Vast in territorial expanse and with different conditions of physical geography across the land, China shows great unevenness in the distribution of population and resourcer.The whole country is divided into eight major population regions.The Liaoning-Jilin-Heilongjiang Region is represented as an area with higher mechanical growth rates in population development, greater population-bearing capacity, and substantial potential for accomodating immigrants. The Lower Huanghe Region is given credit for being the cradle of Chinese civilization, where, in spite of its poorness in water resources, a flourishing population has been maintained since ancient times. The Middle-Lower Changjiang Region is noted for its abundant natural resources, by which the maximum load of population is sustained. The Southeast Coastal Region is shown to be the home country of tens of millions of overseas Chinese, the "Gold Coast" in which lie China's first four special economic zones, and a window opening to the outside world, the population development being connected with these conditions. The Sichuan-Guizhou-Yunnan Region is characterized by its unevenness in population distribution, epitomizing the distribution of China's population as a whole; for example, in Sichuan 50% of its land supports 96% of its population and in Yunnan and Guizhou Provinces the numerous small plains, which support 90% of the population, account for barely 1% of the region in area, and again the Chengdu plain of Sichuan with only 1.1% of the province' area has a population density of over 800 people per sq km,higher than the densities in the Changjiang and Zhujiang deltas where the levels of resources are almost as high a,s in Chengdu, hence the region can be regarded as creating a wonder in sustainig superhingh densities with limited resources. In the Shanxi-Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Region, where population development has reached its saturation point in consideration of the population-bearing capacity of the agricultural resources, the loess plateaus suffer great loss of water and soil, causing people there to have a low standard of living and peas- ants' consumption level to be the Jowest (except in the Qinghai-Xizang Region), but this region has great potentialities in industrial resources, its coal reserves coming first on the national list. The Mongol-Xinjiang and Qinghai-Xizang Regions are characterized by their national minorities in clusters, sp-arseness of population, richness in energy resources (esp. oil and coal), and cultivable land resources.Considerable space has been left for the analysis of chain relations between population and economic development in the Liaoning-Jilin-Heilongjiang Region. History of local population development shows that in 1953 the region had a population of 43.75 mil, accounting for 7.4% of the national total,that in 1982, 91.31 mil, or 9.03% of the national total, and that during this period the population increased by 110%, the weighted growth being 1.64% on a nationwide basis.The region has 247.18 mil mu of arable land resources, of which Liaoniing takes 22.8%, Jilin 24.6%, and Hailongjiang 52.6%. Heilongjiang has a lot of rain, and after meeting the needs of 130 mil mu of arable land, it has a balance of 4,400 milmu of water resources. It is the most ideal place in China to be repeopled with a certain size of immigrants.Since the Liberation in 1949 the population in the region has increased by 110%, the gross industrial product by 405%,the agricultural product by 390%, and the total grain yield by 150%.In industry the region stands out in the complete range of types and categories, in the rationalization of placement, in the advanced technology, and in the high rate of development.In 1982 the region's yield of raw coal reached 100 mil tons, making up 15.11% of the national total, and ranking third among the eight regions; of crude oil 59.1862 mil tons, accounting for 57.96% and ranking first on a national basis;of electricity 56,100 mil kwh,holding 17.13% and the third place on the national list, With regard to transportatio.

Methods of production ecology (energy and nutrient budget) are usually applied to make a quantitative analysis of the structure and the function of ecological system,input-output method is widely used to analyse quantitatively the structure and the function of economic system. A method including both the former and the latter,which can be used to study synthetically the quantitative relations between the natural reproduction and the economic reproduction, of agriculture, and the structure and the function of ecological system and economic system of agriculture as well as their relationships, is presented in this paper. Based on the inputoutput analysis achieved by applying this method, the ecological-economic models and the optimization models for agriculture can be built up. The data in the list of nutrient substance flows proposed by "the symposium on cycles of mineral nutrition in agricurtural ecosystems"(Amsterdam, 1976), are processed by this method. It will be seen from this that the same results will be achieved and Amsterdams model will be precised and systematized.

