This article is a research report of soil desiccation based on our research of the soil in which the artificial poplar woods and the apricot woods have been growing for over 30 years in Jingle, Loufan, and Lanxian counties of Shanxi Province, which are the key sites of environmental ecological administration in the upper reaches of the Fenhe River.820 soil samples were separately taken from the depth of 0-600cm at 14 sampling points.The soil moisture data sequence in these sampling points was obtained. The different ages of the woods and the different water consumption of different vegetations in different places and vegetal periods were analyzed.The research results are: that in the soil 2-4m underneath the 10-year-old poplar woods was 9.89% in Loufan County, and in the soil 2-4m under the 20-year-old poplar forest was 7.88% in Loufan County, the average water content in the soil 2-4m beneath the 18-year-old poplars was between 7.27% and 8.83% in Lanxian County; the average water content in the soil 2-5.7m under the 30-year-old poplars growing on the sunny slopes was 9.02% and on the shaded slope 2-4m underneath the forest was 9.72% in Jingle County. All these indicated that the profiles of the soil reveal the features of light or medium development of dry layers.It is concluded that development of dry layers is universal in the soil under the artificial woods of the upper reaches of the Fenhe River.Terrain, climate and vegetation have exerted great impacts on the development of dry layers.Generally, soil desiccation in artificial forestlands on the ridges and loess hills are more intense than those on the low-lying and gulch locations.And soil desiccation on sunny slopes are more intense than those on shaded slopes.Scarce natural precipitation is an important factor accounting for the formation of the dry layers. It is proposed, from the perspective of vegetation suitability, that the law of vegetation development should be followed, grain-for-green programs be scientifically performed, ecological special zones be established, scientific eco-environmental programming in the upper reaches of the Fenhe River be conducted, and measures such as planting drought-enduring and low water-consuming sparse woods be taken in areas where light dry layer developed and served as source area to conserve water supply and provide drinking water for Taiyuan City.This research is expected to offer the theoretical basis for ecological recovery of this area.

To understand urban restructuring process, the intra-urban location behavior of foreign enterprises should be fully investigated.Due to the lack of disaggregated data, few studies have focused on the intra-urban location of foreign enterprises. Compared with their domestic counterparts, foreign enterprises are rational decision-makers and have more flexibility in choosing their locations. Governed by market forces, foreign enterprises are not randomly distributed within a city and their location patterns are detectable. Based on data from the second census of basic units, this study geo-references foreign enterprises in Beijing by their postal codes and captures site attributes through cross-referencing enterprises distribution with other spatial coverage such as railway stations, airports, land uses, and designated development zones.The Poisson regression model is applied since the dependent variables are the number of foreign enterprises within a particular postal code. Statistical results show that foreign enterprises tend to agglomerate in the central city and are located close to the important transport infrastructure such as railway stations, airports and highways. Statistical results suggest that locational accessibility plays a crucial role in attracting foreign enterprises within Beijing. Proximity to universities, embassies and industrial parks are also important locational determinants for foreign enterprises. Significant differences exist in the locational behaviors of different types of foreign enterprises.

Landuse ecological suitability assessment is very important in urban ecological planning. It is essential for this integrative approach that environmental aspects are incorporated into the planning process at an early stage, instead of being evaluated afterwards.This paper describes a methodology that incorporates ecological and environmental aspects in urban planning processes. Based on the functions of spatial data analysis and digital picture visualization of ArcGIS 8.3, a practical method of ecological suitability assessment of urban landuse was supplied. Pingxiang in Jiangxi province was taken as an example and applied to assess the ecological suitability of its urban landuse. With this method, the main urban landuse types were selected firstly and then factors of ecological suitability assessment were chosen. Furthermore, single factor assessment on all urban landuse types was carried out. And then weights of all factors were determined by hierarchical analysis. Through overlaying of all single factor assessment layers, map of ecological suitability assessment of urban landuse could be generated. This easy-use assessment method aims to support the work of local authorities and urban planning offices, especially with regard to identifying options in the early phases of the landuse planning process.

Based on previous censuses of Inner Mongolia, spot check of population in several years, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region statistical almanac in several years and related material, the dissertation established an evaluation index to the coupling between population structure and regional economy according to the current development and problems of the region. Using methods of qualitative and quantitative analysis, and grey correlative analysis, the dissertation built a correlation model and a coupling model of the interaction between population structure and regional economy of Inner Mongolia.It analyzed the coupling between population structure and regional economy of Inner Mongolia, the static space distribution of the coupling of counties in Inner Mongolia in 2000, the dynamic contrast of distribution in 1990 and 2000 and the evolving rule of the coupling from 1993 to 2004 in Inner Mongolia. The results show, that the coupling mechanism between population structure and components of regional economy is sophisticated, population structure is closely connected with the development of regional economy in Inner Mongolia; but the coupling distribution degree between population structure and regional economy of Inner Mongolia presents an inverse law to population scale.Inner Mongolia can be divided into four types: harmony, amelioration, conflict and low-level coupling. In general, amelioration predominates, followed by low-level coupling, compared 2000 with 1990, the coupling degree increases dynamically; and the sequential change of the coupling degree between population structure and regional economy of Inner Mongolia present different phases and undulations.

