In order to gain experience, we have done linear programming in Cuiying place in Daxing county as a test in structure programming of agricultural ecosystem in Beijing-Tianjin region.In the optimum plan, we choose maximum net returns of agricultural production as an objective fouction, also set seventeen decision variables and determine nineteen constraint equations. The mathematical pattern can be written as follows. Maximize ConstraintThe optimum plan inbicates that a ratio of agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry will be relatively reasonable after it is fulfilled. It transforms the old structure of single crop plant production into a new structure of increasingly varied productions, helping each other forward in a common development.In the crop production, a net product value transformed from neg-tive into positive will increase ninety eight thousand dollar, 142 times and 33 times as much as before adjustmen of structure with separate forestry and animal husbandry.An analysis of ecological benifit suggests that a covering area of woods shall reach 31.6%, and shall increase one third in comparison with its profit in 1983, which may alter microclimate environment of the cultivated land, may improve the use of soil nutrient by crop plants and may increase transformable efficiency of the sun energy.A sensitivity analysis shows that chemical supply, balance between supply and demand for herbage, total seeded areas of crop plant production, the demandable amount of grains, peanut and vegetables are most sensitive constrained conditions effecting on an area of water melon.The test point of Cuiying shows that method of linear programming is feasible for optimization of agroecosystem structure. However, because of variable factors in agricultural ecosystem, therefore in order to make plan in keeping with the true world, it is necessary to take various parameters accurately, and data storehouse should be built.The linear programming of agroecosystem in Beijing-Tianjin region would be progressed in the way in which the whole region and each county carry out together. Viewing from the angle of the whole region, i.e. from top to below, first we should set about construction of data storehouse and determination of objective set, then according to various level of the regional agro-ecosystem, determine its plan of product structure. From below to top, it is that the scheme in some representative counties which are chosen from agricultural ecosystem with various natural-economic property worked out. Finally, according to objective set, overall plan is coordinated from an allround way.

This paper has discussed the general condition and criticism standard about the study of hydrological frenquency curve types.Applied precipitation data of 78 series and optimum technique to analyse the fitting status of distribution curves of Log p-3 type, p-3 type, Gumber type and Log normal type with observed data. According to the principle of fitting goodness, we came to the conclusion that p₃ type distribution curve as a hydrological frenqency curve is reasonable.

This paper analysed the atmospheric pressure, air temperature, humidity, wind field and rainfall in loess plateau, and the relationship between topography and climate has been discussed.The results obtained has showed that (1). the topography has a great influence upon atmospheric pressure field whether in winter or summer. Furthermore, the character of this influence and the direction of rife-wind are closely interconnected, (2) The rife-wind is suited to the pressure systems, and they have closely relation to rainfall, (3) The Baiyu Mountains is an important climateline.

In this paper, variations of monthly and annual mean temperature of Changsha, Hunan, during the period of 1911-83 are examined by means of the weighted-running-average (binonial coeffcients method) and spectral estimates. Following conclusions have been obtained.1.In the spectra of monthly and annual mean temperature, a significant maximum of harmonic component with a period of about 2-3 years was found.2.From the weighted-running-average curve of temperature it is clear that the recent 70 yesrs' interval can be separated into two stages. During the period from 1911 to 1946, general warming was observed, positive departure was dominated, while in the period from 1947 to 1933 trend changed and coldness prevailed.Meanwhile, some results of the analysis related to rice product are discussed. The monthly mean temperature for April, May and September in Changsha may well represent the cold and warm for the seed-time, and the tillering stage of the early(season)rice and the heading-flowering stage of the late rice respectively. If the monthly temperature in April, May and September is low, heavy damage of rice product will happen. It shows that the heavy low temperature in growing season over Hunan province is a kind of common phenomenon in space and time.