At present, for the development of agricultural production and for the modernization of cultivation, it is necessary to investigate the land resources by planning for various districts and territory management in our country.In a natural region, varieties of patterns of landscape may be the main features that affect in some degree the distribution of different agricultural resources. Thus, the evaluation of geomorphological features is one of the fundamental roles in investigation, subdivision, and planning for the land resources of a region.First, land is the ground of agricultural production, and land may constitute various patterns of landscape which affect directly or indirectlty he trend of development and rational arrangement of planting.Secondly, agricultural production in any area is affected not only by the landform of that place, but also by its areal composition and the elements of landscape, such as its elevation slope, and orientation of its surface mineral composition of the.ground as well as the recent geomorphological processes that lead to redistribution of energy received from solar radiation, moisture from the air,and the dispoacement of matters which control the balance of ecology of crop.Therefore, it is necessary to find out the following geomorphological evluation of agricultural production that concerns with landforms.1,To evaluate the geomorphological patterns and their areal composition with respect to production.2,To analyse and evaluare the following elements, (a) Its elevation above sea-level, (b) its slope, (c) Its orientation, (d) The substance of the land surface, (e) The recent geomorphological processes.Thirdly,five items of geomorphological work are expected to do for agricultural production.(a) Geomorphological investigation and mapping, (b) Orientation observation, (c) Conservation of soil with respect to geomorphological work (d) water control project and irrigation with respect to geomorphological work (e) Ecological balance with respect to geomorphological work.Finally, the authors suggest it is necessary to consider both the natural environments and social conditions of a given area comprehensively in order to make a scientific conclusion for the agricultural arrangement and production from its geomorphological features, so that it may approach the aim for full and reasonable use of the land resources.

Water resources and environmental problems brought about in developing and using them in the Jing-Jin-Bo Area are an important them of socio-economic development in the area.The condition of natural geography is briefly described and the water resources in the area is preliminarily calculated in the paper. According to the statistics,total amount of average annual water resources is 12,967 million m³ and the amount of average annual available water resources is 8,713 million m³ in the area which is one of the regions in shortage of water resources in China.Environmental problems brought about in developing and using water resources (conspicuous contradiction between supply and demand, frequent drought or excessive rain, surface subsidence and water pollution) are elucidated on the basis of the analysis of temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of water resources.Some suggestions for rationally using and protecting water resources are presented. This paper can be used for, agricultural regionalization and regional planning in the area.

Radiation observations from May to August 1979 in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, are used to describe the variation of terrestrial radiation with altitude. The decrease of the downward flux with increasing altitude is more rapid than the upward component, and consequently the effective radiation within the range of observing altitude (below 5000m) increases with the altitude of the radiative surface.Depending on the data of radiation observed at Nanjing, Golmud, Lasha, Shiquanhe and shuanghu, the formula for calculating the effective radiation on the surface at various altitude is obtained.

Based upon the pollen analysis of the east Hebei' plain, the vegetational history and its characteristics in geographical development are discussed.The east Hebei plain is situated in the warm temperate deciduous forest zone and the northern side of the oceanic monsoons of midlatitude. The Quaternary sediments of this area is widely and deeply distributed.The samples for pollen studies were taken from drill cores. The fluvial and lacustrine sediments deposited continually and no change of lithological character occurs.The pollen assemblage is composed of temperate elements. In general, herbs especislly Artemisia represent an obviously great number, and in trees, Pinus is the dominant. The deciduous pollen only take a little component.According to pollen sequences the Pleistocene series can be divied into four warm and four cool intervals.In general the characteristic of the climate in Pleistocene was cool and dry. In warm intervals the mean temperature maybe lower than that of the present at the same region. In the cool intervals, however, tundra and steppe had a widedistributed area, which maybe situated in a frozen soil zone or in periglacial environments.Through the end of the Tertiary to the beginning of the Quaternary the climatic changes showing in the assemblages are obvious. The warm climate expressed by Carya, Liquidambar, Tsuga etc. changed to the cool climate expressed by Pinus, Artemisia and Chenopodiaceae assemblage, and the interval appearance of the latter coincided with the Olduval of the paleomagnetics event in 1.87-1.68 m.y.B P. The stratigraphic position marked as the Neogene/Quaternary boundary is nearly seated in 400 meters deep of the drill core.

