It is a hot spot in academic studies on how to design the regional development strategic pattern and realize the sustainable development of regional economy through the integration of the regional resources. This paper, taking Zhanjiang as an example, puts forward the concept of "Zhanjiang Archipelago" for the first time on the basis of long-term investigation and discussion with the local government leaders; and then elaborates the significance of Zhanjiang Archipelago in the regional socio-economic development process of Zhanjiang. Based on this, this paper proposes an overall development strategy of "island-bay-harbor-city" . This strategy emphasizes the protection of Zhanjiang estuarine ecosystem to realize the unified management of Zhanjiang harbor, and advances the coordinated development of each island in Zhanjiang through promoting the strategic statuses of the islands, bays and harbors in the development of Zhanjiang. Furthermore, this strategy will promote the process of industrial integration, ocean-land integration, urban-rural integration in Zhanjiang, and then build Zhanjiang into a new growth pole in the Yuexi areas.

Researches on the interior enterprise network of industrial cluster is an important basis for understanding its forming law. Based on the survey data of enterprises' questionnaires, by applying the boundary effect theory and social network analysis, this article established a social network evaluation index system to make an empirical analysis of characteristics of enterprises' network and the mechanism of wear-resisting casting industrial cluster in Ningguo, one of the provincial border regions between Anhui and Zhejiang. Results can be obtained as follows. (1) The enterprise derivative network structure presents features of single-center and low-density, which states that "the same clan" phenomenon is obvious in industrial cluster and the derivative function of the seed enterprise is strong; the cooperation network's structure is featured by multi-center and medium-density, which illustrates that the enterprises' relational network is in its growing period and the level of their cooperation is low. The innovation network shows a characteristic of single-center, which indicates that the seed enterprise is the "technical leader" in the industrial cluster and the contacts of their technical innovation are weak. (2) The formation mechanism of the wear-resisting casting industrial cluster in Ningguo is the outcome of combined action of the optimized exterior industrial environment of the cluster, the strengthening of the key actor colonies' behavior and the increase of the knowledge stock in the cluster during the process in which the boundary effect transforms from shielding effects to intervening effects.

Tourism competitiveness is divided into tourism competitive effect and potentiality in this paper. An index system of evaluating the potential competitiveness in international tourism is constructed on the basis of tourism resources and distance. The competitive potentiality in international tourism of China is evaluated and analyzed by comprehensive evaluation method and from the view of specific regional tourist origin. The results are obtained as follows. 1) The comprehensive appraisal value of potential competitiveness in international tourism of China is the highest compared with major tourism powers in the world. This demonstrates that China has great competitive potentiality. And China also has absolute advantage in tourism resources. However, as to the distance between tourist destination and tourist origin, China is at a disadvantage status as a whole. 2) According to the evaluation from the view of specific regional tourist origin, China can win over Asia-Pacific tourist market. In European tourist market, Chinese competitive potentiality is second only to France, and its potential is the same as that of Spain and Italy. In American tourist market, Chinese competitive potentiality is second only to the United States. This demonstrates that China has potential advantage to a certain degree in European and American tourist markets.

In a broad context of the ethnic tourism development, cultures of ethnic festivals are now continuously undergoing conflict and amalgamation between local tradition and modern development in the process of interacting with alien culture. This research focuses on the cultural evolution process of the Long-Street Banquet, an important festival activity of Hani people, in the context of tourism development. Our case studies are conducted in two areas, namely Habo and Luchun. Our empirical findings suggest that due to government-led tourism, the Long-Street Banquet of Hani is performed as a festival tourism product to adapt to the mainstream culture of modern society brought by tourists. By this, the Long-Street Banquet of Hani has gone through a process of local cultural identity, cultural adaption and cultural reconstruction. And it is staging itself from rural to urban area and from local identity to world culture.

