The increasing greenhouse gas in atmosphere will lead to an increase of 1.1-3.1 o C in mean annual temperature (MAT) in next century as predicted by IPCC (2001). Such an increase in temperature will considerably alter the current regimes of precipitation, hydrological cycle and thus water resources. The impacts of these changes will be particularly severe in arid and semi-arid regions around the world. In China, it may be most severe in North China and Northwest China, shown by some previous investigations.The Huaihe drainage basin (111°55'-120°45'E, 31°-36°N) is located in the transitional belt of the sub-tropical and temperate zones in eastern China. The MAT is 11-16 o C.The mean annual precipitation(MAP) is 883 mm, 50-80% of which falls during May-August in upstreams of Huaihe River and areas south of it or June-September in other areas with mean annual runoff depth being ～231 mm. The Huaihe drainage basin is economically significant as both industry and agriculture are rather developed. A general assessment on climate-change effects on runoff may be still somehow helpful for the regional water resources management and economic development and planning in the future. We have therefore selected the Huaihe drainage basin as our study area in this research. We assume an increase of 1, 2 and 3 o C in MAT and mean seasonal temperature(MST), and a change of 20%, 10% and 0% in MAP and mean seasonal precipitation(MSP). Then 15 climate-change scenarios were constructed by integrating each temperature change with each precipitation change. The general structure of a nonlinear model on climate factors and runoff relationship was established with multi-variable regression method. Then by analyzing meteorological and hydrological data of 20 years for three sub-catchments of the Huaihe drainage basin, mean annual and seasonal values of temperature, precipitation and runoff were respectively calculated from the corresponding month values. Furthermore, mathematical models relating mean annual runoff to MAP and MAP and relating mean seasonal runoff to MAP and MAP were established with the aforementioned calculated data. Runoff was subsequently estimated with statistical model for the sub-catchments under the 15 climate-change scenarios.The results allow a preliminary assessment of influences of the climatic changes on runoff in the near future. Runoff will generally increase with increase in precipitation and decrease with temperature rise. For a given climate-change scenario, the responses of runoff of different sub-catchments vary, which may reflect the differences in physical characteristics and their influences on runoff in different sub-catchments. For a given sub-catchment, the responses of each season's runoff to each of the climate-change scenarios also vary, which may manifest monsoon climate influence on runoff. The dry-and-warm climatic conditions may dramatically reduce runoff and hence have severe or even disastrous effects on economic development in this area.

This paper analyzes the coupling mechanism between urbanization and eco environment: the intimidation on eco environment from urbanization is caused by contamination from population, enterprises and transportation; Meanwhile, the restriction against urbanization from eco environment results from changing the flow direction of population and capital. On the basis of the above, the authors deduce the coupling function and theshape curve between urbanization and eco environment in two ways: algebra and geometry, and then opens out the relationship law: regional eco environment decays at first, and thenameliorates after the curve inflexion. This paper also discusses the coupling process of urbanization and eco environment, andclassifies it into four stages, whichare low level coordination stage, resisting stage, ameliorating stage and harmonious stage. Finally, the authors demonstrate the coupling relationship between urbanization and eco environment in Zhejiang province, and points out that industrialization is still the main momentum of urbanization in Zhejiang.In spite of the emergence of partial inflexion in the coupling curve between waste water and urbanization in Zhejiang, becausethere is no complete conversion in industrial structure, once policies concerning environmental protection change, the coupling curve between eco environment and urbanization will fluctuate. That is to say, Zhejiang is still at the resisting stage.

Based on the relationship between annual winter mean temperature and snowfall days which was established according to the meteorological observation data in the Xi'an and Hanzhong areas, the snowfall days for Xi'an and Hanzhong areas derived from historical archives in the Qing Dynasty, the annual winter mean temperature in Xi'an and Hanzhong areas from 1736 to 1910 A D. was calculated, and the annual winter mean temperature series since 1736 A D was reconstructed The analysis of series shows that there existed a general consistency change trend for the two areas The climate is relatively warm in the 18th and 20th centuries and cold in the 19th century Warming trend in the 20th century is obvious During the warm period of the 18th century, the mean temperature appeared a short term valley of cold around 1775 In the 19th century, it entered a cold stage that finished in the early 20th century There were 3 valleys during this period, which centered in 1830, 1860 and 1890 respectively Since the early 20th century, the climate entered a warm period again There are 2 obvious warm peaks in the 1930's～1940's and after the 1980's, the latter is not completed yet until now Both of the 20th warming peaks exceed the warm level of the 18th century, and the warming degree of Hanzhong is more obvious Seen overall, the winter mean temperature of Xi'an in the 20th century tends to rise with fluctuation This ascending trend is more obvious since the late 1970's particularly Besides, the period with minimum variance of the series is the 18th century As for the adjacent periods, variance of cold period is obviously higher than that of warm period, which generally consists with the early conclusion that climate has great instability in cold periods and the stages from cold to warm At the same time, the comparison between the annual winter mean temperature series in Xi'an, Hanzhong and the annual early spring (from March to April) temperature series in Zhen'an reconstructed by tree ring data was analyzed The result shows that low frequency change trend of annual winter mean temperature in Xi'an, Hanzhong and early spring temperature in Zhen'an are generally consistent, but the turning points in Zhen'an are earlier than that of Xi'an and Hanzhong