Mountainous and hilly regions cover a vast area of China. The mountainous topography is complex and various. Much differences in their landforms, altitudes, direction and slope resulted in much differences in the topographic microclimate, which would control the distribution of vegetations and soils, and thus it is not suitable to grow temperature demanded crops (such as citrus and, tea plants) in the unfavourable microclimatic conditions at the north and the middle subtropical areas in China, This paper summarizes the investigation on the survey of the topographic microclimate in China since mid-1950's. The primary content is as follows.(1) The influence of slope orientation (direction and slope) on the microclimate. The main character of the microclimate in the mountainous and hilly region in the changes of sunshine, radiant flux, temperature, precipitation and other meteorological elements with the slope orientation,(2) The influence of undulating country (top of a mountain, mountain slope, mountain valley) on the microclimate,(3) The influence of surrounding topography in a small scale region on the microclimate. Four types of the surrounding topography are studied according to their influences on minimum temperature and wind speed for both ra-diational and advectional weathers,(4) The influence of composition among hills on the microclimate,(5) A study of the topography inversion. Some regularities of the vertical distributions of the meteorological elements in the major mountainous and hilly region in China were found out,(6) The influence of special topography (such as a horseshoe shape topography) on the microclimate.As a result, we must select different species of crops and plants to suit the various microclimate conditions respectively, and to develop the diversified agriculture and forest in the mountainous and hilly regions in China.

自汉初至唐末的1100多年中,长安有670余年分别为汉、隋、唐等七个王朝的都城.以长安城为核心的约一万平方公里的区域内(即今西安市七区六县)人口众多,经济繁荣,是全国经济发达地区之一.它的农业、手工业生产高度发展,产品种类多、数量大,质量好.汉初至唐末,长安不作都城的时间约有430多年,在此期间,社会动乱,经济萧条,与立都时期形成强烈对照.本文较详细地描述了汉唐间不同时期长安地区物产分布状况,指出物品生产经历了盛-衰-复盛-复衰的演变过程.变化原因主要是社会方面的:即封建政权是否在此立都以及社会动乱是物产盛衰的决定性条件;不同的生产力水平和经济政策、户口的盛衰与物产的盛衰有直接联系. 本文从历史上证实了长安地区有发展多种经济的有利条件,认识达一点,或可对今日西安市的经济建设有所裨益.全文三万字,分为四部分,附图三幅.

认真探讨长期处于国家政治中心和文化中心地位的北京及其周围地区人口变迁的历史过程具有重要的学术价值和实践意义.而清代至民国三百年是北京地区人口发展的重要时期.这一时期人口的连续发展为解放后北京地区人口的增长奠定了基础,产生了直接而深刻的影响. 本文根据清代人口编审的典章制度,在研究北京地区人口地域构成的基础上,以城区为重点、分别探讨了州县、内城及城属和外城不同时期的人口规模.又根据民国年间的户口调查制度,探讨了该时期的人口规模.从而揭示了三百年间北京地区人口演变的过程和人口增长的加速性质,提出了北京旧城区的人口在清初和清末至民国年间以迁移增长为主的见解,同时澄清了对北京人口规模的某些误解.然后对不同时期的人口地理分布进行了对比分析,指出了区域人口具有以城区为中心,由密变疏依次形成的不规则环状(半环状)分布的特点以及形成这种特点的经济、社会历史和自然环境根源. 本文还注意到对入关之后八旗人口变迁过程的研究,列出了清代中期政府为解决八旗人口膨胀造成的压力而采取的六项措施及其利弊得失.同时也讨论了清代前、中期限制外城人口迁移增长的政策,对外城人口发展的阻滞作作.这些初步的研究成果对研究今天北京地区的人口地理具有一定的参考价值.

美国小平原半干旱地区地处美国中西部,是美国大麦产区的重要组成部分.达一地区从处女地变为生产力极高的主要农作区经历了100余年.期间农业生产几经反复,有着深刻的经验教训.本文试图对此做一初步探索并展望该地区农业发展的前景. 气候不稳定,降水变率大,加之风速大,在干旱年份常造成严重的土壤风蚀.除此之外,小麦价格波动,农耕技术的不断进步,人们对半干旱环境认识的变化以及政府的政策法令都是影响该地区农业生产的重要因素. 目前达一地区农业发展的主要障碍仍是干旱威胁和不合理的土地利用,虽然现在还不能控制气候,但如果正确汲取百年来开发实践中的经验教训,是能够使土地利用更加合理化的.本文通过对该地区是否宜于农作、技术改进的成效、灌溉农业的前途、风蚀与荒漠化的危险性等方面的分析,认为尽管半干旱地区的旱作农业生态系统比较脆弱,但在合理利用土地资源,建立稳定农业结构方面已经取得了巨大的进展.关键在于使人地关系发展到一个新水平,实现在现代科学技术基础上的高一级生态平衡,这是应该也有可能达到的.

