation urban parks should focus on developing recreation activities to be more convenient for local residents. Finally,the paper advances a method of 'Expectation Disconfirmation-Experience Level’ management. Using data collected,nine types of recreation activities are located in the "ED-EL" matrix and recommendations are given on the development of recreation activities in four urban parks in Wuxi City.

It is one of the seven main topics in the study field of the tourism destination image that the tourism destination image changes along with time. Based on the model of tourism destination formation that is a general framework of tourism destination image, this paper proposes a study method to analyze the perceptive difference of the tourism destination image along with time, evaluates the changes of pre/post tourism destination image from the overall point of view, which extends further the assessment method of tourism destination image focusing on the destination multi-dimensional attributes. The main idea of this method is to evaluate and contrast the change of cognitive, affective and overall image between pre-visit and post visit using the quantitative methods such as principal components analysis and paired sample t test. This paper applies this method to Tiantangzhai scenic spot of Anhui province and finds that the tourism destination image of Tiantangzhai scenic spot between pre-visit and post visit changes steadily to a certain degree.The overall image' assessment of Tiantangzhai scenic spot is positive either in pre-visit or in post visit without changes, which shows that the tourism destination image maintained relative stability. However, the specific perception value numbers between pre-visit and post visit have certain changes and differences, the assessment value number of the evaluation factors is decreased or increased respectively. Overall, the perception value number of pre-visit tourism destination image is larger than that of post visit, indicating a higher level of expectations of tourists to Tiantangzhai scenic spot. Managers of Tiantangzhai scenic spot should take some measures according to the situation of the perceptive differences of the tourism destination image between pre-visit and post visit, such as strengthening management and the construction of scenic areas, upgrading and improving the tourism destination image. Through the empirical study, this paper draws conclusions as follows: The empirical results achieved the expected goals, and validated that the tourism destination image has the characteristics of stability again. This method that compares the changes and the difference degree of pre/post tourism destination image from the global point of view is feasible, thus it can provide a useful reference for the follow-up studies.

The study on the village pattern evolution is important and significative to constitute the policy of land utilization in the new period and to build new socialist countryside. The Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, located in the central part of East China, is the important farm belt, and consists of multitudinous villages with a high population density. In this region, the marketization level and urbanization level are high because of close to the coastal developed areas, and the interior development problems of the villages are prominent such as a mass of farmlands being occupied, and too many houses being abandoned. So it is one of the representative regions to research problems of village development. Progress in the study related with countrysides, settlements, farmers, and villages have been reviewed. Studies of the village pattern evolution on macroscopic scale were much more than those on microscopic scale, so microscopic studies should be strengthened to better understand village development. The Wulou village in the central part of the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain was chosen as a typical case. The face-to-face interview and the global position system (GPS) measurement method were used in the study. The main results are as follows: Firstly, the Wulou village went through a series of evolution pattern including the absolute tardiness development before the establishment of People's Republic of China in 1949, the relative tardiness development before the implementation of the economic reforms in 1978, the fast expansion in the 1980s, the steady scale in the 1990s and the recessionary development in the early 21st century. In the meantime, the roads and ponds in the village have also been changed correspondingly. Secondly, the main factors of the village pattern evolution included economic improvement, the change of social structure, urbanization and the effect of national policy. However, population variation was still the decisive factor. Thirdly, the change of village scale was not obvious before the implementation of the economic reforms in 1978, the expansion of village scale was prominent from the 1978 economic reform to the 1990s, and the empty and abandoned houses have increased largely since about 2000.Fourthly, the previous village expansion attributed to four aspects as follows: No family planning after 1949 resulted in population increasing enormously; the economic development enabled people to improve their habitations; the status of nuclear families (namely a family consists of few people which only include husband, wife and their children in general) was enhanced step by step; and farmers were not conscious of the importance of protecting plantations. Finally, the causes leading to abandoned houses lately are that the urbanization and market economy are becoming or will become the direct drive of the village hollowing at present; the profit of planting grains is so low that it has become the important impetus of the village hollowing; and the fast increase of population has been successfully controlled by the policy of family planning in China since the 1980s. Furthermore, according to the status quo of the village development in the study area and the social development demands, the corresponding countermeasures have been brought forward.