Currently, cultural tourism is a mainstream in the development of tourism in the world. Shanxi has rich in cultural tourism resources. It is the only wayout for Shanxi to enhance the sightseeing resources to take the lead in the development of the cultural industry so that its tourism and culture could be blended. Based on the analysis of the current situation of the development and utilization of the tourism resources in Shanxi, the authors believe that in the development of the cultural industry this province should take five different modes according to local conditions, namely, the interactive development mode of tourist industry and cultural industry based on the development of cultural tourism resources, the protective development mode focusing on ancient buildings and sites, the market development mode that is centered on movies, performing arts and folk arts, the multiple investing & financing mode focusing on the innovation of cultural systems and mechanisms and the government-guiding mode relying on policies, etc. In the process of the development and utilization of cultural resources, Shanxi should deal with the relationship between the development of cultural tourism resources and the protection of cultural tourism resources in a proper way, and promote the sustainable development of the cultural industry by means of combining government guidance with market orientation.

The paper puts forward a method to forecast land demand by fusing several geo-spatial indicators. Traditionally, economic and social factors were regarded as the main influencing factors in forecasting land demand, hence the effects of spatial factors were neglected by researchers. However, for each type of land use, its spatial distribution and spatial shape are bound up with the other type of land use by interacting each other, so spatial factor should be introduced to forecast land use demand as a key ingredient. Several computable factors called geo-spatial factors can be used to fulfill the requirement, such as geographic standard distance, standard deviation ellipse parameters and spatial autocorrelation coefficient. These geo-spatial factors can reflect the changing trend of each type of land use and disclose some interior rule of spatial distribution and spatial spreading. It is necessary to fuse these geo-spatial factors into forecasting land use demand. Considering the influence of geo-spatial factors, the paper gives a land use demand forecasting method by fusing economic factor and geo-spatial factor. The method adopts multiple linear regressions to create a linear relation between land use demand quantity and multi-factor value from multi-years data and finally figures out target year's forecasting result. To verify the method, the paper makes a case study based on land use investigation data (from 2003 to 2009) and economic factor data (from 2002 to 2009) of Nanhai in Foshan city. By computing and analyzing, the result shows that it is more veracious to fuse geo-spatial indicators and economic indicators into land use demand than to use economic indicators only. It can be concluded that geo-spatial indicators have closer correlation with land use status and can play a more important role in forecasting land use demand. But restricted by basis data, the result in this paper should be verified by collecting more integrated data and adopting other statistic computing methods. The further work will focus on analyzing geo-spatial indicators' internal mechanism related to land use changes and selecting more reasonable indicators as forecasting factors.

Kriging, inverse distance weighting (IDW) and spline are three classical methods for interpolating soil properties. High accuracy surface modeling (HASM) has been developed in recent years, which is successfully used in geographic information system and ecological modeling. In order to assess its feasibility of soil property interpolation, HASM based on multi-grid (HASM-MG) was used to interpolate soil pH for a red soil hilly region of Jiangxi Province, China. A total of 150 samples of topsoil (0-20 cm) were collected in Ji'an municipal district, Ji'an County and Taihe County in October, 2007. Three different data sets were randomly created for simulation and validation to comparatively simulate performance of HASM, kriging, IDW and spline. A total of 30, 60 and 90 samples were removed as validation points, thus 120, 90 and 60 data points were selected as simulation points, respectively. The results show that HASM simulation is the closest to the measured data among the four methods. It has much smaller mean absolute error, root mean square error and much higher correlation coefficient of simulated value and measured value than the three classical methods. Soil pH values in the central and southeastern parts of the study area dominated by paddy soils are much higher than those in the red soil area. Therefore, HASM-MG can be considered as an accurate method for interpolating soil properties on the premise of improving the calculation speed, and it advances the practicability of HASM applied in soil property interpolation.