本文以合肥为中心,包括周围六个县、市为合肥城市区域范围.通过分析影响城镇发展的各项自然和社会经济等因素,根据本省本地区国民经济发展计划和战略布局,以区域为基础,以城镇为中心,具体拟定和划分包括省城-县城-主要集镇三级城镇系统,认为本区域城镇的发展方向,主要是发挥合肥中心城市的作用,本区城镇可分为以合肥 市为中心包括其卫星城镇的综合性城市群体,以农副产品加工和支农工业为主的一定区域的商业中心城镇,以矿产资源开发利用为主的矿产工业城镇和其它职能的城镇等四种基本类型.到本世纪末,本区城镇总人口将占全区总人口的32～35%,各级城镇的人口规模分别为:一级20万人,二级5-20万人,二级1-5万人;城镇体系的布局将是以合肥为核心,沿八条交通干线分布的放射形地域形式.全区拟分为十八个城镇经济小区(加合肥共十九个),并结合各小区的各项自然和社会经济条件,逐一分析论述了其中心城镇的发展问题.最后指出了实现上述城镇合理发展与布局的主要途径与措施.

本文阐述了汾河下游地区晚新生代地层在空间上的分布和时代上的更替,对影响本区地貌发育的几个主要因素进行了探讨,对本区一些主要地貌单元的形态特征、结构及其形成过程进行了比较详尽的讨论,并制作了本区1:20万地貌图. 本区新生界最老的地层是上新统,包括湖相灰岩、紫红色砂砾岩、砾岩、红粘土等;下更新统包括灰绿色湖相粘土和灰黄、灰绿色湖相粉砂质粘上,也有砂砾岩和土状堆积;中更新统下部以湖相地层为主,中上部以黄土堆积为主,但中部还有小部分湖相堆积;晚更新统黄土广布;全新统以河流相堆积为主.并对早更新世的古气候波动、湖泊的分布范围、水深、盐度等其他水化学条件进行了探讨. 影响本区地貌发育的主导因素是新构造活动,占气候直接影响堆积地貌的物质组成和结构,对地貌的形态、演化等其他方面也有重要影响.岩性与 人类活动因素等在本区地貌发育过程中也有一定作用.

上海郊区在种植业为主的传统农业结构下,农产品产需矛盾越来越大.减少棉花种植,扩大粮田生产,改革传统的农业生产结构将有助于促进郊区农业生产的高速发展,促进多层次复合式大农业生产的发展. 棉田减少和农业生产结构的调整必须贯彻因地制宜适当集中,各类地区分工各有侧重以利于专业化、区域化和社会化生产发展的原则.在缩减棉花生产规模的同时,必须合理调整棉田布局.首先应在八十年代逐步缩减近郊粮、棉、菜三夹种地区.第二步在九十年代逐步缩减或甚至于取消近郊各县的棉花种植.今后,棉花种植应相应集中在南汇、奉贤及金山县南部沿海地区,棉田占耕地比例可在30-40%;崇明东部和北部地区,棉田比例宜在30%左右.近郊环城地区应以蔬菜专业化生产为主;其他地区应以动物性副食品生产为主,自给性粮食生产为辅,适当发展多品种经济作物;西部地区应以稻谷生产为主,积极发展淡水养殖和畜牧生产,适当发展水生蔬菜和水生经济作物;海岸带滩地资源的开发则以淡、海水养殖和奶牛为主体的畜牧生产为主,适当发展饲料和多品种经济作物.

鹿回头岸礁处于比较平静的水动力条件下,自海向陆,可分出礁体生长带、外礁坪、内礁坪和海滩四个相带.沉积物的分布主要受水动力支配,沉积物粒匪分布和参数变化可以反映水动力条件的变化.通过对岸礁与陆源碎层物组成的无障壁海岸对比,进一步说明岸礁礁体生长带是重要的物源区,岸礁沉积物搬运的距离较短,且受生物、地形等因素的影响. 鹿回头岸礁沉积物的生物组分以软体动物壳屑为主,珊瑚屑次之,二者占总量的87.06%,再依次为钙藻、有孔虫、棘皮动物、苔藓虫和八射珊瑚骨扑.由陆向海,珊瑚、钙藻、有孔虫和苦藓虫层逐渐增加,软体动物壳层和八射珊瑚骨针则递减. 本区水尾岭上升礁剖面自下而上可分为原生礁、礁体生长带、礁坪和海滩四个相带,它代表了高海面渐进型序列.