Qinghai-Tibet Plateau located in southwestern China is one of the important geomorphological units of the country's terrestrial part. Because of its high altitude, vast area, and the mid-latitude location, known as "the third pole", it has close correlation with the biggest monsoon system on the globe which has not only sensitive responding character but significant impact on the global climate change. Hence it becomes one of the hot spots of research. Specific geographical environment, unique sea level elevation and frigid climate condition of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau make kinds of periglacial geomorphology brand into the geomorphological landscape of the Plateau. Taking the district of 1 ∶ 1,000,000 international standard of Lhasa map sheet (serial number H-46) as an example, this paper explores an information extraction method of periglacial geomorphology on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau based on multiple source data such as remote sensing data, SRTM, air temperature and ground temperature. In the research, the primitive boundary of periglacial geomorphology is acquired by the indexes such as annual mean temperature of national standard station with a resolution of 1km, annual mean ground temperature and elevation through models. The bound is revised and synthetically processed by using the features such as color, shape and texture of remote sensing images (TM and ETM+ of Landsat). Hence the extent of periglacial geomorphology of the study area is determined. Then the morphological indexes such as relief, elevation and slope of the periglacial geomorphology in the study area are computed by using the SRTM-DEM data. Based on the features such as the completeness of geomorphological units, in virtue of geomorphological expert knowledge and the features of remote sensing images, the indexes are revised by using man-computer mutual intelligentized extraction method.At length quantificational exaction of morphological indexes of periglacial geomorphology in the study area is completed. Finally, the morphological characters of periglacial geomorphology in the study area are integrated and the semi-auto matic remote sensing interpretation result map of periglacial geomorphology in the study area and statistical attribute data are achieved. This research can accomplish remote sensing precise location of geomorphological unit boundary and exact attribute evaluation of geomorhpological types based on multiple source data, which promotes the development of extraction methods of remote sensing geomorphological information. Thus the research method can extend to other areas of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and is important in theory and practice.

Understood from the viewpoint of Graph Theory, free-scale structure essentially is the exponential function of vertex degree, D, in network graphy. The paper proposes rank vertex degree (D_r) and population size vertex degree (D_p) on the basis of the numeral vertex degree (D) of regional town road networks. Firstly, town road networks are discribed based on mathematics method, which aims to reveal the heterogeneity structure of three kinds of vertex degrees from the math background. The results show that the characteristic of free-scale structure is relative, and changes with the analysis objects and their attribute and scale; vertex degree D does not exhibit free-scale property, while D_r and D_p form free-scale structure; and the exponential function of town poulation sizes of a region corresponds with Rank-Size Rule of urban system. Then, town road networks are analysized on relational analysis of SPSS and spatial analysis of GIS, which aims to find the relationship between town vertex degrees D, D_r and D_p. The results show that the correlation coefficient between D_p and D is 0.569 while the correlationship and spatial contacts on town road networks graphy between D_p and D_r are all very evident. The numbers of roads linked by each town are limited and cannot be changed into free-scale structure because of two-dimensional spatial distribution on earth surface and costly construction expense of these roads. The Poisson distribution of D is affected not only by population size of towns but also town location and others factors. High ranked roads are contact bridges of production and communication among cities whose spatial pattern influences these roads assign and pattern. Accordingly these high ranked roads and "spill-over effect" of urban change road linkage priority mechanism of towns, which results in D_r upgrade of some towns in some specific area. Town population sizes increase with their vertex degree D_r upgrade. D_r and D_p of town road network shows exponential function distributions structure in the end. The above inherently mutual mechanism between town population size and its road linkage rank spatially shows the "Core-Belt" model of town development in the rigion, where the "Core" corresponds to the area around cities, and the "Belt" corresponds to the area around high ranked roads. The open town clusters model benefits both economic development and eco-environmental convocation.Finally the paper suggests that the area of Suzhou city, Wuxi city, Changzhou council area and Wujin city need controlling towns high-dense pattern model, where town centralization and consolidation policies should be conducted, and the development and pattern of high ranked roads need proper control and scientific planning; the area of Nanjing city, Zhenjiang city, Jintan city and Liyang city need to strengthen developing towns around high ranked roads, but avoid the overspread pattern of towns.

In recent decades, remote sensing has been proven to be an effective method to retrieve suspended sediment concentration. However, most retrieval methods developed today only based on the direct relationship between suspended sediment concentration and the remote sensing reflectance which is not reasonable when there is a big difference among the grain size of the study area. Bohai Sea is a relative closure region in which the grain size of the suspended sediment varies widely. This paper brought out a new method on the retrieval of suspended sediment concentration of Bohai Sea, which used both the reflectance from remote sensing data and the grain size of the suspended sediment. After analyzing the spectrum characteristics of suspended sediment, MODIS data characteristics and the relationship between suspended sediment concentration and grain size, the unary-parameter and binary-parameter PCA-based and NN-based models were constructed in Bohai Sea based on the data collected. The analytical results show that when introducing grain size parameter into the PCA-based models, model's correlation coefficient was increased from 0.697 to 0.724, while its predicting error was decreased from 0.383809 to 0.256722. This phenomenon also happened in the NN-based models where the predicting error was decreased from 0.390374 to 0.244427. The stability of the models with a grain size parameter being also better than the one without the grain size. It is proved that a model's retrieval precision and stability can be improved effectively by introducing grain size into the model. Therefore, it's necessary to add the grain size into the retrieval model in order to improve the precision of the prediction. Moreover, representative remotely sensed MODIS imagery was used to validate the model built in this paper which has the same conclusion with the previous researches. Generally speaking, in Bohai Sea, suspended sediment concentration in winter low water period is higher than that in summer abundant water period; and high concentration areas are located in Bohai Bay, Laizhou Bay and Liaodong Bay and their distributions are parallel to the shoreline.