During the period of pre Qin dynasty, there were groups of people, called Rong(戎)and Di(狄), in the northern Shanxi and Shaanxi provinces, who were not the same kind of nomadic people as Xiongnu (Hun) since they lived in a mixed style of economic situation, half herding and half agricultural. But, in the traditional documents of the dynastic times, these groups of people have been described as the same kind of nomadic people like Xiongnu, some were even identified as the ancestors of Xiongnu. The misunderstanding of the identity of Rong and Di caused misunderstanding of the region where the Rong and Di lived. According to the traditional idea, the environment of the region of the northern Shanxi and Shaanxi had, as well as the steppe, supported nomadic life. The essential different ecological functions in early civilization creation between the environment of the northern Shanxi/Shaanxi and the environment of the steppe, therefore, were neglected. The recent archaeologist discoveries show that the life indicated by the settlement ruins, tombs, and life remains of Rong and Di people has been more a sedentary style, which had been combined with partly agricultural and partly herding activities. The archaeologist discoveries also show that before the Rong and Di times, the region of the northern Shanxi/Shaanxi had been occupied by a well developed prim agricultural economy. Since the climate changed colder about 5000 years ago, the herding activity developed significantly, and the pure prim agricultural economy was replaced by half agricultural and half herding. The Rong and Di, therefore, was not the representative group of nomadic in northern ancient China. The true nomadic people, which was represented by Xiongnu, appeared later than Rong and Di in China. The question of the origin of nomadic economy in China should be considered more with the Xiongnu instead of the Rong and Di. Since the recognition of the independent identity of the Rong and Di, the macro human geographical structure of the northern China then should consist of three great regions: the region of the Rong and Di, the standard agricultural region in the south where the Han people were living, and the typical steppe nomadic region in the north where the Xiongnu became occupiers.

This paper explores the community sustainable development indicator system which is established by means of group-based public participation under the guidence of professional personnel but conforms to the situation in China.Chongming County in Shanghai was taken as a case.An initial "long list" of 86 indicators was identified based on previous indicator systems developed in China. This "long list" was reduced via consultations with local scientists and government official from Shanghai City and Chongming County.This "shortened list" of 17 indicators waiting for further community consultation involves 149 local authority officers, teachers, students (aged 12-14), farmers and workers.The outcomes showed obvious difference in the understanding of sustainable development among various sectors. By integrating data from these sectors it was possible to identify a system involving 4 cores and 7 additional indicators as the criteria to steer local sustainability. Compared with other local indicator systems in Europe and the UK, local people in Chongming showed the same interest concerning on environment but with a stronger desire for economic development. By using the sustainable indicators, the sustainability of community development in Chongming County was appraised during 1991-2000. And the results showed that in community level, Chongming had a general sustainable trend in that period. This study, involving the residents of Chongming County, has special significance in discussing development issues because it is a region with good environmental quality and weak economy and as such is typical in many rural areas of China.

By using multi temporal remotely sensed data of TM & ETM, the spatial behavior of urban growth in Shanghai Region was studied by establishing and applying the urbanization metrics (i e UPI & UII) in GIS buffering analysis, which was also used in comparing and analysing the spatio temporal changes in urban landuse growth of central and sub cities of Shanghai The results showed that: 1) Being without influence of large scale geomorphic heterogeneity except geo contrast between the ocean and terrene, the spatial behavior of urban landuse expanding is largely regulated by the distance to the Shanghai central city (i e CBD) Urban landuse expanding exhibited the distinctive spatial characteristics in different periods, and the activity & spatial distribution of urban expanding circle also showed their unique traits in different periods. 2) The urban landuse growth presented obvious trends in directional variation The overall directional variation within 10 km to the CBD is dominated by spatial heterogeneity in central urban landuse growth, whereas the distribution and the variation in growth rate of sub cities play the key role in overall directional heterogeneity beyond 10 km to the CBD, and the small scale geomorphic variation from the spatial pattern of rivers and channels also shows its contribution. 3) Shanghai central city keeps overwhelming preponderance to the sub cities in magnitude, intensity and potential of urban landuse growth Affected by the location and sociao economic condition, the main sub cities performed differently in their spatial behavior of urban landuse growth individually, and thus can be classified into four categories according to their performance in urban landuse expanding (i e Standard, Passive, Steady and Irregular types)

Stockbreeding in northern China was a production sector separated from primitive agriculture. Its generation and development experienced the following process. About 5000 years ago, northern China was witnessing a climatic warm period,farming and hunting were basically the predominant human activities with less proportion of stock preeding in areas north of the Great Wall. From that time on to 3500 years ago, agricultural practices became less and less with the climate turning to be colder and drier. On the other hand, stockbreeding and hunting became more and more important. The structure of production changed from original farming and hunting in predomination to stockbreeding and hunting in predomination. But the stockbreeding then was different from nomadism, because it had intimate relationship with agriculture. The archaeological researches in China had proved not only that stockbreeding came from agriculture, but also that the rise of nomadism was related to the use of saddlery. About 800 B.C., the northern tribes in China had been proficient in using saddlery, they gave up completely,settlement life and the genuine nomadism appeared then.In the process of discussion, this paper points out that early stockbreeding belonged to breeding depended on agriculture. Naissance of the nomadic life was later than stockbreeding,making it broken away from agriculture completely. Climate changes were important factors that directly made stockbreeding broken away from agriculture. With this development, stockbreeding turned to the nomadic life. This article discusses the relationship between naissance of the nomadic life and environmental changes. The conclusion is that, when life in the grassland changed into nomadic, the local people did not leave their homeland, the only change they made was that they shifted their production mode from agricultural to nomadic.