本文分析了上海城市对风速和风向的影响及其原因,发现: 1.上海市城区和市郊风速差异随风速增大而增大,但在盛行风速小于某一临界值时,城市风速反而大于郊区;临界风速随季节而有变化,其影响因素很复杂;从日变化的特点看,它与温度层结和热岛强度的日变化等关系较密切.下风测站的风速在不同盛行风向和风速下,其变化也不同,尤其在较小风速和较大风速时,随盛行风向的变化迥然有异. 2.对风向的影响较为复杂.冬季下风方向市区南面测站表现有明显的右偏,而夏季市区北面的 测站则主要表现为左偏.城市内部各测站的风向(冬季)有显著地向市区中心下风方辐合的趋势;达一现象与城市热岛的影响看来有密切的关系. 通过市区探空资料证明,在背景风速很弱时,确实存在城市热岛环流.这时,市区南北有明显的低层辐合,辐散的风向在高空有转换现象,转换层高度越近市区越高,市区北面离得较远的地方约在600-700米,而市区南面近市区边界的地方约在100米左右.

该文从城镇引力场的角皮,侧重城镇体系成长演变、空间演变、空间结构、功能等级结构等方面对冀东城镇体系进行了系统的剖析.从中发现,城镇在随社会经济发展过程中,以形成体系的方式运动,在空间上形成一定的网络(城镇场空间结构),具有六边形趋向.以城镇场引力平衡为基础的城镇场空间结构是城镇的滋生点.在动态上,达种空间结构具有从高值向低值演进的规律. 在等级结构方面,作者发现,城镇规模等级与区域对城镇的服务要求有严格的对数关系,这种关系也是城镇成长的内因之一,它与城镇场空间结构点(外因)结合,便是城镇最佳区位点. 作者还对冀东城镇体系发展进行了预测.

该文在分析了黄河下游纵剖面及其横断面的长期变化后,提出了河口延伸情况下河道溯源淤积模型,用比降分析,相关分析及河床质粒度分析等方法,探讨了沿程与溯源两种淤积方式对黄河下游纵剖面调整的影响.用最低能量原理和平衡的概念,分析黄河下游平衡纵剖面的形式,说明黄河下游不能达到平衡的原因及现在黄河达到平衡的条件. 经分析作者提出以下论点:黄河下游主要是沿程淤积,溯源淤积居次要地位,其影响范围在艾山以下.横断面形态变化对纵剖面调整影响不大.

早第三纪古新世本区构造长期稳定,气候炎热潮湿,地表风化剥蚀形成准平原化夷平面,其表面发育了红色风化壳,矿物颗粒没有经过搬运与分选,属原生残积风化壳类型.特征与目前南亚热带类似,生长热带、亚热带常绿林. 始新世初EW向断裂活跃,北部上升为丘陵山地,中部稳定,南部下沉为渤海盆地.中新世渤海盆地尚有火山喷发.达时北部某些河段下切与地壳抬升速度大致平衡,开始形成嵌入曲流,气候由始新世 的南亚热带演化至中、上新世为北亚热带.早更新世初NE向断裂活动,东西分异,柳江盆地形成.石河水系沿断裂袭夺扬河上游.山间河谷有棕灰色泥砾堆积.古生物资源反映当时已演化为温带气候.

无定河流域地跨毛乌素沙区和陕北黄土高原丘陵沟壑区两大地域单元,总面积30260平方公里.作者在编制全流域1:20万、典型地段1:5万和1:1万土地类型图的基础上,首先进行了土地类型的划分,对各土地类型的自然特征及生产适宜性进行了分析评价,并提出具体的改造利用意见.然后,从空间时间和数量角度进行了分析,空间结构 主要分析结构的水平地带性和区域差异,并重点剖析了8种空间结构形式,数量结构进行了面积对比、频率对比和结构复杂度三方面的统计分析,并引入频率、结构复杂度的计算公式(借用熵的计算公式),还绘制了相应的图件;时间结构则侧重于土地类型之间随时间的演替,共分析了6个演替序列,并提出了对如何防治退化性演替、促进进化性演替,避免违背自然规律去改造一些不可逆转性演替的建议.并以此为基础,采用逐级合并的方法,先由土地类型合并为13个自然小区(区划下限单位),然后顺次合并为6个自然亚区和3个自然区,并从土地类型结构角度讨论了各区农牧业发展方向、沙化土地的整治和水土流失的防治等问题.