In this paper, we analyzed drought and flood data in the historical period in the western part of Honan Province, and reconstructed seasonal drought and flood sequences (spring, summer and autumn) from 1470 to 1979. In order to inspect the reliability and reasonableness of the sequences, we must know the characteristics of droughts and floods for the recent decades in this area,so that the sequences on the basis of historical documents may be compared with the sequences from instrmental data. The reconstructing seasonal drought and flood sequences were tested by method of x².The analyses indicate that droughts occur frequently in the studied area especially in spring and summer. The spring drought and the summer drought always occur in succession, such cases occurred 91 times in the 510 years, on some severely drought years, droughts persisted from spring to autumn. The frequency of droughts is larger than that of floods in the seasons of spring and summer, but inversely in autumn.From the analysis of the time variation of the variability of drought/flood, it is easy to find, that there is significant fluctuation in every season. In general, in the first half of this centur y, drought and flood occurred frequently in each season.This paper suggests that in some districts, if historical documents are abundante and in detail, the reconstruction of seasonal drought and flood sequences is possible for the last 500 years.

Based on the methods in Science of Sciences and information obtained both at home and abroad, and on the analysis of system approach in modern geomorphology, this paper gives a prediction of the rational geomorphological structure and its development trend in the future study of geomorphology. An initial understanding is given below: 1) It is analysed from modern structure that in our country, studies on geomorphology in the geomorphological branch of the middle-level traditional branches are stronger in strength and faster in development, whereas those frontier disciplines of the outer-level and the theoretical methods along with the overall branch disciplines of the inner-level are weaker in strength and have greater potentialities.2) According to the viewpoints expressed by more than 10 well-known scholars in other parts of the world and the analysis of central themes released from a number of international conferences, the current trend in the field of geomorphology can be summarized into the following aspects:1.Showing new interests in certain traditional studies.Genetical geomorphology (dynamic geomorphology aud historical geomorphology) and surface morphology (static geomorphology or morphometry) remain supported by many scholars and have gained new advancement;2.Emphasizing those strongly comprehensive and regional branch subjects.Those like regional geomorphology or planetary geomorphology, particularly environmental geomorphology, are taken as the relatively new branches with vitality.3.Applied geomorphology has been promoted to a more prominent position, and a new advancement in the discipline is now under way;4.Special importance is attached to the study of geomorphological materials and their physical-chemical properties as well as their relationship to geomorphological processes;5.A strong tendency is shown towards the latest geomorphological techniques and theoretical methods, particularly the general system approaches and their quantitative techniques,3) It is predicted on the basis of the analysis of present tendency that the following systems should be included in the geomorphological structure in the days to come. I,Landscape geomorphological system.1.Branch geomorphological system referring to traditional geomorphological branches.2. Environmental geomorphological system-referring to the study of the interrelationships of climatic geomorphology, structural geomorphology, man-made geomorphology and other natural factors with the factors in the formation of regional geomorphology) I, Intelligence geomorphological system;1.Applied geomorphological system-referring to various kinds of application in society and others in earth sciences in the field of geomorphology;2. Geomorphological systems of technology and methods-referring to the study of various kinds of thchnology and methods applied to geomorphology.The above-described four systems may possibly constitute a relatively rational structure in the future study of geomorphology,among which there exist such functions as matter flux-energy flux and/or information flux and its feedback,However, judging from the current development of disciplines in this country, emphatic studies on the latter three systems will help set up a geomorphological optimum structure in the days to come.

This paper introduces the persistent flood of rainstorm of the Yangtze Valley in the summer of 1788 and the abnormal climatic phenomena before tha flood of rainstorm.It accumulates a great amount of data from the historical documents and carved inscription records, and presents the author's view only for your reference in a longrange weather forecast.The floods of rainstorm occurred in extensive areas and laster for a long period in the Yangtze Valley in the summer of 1788.Before the persistent flood of rainstorm of the Yangtze Valley in the summer of 1788, more precipitation and snow and other abnormal climatic phenomena occurred in extensive areas and lasted for a long period in the winter and spring of the Valley. There are some striking differences between the above-mentioned flood and the persistent drought of the Yangtze Valley or the flood of rainstorm of drought to flood on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze Valley in summer.