The urban thermal anomaly extraction (U-TAE) algorithm was proposed for the study of urban heat island, which was evolved from the TAE algorithm for thermal anomalies extraction of underground coal fires. The U-TAE algorithm detects the entire thermal infrared image by moving windows with different sizes, and the key of this robust algorithm was to set up thresholds for pixels with land surface temperatures (LST) higher than mean plus standard deviation. Mean and standard deviation were calculated from all pixels and those pixels in the moving windows (scope from 5×5 to 151×151 pixels). This algorithm can distinguish UHI areas from background areas according to the cumulative times of pixels, and determine UHI intensity according to the cumulative times in UHI areas. Cumulative times of zero are background areas and the others are UHI areas. This U-TAE algorithm has dynamic thresholds and unbias characteristics. Results showed that the heat island areas were between 55.31 km² and 68.35 km² in Changsha in 2001. In UHI intensity analysis, the UHI studies at macro-scale should use larger moving windows to reflect the relationship between urban and rural areas. Micro-scale studies should use smaller moving windows to analyze specific distribution of UHI, underlying surface and driving factors. Compared with traditional methods, U-TAE algorithm makes the results comparable in different time periods.

Coal resources have played an important role in social and economic development, at the same time, the ecosystem has been seriously affected by the exploitation in the coal mining area. Due to the inherent characteristic of time duration, spatial expansion and strong interference of coal exploitation, ecological cumulative effects have been caused remarkably and many ecological problems emerged including surface subsidence, vegetation degeneration, gangue stack, ground water resource withered and farming productive dropping etc. Based on the theory of cumulative effects and the principles of landscape analysis, ecological cumulative effects induced by coal exploitation are discussed in the paper. The concept of landscape ecological baseline value is proposed, and landscape spatial cumulative burdened index model is constructed using the landscape structure cumulative index, landscape disturbance cumulative and landscape ecological sensitivity degradation cumulative index. Taking Lu'an mining area as a case study, landscape ecological cumulative effect was calculated based on landscape analysis. Results show the cumulative load of mining landscape presents a significant increasing trend during the 13-year period (1993-2006). In terms of the intensity of human activities, different subareas have different accumulation levels, and since 2000, increased human disturbance has made cumulative degree change greater than before.

Following the evaluation to green land abroad and drawing lessons from domestic study on data envelopment analysis (DEA), we did some evaluations to urban park green land which have not been studied much yet. Park green land is one part of urban green land system. Based on functions of fixing carbon and releasing oxygen, purifying environment, conditioning climate and detaining dust, we calculated the environmental benefit of park green land of ten districts in Guangzhou from 2001 to 2008. Then the input-output index system was built to evaluate the eco-efficiency of park green land in 2001—2008 by DEA. The land, labor and capital were taken as the input while the environment benefit was the output of park green land. The results showed that: firstly, influenced by the input of land and labor, generally, the environmental benefit of urban park green land presented an increasing trend but sustainable increasing ability was relatively weak; secondly, the input redundancy rate and insufficient rate of output in 2008 showed that the more input of fixed assets and financing of park maintenance caused low eco-efficiency in 2008; thirdly, the comprehensive efficiency, the technique efficiency and the scale efficiency were 1 in 2001, 2003 and 2004, which indicated the optimum efficiency. In 2002 and 2007, the comprehensive efficiency, the technique efficiency and the scale efficiency were between 0.895-1 which indicated the suboptimum efficiency. It showed non-efficiency in 2005, 2006 and 2008 in spite of over 0.8 in technique efficiency and scale efficiency because the comprehensive efficiency was below 0.8. Then it could be marked into two phases: stationary highly efficient phase in 2001—2004 and fluctuation non-efficient phase in 2005-2008, which meant the efficiency of urban park green land was low and unstable; fourthly, scale efficiency had a greater impact on environment benefit than technique efficiency influenced by fixed assets mainly, while scale efficiency was influenced by labor and land. Finally, we proposed some suggestions on enhancing the eco-efficiency of urban park green land in Guangzhou according to the findings. The government should increase input in urban park green land and labors to satisfy the need of environmental benefit outputs, and then control the proportion of input and output stably, especially the inputs. What's more, the supervision mechanisms of budget and the running of funds should be perfected.