As the ecotone of the aquatic ecosystem and terrestrial ecosystem, riparian ecosystem has unique vegetation, soil, topography, geomorphology and hydrology features and a series of environmental, social and economic functions. Hence to improve the management of resources, ecology and environment of the riparian ecosystem for sustainable development of watershed has become a significant issue in the watershed ecology and ecosystem ecology. The characteristics of the riparian ecosystem were analyzed. The riparian ecosystem was the result of three-dimensional interaction between terrestrial ecosystem and aquatic ecosystem. As a typical ecotone, the frequent anthropogenic disturbances, geomorphological process and hydrological process could influence the riparian ecosystem in the ecological process and species succession. According to the aim of ecosystem management, the uniqueness, complexity and dynamics of the riparian ecosystem should be taken into account. After introduction of the progress in the riparian ecosystem management, the concept and elements of the riparian ecosystem management were defined. A practical process for riparian ecosystem management was given in this paper, which consisted of seven steps. The first one is scoping of object, area, stakeholders,etc. , then comes to the problem diagnosis. The third step is goal setting, including broad and operational goals. After the above processes, the riparian ecosystem was integratively assessed, in which ecosystem health and integrity were taken as indictors for assessing ecosystem structure, and ecosystem service was valued to reflect ecosystem function. The management policy and its implementation was the sixth step, which was the most important one in this process, and feedback and adaptive adjustment was the last step in the process. Four key problems were identified for riparian ecosystem management,including the research scales, the riparian width of management, the coordination of ecological values and local riparian ecosystem management. According to the developments and present studies on the riparian ecosystem management, the theory of the riparian ecosystem management, induction of ecological model, application of the interdisciplinary approaches, application of the 3S technologies and modern mathematics method as well as quantitative case study should be the front problems for further studies of the riparian ecosystem management.

The influence, after introduction of Spartina alterniflora,on the distribution of TOC, TN and TP in tidal salt marshes in north Jiangsu Province,is analyzed. The result indicates that, the unit area accumulation of TOC, TN and TP within the depths of 0~20cm, as well as average horizontal and vertical contents of TOC and TN, in Spartina alterniflora marshes, are higher than those in other ecological zones, and decrease from Spartina alterniflora marshes to Artemisia schrenkiana marshes, Phragmiues auszradis marshes and silty marshes. While the highest average horizontal and vertical content of TP occurs in silty marshes, and the average content increases from land to sea. In autumn, the unit area accumulation content of TOC of Spartina alterniflora is 14.1 and 1.9 times that of Artemisia schrenkiana and Phragmiues auszradis, respectively. Similarly, the unit area accumulation content of TN of Spartina alterniflora is 32 and 1.6 times that of Artemisia schrenkiana and Phragmiues auszradis. The unit area accumulation of TP of Spartina alterniflora is also larger than that of Artemisia schrenkiana and Phragmiues auszradis, its content is respectively 56 and 3.9 times that of Artemisia schrenkiana and Phragmiues auszradis. The influences, after introduction of Spartina alterniflora,on the distribution of TOC, TN and TP in tidal salt marshes are: (1) The accumulating rate of Spartina alterniflora is high, which benefits the preservation of nutrient matter, and the increase of accumulation contents of TOC, TN and TP in the whole tidal salt marshes;(2) changes of plants distribution pattern in tidal salt marshes induced by Spartina alterniflora, accordingly heighten the accumulations of TOC, TN and TP in the whole ecosystem; (3)the high production and enormous belowground biomass of Spartina alterniflora, influence not only TOC, TN and TP cycling in the inner ecosystem, and the exchange between the adjoining ecosystem, but also accumulations of such three matters in the whole tidal salt marshes;and(4)Spartina alterniflora demands abundant P during growing process because of its vegetative characteristics, and the content of TP in sediment of Spartina alterniflora marshes is continuously decreased during its movement from land to sea. Therefore, the content of TP in silty marshes is higher than that in other ecological zones.

High-efficient utilization of agricultural resources is a key factor for food security, and the order list of agricultural resource utilization can provide effective reference for further exploitation of agricultural resources. In this article, the author puts forward the concept and estimates model of development dominance ratio of agricultural resources on the basis of agricultural produce potential and agricultural resources utilization efficiency. Taking Gansu province as a case, the list of development dominance ratio of agricultural resource is evaluated and analyzed. The results of the study show that: the model of development dominance ratio of agricultural resource can simulate further exploitation potential and regional difference of agricultural resources in Gansu province. Farmland development dominance ratio can reflect comprehensive development dominance ratio. In the rain-fed agricultural zone, such as Longnan, Longdong and Longzhong districts, the development dominance ratio of agricultural resources is about 4 to 5 levels. The condition is the same in the plateau region of Gannan Prefecture, due to the high exploitation potential of abundant light resources. Because irrigation agriculture promotes farmland productivity, in Hexi Oasis irrigation agricultural zone, the development dominance ratio of agricultural resources is lower, being 1 to 2 levels. However, because the agro-ecosystem is degenerated, the development dominance ratio of agricultural resources in Minqin and Jinchang districts is lower than other irrigation zone, being about 3 levels.