Professor Sun Panshou, famous urban and population geographer, member of the Special Commission of Economic Geography,Geographical Society of China, Council member of Beijing Urban Economic Society and senior researcher of the Institute of Geography, Academia Sinica,died of illness in Beijing on June 14, 1985 at the age of 69.Prof.Sun was born in a poor family on Oct.8, 1916 in Yixing county, Jiangsu province.He graduated and received his B.A.degree from the Department of History and Geography, Zhejing University in 1942. In his Iong course of scientific reserch,Sun summed up the experiences of both Chinese anh foreign on the base of productive practices, and published a number of articles of high academic level. He went deep into urdan and population geography as well as economic geography, and had profounb influence in these fields.Prof.Sun worked hard bur never bothered about personal fame and gain. He devoted all his life to the cause of Chinese geography. His respectable merirs and dedicating spirits are worthy memorizing and learning for ever.

Professor Lu Jiong (1902-1985) was a famous Chinese meteorologist. He did a lot of work in assisting Prof. Zhu kezhen to create meteorological causes in China. He made marked contribution to organizing and developing scientific researches of marine meteorology, agrometeorology, paleoclimatology and climate change, climatology and meteorology. At the beginning of 1950's, Prof. Lu Jiong applied the principles of topoclimatology to seeking the regions to plant rubber trees (Hevea Brasiliensis) based on his on the spot investigation and analysis.He first proposed that the rubber trees should be planted in U-shaped-region where opening direction faces to south. This result laid the solid foundation in removing plantation northward of rubber trees successfully in China. In the same period, he first revealed the relationship between sea surface temperature and precipitation. Thisdiscovery suggested a new vital direction for developing the research of long-term weather forecast, climate change and marine meteorology in China. His opinions were also advanced in the world at that time.Prof. Lu was a pioneer in establishing agrometeorolo-gical research units in China. In the research of agrometeorology, he first started to study the climate analysis of ecological features and qualities of wheats in China during 1960's. Prof. Lu studied paleoclimatology and climate change diligently and made greater contributing in these fields in China.We should learn from Prof. Lu Jiong on his spirits of loving the mortherland and scientific causes and dedicate ourselves to realizing the four mordernizations of our country.

The Eastern Route have been proposed for trans-ferring water from the Chang Jiang to the Tianjin.The Route would use the ancient Grand Canal to transfer water from the Jiangdu Pumping Station in the lower reaches of the Chang Jiang, The Eastern Route of water transfer from Southern would pass through three basin of Huaihe, Huanghe and Haihe. The water would be also pumped to pass through four large lakes, namely,the Hongze, Luoma, Nansi and Dongping.The water pollution of rivers and lakes are very important, because factories of nearby Canal drain waste water that it is coming from industrial pollution source in the Eastern Route of water transfer from Southern. The drained wastewater was mainly from industrial city of three basin and one of them the Haihe basin was polluted more severely than the other two basin.For example, in Haihe basin the over 10×10⁴ tons of drained waste water is in total of twelve city, the drained amount more than 73% of the annual total in this basin. The water quality of Eastern Route would have to be effected by waste water from industrial urban.The natural water quality of surface water is characterized by great varitions in mineralization. South of Huai River mineralization is about 200-300 mg/L mainly by HCO₃^-.-Ca⁺⁺, while in the N of the Huanghe the mineralization increases gradually to 500mg/l, because mineralization of ground water is 500-1000mg/l that it exerts effect on that of rivers.In this paper, we have researched principally also the economical problem of treatmental sewage, lake pollution of Eastern Route and effect on aquatic-economical system from transfered water. Acceding to the analysis of aquatic system in Nansihu lake, an economical analysis method of optimum system is given.

Chen Lunjiong,styled himself Zizhai,was born in Tongan County, Fukian province during the reign of Emperors Kang Xi and Yong Zheng of the Qing Dynasty.His book the RECORDS HEARD AND SEEN FROM THE COASTAL COUNTRIES is a comprehensive work of the world geography written in our country in the 18th century.Rased on the records of what he had heard and seen, its content is comparatively reliable and indetail.It brings forth new ideas and content.It's of great practical significance to the teaching and researches of the coastal geography and world geography in our country. For the construction of our national defence as well as for the construction of our coastal ports,it is worthwhile researching and making full use of it.