该文分析了近三十年我国东部地区六月的降水资料,发现初夏华北降水和江南降水的变化趋势基本上是相反的. 文章分析了初夏夏季风强弱时期的大气环流特征和结构,找出了它们之间的主要差异及其对我国东部地区降水分布变化的影响. 通过对整个季风系统的分析,发现东亚夏季风系统存在着3-4年左右的长期振荡,并和赤道东太平洋海面温度变化有相互作用,从而形成了一个相互反馈的耦合振荡过程.由此提出了海风通过季风系统变化影响初夏我国东部地区降水分布的可能长期天气过程模式.

农业生态系统是生态系统科学的一个分支.它随着生态系统科学的发展,特别是由于人口增加所产生的食物供应压力和农业生态环境在许多地区的日趋恶化而逐渐为人们所重视.

南京大学地理系研究生会邀请华东师范大学地理系河口所研究生代表团于四月十九日至四月二十一日访问南大地理系. 东道主举行了迎宾茶话会,该系领导、部分教授和中青年教师以及南京地理研究所、南京土壤研究所和南京师范大学地理系的研究生代表也应邀出席.

In this paper, flood/drought runs combined with tunaing points were called flood/drought run-turning points. Consider the flood/drought run-turning points in the historical flood/drought records of the last 500 years as recurrent events.Then, the theory of recurrent events may be applied to the historical records for climatic analysis. Now, let F be flood year with probability P, while D the drought year with probability q. If ε⁺=FFF-FD,then thecri-tical point between F and D is called the positive run-turning point, while the critical point between D and F is called the negative run-turning point, if ε^-=DDD-DF. Let f_n⁽⁺⁾=p (ε⁺ occurs for the first time at thenth trial) and f_n^(-)=p (ε^- occurs for the first time at thenth trial) for n>1 with f₀^(±)=0. Then, mean and variance of the run-turning times were derived by means of generating function, and the calculated results of these parameters at different stations are likely useful in climatic analysis.

The process-response model in fluvial morphology is one of physical models, which is a combination of geomorphic system with cascading system in flume. It is on base of modelling of a system and geomorphic analogism, etc. The calibration and adjustment of process-response model are based upon relationships between control facters in the two systems. This kind of models is available and effective for studies of river processes, controlling facters, geomorphic thresholds, complex response, etc. However, the disadvantages are too much time and physical laboring consumed in it.Boundary conditions influence meadering development to a large extent. The experimental results about it are summarized in Table 1 as follows: meander can not be developed in non cohesive sand, and in very cohesive material,such as clay, a symmetrical meander was found only at ap retty slow rate. A true meander is developed in the floodplain with double-layer structure, which has a top layer,made of clay mixed up with very fine sand, and a bottern layer, made of non cohesive sand.Between symmetrical meander and asymmetrical meander there exists a threshold sinuosity of about 1.57. The sinuosity, curvature radius, and asymmetrical index of meander bend are related to the bank height ratio. Furthermore, asymmetrical index is proportional to shear stress difference ratio and sinuosity, too. If there exists none-rodible outcrop on the river bed, the meander above the outcrop will be compressed, while below the outcrop meander will be stretched. The more close to outcrop, the more obvious this tendency is.When considering river harnessing and construction of big hydraulic project in a river, the channels above or below the realignment reaches may be changed a lot, such as increasing or decreasing meander development rate, and accelerating or delaying meander cutoff, etc. The process-response model is very expectable for tentative study on geomorphic thresholds of those changes, including river metamorphosis.

Dianchi lake, near by the southern suburbs of Kunming sity of China, is a larger fault lake of plateau (mean altitude of the lake surface is 1885 m area of water is about 300 km², mean depth of water is about 5 m and ratain water all the year round is about 14 hundred millions) where is located in plateaumountain of low latitude (22°40'-25°02'N and 102°27'- 42 'E) in the middle of Yunnan Province.This article is based on long-term data (1970-80) of six stations within Kunming basin-lake area of Dianchi. We make use of Anning station (24°56' N,102°29/E) in. the basin area without lake located on the west part of Dianchi lake i, e, upwind region of prevailing wind direction (SW)for comparison.