Multi-level urbanization provides us a viewpoint or method to analyze the characteristics and mechanisms of regional development and urban-rural development in China in the transitional period. Analysis of multi-level urbanization lays emphasis on disassembling the process of regional urbanization with different spatial levels, in order to indicate the characteristics and mechanisms of the development of urbanization clearly. Taking Zibo city of Shandong province as an example, the paper provides a theoretical framework of the analysis of multi-level urbanization, including urbanization of trans-city and trans-municipality, that of group cities, that of this locality, and that of local communities. With the framework of multi-level urbanization, it is easy to find out the features of the development of Zibo's urbanization in the transitional period. The authors find that the relationship of consanguinity, location and business, the gap of economic development, the effect of scale, the attraction of county seat, and the forces from bottom to top constitute the driving forces of the development of multi-level urbanization in Zibo. Based on the experience of Zibo, the authors put forward the model of the development of multi-level urbanization, and think that with the development of a market economy in China in the transitional period, we should emphasize the pluralistic concept and the multi-levels of the development of urbanization, for it is more and more difficult to generalize the features of regional urbanization with a single model in the newest period.

The vertical distribution law of heavy metals of Pb, Cu and Zn from Wanggang tidal flat and status of its pollution were studied. The background value of Wanggang ²¹⁰Pb is measured, which is 1.116dpm/g. It was suggested by the study that the modern average rate of sedimentation in Wanggang tidal flat is 4.13cm/a. It was found that the vertical changes of heavy metal content of Wanggang tidal flat have the same homoplasy, that it reduces from surface layer to bottom step by step, in accordance with granularity. This argued more obviously the conclusion summarized previously that heavy metals and granule sediment have good relativity. The common rule that the content of heavy metals was in the order of high tide>middle tide>low tide has straight correlation with the process of water dynamics. It was deduced by the relativity of heavy metals that the Fe,Cu,Pb,Zn and Li have better relativity. Thereinto the relation of Fe, Ni and Cr was very marked, exceeding 0.900. It was obvious that the vertical changes of heavy metals were relatively stable and possibility came from rock. Pb,Cu and Al have minus-correlations with Fe,indicating that Pb and Cu of Wanggang tidal flat were impacted by anthropogenic activities to a greater degree. The Cu and Zn normalization value in 15 years is stable in contrast to that of Pb. The undulating scope of Cu is between 0.4 and 2 and Zn is between 1.5 and 2.6. But Pb has a greater scope. Using Hokanson's latency ecological risk index method, it was deduced that the latency ecological risk index of Pb, Cu and Zn was less than 95, an indication of light harmfulness. But it had pollution of Pb and Cu by all means in this area. Pb was the main pollution factor in the estimated area.The application of pesticide and fertilizer was the main reason of heavy metal pollution. It is suggested that the heavy metals in Wanggang tidal flat come from pollution of land-based farming activities.

China's urbanization cannot be modeled by the logistic equation, which is followed by the USA's urbanization process. In order to reveal the features and property of China's urbanization, the auto-correlation and spectral analysis are employed to make a multifold study on time series of urbanization from 1949 to 2000. (1) An autocorrelation analysis is implemented, and partial autocorrelation function (PACF) has a first order cutoff. This implies that the urbanization process of China possesses a locality: a change in the i-th year only affects that in the (#em/em#+1)th year directly, but cannot affect the changes in and after the (#em/em#+2)th year. However, the auto-correlation function (ACF) suggests that a change perhaps influence a change ten years later indirectly. (2) An autoregressive analysis is made and an autoregressive moving-average (ARMA) model is built such as L_t=μ+L_t-1+lim q→∞ ∑ q j=0 φ^jε_t-j=0.510+L_t-1+lim q→∞ ∑ q j=0 0.439^jε_t-j where L_t is the #em/em#-th year's urbanization level, ε is an innovation or "random shock" (white noise), φ is a parameter, and q the order of moving average. (3) A spectral analysis is made based on the residuals of the logistic model, that is, the logistic trend of urbanization level is removed from the time series, and the result shows that there exists a periodic change behind the trend change. The wavelength (cycle length) is about 30 years. The Hurst exponent of the urbanization data is estimated to interpret the periodic behavior. The value of the Hurst exponent, H=0.37, suggests anti-persistence in the urbanization process of China. Based on the above analyses, the process of urbanization is divided into three parts: random process, periodic process, and trend process. Among the three different components of change in urbanization, trend is a basic process, cycle is an accessorial process, and random change is a complex process. The future of China's urbanization is hard to be predicted using the common methods because of auto-correlation and random disturbance, so new approaches should be found to conduct a convincing prediction.

Shanghai and Ningbo are the two most important ports in the Yangtze River Delta port system.In this paper,on the basis of international and domestic historical research on spatial relationships between ports, the author used historical documents and shift-share model to analyze and measure the spatial relationships between Shanghai and Ningbo from a more historical perspective.Before 1840 the two ports opened to foreign traders, however, Ningbo was the only authorized port trading with Japanese, while Shanghai was one of the most important ports for domestic trade.After 1840, as we all familiarized with that Shanghai port had developed much more rapidly than Ningbo did. Eventually, Shanghai became one of the most important hub ports in East Asia while Ningbo the feeder port of Shanghai. Recently ocean shipping volume ship sizes were getting larger, and the advantage of Ningbo port's deep water was embodied. And also with the development of regional economy, more and more containers were transited through Ningbo port. Ningbo port transformed from Shanghai's feeder port to a large deep-sea direct-call port. Based on the analysis of Shanghai and Ningbo's physical condition, port type, hinterland development, modes of transport and traffic cost, the author considered Ningbo port would be developing from large deep-sea direct-call port to hub port . Bi-hub port would be the spatial relationship between Shanghai and Ningbo ports.