为了提高高校青年教师的专业水平,原高教部委托陕西师范大学地理系主办高校第一届“中国自然地理助教进修班”.本届录取全国11所高校的13名学员,学习期限一年半.陕西师大安排1名教授、5名副教授及业务水平较高的多位讲师承担该班的教学和辅导工作,并邀请美国地理学家怀特先生、东爱荷华大学地理系尼基姆教授、中国科学院地理研究所赵松乔研究员讲授有关环境及区域地理等专题.该班注重于提高学员的区域地理基本理论修养,同时更重视遥感、计算机等现代手段的掌握与应用.

The areal structure of cities and towns is concerned with urban features and landuse distribution, as well as with their regularities of evalution.There are three location aspects to identify the urban area. (1) It's as a, terrain type in the whole economic allocation; (2) It's as an areal network in the regional spatial combination. (3) It's as a summation of functional zones in urban areal itself.All the theories and models on urban areal structure were shaped from those aspects,single or multiple, which constitute the spatial economical character of cities and towns.In this paper, the idealized structure of urban areas from the west are introduced. Dispersive group pattern from the socialist countries, the new model of China's urban system and multihierarchical centripetal pattern are fully expounded with living examples.In terms of the genesis of urban areal development, the authors put forward the evolutional law of urban areal structure.It goes sequentially through four stages. (1) Expansion of city or town.;(2) Sprawl of urban area.(3) Formation of centripetal urban system and (4) Appearance of urban continuous belt (megalopolis).This law can be described by some quantitative methods of spatial interaction which are illustrated in detail at the end of the paper.

It is generally outlined by the forerunners,that the down-concave longitudinal profile of the streams means that the greater the rate of increase of discharge downstreams, the faster the sediment concentration decreases, and the smaller the sediment constitution, the greater the concavity of the longitudinal profile is.In this paper,the features of the stream of longitudinal profile have been quantitatively described by means of the index of cencavity, the concave longitudinal profiles of the streams on the North China plain are not only the function of the river length, but also the function of hydraulic energy.At present, the adjustment of the channel gradient is only shown by the experimental formulas based on bed material and discharge, which can only reflect the action of exogenic force due to relative subsidence of the North China plain,and different movements inheriting from the original stucture, especially the features of the tilting neotectonic movement, the rate of crustal deformation, which is different in various geomorphic units, can influence the form of the longitudinal profile of the stream and the adjustment of channel gradient, which is the action of the endogene force.As the factors affecting the adjustment of the channel gradient are analysed, the affections of both endogene and exogenic forces must be considered, because the formation, the development evolution of fluvial landforms result in the comprehensive action of the endogene and exogenic forces.

This paper discusses estuarine changes from the runoff with tide and the sediment transportation with sediment deposition and fluvial process with estua-rine growth. Thus the coutents of this paper may be summarized as follows.1. The growth of the Jiaojiang Estuary consists of1)The sea-water transgression in the Holocean Epoch and enlargement of the river bay.2)The sea-water regression in the Holocean Epoch and relative stability of the river bay.3)Silting of the bay and the human interferences.2. The characteristics of the hydrodynamic action indicate that.1) The flow is usually dictated by the tides in the lower reach of the river.2) The flow of the flood period is dictated by runoff concentration in the reaches above Haimen,3. The sediment transportation with sediment deposition indicates that1) Above Haiman of the estuary the deposition along the river bed is of gravels and medium-sized sands with fine sands from the upstream watershed.2) The deposition of the Taizhuwan Bay is of very fine sands that transported down stream mixed with fine materials outside the river mouth and moving with the tides,4. The basic characteristics of the fluvial processes in the estuary may be described as fallows.1) The morphology and deposition of the river bed above Shuilongshan have the characteristics of mountain river, but have tidal stratification in the dry season tide current.2) From Shuilougshan to Haimen the characteristics show the mutual influence of the mountain river and the tides, the deposition has sand, silt and clay.3) The Taizhuwan Bay below Haimen is developed with non-model river mouth bar.