Land reclamation at the expense of deforestation has causing serious environmental problems in China As a process of land use changes, the lost forest can be identified based on remote sensing technique The nationally covered Landsat TM images in 2000 and the 1980s are spatially corrected and manual classification is carried out The forest land converting to cropland from the 1980s to 2000 are investigated with GIS method The results show that altogether 17630 km² of forest land were converted to cropland during this period of time Among them, the area of densely covered forest is 10467 km² ,accounting for 59 4% of the total deforested area; the sparsely covered forest is 3142 km² ,accounting for 17 8%; the shrubby land area is 3560 km² , accounting for 20 2%; and the other types of forest area is 460 km² With the aid of 1∶100000 watershed map, the distribution of reclaimed deforested land in each main watershed is analyzed The results show that the reclamation mostly happens in Northeast China, being 71 1% of the total lost forest For the three main watersheds in Northeast China, the Songhuajiang Liaohe Watershed (the southern part of Northeast China) occupies 9107 7 km² , accounting for 52 4% of the total reclaimed deforestation area; the Heilongjiang Watershed (the northern part of Northeast China) and the watershed in eastern part of Northeast China occupy 1883 4 km² and 1351 3 km² of lost forest respectively The percentages of the lost forest in watersheds of Yangtse River, the northern part of North China and southeastern part of Northeast China are 3 1%, 3 4% and 3 6% respectively Watersheds of Huaihe and Zhujiang rivers, and the coastal area of Southeast China have more than 1% of reclaimed forest Other watersheds in China have less than 1% of reclaimed forest each With DEM data, the reclaimed forests with different slopes are dealt with in the paper The forest with a slope greater than 3° covers 5205 km² , taking up 29 5% of the total lost forest in China Overlapping analysis of the data of soil erosion intensity derived from remote sensing and the spatial distribution of deforestation in China is carried out The deforestation process led to the increase in the slope cropland area and sharp increase in the value of C factor in soil erosion model of RUSLE , both contributing to the aggravation of soil erosion in China

Parameterelevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM) is a statistical geographic approach to mapping climatic factors including monthly maximum and minimum mean temperatures and monthly precipitation PRISM brings a unique combination of physical and statistical concepts to the analysis of orographic precipitation and temperature Based on 30 year (1961～1990) observation data of monthly minimum and maximum mean temperatures and precipitation for 2450 stations from China and neighboring countries, the PRISM model was applied to grid monthly precipitation and monthly minimum and maximum temperatures over China with fine resolution of 2.5 minute latitude by longitude (≈4～5km) The purpose of this study is to introduce and validate the PRISM predicted climate data sets We used the meteorological observation records from 18 CERN stations without joining the PRISM simulations to validate the simulated grid data sets The results indicated that the PRISM model predicted well the geographical distribution patterns and seasonal varations of monthly maximum and minimum mean temperatures and monthly precipitation from 18 CERN stations at an almost one to one relationship except for a few sites in mountainous and subtropical regions where land cover changes and fine to middle orography may influence the distribution patterns of the monthly temperatures and precipitation

Urban-rural development has always been illustrated as the interaction relationship, represented by the free flow of population, commodities, capital and information between urban and rural areas, which, in some sense, guarantee the effective and efficient uses of resources in urban and rural areas. The urban-rural interaction should not be understood as a process of urbanization for rural areas or that of counter-urbanization for metropolis, rather, it is as a process of joint development, represented by the exchange of materials and energy, for the urban and rural areas. The joint development of urban and rural areas depends on the increase of capital investment for infrastructures mainly covering transportation, telecommunication, education, medical facilities and welfare. Since the industrial reformation, convenient telecommunication, transportation has directly accelerated the intercommunications; indirectly boosted the flow of commodities between urban and rural areas, which has significantly affected the urban-rural interaction. Improved education, medical facilities and society welfare infrastructure serving as the foundation for the joint development of urban and rural areas, together with the equal rights and change for villagers or citizens in education and society welfares, guarantees the urban-rural interaction and integration. This paper gives out a comparatively precise definition of urban-rural interaction. Based on the anterior models,the authors construct a new urban-rural interaction model. To be validated, the model is applied in Shandong province, and its result is acceptable. It was made clear that the concerted development of urban and rural areas is a process of regional social-economic development and it's the re-organization of regional urban and rural factors. Essentially speaking, urban-rural interaction is the degree of urban-rural inter-relationship. The construction of urban-rural interaction model will be helpful for the spatial description of urban and rural relationship, the formulation of regional plan and the development of regional urbanization.