With the stratospheric ozone layer turning thinner and thinner, to calculate solar ultraviolet radiation reaching the Earth's surface and assess its effects on human health has become a focus. Based on radiation transmission model of DISORT, a new method to calculate biologically effective ultraviolet radiation intensity on the ground is identified and spatial distribution of biologically effective ultraviolet radiation intensity in China in January and July,2000 is simulated using UVSPEC model of LibRadtran software package and GIS spatial analysis technique.This paper discusses the effects of the spatial and temporal variation of atmospheric ozone, cloud cover and ground albedo on ground ultraviolet radiation intensity, and explores the correction method with the result of DEM and cloud cover. In addition, it systematically analyzes the spatial distribution characteristics of ground biologically effective ultraviolet radiation intensity in China in January and July, 2000. Ultraviolet radiation intensity is higher in low latitude than that in mid-high latitude in January and on the contrary in July. Because of the higher altitude and lower ozone thickness, the ultraviolet radiation intensity is higher on the Tibetan Plateau than in the other regions in January. There are different radiation intensity distribution patterns between UVA and UVB in January and July because ozone can absorb more UVB radiation than UVA. Higher radiation distribution of UVB is closer to the low latitude than that of UVA. Owing to the higher relative spectral effective coefficient against 270nm of UVB, normalized UVB biologically effective radiation is about six times more than that of UVA.

The development of transportation system is a major inducing means for urban growth. The increase of the private cars has changed the traffic structure. It has strengthened the space accessibility, and improved the transport capacity.Long distance is never an obstacle, which changes people’s house purchasing mind and gradually induces people, commercial centers and related industries to move to the edge of a city and influences the pattern and scale of the residential space. Finally it makes the residential area become larger and broader.Research on private cars’ influence on residential space based on residents’ travel behavior has expanded the research field in the traffic and land-use relationship from the view of private transport means.This research has important meanings in guiding urban planning which integrates urban residential area with transportation. Taking Dalian as an example, this paper researches the private cars’ impact on the residential space based on the residents’ travel behavior between jobs and housing. Through survey of private cars’ quantity, the residents’ travel behavior and the partiality of housing location, the information of residents’ social attributes, behavioral space and psychology partiality is acquired. and then simulation and analysis are done using the GIS technology.The result shows, residents’ car-purchasing behaviors have certain relevance with jobs-housing spatial distribution situation. Because of the unharmoniousness between jobs and housing in the expansion area, travel inconvenience is the major problem, the long commuting distance and time is the only factor which reduces the residents’ evaluation to the urban expansion area. This factor can only be improved through the improvement of the transportation means and traffic routes.The increase of the private cars has strengthened the convenience and swiftness. Five kilometers away from the city centre, the increase of the number of the private cars with the further expansion of the residential space make the whole scale of the city expand through the effect of circular and accumulation. Meanwhile, the statistic software is used to set up geographical model and analyze private cars’ impact on the expansion of residential space. The calculation indicates that of the various kinds of influencing factors, private cars’ contribution rate reaches 2.14% in average during 1990 to 2004.

Since the 1980s,the historic viewpoint has been introduced into the urban system study. The dynamic evolvement process of urban system has become a significant task to study. Based on the spatial data of Shandong input goods flow during the Period of Republic of China in 1932,synthesizing qualitative methods(factor analysis, cluster analysis etc.) and quantitative methods,this article introduces flows among cities and towns into the analysis of urban system in the Period of Republic of China, establishes a spatial structure modal of Shandong urban system, and obtains two discoveries:First,the relationship among cities represents a 3-rank spatial structure. Among which, Jinan nodal region I-1, Qingdao nodal region I-2, Tianjin nodal region I-3, Jining nodal region I-4, Weixian nodal region I-5, Yantai nodal region I-6, Zhoucun nodal region I-7, Boshan nodal region I-8, Shanghai nodal region I-9 and Linqing nodal region I-10 composing of the Rank-I; Qingdao nodal region II-1, Jinan nodal region II-2 and Tianjin nodal region II-3 composing of the Rank-II; Qingdao nodal region III-1 and Tianjin nodal region III-2 composing of the Rank-III. Secondly, the independence of nodal region-I is different. Jinan nodal region I-1, Qingdao nodal region I-2, Tianjin nodal region I-3 and Jining nodal region I-4 are of high independence, while others are of low independence.

Drought is one of the most damaging climate-related hazards to impact societies. Although drought is a naturally occurring phenomenon throughout most parts of the world, its effects have tremendous consequences to the physical, economic, social, and political elements of our environment.The typical severe drought of Chongqing at the last 100 years occurred in 2006, which was characterized by the most serious drought rarely seen in history in terms of long duration, high temperature intensity, water resource scarcity in combating drought, extensive disaster-affected areas and heavy losses.Here the climate background of severe drought was analyzed, and the comparison and assessment was made with the drought events which occurred in history, using the recorded historical documents in the last 1000 years. The analysis on the historical drought records in Chongqing for the past 1000 years showed that the "extreme drought" event in 2006 has occurred several times in Chongqing and its surrounding areas in historical periods, and was not the only one of many. The extreme climate event was not beyond the normal climatic fluctuation in the duration, impact and spatial coverage of this drought.The severe drought event occurred in Chongqing in 2006 reminds us that the global warming might lead to the significant increase in the frequency of the extreme warm event, and the similar disasters may occur usually. So the extreme event and its adverse effect in the context of climate warming is one of the scientific key issues, hence it is necessary to pay more attention to that in the future.