This paper describes overall the correlation analysis of the air temperature at eight basic stations in the East Qinghai-xizang Plateau and the precipitation in water season on Yangtze River basin.It is found in the chart that there is an obvious maximun value of monthly mean air temperature in the plateau in March,August and December last year.The appearance of three high correlation stages is not occasional. The variation from month to month shows that three stages are also with higher continuity.This paper has emphatically analysed the variation of the atmospheric circulation ultra-long wave in the three warm and three cold years of the plateau.It is outlined that,(1) the change of the energy density of ultra-long wave in lower and higher atmospheric layer, on middle-low and high latituae zones in the cold and warm year of the plateau is completely different, that is, on one side the energy density incre-, ases and on the other side it decreases. (2) The difference of the trough and ridge line distribution' of the atmospheric ultra-long wave in cold and warm year is the greatest in middle-low and high latitude zones, too,but the tendency of their change is in the opposite direction.In the middle latitude transition zone (40-60°N) the difference of the density between cold and warm years is not observable (3) In summer on subtropical zone from East Asia to West Pacific Ocean(75-175°E) there exist mainly three latitude circulation cells,the variation of which in cold and warm year of the plateau is an oscillation as billow, i.e.as one cell is strengthened (or weakened), the other two neighboring cells are weakened (or strengthened).

In the course of irriagtion and waterpower electrical construction at home and abroad, problems of extreme river flood are very crucial and must be studied and solved, as it affects the cost and the safety of construction.If the designed flood is estimated higer, it may waste the construction investment, otherwise if the designed flood is estimated lower, it may cause dams to collapse and then make heavy, sometimes incalculable loss of property of the State and lives of the people.For many causes, such examples of the failure of construction are nothing new at home and abroad, so the problems of extreme river flood are worth researching and will attract much attention.This article tries to solve the problem of extreme river flood by using geomorphic method and other related methods such as hydrologie, climatalogic, geologic methods and carbon-14 dating techniques.After collecting lots of data and inspecting on-the-spot, we provide five principles of dividing the uppermost valley flat from the first level river ter-race.Using geomorphic method, we have estimated the discharge of extreme flood of Tiane hydrometric station,Yiantan hydrometric station,Dahua hydro-power station, Duan hydrometric station, xincheng Hongdu hydrometric station, Qienjing hydrometric station and No.2 Wuxuan hydrometric station along the Hongshui river.And further more, from the results of the carbon-14 analysis of the Hongshui river we estimated that the reappearing time of the flood is 30,000 years. Comparing the extreme flood estimated by geomorphic method with the flood met per 10,000 years, we got ±1-9% e,g, k=0.91-1.04.This article tries to do synthetical research on the extreme flood by using geomorphologic, hydrologic, climatic and geologic methods.1.In the recent 30,000 years, the earth crust was relatively stable or slightly uplifted.Using geomorphologic method to estimate the extreme flood of a river is quite accurate and reliable.2.In the other region, it can be used that the historical flood aids 50-70% of it as the extreme tlood.3.We suggest that in a major hydro-electric project the extreme flood be used as the design flood or as the upper limit of the discharge curve, and make the result of the f requency calculation match the natural law.ln the case of lacking meteorological data, using this method, it can be avoided that the result calculated by other method is higher or lower, and it can be more reasonable for inrestment arid Can raise the safety of the project.

A year was divided, for the Yangtze Delta region, into six natural seasons. Spring Rain, Plum Rain, High Summer,Autumn Rain,Late Autumn, and Winter, and the interannual rainfall variations for each season were analysed.Results show that for each natural season there exists tendency that in one period of several years the rainfall was above normal, while in another, below, and during the wet period not only more rainfall was recorded, but the frequency of the extremely wet year is far much higher than that of the extremely dry year, while the wet period shows just the opposite except in the winter season. Finally, based on the staistical regularity on the occurrences of wet period, dry period, and calamityprone period, a perspective is made on the rainfall tendency for the years before 2000 to provide some help to the agricultural planning, and the prevention of calamities.