Berkeley School, also known as Cultural Ecology School, was represented by Carl O. Sauer, one of the most outstanding American cultural and historical geographers, who served as the director of Department of Geography at the University of California, Berkeley, from 1923 to 1954. Under his leadership this active academic school had produced huge influences in geography and anthropology in North America from the 1920s to 1960s. The academic practice of Sauer could be classified into five categories: 1) agricultural origin and dispersal; 2) the relations between cultural landscapes and natural environments; 3) the researches on the early explorations of America; 4) human impacts on environments; and 5) the methodology of cultural ecology. Sauer's theory and practice in cultural ecology belongs to the logical positive study. He is interested in cultural landscapes and the relationship between the cultural landscapes and natural environments is the core theme in all his researches. When studying landscapes, he not only reveals the regional differentiation, but also emphases the origin and changing process of the cultural landscapes. He believes cultures play very important roles in shaping landscapes, and each unique cultural landscape deeply roots in the local environment. He thinks cultural landscape is built based on the natural landscape on one side, and it is also the creation of human culture on another side. Sauer insists that all cultural landscapes have the genetic or historical characteristics. Cultural landscape is formed and shaped throughout the time sequence. At the different time intervals, the cultural landscape is different. One cultural landscape is the result of the former landscape, and it is also the beginning and condition of the next one. So if we want to well understand the current cultural landscape, we need to know the historical changing process of the landscape. From the 1970s on, Berkeley School declined gradually and Sauer's ideas were abandoned finally in North America, the discussion on the geographical imagination has replaced the early logical positive studies. In some situation, Sauer even becomes the whipping target of post modernism scholars. Actually, geographical facts and imagination are the two aspects of one geographical question, they are complementary but not expelled. From this point of view, Sauer's works still have important meaning for the development of Chinese geography.

Urban development is significant during the past two decades in the Pearl River Delta(PRD) Many researchers have studied urban development of partial areas in the PRD from different viewpoints recently, but nobody sdudied the urban land cover change of the PRD from the integrated point of view This paper exemines the built up land cover change of the urban area of the whole Pearl River Delta from 1988 to 1998 TM imageries taken from 1988 to 1998 were used to get the built up area thematic information,and a spatial database of the urban areas in the PRD was set up aided by Arc/Info 8 02 We selected the Maximum Likelihood Classifier(MLC) to extract urban built up area themeatic information The spatial features of built up land cover change in urban area were analysed in detail Firstly, the inner circle and outer circle spatial structure of built up land cover distribution kept relatively stable during the study period The total built up area in inner circle is 83 46% of the whole built up area in the PRD in 1988, and it is 84 18% in 1998 Secondly, the core oriented development and transportation oriented development are remarkble The core urban area such as the Guangzhou Foshan metropolis and Hongkong Shengzhen metropolis developed rapidly The urban area along the lines of the 107 national highway,Guangzhou Shenzhen railway and the Guangzhou Zhuhai section of the 105 national highway grows evidently Thirdly, the spatial distribution of the growth amount of built up area differs from the spatial distribution of the growth speed of the built up area greatly Fourthly, the spatial distribution of the average growth intensity index per year(AGIIPY) was analysed, the results show the high value of the AGIIPY distribution are core oriented and trunk road oriented The main driving factors of urban built up land cover change in the PRD were generally discussed The result shows the correlativity between urban built up area and gross output value of industry in the PRD is notable The urban built up area and the total population also have remarkble correlative relationship The other factors such as transportaion conditions,regional economy and administration are very important for urban development

Urban social space is an essential topic of urban planning and urban geography. Urban physical space is one of the important impact factors of urban social space,and transportation corridor is a most active element of urban physical space,which affects the urban social space by invasion,separation, succession and so on. Dewai Street is one of the main transportation corridors in Beijing City. It was 4 times widened after its reconstruction in the spring of 2002. Taking it as an example, this paper analyses the social effect upon its passing area. As far as the academic significance of this case study, the paper interprets the mechanism of American geographer R. A. Murdie's model of urban social space, which shows how transportation corridor affects social space by cutting the communication of its passing community. Upon entering the 21st century, some geographers in US and UK have been calling for linking material research and immaterial research of urban space, such as L. Lees and P. Gober. The case study of Dewai Street and its passing community is a response to the call. As far as the practical meaning is concerned, the paper puts forward that the integrity of urban living units should be kept up. At the same time, the paper points out the distinction of different kinds of social space cells while adapting to the change of physical space. And AGIL scheme of T. Parsons serves as an explanation tool to interpret why Dewai Community could adjust itself to the space change so quickly.

The present paper introduces the concept of “regionally based” GIS controller which applies general GIS operational functions to specific geographical regions and creates a new program module Using the techniques of Microsoft's COM(component object model), this module is ActiveX controller based on GIS The controller is a macro level extension of object technology in GIS Its essence is that it not only packaged the data module of GIS as well as the necessary functional operations, but also packaged all of the basic geographical information With this GIS controller, the user does not have to create his own geographical data base and process spatial data He can easily look up and display geographical data for his own purposes, spatially calculate such data, process them, categorize and turn them into graphic form, to name just a few of the functions By combining the geographic object of controller with his own data, the user can conveniently use the various GIS functions for systematic development of specific geographic regions Since there is no need to put in and process spatial data, this GIS controller is especially suitable for non GIS specialists in the management of various information systems, in automatic office management and in the functional GIS extension of support systems for decision making This is a new direction of development in the application of GIS This paper explores the organizational techniques and development methods in this “regionally based” GIS controller It examines the key points in the spatial data module and the data base and the main features and techniques of the controller Finally, this paper provides two cases of application, “the Shaanxi Environmental Database System”and “Shaanxi Population GIS System”