Agglomeration of the manufacturing industries is not only a fundamental driving force for urban development, but also may bring negative effects on regional environment. This study first estimates the degree of clustering of pollution-intensive manufacturing industries in Wuxi City by introducing the Kernel density distribution function, and then evaluates the pollution distribution pattern by dividing the study area into several environmental units according to the naturally integrated characteristics of the primary streams. We also quantitatively analyze the mechanism of the response of water environment quality to industrial distribution by utilizing the bi-variate spatial autocorrelation model. Results show that pollution-intensive manufacturing industries form clusters in suburban and non-sensitive areas. Besides, the density of pollution sources gradually decreases from the chief canals to the peripheral areas. Spatial autocorrelation analysis shows that spatial-relationship show differences according to industry categories: the agglomeration of textile, petrochemical and metallurgical industries prominently affects the spatial heterogeneity of water pollution distribution. However, the effects of food manufacturing and paper-making industry locations are not significant. Based on the spatial autocorrelation between industrial agglomeration and pollution distribution, we divide the study area into four types: high-agglomeration and high-pollution area, low-agglomeration and low-pollution area, low-agglomeration and high-pollution area, high-agglomeration and low-pollution area. Furthermore, we analyze the formation scheme and provide policy suggestions regarding industrial development. This paper provides a new perspective for the study of the interaction between industrial agglomeration and environment effects, which plays an important role in industrial allocation and sustainable urban development.

The expression and recognition of geographical environment, the recovery and reappearance of ancient geographical environment have been the focus in some research fields such as geography, cartography, cognitive science and artificial intelligence. As well, virtual geographical environment and the expression of multidimensional spatio-temporal information have become important research directions with the development of GIS. The reconstruction of sea surface change has long been a focus of geography, and in the past years the prediction of sea surface change has also received considerable interest. The recent development of GIS provides the opportunity for the dynamical simulations of sea surface change as well as for its visualizations. It is also an important research direction in the development situation to build the model with functions of forecast, influence and countermeasure, based on the research of the sea level historical change. This model can provide an effective method for sea level change research. In this paper we present an adaptive 3D Old Sea Level-Land Surface Change Simulation Model based on GIS for the above purpose. This model can be used to simulate the old sea level-land surface evolution over coastal regions. With historical records and expertise knowledge, this model automatically verifies the simulation results and adjusts the parameters which controls the simulation; and then iteratively repeats the simulations until the results become close to the recorded history of old sea level-land surface evolution. Compared with other models, this model has the following features: relatively accurately controlling calculation, easily repeating simulations, automatically verifying the calculation results and automatically/semi-automatically adjusting the parameters. We used this model to simulate the old sea level-land surface change of the Yangtze River delta in the past ten thousand years, and it demonstrated pretty good performance.

Flood peaks and volumes have decreased in Daqinghe River Basin in recent years. To search for the effects of underlying surface on flood decrease, Zijingguan watershed in Daqinghe River Basin was selected as a study area, and the statistical analysis of the underlying surface change was done, including land use change and soil moisture storage capacity variation. The remote sensing land use data of 1980 and 2000 were used, and the main change is forest increase, but grassland and arable land decrease. We selected several large floods to evaluate soil moisture storage capacity, and it is 110 mm before 1980, whereas 120 mm after 1980. A hydrological model was established considering underlying surface according to the hydrologic characteristics in Daqinghe Basin, in order to quantify the effects of underlying surface on floods. This model considers different types of land use, and the runoff generation was calculated for each land use type. The infiltration excess and saturation excess runoff generation mechanism was used. Finally, it was calibrated and verified by the historical hydrological data, and the Nash coefficients are about 0.70. It means that this model is consistent with the fact, and it can be used to analyze flood response to underlying surface change in the Zijingguan watershed. We simulated several floods under scenarios of 1980 and 2000, respectively. The results showed that both flood peak and volume decreased as a result of underlying surface change, and the effects are small to large floods, about 5% decrease for 10 years return period. It is shown that transfer of land use types has minor effect on floods, and the increase of soil moisture storage capacity is the main cause of decrease of flood peaks and volumes.