With the rise of the concept of city competitiveness in recent years, city ranking has received enormous attention from various areas. Firstly, this paper points out the negative effects of blindly seeking a higher city ranking, and then from a theoretic point of view it indicates that the basic mistake of city ranking is ignoring the connection with the regional space and the hierarchical system of cities. And the advantages of city development based on quantitative evaluation should be combined with the hierarchical system of cities in geographical space. Furthermore, this paper gives quantitative evaluation on the development status of cities in three megalopolitan areas by applying the methods of factor analysis, to explain the process about combining advantages of city development with geographical space and the hierarchical system of cities by case studies. It solves the problems of city ranking, provides scientific basis for reasonable planning of hierarchical system of cities, and promotes the collaboration among cities. It will be a significant study to coordinate the large, medium and small city development. Finally,through the comparison of spatial patterns of three megalopolitan areas, it explores the theory of the hierarchical system of cities.

Glacier and lake variations in the Mapam Yumco Basin were studied by integrating series of spatial data from topographic maps and Landsat images in four different periods of time:1974,1990,1999 and 2003.The results indicate that glaciers and lakes in the Basin both retreated and advanced during the last 30 years. As a contribution to the studies of the impact of climate change on glaciers and lakes in high-altitude closed basins of the western Himalayas, we present spatial and temporal variations of glaciers and lakes in the Mapam Yumco Basin on the Tibetan Plateau, by means of Geographical Information System and Remote Sensing techniques. Our results show that both glacier and lake areas in the Mapam Yumco Basin decreased from 1974 to 2003. Glaciers in the basin have receded due to the warmer climate, in total by 7.53 km² (0.26 km² a^-1 or 0.25 % a^-1) during 1974 2003 (c.f. 0.07 % a^-1 nearby the Yamzhog Yumco Basin, and 0.18% a^-1, the mean glacier recession rate over China since the 1960s). During the same period, lake area decreased by 34.16 km² (1.18 km² a^-1 or 4.37 % of whole lake area in the basin) in total, where decreased by 1.43 km² a^-1 on average (with lake shrinkage amounting to 1.70 km² a^-1 in some areas and lake growth to 0.27 km² a^-1 in others) during 1974-1990, by 1.55 km² a^-1 (with lake shrinkage amounting to 2.15 km² a^-1 in some areas and lake growth to 0.60 km² a^-1 in others) during 1990-1999, while enlarged by 0.66 km² a^-1 (with lake shrinkage amounting to 2.24 km² a^-1 and lake growth to 2.89 km² a^-1) during 1999-2003 over the past three decades. It is suggested that both enlargement and reduction of lakes were accelerated, which might be an indicator for an accelerated water cycle process over the Tibetan Plateau in a warming climate condition.

The residents engaging in tourism industry are a kind of special crowd in the tourism community. It is of help to tourism industry sustainable development that the inherent relationship between their expression and background toward its impact is analyzed. The relationship between the residents engaging in tourism industry and their expression toward its impact was analyzed by Detrended Canonical Correspondence Analysis(DCCA)in Luya Mountains Nature Reserve in the paper.The result indicates that there is obvious correlation between the first axis of DCCA and sex, tourism income and the education level, and there is evident correlation between the second axis and the case of violations and sex. From the left lower part to the right upper part in DCCA,four groups transit from the mature active group,the non-mature active group and the receded group to the bland group gradually. The length of arrowhead denotes the relationship between sample groups and different factors,and the angle between the arrowhead line and the ordination axis shows the magnitude of their correlation. Therefore,the DCCA figure can show the relationship between the groups and their characteristics visually. These trends are consistent with the Detrended Correspondence Analysis(DCA)results. Although DCA can also study the relationship between samples types and their background, we need to judge it based on actual condition after completing the ordination. The calculation of constrained ordinations combines the data of sample groups with that of their background characteristic,so their results are superior to the result of DCA on studying their relationship. Moreover,DCCA is the best in all the constrained ordinations because of removing"arch effect".However, DCCA can make the distribution of samples denser, and make the borderline among different types much blurrier. Therefore, if DCA is combined with some classfication ways on studying the relationship among the sample groups, its results are much better than that of DCCA.