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been identified as important pollutants in the environment Researches on the pollution situation of PAHs in soils have been carried out extensively in many countries In comparison, few large scale researches have been seen in China In this paper, the contents and pollution level of sixteen PAH compounds in surface soils in different types of soil utilization in Tianjin area were studied Results show that the highest contents of PAHs could be found in soils in urban areas The contents of a few compounds in soils irrigated with wastewater were also relatively high, but most compounds show similar contents compared with other types of soils such as the general cropland and unused land The ratio of low circle PAHs / high circle PAHs and the ratio of pyrene / benzo\pyrene have been used to identify the sources of PAHs pollution Among the six kinds of soils, the ratios of low circle PAHs / high circle PAHs for five kinds of soils were lower than 1, except for urban soils This has demonstrated that the PAHs pollution in Tianjin soils were mainly caused by the burning of fossil fuels The ratio of pyrene / benzo\pyrene shows that the high contents of PAHs in urban soils were mainly caused by pollution of transportation A Dutch Soil Remediation Standard was applied for assessing the pollution situation of the soils in Tianjin area Results show that all surface soils have been polluted in a certain extent by some compounds of PAHs Among the different soil types, the urban soils suffered the most serious pollution

Development of small towns is the key to China’s urbanization and the increase of farmers’ income. During the past several years the developments of small towns have made great progress in China and lots of researches have quickened their pace of research on the development of small towns.But we should acknowledge that in the process of small town development lots of problems have appeared and needed to be solved successfully for sustainable development, such as how to get harmonious economic and environmental development, how to balance the disparity between rich and poor, etc. So the researchers should pay more attention to the development of small towns and put forward more feasible suggestions to facilitate the development. This paper tries to analyze the development of small towns by using theories and measures different from conventional by taking Huaiyuan County, Anhui Province as an example. Firstly it acknowledges the Huaiyuan County has made rapid progress in small town development in the past several years. Then it points out the problems related to the development, including the unreasonable planning and allocation, insufficiency of construction fund, the lag of basic infrastructure and lack of talented personnel and so on. In order to get more legible judgment the authors analyze the developing level of Huaiyuan County by using quantitative method. The author takes the density of roads in towns, the level of labor forces’ income and other factors as the evaluating index. The result indicates that Huaiyuan County is undergoing the transition period from the prophase to the metaphase of the small town development. Considering the situation and problems in Huaiyuan's development, the author identifies several strategies to ameliorate its development. Firstly, to pay more attention to the construction of epicenter towns. Taking the quantity of exporting commodities, the increase of investment from outside and other ten factors as index, the authors filtrate out Chenji, Zhutuan, Dongmiao, Xiaoyi, Boji and Gucheng towns as the centric towns. All the towns have great potential and influence to the surrounding towns. The local government should pay more attention and provide funds to these towns to make them develop more efficiently and speedy in the future. Furthermore, the authors put forward some suggestions to accelerate the development of Huaiyuan County. They are: to collect funds from multiple channels; to protect the environment and pay more attention to the sustainable development; and to consummate the market system.

Spatial distribution characteristics of arsenic in the As contaminated paddy soils which were long term submerged with frequent dry/wet alternations at small scales were studied using geostatistics method The spatial distribution features were quantitatively described by variogram Based on the variograms, Kriging interpolation was performed, and the distribution maps were produced The result showed that arsenic from polluted source mainly accumulated in 0 20cm of soil profile, and arsenic concentrations in 0 20 cm layer were always higher than those in 20 40cm layer The arsenic concentration in 80 100 cm had an increasing trend comparing to that in 60 80 cm However, arsenic concentrations at depth of 40 80cm were not greatly influenced Average arsenic concentration in heavy contaminated paddy soils was 97 1 mg/kg, while that in low contaminated paddy soil was 36 4 mg/kg Soil arsenic concentration decreased with the increase of distance between As source and paddy soil The variograms of arsenic in the surface soil persistently increased and could be fitted by linear equation. Arsenic in soil layer of 0 20cm had good spatial structures Heavy As contaminated sites were found at the water entrances that were centered around the entrances This indicated the soils were secondly polluted by both irrigating water and surface water with elevated levels of arsenic The results also suggested that geostatistics could be applied to evaluate the status of arsenic contaminated soils, which is a necessary precondition for carrying out remediation

In this paper, the multi temporal maps of Shijiazhuang city in 1934, 1947, 1981, 1991, and 2001 are inputted into the GIS software, MapInfo5 0, to analyze the temporal and spatial distribution of urban sprawl during the last 67 years It is found, temporally, that the course of land use sprawl of Shijiazhuang can be divided into 4 stages, i.e.,slow growing stage (1934-1950), rapid developing stage (1950-1955), crawling increase stage (1955-1981),and speedy rising up stage (1981-2001) Spatially, urban sprawl can be categorized into 3 typical patterns: the pattern of urban sprawl by special purpose in special times, such as war period during 1934-1947; the pattern of urban sprawl intervened violently by political factors, such as in the years of cultural revolution; and the pattern of normal growth in recent two decades In different development stages, the maximum annual relative sprawl rate for the griding unit of 1km×1km varies in a large range of 2 95-10 1% During 1934-1947, the mean annual relative sprawl rate is 1 9%, with the maximum of 7 2% distributed in the west of the city for military use; during 1947-1981, the mean value is just 1 32%, with the maximum of 2 95%, and distributed mainly in the northeast as industrial area and the west side as administration use; during 1981-1991, however, the mean sprawl rate is 3%, and the maximum rises up to 9 75%, mainly distributed in the southeast of the city and the northern part of Shijiazhuang Taiyuan Railway; in the latest decade, 1991-2001, the mean sprawl rate suddenly increased to 7 81%, and the maximum also reached 10 1%, the sprawl areas with a high speed of more than 6 8% are mainly distributed in the northwest and southwest for residential use and the so called high tech developing zone at the east The main driving factors of urban sprawl are population, transportation, social and economic circumstance, and so on The population and transportation conditions are the most important factors The urban environment was affected by the rapid urban land use change;it will be an important problem in the future