The appearance of the aging phenomenon is an inevitable result in the development of society. The aging seriously influences urban economy, society and culture, especially spatial configuration of a city. Under such a situation, the analyses and studies on the aging of population are very prevalent.This paper studies the spatial distribution and trend with Metric-geography, GIS and sociology, and it also tries to explain them from dynamic aspect and static aspect. First of all, consulting the universal standard which weighs the degrees in aging of population, this paper selects six indexes about aging of population, and then calculates and analyses the spatial characteristics of aging phenomenon in Guangzhou through fuzzy classifying analytical method. After analyzing the spatial structure of aging in Guangzhou, the circinal characteristics of the aging of population from push modes, and aging degrees are obtained.Through fuzzy clustering analysis and selecting typical indexes, the paper studies ten city zones and two city towns, then gets the aging spatial structure which has circularity differential characteristic.As a whole, three types of the aging spatial structure can be classified, which are Elder-Late stage,including Yuexiu, Dongshan, Liwan, Haizhu and Fangcun; Elder-Midterm stage, including Baiyun, Panyu, Tianhe and Huangpu; and Elder-Initial stage, including Zengcheng, Conghua and Huadu. Then, with the Geographic Information System Software(Arc GIS) and Geodata Analysis Software(Geo DA), this paper analyzes the reason on the circularity structure of the aging of population, explains the circularity structure with the clustered-disperse effect of the aging, and then analyzes the clustered-disperse trend.Specifically, the central zone has dispersed trend, the interspace zone has clustered trend, and the trend in-between the dispersed and the clustered is the marginal zone. Based on the analysis, three clustered-dispersed types, such as central dispersed zone, marginal clustered zone, and interspace clustered and dispersed zone are identified. The factors, such as policy, economy, society, culture,etc, affect the aging of population in Guangzhou, which are reflected in the natural growth of population and the migration of population. The reason for the difference in spatial distribution is due to the rapid change of the rate of migration between different circularities.

With a historical and realistic perspective this paper investigates and summarizes the changing nature and characteristics of economic geography as a sub-discipline in geography in terms of theoretical construction. For economic geographers, location, space and place of economic activities are the fundamental objects of enquiry and also the basic points of departure for the understanding of social-economic activities. The theoretical construction in economic geographies has always been centered on how to define location, space and place, and how to conceptualize their relationships with the economy, politics, society, nature and the environment, especially the agent-structure tensions inherent in those relationships. Two sets of factors, technology, institutes and culture, as well as relations, scale and regulation, are particularly important intermediates for economic geographers to develop theories and approaches, and are also the core subjects of heated debates on the recent institutional, cultural, relational and scalar turns in economic geography. Today the field of economic geography has moved beyond the impact of neoclassical economics, and has become more diversified and multifaceted. The development in Western economic geography has important implications for the theoretical construction of economic geography in China, which should undertake a triple transition of diversification, internationalization and theorization.

The precipitation climatic change includes the changes of the rainfall and the rainy days. Rainy day change is an important constituent of the precipitation climatic change. Under the background of the temperature rising and the climatic warming, how will the rainy days be able to change? This problem belongs to one of the important contents on global climatic change research. The author studied the regional change, the tendency change and the future change of the annual rainy days of China. Using the rainy day data from 1951 to 2002 at 194 meteorological stations of China, the author studied and forecasted climatic change tendency of annual rainy days in five regions of China with the basic principle of the fractal theory, R/S analytic method. The study indicates that, there is a similarity between future change tendencies of annual rainy days in five regions with that of the past 50 years. In order to make an in-depth study of the future change of rainy days, this study designed two items of Hurst Index experiment and inferred the changing tendency, the transition and the sudden change of rainy days with the corresponding relation between two experimental results and the annual changing tendency of the rainy days. The result indicates that the annual rainy days have the completely consistent tendency to reduce in five regions of China, but the change of rainy days shows a remarkable regional differential characteristic. The rainy days will reduce 6.8 days every ten years in the next ten years in the north of Eastern China and 5.9 days in the south of Eastern China. The reduction of that of Sichuan Basin is the most, which will be 12.3 days every ten years, the Tibetan Plateau and Western Sichuan Plateau are the least, which will be 3.7 to 3.8 days but be not stable. There is the transition of climatic change in five regions of China, but there is no sudden climatic change of rainy days in this period.