According to the comparison of the spatial structures of crude oil flow in China at the beginning of the 21st century and the end of the 20th century, this paper analyzes the changing characteristics of the spatial structure of crude oil flow and its main influencing factors. Based on the analysis, this paper educes a flow model from the Interaction Model (W. Alonso Model) to simulate the regional crude oil flow. This model, together with the conception of Traffic Location Index, aims at analyzing the leading factors in forming regional crude oil flow through calculating the output indexes (ρ₁) or input indexes (ρ₂). The Output Index or Input Index reflects the regional oil transportation condition in support of regional oil output or input, if ρ₁ or ρ₂ >1, then the advantageous regional transportation condition enlarges the output or input, and the forming mechanism of crude oil flow in these regions is called transportation-driven type; if ρ₁ or ρ₂ =1, then the regional transportation condition only supports the output or input of the regions' oil surplus or oil gap, and the forming mechanism of crude oil flow in these regions is called supply-driven type or demand-driven type. Calculated with the data from Regional Energy Balance Table of China in 2006, this paper derives the ρ of every study region, according to which the mechanism of output flow is divided into, the transportation-driven and supply-driven two types, the mechanism of input flow is divided into three types of the transportation-driven, demand-driven and supply-and-demand-driven, and the mechanism of exchanging flow is divided into two types of the handing-on and distributing, and then, this paper analyzes thoroughly the development characteristics of the representative regions of each type. Furthermore, this paper generalizes the spatial diversity of the forming mechanism of oil flow in China, analyses the problem in it, and from a perspective of optimizing the spatial allocation of all kinds of flow mechanism, suggests to foster Shanxi into a new exchanging center between the East and the West China, and to strengthen the exchanging function of Guangdong between the South and the North.

This paper explores the methods for studying regional economic disparities in the aspects of research unit being chosen and measurement index being used on the basis of the analysis of the studies on regional economic disparities at home and abroad.It takes output value of marine industries per capita as an index for measuring regional marine economic disparities and 11 coastal provinces and municipalities in China as basic regional study units.It divides the 11 coastal provinces into three regions(the northern, central and southern regions), and uses Gini index and Theil index as quantitative methods to demonstrate the total level of Chinese marine economic sdisparities and the characteristics of dynamic variation of industrial structure of 1996~2005.Then it decomposes the formations of regional marine economic disparities.Finally it analyses the cause of formation and function mechanisms.The main conclusions are:(1)In the late 1990s, Chinese total marine economic diaparity decreased sharply and in the early 21st century it inceases gradually,with fluctuations appearing in several years.The intra-regional disparities mainly devote to the overall disparities.What is more,the intra-regional diaparities of the central region make the greatest contributions with the greatest flutuations.(2)The agglomeration level of specific resources and coastal tourism are the biggest,and that of general resource is the smallest.The development of the second marine industry is a little weak. And the temporal change of marine industrial structure is different from land industrial structure.(3) The causes of formation are historical basis,economic developing level,resource endowment,regional development policy,changes of foreign investment and the level of the drivig force of central cities in the regions. Spatial agglomeration of industry is the dynamic mechanism for regional disparities.