The conversion from farmland to forest or grassland is a great action of eco-environmental construction in Northwest China, but necessarily it may directly influence the grain production of that area.Proceeding from the conversion scale and the grain response in Northwest China, and taking county as the unit, this study discusses the question of cultivated land and grain production in the five provinces ( autonomous regions) in Northwest China. According to analysis: excluding other factors,if all the farmlands with a slope being greater than 15 degrees are to be converted, the defarming area will reach 392.8 10⁴ ha, or 23.5% of the total farmland area.Considering the present grain-production and consumption level, the authors think it is impossible to convert farmland with a slope greater than 15 degrees; if all the farmlands having a slope greater than 25 degrees are converted,according to the legal provisions,the defarming area will reach 153.6 10⁴ ha, or 9.2% of the total farmland area, and the output reduction of grain will be 71.21×10⁴ t ,or about 2.2% of the region's output in 1996. The impact on per capita grain available of the whole region is slight.On the premise of per capita 0.1 ha of cultivated land, if farmlands with a slope greater than 15 degrees are converted, then the defarming area will be 347.80ha,20% of the present land area, and the corresponding deduction of grain is going to be 234.5 10⁴ t, which is 7.3% of the 1996 grain production.The percentage of grain deduction is about 10 in Gansu, Shaanxi and Qinghai provinces.The impact of conversion on output of grain is obvious. In view of the conversion scale and its influence on grain production, this research proposes two policy advises: (1) To coordinate conversion from farmland to forest or grassland with local ecological environmental construction, make overall plans, formulate respectively guidance for different types of areas, give top priority to what is the most important, implement by stages and in groups and carry out with the slope transformation of cultivated land in step.(2)To implement "storing food in land" project, develop reserve land resources in a planned way, strengthen farmland capital construction and regional grain production base and improve the integrated production capacity of land resources of Northwest China.

Traditional geographical information system uses file system to manage spatial data, which only suits to personal GIS (or named expert GIS), but cannot meet the requirement of enterprise GIS. The technology of spatial database, which uses Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) to manage spatial data, is an advanced technology driven by the socializationof GIS application. Integrating spatial data and other data into relational database, it is possible to give its rights of management spatial data to RDBMS, this can achieveseamless integration and take advantages of RDBMS, include data sharing, bulky amount of spatial data management, data consistent maintenance, data safety, high query efficiency, and more others. Therefore, studies on spatial database (also named Spatial Data Engine) to manage spatial data have become a research focus in GIS fields. In this paper, the author brought forward and analyzed the spatial data object which has four properties: common attributes, temporal, geometry, and behavior. Among these properties the geometry is the essential property of spatial data object distinguishedcommon data object which is the componentof the database. The mapping of spatial dataobject's properties to relational database are columns (or fields), methods and valid rules respectively. Alsothe author analyzed the realization of the application of spatial database technology in Cadastral Administration System from the points of spatial data interoperability, large quantity of spatial data management, the efficiency of queryin large area, and the control of the data safety and others based on the development of specific application system, it figuredout the frame of Land Information System using spatial database technology.

China has the largest reserves and output of rare earths (REs) in the world, and the application of REs in agriculture has been carried out early and has made great progress However, long term use of REs may cause large amount of accumulation of REs in soil and exert negative effect on soil chemical and biological properties In the past few years, many researches have been focused on the effects of exogenous REs on soil fertilizer, the composition of soil solution, soil microbes and enzymes, especially the changes of the availability of macronutrients in soil such as nitrogen, phosphate etc because the use of REs fertilizer has attracted more attention due to their important role in agricultural production and ecological balance In this paper, the contents of soil available N, P, exchangeable and water soluble cations K⁺ , Na⁺ ,Ca²⁺ , Mg ²⁺ as well as soil electric conductivity were determined respectively, and the effects of exogenous rare earths (REs) on the fertility of yellow cinnamon soil were studied through soil culture in both dry and flooding conditions The results showed that the concentrations of the applied REs had significant positive correlation with the contents of soil available N in dry condition, and significant negative correlation with that in flooding condition REs treatments led to the decrease of the contents of soil available P in both dry and flooding conditions There was no significant effects of REs on soil exchangeable cations, but the applications of REs increased electric conductivity and the contents of water soluble cations, especially that of Ca²⁺

A series of advanced instruments were applied to get the field data of bed sediments, riverbed shapes and relevant dynamic factors of the 150-km-long reach from Jiangyin to the Hengsha Island in March 2002. The fine sand predominates the bed sediments in terms of granularity of bed sediment on the surface from Jiangyin to the Hengsha Island, the granularity becomes finer and finer from land to ocean. From the cumulated distribution of the bed sediments in the Changjiang estuary, we found that the rolling grains were absent in dry season and the saltation grains jumped twice.The first group was in majority and well-sorted because of the ebb tide, and the second group was in minority and bad-sorted because of the flood tide. The suspended sediment was also in minority and bad-sorted. There was stronger flow and the longer duration during the ebb tide in dry season and the grains could saltate fully and continuously. The form of sandwave was related to the interaction of tidal current and sediment, the sandwaves grew well in the reach from Jiangyin to north of Zhangjiagang port, the lower reach of Nantong and south channel of the Changjiang estuary and so on in dry season, and which became the major type of bed sediment transporting in estuary. In the Hengsha Island, the bed sediments were composed of fine sands and the sandwaves mostly dispersed to the upper reach, but the bed sediments were composed of clayey silt and sandwaves couldn't form in the following north and south passages, which was accordant with the theory of dune formation on the bed. The direction of sandwave was normally vertical to the flow direction, the longitudinal form of sandwave might be symmetry or asymmetry, and the latter had the sharp slope in the lower reach and the slow slope in the upper reach. Near the tidal interface, the tidal current was greater during the ebb tide than that during the flood tide and the forms of sandwaves of the estuary were similar to those of rivers. But in the lower reach of the estuary, the quantities of transportation to the upper and lower reaches were both large, the sandwaves had symmetry forms and round crests. In conclusion, the sandwaves had more complicated influencing factors in the Changjiang estuary than those in the river, and which became the major form of bedload transportion in the Changjiang estuary.