The Dongting Lake, which really consists of many Jakes, is situated at the northern Hunan Province and lies to the south of Middle Changjiaang River.It gathers the water from the Xiangjiang, Zishui, Yuanjiang and Lishui River (four rivers) and the distributaries coming from the Chanjiang River and then it flows into the Changjiang River again.In the end of the late Pleistocene and early Holocene, there was a wide eroded plain with several valleys, of which the tail of the Paleo-Yuanjiang valley was situated at the northern part of the Dongting region and its bottom reached a depth of about -12m above sea-level.Then, these incised valleys gradually became some "drowned-lakes" in consequence of the rising of world sea level and then the rising of the water level in the Mid-Lower Chang-Jiang Valley since post-glacial period.The main body of the Dongting Lake was situated at the northern part of the Dongting region hundreds or more than one hundred years ago.The marked change in geomorphology has been taking place from that time to the present. These changes include.(1) The drowned-lake situated originally at the northern part of the Dongting region has been quickly reducing and basically disappearing, and new lakes have been developing and gradually enlarging.But the total area of the lakes in the Dongting region has been unceasingly and rapidly reducing in this time.(2) After the flow of the Yuanjiang River into the Dongting region it changed its direction southeastwardly and round to the lake outlet The position of the Zishui's debouch has been migrating to the east.(3) The extent of the change of the water level has been gradually increasing in the Dongting region.These changes were the result of the increasing of sediments into the Dong-ting region, of which the distributaries coming from the Changjiang River have taken important part. Of late period, the amount of sediments from the distributaries into the Dongting region has been reduced and the coarse sand coming from the four rivers has been increased more and more.As far the management of the Dongting region for the future, the author proposes that we should reduce the amount of sediments into the Dongting region and change the flow system in the Dongting region for decreasing flow course, and raise the flood plain and "Yuan" surface situated at the debouchs of the four rivers by increasing the amount of mud and necok sediment for enlarging the ground gradient toward the lake outlet in the Dongting region.

This paper is based on existing theory of geomorpho-elimate unit hydrograph which is proposed by Rodriguez-Iturbe and Gupta et al. and suggestions are made for improvement.On the basis of the above improcment a model of geomorpho-elimate unit hydrograph for invariable travel time is proposed, which includes the unit hydrograph model of variable parameters.The model of geomorpho-climate unit hydrograph for variable travel time is proposed in this paper also, which includes both cases, one is known as detailed calculating model and the other simple calculating model.The various models proposed in this paper conforms both to reality and use convenience.A calculating example of geomorpho-climatic unit hydrograph is Proposed in this paper.These calculating models are both useful and satisfactory in their ccuracy in design and prediction.

Seven samples were collected from the surface marine deposits at 7 to 38m in water depth in the Great wall Bay, King George Island by the First China National Antarctic Research Expedition.A total of 36 foraminiferal species from the deposits were identified, of which 20 species are living ones.All belong to species common in polar region or in cold water seas.Existence and distribution of living foraminifera in surface depoits have been determined by staining of Rose Bengal.Moreover, comparison between living and dead foraminiferal assemblages shows that dominant species, diversity and ratio of the three suborders at station No.9 are similar, although there is a little difference, i.e.the abundance of each species in dead assemblage differs from that in living one, and rare species in dead assemblage are more than in living one. The results discussed above show that some good environmental information is preserved in foraminiferal assemblages, the transportation at station No.9 is not a major problem and, therefore, in this case we shall regard the present foraminiferal assemblages as a basis for the palaeoecological interpretation.Quantitative analyses of foraminfera are given in this paper.According to their distribution in the Great Wall Bay, two foraminiferal assemblages can be distinguished as follows. (1)The assemblage mainly consisting of Bolivina Pseu-dopunctata, which is distributed over the mouth of the Great Wall Bay, (2) The assemblage mainly consisting of Trochammina malovensis, which is distributed within the nearshore area of the Bay.