As a more and more important statistic method in studies of residential mobility, longitudinal analysis could dynamically simulate residential mobility because this analysis could relate residential mobility to not only specific events or triggers in personal or household's life, such as marriage change and the birth of a child, but also the main changes of housing market in a broader social and economic context. Making use of survey data collected in Guangzhou in 2005 and forming personal-year longitudinal data spanning from 1980 to 2005, the longitudinal analysis results show that residential mobility rate manifests a rising trend from 1980 to 2005 with close connection with housing reform process.Non-native population has evidently higher mobility rate than native population because non-native population has higher rate of employment change, leading to big probability of residential mobility. Housing types, marital status change, job change and time variable indicating the housing form process, housing market and distributional environment and household's life cycle respectively all have significant effects on residential mobility of non-native and native population, but the significant extent has big differences. Life-cycle change is more significant in causing residential mobility of native population, but job change which will change the commuting cost is more significant for the non-native population, indicating the essential differences between the non-native and the native population. Residential location has significant impacts on native population's residential mobility with higher probability of residential mobility of those who reside in the suburban area, but has insignificant impacts on residential mobility of the non-native population.

This paper, while centering on the analytical summary of the increases of the foreign trade gross in China's different regional units since 1965, and of the characteristics of the increasing independence on the foreign trade and of the situations of the regional distribution changes, analyzes the basic direction on the change of the export product structure, and probes into the features of China's foreign trade and the formational causes of the regional distribution of the foreign trade, and thereby comes to several conclusions: (1) chronologically, the foreign trade gross and the independence on the foreign trade in China's different regions since 1965 are on the way of increase, and the increasing rate of the foreign trade is faster than the annual increasing rate of GDP; (2) spatially, the regional discrepancy on the foreign trade between the regions of East China, Inland China and West China, changes little, and at worst, with the development of the market economy, the foreign trade in Inland China and West China shows the tendency of lagging behind. East China occupies the lion's share in the amount of the import-export product, and with the further development of the market economy, that advantage in import-export tends to north-turn-to-south direction within the region of East China. Abroad, the absolute advantage of East China's foreign trade though is still firm in the realm of Asian market, its status is on the decline.

In an information-oriented economy, service industry becomes more and more significant in social and economic development. Since the implementation of the reform and opening up policy started in 1978, service industry has developed rapidly in China. But the growth of Chinese service industry is characterized by regional disequilibrium. Based on correlative analysis and regression analysis, the factors influencing regional disequilibrium of Chinese service industrial development are explored. Furthermore, this paper studies the inter-regional, intra-regional and inter-provincial disparities of Chinese service industry development by Theil coefficient and cluster analysis. The following conclusions are drawn. Firstly, per capita GDP, urbanization level, market scale, level of transportation and telecommunication, economic globalization and human resource are the six major factors affecting Chinese service industrial development. Especially, the levels of per capita GDP and urbanization are the main elements promoting the Chinese service industrial growth. Secondly, using cluster analysis method, the inter-provincial service industry development can be divided into five ranks in the geographical space. Stability dominates the evolution of spatial structure of Chinese service industrial development. But intra-provincial disparity of service industrial development is significant. Thirdly, regional disparity in Chinese service industrial development has become more and more obvious at a higher speed since the 1990s. Intra-region disparity, especially disparity in eastern China, is the main contributor to the regional disparity.It is thus necessary to promote the overall and balanced development of Chinese service industry bewteen different regions.

Using main meteorological and eco-environmental observational data in the Yellow River important water source supply area of Gannan Plateau,the climatic change characteristics and eco-environmental effects of this study area were analyzed. The results show that the interannual variation of precipitation tended to decrease, and the variability is -22.6~-9.6 mm/10a.In the 1980s the sudden change phenomenon in precipitation took place, in addition the 6~7a and 15a main periods of oscillation exist in most parts of the study area; temperature displays a remarkable increasing trend with an increasing rate higher than that of the whole country, in terms of seasonal changes, the increasing rate of winter is higher than that of the other seasons, in the 1970s the sudden change phenomenon in temperature took place with a persistent ascendant trend after 1980; water resource shows a significant descendant trend, the valley precipitation presents a remarkable positive correlation with the water resource, and the valley drought index presents a remarkable negative correlation with the water resource, the decreasing precipitation and increasing drought index result in a decrease in water resource; theoretically the domestic animal capacity of the regional savageness grassland is 428.82 ten thousand sheep, but in fact the over loading rate reaches 96.39%; climate changes is the natural factor for plain ecological degradation, but overgrazing, excessive tree felling and grass cutting, artificial destruction, biological chain unbalance and so on are the artificial factors for plain ecological degradation, water resource sharp decrease, diversity of biology decrease and eco-environment degradation are the combined effects of the above two factors in the Yellow River important water source supply area of Gannan Plateau.

With the comparability index and the evenness concept, this paper analyses the function combination and spatial structure characteristics of construction land in Guangzhou railway station and railway eastern station areas. The results indicate that, in railway station area, plots of the first function category occupy 33.33% of the total, in which the public service function plots predominate; plots of the second function category occupy 47.62%, of which the plots with residential, travel industrial and commercial functions predominate; and plots of the third function category occupy 19.05% of the total.The function combination of railway station area presents a mixture of two categories and dominated land use and complexity of more than two categories dominated construction land use, being 66.67% according to plot statistics. In railway eastern station area, plots of the first function category reach 20% of the total, in which the residential function plots predominate; plots of the second function category occupy 65%, in which the plots with official and residential mixed function predominate; and plots of the third function category occupy 15% of the total. The construction land function in Guangzhou railway station and railway eastern station areas mainly combine with residential function, leading to a higher transport flow than the normal residential area. Construction land of all categories in railway station area is distributed spatially as group structure in sheets. It could be divided into two parts according to the fragmentation degree of grid plots, one is northwestern part which is relatively fragmentized, and the another is southeastern part which is relatively integrated. The external traffic land in railway eastern station area is rather compact. In this area, the grid plots in the middle are relatively integrated, and the ones in its periphery are relatively fragmentized. Various categories of construction land in these two railway station areas are distributed spatially as group structure, but very different in evenness. According to the evenness of all kinds of construction land in railway station area, the list is:G(0.65)>R(0.55)>T(0.48)>C(0.40)>U(0.39);and in railway eastern station area, it is:G(0.74)>R(0.56)>C(0.46)>T(0.27).In these two areas, the spatial distribution of green land and residential land is relatively compact (evenness>0.50),and the distribution of other kinds of land is relatively fragmentized(evenness<0.50).The average evenness of various kinds of land in eastern station area is larger than it is in theother area. Thus, the spatial structure of construction land in railway eastern station is better.