The lower reaches of the Huangho river changed its way several times in the historic period. There were many reasons. One important reason among them is the influence of human activity. The paper discussed it in the following four sections.1) The course diverted due to the artificial burst of the banks in the war;2) The course diverted due to the artificial blocking, in order to make the Huangho return to its original course or to lead it to a new one;3) The influence of building banks artificially. For instance,after banking up the river, the sediment deposition increased. It caused the bed level to be elevated over the adjacent area, making Huangho a "hanging valley".Another example is, the river pattern changed from branching to single way due to banking. Some lakes disappeard from this region caused by banking. 4) Agriculture and livestock husbandry developed alternately in the middle reaches of Huangho in the history.The condition of the forest vegetation and soil erosion, the relationship between burst in the lower reaches and the phenomena mentioned above in the middle reaches, is discussed briefly. The author concludes finally that the influence of the human activity mentioned above and the experiences from it should be remenbered not only in studying the history of Huangho diversion, but also in harnessing Huangho in the future. The author suggests that we should pay attention to the task in the middle reaches of Huangho while working in the lower reaches. Only by the conservation of soiland water and eliminating the sediment input from erosion in the middle reaches of Huangho, can there appear a new situation securely for a long time.

Xu Xiake (1587-1641) was a famous tourist and geographer in Ming Dynasty in China, The book "Travelling of Xu Xia ke" with the accurate description of limestone landforms in South west China is one of the most outstanding works in the world.Ding Wenjiang (V.K. Ting 1887-1936) was a pioneer in the field of the modern geo-science in China and made g eat contributions in the studying of Xu Xiake.Based on scientific principle and investigation, he precisely and pertinently appraised Xu Xiake and his Dairy of Travelling and made people recognise the scientific values of "Travelling of Xu Xiake" from the viewpoint of modern geo-science, so that the Travelling has been put on the right position in the scientific and technologic histories of China and the world as well. Ding Wenjiang pointed out that Xu Xiake sought the knowledge with the spirit of the diligent, extreme hardship and difficulties and simulated young people to learn from him, he answered some foreigners with the prejudice against China, which reflected his patriotic standpoint.Ding had made great break through in his "A Chronicle of Xu Xiake" and "Travelling of xu Xiake",the latter one includes the poems and recorded data, which equaled a copy of "Xu Xiake collected works". This is an excellent book for the readers and the researchers on Xu Xiake and his Travelling. In fact,the work done by Ding represents the great result of research on Xu Xiake in a period.

The annual evaporation of the wet region here is defined as the sum of the evaporation from water, soil and the evoportranspiration from plant in the study region. According to the water balance principle, for a closed basin, the annual evaporation can be written as:E_i=P_i-R_i±ΔW_i(1).In which ΔW_i is the difference of the water storage of the basin. 1 proposed to solve the above equation by seperating the soil into different zones.I found that, from the analysis of three factors of annual water balance in the wet regions of Fujian province, land evaporation is quite stable from year to year and its covariance C_v=0.09. I also found that, from the analysis of the presentative of the mean, if the mean of a short series has a good presentative then it can be used as the mean of long series.From the fact that the annual evaporation in the wet region is quite stable from year to year, by study I suggest the following equation to calculate the statastic parameters of annual runoff.

Using the data measured from the topographic map of Northern Shanxi Province with a scale of 1:10000, a relationship between four small drainage basins in different geomorphic units of the Loess Plateau and the second order watershed morphic factors has been obtained. We can see that the law of total stream length with stream order is not available elsewhere at all. As the watershed system is in a developing stage, in Yuan regions, the damage made by channel erosion is more serious than that in hilly regions. There exists a semi-logarithmic relationship between the average intersectional angle (θ) and the stream (S) order.Among geomorphic factors of drainage basin, a closer correlation exists.If the drainage density is regarded as the downcutting index of the earth surface, then, the larger the drainage basin area, the smaller the downcutting degree per unit area is. In a small-current drainage basin, the drainage density increases with height difference between the head and mouth of the drainage basin.A multi-correlation is among the drainage area (A), height difference between the head and mouth (H) of the drainage basin, the length of the main channel (T) and the drainage density (Dd). It may be described by the regression equation, as follows: Dd=K(T)^m(A)^-1(H)^t where K is cofficient and m,n,t are powers, no.