Economic transition, which can be conceptualized a triple process of marketization, globalization and decentralization, has significantly shaped China's economic geography. Marketization introduced market competition and allowed market forces to distribute resources, stimulating firms to locate along the line of comparative advantages. Economic globalization further opened the Chinese economy to international competition, encouraging the geographical concentration of Chinese industries. Regional decentralization however induced fierce interregional competition, resulting in local protectionism and rational imitation of industrial policies and therefore stimulating the geographical dispersion of Chinese industries. As economic transition proceeds, there has been substantial spatial restructuring in Chinese manufacturing industries. Most industries experienced spatially dispersing process in the 1980s and have been increasingly agglomerated since the early 1990s. Chinese provinces had been diversifying their industrial compositions in the 1980s but have been gradually more specialized since the late 1990s. The geographical patterns of Chinese manufacturing industries significantly vary by industry. Statistical results show that significant locational determinants of Chinese manufacturing industries include industrial policies, labor quality and cost, scale economies, natural resources and market accessibility. The significance of locational determinants also depends on the nature of industries. The empirical results would provide scientific supports for regional industrial policies.

In this paper, we discussed the international research response to climate change, climate change and the economic impact of climate protection, and suggested that new research should focus on climate protection modeling and simulation. This article evaluated 6 models of the emissions scenarios used to rely on specialized report features in Fourth Assessment Report of IPCC, and pointed out the IPCC's SRES models ignore the endogenous technological progress and international GDP spillover, and attention focused on the economic effects of the passive response to climate change, so that we need to develop a proactive model now. The article also discussed the research in climate protection deficiencies in China, including reliance on foreign software and statistical models, the lack of dynamics simulation, stressed that the urgent task is to develop a new model of macroeconomic dynamics, nonlinear CGE model and simulation model based on agent, and made China-program about the global climate protection. Finally the author introduced the LRICE model framework which was developed by Wang, Wu Jing and others. The model, characterized by technological advances in learning by doing, reflects the fact that developing countries will reduce carbon dioxide emissions through technological progress, which is closer to the real world.

A theory on the corresponding relationships between the industrialization (I), urbanization (U), and demographic transition (D), is presented and the framework is termed as IUD model in this paper. Based on the logistic function, the urbanization curve is divided into four stages: initial state, acceleration stage, deceleration stage, and terminal stage. This presents a striking contrast to R.M. Northam's urbanization curve which was divided into three phases in 1979. The four stages of urbanization remind us of the demographic transition model (DTM) which includes four phases: high stationary phase, early expanding phase, late expanding phase, and low stationary phase. In fact, industrial development can also be divided into four stages: agricultural stage, pre-industrial stage, post-industrial stage, and informational stage. A new principle is advanced as follows. Because of interaction and coupling relationships between industrialization, urbanization, and demographic transition, the four stages of urbanization should coincide with the four stages of industrial structure change, and with the four phases of demographic transition. If not, there are some disharmonious factors in the socio-economic systems, which should be revealed and removed or treated properly. The corresponding theory is then applied to China, and the processes of industrialization, urbanization, and demographic transition are studied by using the statistical data. From 1949 to 2008, China's industrialization and urbanization went from the first stage into the second stage, and are in the second stage now. However, because of the strict policy of family planning, the demographic transition went from the second stage into the third stage. On the whole, the speed of industrialization is faster than that of urbanization to a certain extent, but the speed of demographic transition is much faster than that of both industrialization and urbanization. A conclusion can be drawn as follows. The problem of population ageing will come into being ahead of schedule in comparison with industrialization and urbanization. Twenty years later, the so-called "demographic dividend" will become a "demographic divider", a real population burden for developing industries and cities. The countermeasures and precautions should be researched and taken in advance against the socio-economic syndrome resulting from aging population.

El Nino has a great influence on the global climate and it also influences the climate of Guangdong province. Based on the systematic classification of El Nino disaster, this paper studies the correlation between El Nino and drought disaster in Guangdong Province in recent 60 years by means of X² inspection and condition probability inspection. Then the paper draws the conclusion that drought disaster of Guangdong Province has a close relationship with El Nino events. Out of 23 drought events, 17 times relate with El Nino events. In addition, the paper examines the influence on the drought disaster in Guangdong Province caused by different kinds of El Nino disasters. The result indicated that there is a certain relationship between the intensity, season and duration of El Nino occurrence and the droughts in Guangdong. Generally medium and strong El Nino events lead to drought in Guangdong Province. The El Nino events in spring and autumn are not prone to drought while those in summer are prone to. Successive El Nino events often lead to occurrence of drought in this region.