This paper firstly reviews the theoretical study abroad on scenic byway, and discusses the development of practical work in foreign countries from the prospective of American national scenic byway plan and national scenic byway system. Secondly, according to the feature that our research on scenic byway is accompanied by local planning, the paper analyzes the practice of scenic byway in China through several cases of scenic byway planning. The preliminary theoretical research of different subjects on scenic byway, greenway and heritage corridor from respective point of disciplines background is also discussed, be combining mostly with the production tasks. Finally, this paper points out that both theoretical research and practice in China is still at the initial stage, management organization should be established, research and practice in this field should be actively carried out, and construction of national scenic byway system should be also discussed and concluded.

Along with the continuous development of international social and economic situation, tourism has become an important industry or pillar industry of many countries in the world. Based on terra edge factor and the authoritative data provided by the world tourism organization, the paper systematically contrasts and analyzes the basic characteristics of international tourism development in the 18 countries, including China,Japan,Burma,Thailand,Laos,Cambodia,Vietnam,India,Pakistan,Nepal,Bhutan,Bangladesh,Mongolia,Russia,Kazakstan,Kyrgyz,Uzbekistan,Tajikistan and Korea. The paper profoundly disclosures the opportunity and challenge of China in developing international tourism, and definitely indicates that Japan as well as Korea and Thailand have become the two chief competitors of China in developing and exploiting international tourism market. Finally, the paper tries to advance the national stratagem choosing mode that China participates in the international tourism cooperation with circumjacent districts taking benefiting neighbours,good neighbourly relations,secure neighbours as cores, and considers that our country should take developing international tourism as an important bridge and preferential ligament in the cooperation with circumjacent countries, and give positive recognition in the height of national interests.

Holiday policy is the key factor influencing the travel time of urban residents, China's holiday policy has changed three times, and what's the impact upon world heritage tourism management remains unknown. Currently, the tourism pressure during golden week on world heritage site has arisen lots of arguments about holiday policy, thus what's the right holiday policy for world heritage site becomes a valuable issue. The research, based on case study of world natural heritage Wulingyuan, uses the data between 1986~1988, 1996~1998, 2000~2002 and 2004~2006 within 12 years, which represents four different holiday policy periods separately, and analyzes the variation of tourist flow in the heritage site.The findings are: The centralization of holiday time increases the tourists in world heritage site and leisure time change influences the tourist flow distribution in the year. The centralization trend of holiday time doesn't make any significant influence on the seasonality of the world heritage site. It shows that although the leisure time change influences the tourist flow in world heritage site, because of high quality of resource and various tourist origins, those tourists who are able to choose travel time freely choose the travel time rationally, which influences the seasonality of the world heritage site and balances the influence of holiday policy. The increase of tourists doesn't exert significant influence on the daily variation in the golden week, but the tourist percentage of golden week in the month lowers down, "golden week" becomes "golden month", due to perfection of transportation conditions and tourists' rational choice of travel time. The research shows that centralization of holiday time burdens the world heritage site with overcrowded tourists, hence more on-site management is needed for the heritage, and the holiday policy should be considered seriously.

Land safety of urban resident area is threatened by many disaster factors with different evaluation criteria, and the developing of GIS-based multi-criteria evaluation (MCE) method is the key of suitability evaluation for disaster prevention. Ordered weighted averaging (OWA) is a multi-criteria evaluation procedure, which can generate a wide range of decision strategies through calculating order weights and criterion weights. The calculation method of order weights based on rank-order approximation, and the construction method of comparison matrix for criterion weight based on analytical hierarchy program (AHP), are introduced. The difference in decision strategy between OWA and other GIS-based MCE methods, such as Boolean overlay and weighted linear combination (WLC), is analyzed through analyzing OWA evaluation procedure. Furthermore, the method to establish evaluation criteria based on distance is investigated. As an example, GIS-based OWA method is applied to Tangshan City. According to the data of geological disaster in Tangshan City, evaluation criteria for every disaster factor based on distance is constructed, and attribute values of disaster factors are fuzzy quantifiers; comparison matrix is calculated based on AHP, criteria weights and consistency ratio are obtained; order weights based on rank-order approximation are calculated, and land-use suitability affected by geological disaster factors in Tangshan City is calculated with OWA. The differences between OWA results and WLC results are analyzed. Through comparsion with the distribution of floor area ratio of residential areas, some advice is proposed for rational development of land resource in Tangshan City. Residential areas should be developed in the northwestern part of Tangshan City, where the suitability is relatively high, and moderate-low floor area ratio should be suitable for the middle part of the city in order to avoid the disaster-induced loss.