Applying calendar weather, rice yield data and chilling injury index of Northeast China, this paper analyzed thermal condition, occurrence frequency and risk probability of rice chilling damage, and developed an evaluation model of the climate risk index of the damage. Thus, Northeast China region is divided into five types of rice climate risk areas of highest, higher, medium, lower and lowest levels. In climate risk analysis, based on considerations the rice cold damage cut rates, total output and the area ratio and other economic loss factors, the economy vulnerability model of the damage was developed, and the region was divided into four type areas of economic vulnerability, i.e., high degree of vulnerability, vulnerability, low vulnerablility and non-vulnerability. Northern and eastern parts of Northeast China is the high climate risk area, the central part is medium risk area, and the southern part is the lower one. Eastern Jilin Province and northeastern Heilongjiang Province are high economy vulnerability areas, eastern Heilongjiang and the eastern hilly land of Jilin are medium or higher economy vulnerability areas, southwestern and central Heilongjiang and central Jilin are lower vulnerable areas, and southwestern Jilin and most parts of Liaoning Province are the non-vulnerable areas. The main technical and strategic measures to reduce the risk and vulnerability are to improve the planting structure, to adjust the rice variety and to use the cultivation technique of resisting the damage.

Based on the topographic maps in 1980, 1988/1990 Landsat TM, 2000 Landsat ETM+ and 2007 ALOS AVNIR-2 remote sensing data, the glacier boundaries in the Luozha region of eastern Himalayas in the four periods were manually mapped in the false-color image by on-screen digitizing. Spatial-temporal distribution chara and changes of glaciers were analyzed by means of geographical information system and remote sensing technologies. Moreover, the reasons for glacial changes were investigated with the aid of temperature and precipitation data covering that period. The results showed that: (1) From 1980 to 2007, the total glacier area decreased from 491.64 km² to 410.87 km². The overall loss was 80.76 km², or 16.4% of the whole glacial area in 1980. (2) The inverse relationship between initial area and change rate indicated that small glaciers receded faster than big ones. As the number of glaciers with area less than 1 km² was 236, accounting for 71.7% of the total number of glaciers, the glacier system of Luozha region may be very sensitive to climate change. (3) Glacier melt mainly occurred at area below 6500 m, accounting for 98.8% of the area loss of all the glaciers in the study area. (4) During 1980-2007, the glacier areas reduced on all slopes, while the larger area loss happened on the lower slopes. (5) The area reduction of glaciers facing east, southeast, south and southeast was larger than that of glaciers facing north, northeast, west and northwest during this period. (6) The retreat rate of eastern Himalayan glaciers was faster than that of central and western Himalayas, and the Himalayan glaciers retreated faster than those in the hinterland of the Tibetan Plateau. (7) Finally, rising temperature along with little change in the precipitation in the Luozha region was the main factors that caused glacier retreat.

Discussion on δ¹⁸O values in 40 samples of surface snow collected from September 2002 to December 2005 on the east branch of Glacier No. 1 at the headwaters of Urumqi River, eastern Tianshan Mountains (43°06'N, 86°49'E, 4130 m a.s.l.) is presented. Seasonality of δ¹⁸O values in surface snow is analyzed, as well as the effects of different moisture transportation on δ¹⁸O values in atmospheric precipitation. The research result indicates that a significant seasonal variation of δ¹⁸O values is found in surface snow, which is similar to air temperature in tendency; δ¹⁸O values in wet season is generally above that in dry season, with the range of 12.59‰. There is a positive correlation between air temperature and δ¹⁸O values. However, many factors may contribute to the variation of δ¹⁸O values during post-depositional process (e.g.snow drifting, seasonal snow melt water, surface snow refreezing and mass-exchange between snow and atmosphere), and alter the significant relationship between air temperature and δ¹⁸O values in surface snow. And the coefficient is high in wet season (0.76) and low in dry season (0.57). Different transmission source of moisture is another main factor affecting the seasonal variation of δ¹⁸O values in precipitation. Transportation distance and characteristic of vapor have a certain influence on variation of δ¹⁸O values in precipitation. Based on the HYSPLIT air trajectory model, vapor source in dry season is closely related to water transmission controlled by Westerlies, while that in wet season is strongly influenced by regional and local air mass. And at the junction for different seasons, both the two sources have effect on this area.