This study takes crude oil flow in China as the research subjects, and takes provincial-level administrative units as the nodes of crude oil flow. Meanwhile, selecting five typical years in 1985-2007 as the time points for research and with Zipf law, this paper discusses the rank-size distribution variation of input and output flow of crude oil in China. Some results are obtained as follows. (1) The rank-size distributions of input and output flow is consistent with Zipf law in the five typical years. (2) The non-scaling range of the output flow varies very little, while the one of input flow is narrowed at first and then enlarged gradually. (3) As to the spatial fractal structure, the output flow has no segmentation in its non-scaling range, and appears as a single fractal all along. However, the input flow experiences a process from double fractals to single fractal. (4) There are differences between the spatial distribution pattern of input flow and output flow. The one of input flow changed from lognormal distribution in 1985 to Pareto distribution in 1995, then lognormal distribution again in 1999, and it finally became Pareto distribution in 2003 and 2007. Meanwhile, the spatial distribution pattern of output flow maintains Pareto distribution. (5) Generally, the variations of output flow and input flow are not synchronous, which is closely related to the spatial distribution of huge oil fields, the distribution of petrochemical industries, the oil distribution system and so on in China.

It is necessary to discover the response mechanism between tree-ring growth and climate change for climate reconstruction. The response mechanism is diverse in different climatic or environmental contexts, especially for topography or altitude. We developed five tree-ring width chronologies from sites ranging in elevation from 2800 m to 3700 m a.s.l. on the east slope of Gongga Mountains. Characteristics of the chronologies and radial growth have been analyzed. Response function was applied to discuss the relationship between tree-ring widths and the climate factors. The results indicate that rates of radial growth show a trend along with the altitudinal gradients. Climate-growth response analysis revealed that radial growth is mainly controlled by temperature. The radial growth is controlled by July mean temperature at the timberline (3700 m a.s.l.), and by March mean temperature at the 3000 m a.s.l. However, there is no significant correlation between tree-ring width and climatic factors at the 2800 m a.s.l. Compared with the documented climatic records and the fluctuations of Hailuogou Glacier, tree-ring width chronologies imply an indicative power to climate change.

The spatial separation is the important tendency of the organizing model in the process of product manufacturing. It is of great theoretical and practical significance to explore the methods of the quantitative measurement and demonstrate the general characters of spatial pattern of the intra-product specialization. The paper takes the Yangtze River Delta Region (YRDR) as an example, where the auto manufacturing industry growth is more mature than elsewhere in China and the diffusion and re-combination of its production sector is very active. According to the producing process, the automobile industry chain is divided into three sections, namely the Parts Manufacturing (PM) section, the Parts Assembly (PA) section and the Complete and Re-assembled Vehicle Manufacturing (CRVM) section respectively. After calculation of every section's output value of each county in YRDR and comparison of the changes among different periods, this article summarizes the spatial evolution process of auto manufacturing chain in YRDR. The spatial process from 1990 to 2005 evaluated by the method of niche width and niche overlap shows that: (1) the diffusing performance of the three sections differs from each other. Unlike the CRVM section's diffusing at first and then concentrating, the PM section diffuses all along and moves faster than the PA section which also spreads through the study period; (2) the niche overlap among the three sections are relatively high and have somewhat decreased, which demonstrates that the combination between them is somehow prevalent. To some extent, the combination between CRVM section and PA section is increasing. However, the phenomenon of coupling CRVM section and PM section, especially PA section and PM section is lessening.