Pollution in the nearshore waters is a maior environmental issue in Dalian How to dominate the water environment and ensure economic growth simultaneously is an urgent issue to be tackled at present. This paper firstly introduces the fuzzy pattern recognition model into the dynamic analysis on environmental quality of the nearshore waters of Dalian.The results show that the water environmental quality of Dalian Bay is the worst and is becoming deteriorated It then establishes multiregression model for characteristic value (H) and affecting factors of water environmental quality.The results show that the quantity of waste water disharge, the per capita output value of the tertiary industries and the city sewage ratio are the major affecting factors to water environment in the nearshore waters It finally establishes SD model for the major affecting factors of water environment and designs three models (traditional development type,water environment standing type and the type of harmonious development for water environment and economy) through feedback regulating The simulation results show that the third model is most reasonable and feasible for it takes into account either the improvement of water environment in the nearshore waters or economic development The research is of significance to the environmental protection of the nearshore waters and sustainable development of Dalian city

Agriculture plays an important and basic role in the Yellow River Delta It is quite essential for agricultural managers to understand the information on allocation of crop production as a whole The traditional way of obtaining the information on crop allocation is the statistical or investigation method Compares to the traditional method, the remote sensing techniques have the advantages of quickness, precision and visualization in providing the information of crop production There are also difficulties for remote sensing to discriminate different crop areas because all the crops have similar spectrum curves on the remote sensing images To solve this problem, in this paper three remote sensing images of the Yellow River Delta at different stages of a year are used, and three NDVI maps are obtained based on the images respectively which are combined into one NDVI image Because the NDVI varieties of crops planted in different fields are different during the year, there will be different regions which show different colors on the combined image Samples from different color regions are analysed and it can be confirmed that the red area in the combined image is the region where winter wheat, corn and soybean are planted, the purple area is the region where cotton, spring corn and other crops are planted, the light blue area is the region where rice is planted and the light green area is the region where forest and grass are planted According to the characteristics of NDVI in different color areas the combined NDVI image is classified using unsupervised classification method and supervised classification method Finally the classification result is analysed Through this research we can understand the crop planting system of the Yellow River Delta macroscopically, and can provide service for the sustainable development of agriculture in the Yellow River Delta

On the framework of regional advantages, industrial correlation, science and technology contentment, market potential and ecological level, three indexes systems for leading industrial assessment of industry, tertiary industries and agriculture are established.The weights of indexes are computed by means of IAHP(Improved Analysis of Hierarchy Processing).A new model of unique-index evaluation (process of unit-elimination)-nonlinear effective function is proposed, which can describe the coordination of each index more effectively.Quantitative evaluations are made on the industries-specific industry, tertiary industries and agriculture, with the selection of five leading industries,namely,electronics and information industry, bio-technology industry, optical-mechanica -electronica integration, manufacture of transportation facilities, manufacture of electrical machinery; six leading industries of tertiary sectors, namely science and technology and education, information consultation, finance, tourism, commercial, real estate; and one leading industry of agriculture-plantation.The key points of industrial construction adjustment and optimization orientated to Jinan city are discussed: 1) industrial construction to speed up the development of tertiary industries, strengthen industry, develop the primary industry steadily; 2) industrial organization to bring about the combination of large-, medium- and small-sized enterprises, put emphasis on large-sized enterprises, open medium- and small-sized enterprises; make co-existence of different economic components and take the state-owned enterprises as the main-body; co-develop city, town and county, put the emphasis on urban areas;and 3)industrial technology to take the hi-tech as the leading, make it as the incubator and driver for the future economic development of Jinan City

This paper introduces a preliminary stage of this development with Cudgewa catchment in Northeast of Victoria, Australia as a case area: the building of the 3D models from GIS data sets, construction of different simulated environments, and a group survey of the cognitive verification of simulated environments Our research development involves the following major phases: 1) creation of geo database and texture library, 2) data processing, 3) 3D modeling, simulating and rendering, 4) interactive visualization and 5) effective testing In the PC environment, ArcView 3 2 (and more recently ArcGIS 8) with multi extensions is used for data format conversion, feature generation, two dimensional mapping and three dimensional visual analysis Smart Image and ERDAS Orthobase have been used for aerial photo processing, registration and mosaicing, and Photoshop 6 0 for texture creation and image format conversion The real time 3D system has been developed using Performer and OpenGL libraries under IRIX (Silicon Graphics) operating systems Immersion is provided by the use of three screens and three projectors to give a 135 degree field of view Further, we have undertaken an "acceptability of landscape simulation" survey Subjects with various backgrounds were included at different stages of survey Presently, 63 undergraduate and graduate students had responded They were exposed to pairs of static computer simulated images and real digital photographs These showed different combinations of fore, middle and background vegetation, buildings and fences The major tasks were inclusive of collecting sufficient data on the understanding of simulation, the perception of scenic beauty and the degree of realism A series of questions about the identification of features and cognitive understanding and level of ease of interpretation of images were asked The difference of cognitive aspects will be identified and explained As the tests develop, dynamic, interactive, semi immersive simulated environment in fly or drive mode will be provided with different settings of parameters to test the effectiveness and acceptability of construction of virtual landscapes