2011年美国地理学家协会年会于4月12-16日在美国西雅图举行。来自世界各地的近6000名地理学者出席了会议。根据中国地理学会与美国地理学家协会协议内容,中国地理学会派出了以学会副理事长、中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所所长刘毅研究员为团长的核心团组出席了年会及相关活动。同时,在中国地理学会号召下,中国大陆共有50多位地理学者出席了本届年会,分别来自中国科学院地理资源所、中国科学院南京地理湖泊所、中国科学院新疆生态地理所、北京大学、清华大学 、中山大学、同济大学、浙江大学、河南大学、首都师范大学、安徽师范大学、河北师范大学、上海师范大学,以及学会秘书处等。

Based on the analysis of the background of geographical development, this paper expounds the basic methodology of human-economic geography and the characteristics of man-land system, and proposes studies on "man-land system dynamics". The paper is an effort to develop a comprehensive theory system and to improve academic research of human-economic geography by expatiating its methodology and characteristics. It can also contribute to forging a consensus that human-economic geography and sustainable development research have had a significant position for academia, especially for physical science; meanwhile, to promoting formation of research framework on resource-environment (including ecological)-sustainable development study in earth surface system.Being dead against the prejudice of a few scholars, it emphasizes and analyzes the uncertainty and scientific characteristics of human-economic geography.

The popularization of container transport technology impacts greatly the development of container port system whose evolution theory focuses the influence of technology on spatial and temporal changes of port system, which is of important significance to the construction of port. Based on the review of research progress, we integrate the theoretical model of container port system proposed by Hayuth and Notterboom, in light of the newest characters and developing mechanism of port system in the world, and design an revised theoretical model of container port system which is divided into five spatial-temporal developing stages, including pre-containerization, introduction and experiment of technology, popularization of technology and centre of throughput, hub port, diffusion and offshore hub, regionalization of port. We describe the spatial characteristics of container port system in each developing stage in detail. Its last two developing stages are diffusion and offshore hub and regionalization result from the integrated effect of five aspects, including local restriction of hub port, change of container shipping network, integration of modern logistics resources, inland distribution network and inland terminal, macro-control of the Central Government and market mechanism of port construction. Then, we choose the Yangtze River Delta as a case study, and analyze the evolving process of container port system, especially its changes of spatial characteristics and developing mechanism, to validate the theoretical model of container port system.

Based on the analysis of related concepts of industrial belt researched at home and abroad, we find that more and more attention is paid to the construction and the development of industrial belt, which has become a non-equilibrium growth path for rapid growth of regional economic and global economy, and is playing an important role in industrial distribution guidance, regional development and some other aspects. The construction of industrial belt has gradually become a significant organizational form of traditional industries and modern manufacturing which are stepping into intention, specialization and an important power of promoting the regional economic leapfrog development. On the basis of related research of construction of the industrial belts, we review the process and analyse the regional effects on industrial belt. And then we come to a conclusion on the major impetus of the development of industrial belt. A comprehension evaluation index system describing the impetus has also been made. By using the method of entropy, we compare the dynamic evolution of formation and development of industrial belt in Jiangsu province in a quantitative way. The result shows that through the layout and development of the industrial belts in Jiangsu, the trend of widening regional differences in northern and southern Jiangsu has been effectively suppressed. At the same time, with the promotion of the economic status of industrial belts in this province, the intensity of economic interaction between countries and cities of industrial belt has also been enhanced. The impetus of formation and development of industrial belts is changing, which is gradually shifting from singleness to multi-element. That is to says the major impetus is transforming from resource development to infrastructure guidance. Finally it forms multiple elements situation, whose driving force comes from the central cities, outgoing expanding and technology push.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the spatial pattern, characteristics of equity and its formational mechanism of urban public service facilities in Guangzhou city by constructing the integrated equity index model, using three-dimensional simulation and spatial autocorrelation techniques based on GIS. We concluded that the urban public service facilities of Guangzhou shows a core-periphery spatial distribution pattern. There are great differences of public service facilities provision in different districts of Guangzhou, and the public service facilities provision are not coordinated with the population distribution, which is significantly different from aggregation levels among different districts and facilities. The general provision level of urban public service facilities is found to be low and has an unbalanced distribution. And the spatial distribution of comprehensive fair level is a single center circle structure, with the Yuexiu and northern Haizhu district as the core, and the differences between the central city and peripheral areas are distinct. The geographical environment, historical accumulatition, economic development and the reform of institutions and policies during the transitional period have been the main factors driving the evolution of spatial patterns of urban public services in Guangzhou, which was the result of interaction of 'urban ecological law' and 'professional decision-making mechanism'. Finally, this article proposes that the spatial distribution research of urban public service facilities should combine the macro-spatial analysis with micro-survey from the facilities-user standpoint, which can guide public facilities provision and help to realize the'equalization of public services'.