The Yalu River is the boundary river between China and Democratic People's Republic of Korea. The characteristics of detrital minerals in surface sediments in the Yalu River estuary and its adjacent shallow seas were analyzed in this paper. Through discussing on the compositions, distribution and longitudinal variation of detrital minerals in surface sediments, interpreting the sedimentary environment of detrital minerals and the difference of indicative mineral and characteristic index as well as their trace significance, the results indicated that the surface sediments in the Yalu River estuary and its adjacent shallow seas probably came from different material source zones. For the surface sediments in Middle-river-way and the lower reaches of the Yalu River, their longitudinal variation of main detrital minerals is successive. They are similar to the sediment characteristics in the Aihe River in the lower reaches of the Yalu River in material source zones index, stable coefficient and ATi, which indicates that the sediment process in Middle-river-way and modern rivers have a close relationship. Although West-river-way and Middle-river-way are adjacent, the sediments in West-river-way and Shuifeng Reservoir are similar more or less, which indicates that West-river-way is the key river course, remaining the sediment characteristics before the reservoir was built in 1941. That the sediments in West-river-way most came from the shallow seas offers the obvious evidence that the sediments in shallow seas moved to land areas. The characteristic minerals and other indexes in shallow ford of Liaodong are between those of Middle-river-way and West-river-way, which indicates that its material resource most came from the Yalu River, and less came from shallow seas. The degree of influence from shallow seas needs a further study.

At present, only a spot of cities, for instance, Guangzhou and Shenzhen conduct the industrial statistics of exhibition. There is a serious lack of statistical data from nation wide exhibitions. At the same time, the comparability of provincial or civic data is limited due to considerable differences in statistic caliber. In these cases, this paper aims at a study on the spatial-temporal features of Chinese Exhibition Industry (EI),and the Internet Chinese WebPages with issues of Chinese "Exhibition" from November 2006 to May 2008 are analyzed, by using Content Analysis Method (CAM), and statistically analyzed through SPSS. The spatial-temporal features of Chinese main provincial (and autonomous regions) exhibitions are studied, focusing on aspects such as themes, character, time, scale and etc. The results reveal that there are significant seasonal, spatial and industrial concentrations in the EI: (1) temporal distribution: by the average of a total of 630 exhibitions, the seasonal concentration is not obvious, but exhibitions of most provinces appear to be concentrated in summer and fall; (2) spatial distribution: the quantity of exhibitions in the eastern part of China is far larger than that in the western and central parts, with a decreasing trend from the east to the west, and also there are 5 exhibition concentrated regions in the whole country; (3) there are top 10 industries whose exhibitions are concentrated in different regions; (4) there are different characteristics of the themes, types, scale and duration of the exhibitions in different regions; (5) the above concentrated regions are well connected with the regional economic development, especially the foreign trade situation, and the construction situation of exhibition halls play an important role as well.It should be noted that the analyses of this article also have limitations of these defects which are related to the limitations of web page content analysis. Further study may focus on research in comparison of exhibition themes, classification, and effect and so on.

The Huaihe River was an independent river directly flowing into the Yellow Sea before 1128. It became a tributary of the Yellow River in 1128~1851. The lower Yellow River channel shifted to north and entered the Bohai Sea in 1855. Actually, the Huaihe River has been a tributary of the Yangtze River since 1851. At present, after going into the Hongze Lake, the Huaihe River water flows into the sea by four routes. By constructing a channel separated from the Hongze Lake along the northern coast of the lake, and deeply excavating the present Huaihe River Channel to Sea and the Huaishu River-Beiliutang River-New Yihe River channels, water would directly flow into the Yellow Sea and no longer to the Yangtze River. An annual 1000×10⁴ t of suspended sediments (increasing by 860×10⁴ t more than present) would deposit on the coast from Lianyungang to the Sheyang River mouth. The coastal erosion from Lianyungang to the Sheyang River mouth would be ended: the northern section would be stable and the southern section would slowly prograde, forming a new Huaihe River delta. Meanwhile, the sediments would not accumulate on the middle Huaihe River channel and Hongze Lake, and would effectively reduce inundation in the middle Huaihe River reaches.