There are miscellaneous kinds of soil group and soil associations with large areas in China. Jn order to use soil resources fully and propery, we have to study soil regionization in the whole China.Looking back on it, we can divide our study into several stages.(1)primary stage-1930's to 1940's.(2)progressed stage-from the begining of 1950's to the mid-1960's,(3)stagnated stage-from mid-1960's to mid-1970's,(4)New developing stage-from mid-1970's to the present.The study of sail regionization in whole China provided the scientific foundation for natural regionization and agricultural regionization and brougt about a great advance in agricultural production. The theory about soil regionization which has developed in the past years,couldn't fit the development of modern agriculture. Much remains to be done.we shoud pay more attention to the study of soil regionjzation jn the whole China.

邹豹君教授是我国地理学界的一位前辈,长期从事教学工作,曾任前国立北平师范大学教授、国立西北师范学院教授兼史地学系主任、国立中山大学教授兼地理学系主任、国立台湾大学地理学系教授、新加坡共和国南洋大学地理学系教授兼文学院院长。邹先生著作很多,其内容广泛涉及地理学通论、地貌学、经济地理学、区域地理学和历史地理学等方面。

黄淮海地区受气候条件的影响,土壤中盐分的累积程度与浅层地下水位(埋深为2—5米)关系极为密切。浅层地下水位的动态变化直接受大气降水补给与蒸发消耗的影响。与气象要素:气温、降水、湿度、风速等因子的变化关系显著。本文用河北省曲周县的气象资料和浅层地下水位动态变化资料进行统计学分析,在分析的基础上提出预报模式,为监测和控制该地区的水盐运动提供气象依据。按春(3—5月)、夏(6—8月)、秋(9—11月)三个时段,分降水常年型和旱年型,用经验正交分析和谐波分析方法进行年型分析,不同年型浅层地下水位变幅相差1米左右。不同年型水位极值与气象要素极值有一定的对应关系。用逐步回归方法对不同年型不同季节气象要素变化对浅层地下水位的影响,进行主要影响因子筛选。春季气温影响显著,夏季降水影响为主,秋季浅层地下水位的变化主要受前期水位变幅的影响同期气象要素影响较小。3米以上埋深的水位受气象因子影响很小。在年型和季节分析的基础上用判别分析方法建立不同埋深等级的预报模式。其历史拟合率在80%以上。以上结论适合于地下迳流较稳定和无灌概条件影响的地区。

本文是生产力布局方法的探讨。作者应用分布模型于生产力布局实践,主要做了以下工作:1.对生产结构从地区和部门作了投入产出分析,2.把一般性的区域模型改造成了确定区域生产结构的数字模型,3.提出了生产集聚指数这一定员化指标,4.以山西省为例,借助电子计算机,应用数字模型对该省的工业生产结构作了概要分析和适当调整。

本文通过二个不同土壤水分年型的试验,用农田水分平衡法和彭门公式分别计算了黑龙港地区作物的蒸散量和需水系数,由此计算了旱地作物的水分亏缺率;运用生长分析进行平行分析,应用多年气候资料计算年型频率,对不同类型农作物一秋粮,夏粮和棉花的水分生态适应性进行了研究。秋粮中玉米和高粱的气候生态适应性较好。干旱年份虽在干旱时期水分亏缺比谷子严重,生育状况不如谷子,但由于玉米和高粱在雨后比谷子和大豆有较高的干物质累积速度,最终也能获得与谷子相同的产量、水分利用效率和光能利用率。正常年和夏涝年份,水份亏缺率各作物差异不大,但生育状况玉米和高粱则明显地优于谷子和大豆,具有较高生产力、水分利用率和相对较强的抗涝能力,经济效益也高于谷子和大豆。春播作物生育期间旱年占37%,初夏降水正常,湿润和夏涝的年份占63%;夏播作物旱年占21%,夏常和夏涝的年份占79%。底墒足和春多雨的年份冬小麦可获得一定产量(亩产可达500-600斤)。底墒的作用可以维持到4月下旬前后。在冬小麦获得一定产量的基础上,加上夏播构成二熟,可比一熟获得较高的年产量、光能利用率和经济效益。若7月下旬(雨期)土壤水分达到田间持水量,计算得出达到底墒足指标所需的8～9月降水量为167.4毫米。