This paper is to introduce the technique and experience of twice enhancement processing for landsat remote sensing image at the mouth of Huanghe River. The purpose of the test is to make a thorough inquiry of how deep the applied latent capacity of the landsat remote sensing image for geography is. By way of operation on the computer, take the once enhancement as the base to do statistics of equil-interval point for image grey values and noticed on the spot of field to design the twice enhancement plan in the course of processing, the facts of image compensate amplifying and scanning have been tought of. At last a colour picture by digital enhancemented in 1:200000 scale at triangle delta of Huanghe River and a part of zone of Huanghe River have been completed. The picture that was processed by way of twice enhancement is clear, and the information is plentiful the tones are varied, the colour it is bright. In a word, a good effective processing is achieved.And it is satisfactory for applied benefit.This test has made a step of positive significance for extracting infomation of geography and open up the use for Geography from landsat remote sensing image.

The system approaches to regions are mainly useing system theory and system analysis and associating regional theories of geography and other sciences.They emphasize the holistic approach to essential of attributes of regions and active charactertics and attempt to explicate the structure and function of the regional and system characteristics of energy flows and matter cycles and spacial dif f erentiation.A region is a large open system which contains abiotic, biotic materials and human beings. The system as a part of the earth's surface is just the dissipative structure, according to the theory presented by the Belgian physicist 1.Prigogine, Because of human activity, a striking attribute of the regional system is its inflow of subsidised energy and matter besides the flow of solar energy as negative entropy flux.The regional system as dissipative structure has its own evolutionary history.It has been evolving gradually from physical system to ecosystem, at last to human ecosystem. Human ecosystem has been referred to socio-economical system with all its regional environment i. e. physicalsystem and natural ecosystem or physico-ecosystem. The important task of research on the regional system is to explore the relationship between physico-ecosystem and socio-economical system and to find a war to manage and coordinate the development of socio-economical system with its environment.Ceoecological classification and regionalization are best ways to recognize spacial order of the regional system. According to our experiences in Beijing area, the author suggests a genetic geoecological classification system. The principle of this classification system has been mainly considered the quality and quantity of the input energy of geoecological type (landscape). For example, mountain solar-powered ecosystem, mountain man subsidized solar-powered ecosystem, plain fuel-powered urban industrial ecosystem etc. have been divided. Cluster analysis has been applied to this classification and regionalization in Beijing area.System analysis should be applied to study the energy flows and matter cycles in the regional system. By these, it would be possible to explain the struture and function of geoecological types and to suggest optimal plans for every type.

Through the investigation of the polluted cultivated field in the eastern suburbs of Beijing Gao Beidian area, accumulation and circulation of heavy metals in cultivated ecosystem have been researched, and the output and input of heavy metals have deen counted. The results are as follows.1.This area is still in the stats of heavy metals accumulation 2.97%-99% of the total input amount of Hg and Cd comes from slu-dge. 92% of the total input amount of As comes from the irrigation sewage. Most of the input amount of Cu, Zn, Cr comes from the sludge, but it is also important that the amount (15-26%) comes from the sewage. Input amount of Pb, Zn from the rain and dust is more than that of the other eleme-nts. Output factors are plants and surface runoff. The output amount is mainly from leaves and stem. The output amount of surface runoff are much less than the total input amount.3.Input amount of the sludge is nearly equal to the accumulation of soil every year, especially Hg and Cd. In order to prevent further developing of polluted environment of cultivated fields, it is necessary that sludge is prohibit to be used.4.When sludge is forbidden to be used, it is available to irrigate the fields with sewage in which the heavy metal content is already decreased.

In this paper, the relations between climatical elements and geographical conditions have been estimated and analysed by multiplying linear stepwise regression technique, and the corresponding spatial equations have been set up. It's diffirent from the previous works that the independent variables involve not only latitude, longitude and altitude, but also the effects of mountains, rivers and lakes, etc. In order to ensureing the linear relations, it seems nece ssary that the latters have been quantified before entering estimation. The results of estimation indicate thatmost of the spatial equations have adequate large multi-correlative efficient, in other words, it's very close to the linear relationship. In thermal spatial equations, the main effective elements are altitude latitude for Zhejiang one by one,and latitude distance from shore for Jiang-su one by one. In rain spatial equations, the main efective elements are latitude, altitude and the run of mountains for Zhejiang, and altitude, distance from shore for Jiangsu. Generally, the multi-correlative coefficients are higher in thermal spatial eq. than in rain spatial eq. It seems possible that thisw ork may offer a method for studying the distributions of agroclimatical sourses.