Understanding the spatial distribution of soil organic matter (SOM) and soil nutrients is important for refining agricultural management practices and for improving sustainable land use Due to serious soil erosion and nutrient losses on the Loess Plateau, many researchers have studied the mechanism of soil nutrient loss and how to control soil nutrient loss, and nutrients in relation to land use and landscape position, and others have explored the distribution of soil nutrients described by classical statistical methods However, there is little information on spatial distribution patterns of soil nutrients using GIS and geostatistics in this area In this paper, based on spatial dependence of SOM, total N (TN), total P (TP), available N (AN) and available P (AP) through semivariogram of geostatistics, their distribution patterns using Kriging are explored in Danangou catchment The results are as follows: (1) Distribution pattern of SOM content exhibited its value in the upper slope less than that of the foot slope The area with SOM value less than 0 5% occupied the biggest proportion which mainly occurred in the farmland, and the scope with the value more than 0 6% had the smallest area where existed intercropping land and woodland (2)Spatial distribution of TN showed similar pattern to that of SOM, while the distribution of its value at the foot slope higher than the upper slope became more clear In addition, lower content (<0 035%)had the biggest connected area because of easy loss of N element (3) The areas with different TP contents (<0 056%, 0 056～0 059%, 0 059～0 062% and >0 062%) had almost equal proportion, because they tended to be controlled by soil parent materials and existed mostly in stable form in soil (4) Compared with SOM, TN and TP, AN and AP did not indicate the increasing value from the upper slope to the foot slope controlled by land use and landscape position, because of AP and AN direct absorption by plants and easy loss with soil and runoff The spatial pattern of AP was more complicated than that of AN

Spartina alterniflora Loisel is introduced from the USA to China and it is a new adventitious species of plant to Chinese environment, which can occupy vast areas between mean sea level and mean high level with many special biological characteristics, such as high plant, great community coverage and robust root. By the influence of the interaction between the tidal current and Spartina alterniflora Loisel, the particular landform configuration is forming. There has formed many Spartina alterniflora salt marsh on Jiangsu coast since the planting of Spartina alterniflora Loisel in 1982, especially in the tidal flat outside of Badou Reclaim region, Dongtai County, which has developed a mature salt marsh with the mature and integrated channel system. By field investigations and interpretation of remote sensing imageries of Badou Reclaimed region, many particular channel characters in the salt marsh of Spartina alterniflora Loisel are identified: (1) high density channels, which can reach 50km/km 2; (2) small width-depth ratio, which is often smaller than 8; (3) remarkable creek bank; and (4) obvious gulch outside edge of the salt marsh. Combining the survey result of tidal current in Spartina alterniflora Loisel salt marsh, reasons accountable for the formation of the particular channel characters mentioned above in the salt marsh of Spartina alterniflora Loisel are analysed.One of the important reasons is attributed to the substantial soil and ebb-dominance current resulting from the special biological characteristics, such as high plant, great community coverage, robust root in the salt marsh of Spartina alterniflora Loisel.etc.

Human is dependant on biosphere, which provides steady supplies to human life, including not only economic activities and resources used on life, ecological aggradations capacity of assimilating waste materials, but also many non consuming life supporting services This consumption and affecting extent of human activities on natural ecosystems is called “Ecological Footprint(EF)” EF is a new prevailing method to quantify the stress on natural ecosystems from human activities in recent years To introduce EF analysis into urban ecosystem research is a new idea and direction, for it can quantify the pressure and effect of urban economic activities on natural ecosystems, by which we can judge the health situation of urban ecosystems Numerous papers dealing with EF have been published in China in recent years, but few of them on urban EF studies This paper estimated the present EF and analyses the trends of change in the past 5 years by taking Guangzhou city as a case.The results indicated that, Guangzhou's EF and carrying capacity in 2000 are 2.5 ha/cap and 0.2 ha/cap respectively And during 1995 2000 EF per ten thousand yuan GDP tends to decrease, while EF per capita tends to increase This shows that Guangzhou economic development model is transferring from extensive to intensive, but policy makers should focus on improving use efficiency of resources, calling for saving pattern in human production and consumption, and trying lessening EF in the future ecological construction, which can make Guangzhou step toward eco city and achieve sustainable development

中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所、资源与环境信息系统国家重点实验室创新基地研究员岳天祥博士主编的《资源环境数学模型手册》,由科学出版社于2003年10月出版。中国科学院院士、欧亚科学院院士陈述彭先生为此书作序,并对此书的理论与实用价值给予了高度评价。本书系具有深厚数学造诣的作者经过多年积累,是继查询、清理《地理学报》有关地学数学模型试点工作之后,对近百年来有关应用于资源环境领域的数学模型进行逐一的精选、查证、汇编而形成的资源环境研究领域的一部重要工具书。全书分4篇28章,涵盖资源环境各个研究领域的数学模型3055组,共约220万字:(1)第一篇为地球信息