Studies on urban villages' renewal and governance have attracted much interest in human geographical research field since the 1990s. However, there is little literature focusing on the developing evolution, pattern and dynamic mechanism of urban villages based on the theoretical system of urban spatial structure, and there are very few scholars doing comparison studies between urban village and general urban spatial form. In this paper, Shenzhen, the most representative city on urban villages' development in China, is taken as a case to explore the characteristics and modes of urban villages' development. With census data of urban villages' construction in 1999 and 2004, spatial and temporal characteristics of 91 original administrative urban villages in Shenzhen Special Economic Zone (Shenzhen SEZ) on land area construction floor area and construction intensity have been analyzed and compared with developing mode of general urban space. It is indicated that urban villages match with general urban developing rules in three aspects. (1) Land sprawl is the most remarkable mode in initial development of urban villages. (2) In urban villages' rapidly developing era thereis, "distance-attenuation" tendency in construction intensity obviously accompanying with some anomalous fluctuation at several urban sections. (3) Renewal and redevelopment methods are carried out gradually since urban villages come in their maturely developing period. However, because of historical and institutional restriction, urban villages perform uniquely in original spatial distribution, spatial expanding mode in developing era, developing rate of spatial form evolution, etc. The results not only contribute to theoretical extension on the mode of general urban spatial structure and further exploring on theoretical values of studies on urban villages, but also imply that governments should establish rational and objective rules to govern urban villages and advance their smart growth according to urban economic development and different housing demands concerning different income levels. Urban villages should be neither redeveloped in full accordance with the ways that general urban spatial form faces, nor ignored with their developing demands and trends as a type of urban spatial form.

Tourism employment has many positive and negative characteristics, which play a particular role in tourism labor's inter-industry mobility under different social backgrounds. Taking Jiuzhaigou as a case study, the article, through a comparative study in the existing work on mobility in Hungary, Somerset and Coventry in the United Kingdom, Jiuhua Mountain in China and Vancouver Island in Canada, analyzes tourism labor's mobility pattern, self-evaluation of mobility impacts, and mobility motivations under different backgrounds. The findings of the study are as follows. First, labor comes from an unusually wide range of industries. In foreign countries, the highest percentage engaged in trade (Wholesale and Retails Trade), and public sector such as public administration, and education and health contributed a high proportion, and mobility from declining industries was not insignificant, approximately accounting for 10%. In China tourism draws labor mainly from the traditional sectors such as agriculture and manufacturing, and high proportion of unemployed and female young labors are inclined to work in tourism. Second, the most positive impact of mobility was reported on the job satisfaction variables. The dominance of job satisfaction and physical environment may have been traded off for poor income, long working hours and job/education match. As is indicated by the multi-regression analysis, the satisfaction is mainly supported by career prospects, living standards, working hours and physical environment in China. Third, factor analysis of 30 motivation variables confirms five-dimensional structure. The means' ranking of motivation and factor display that labor mainly arrives by "positive" attributes associated with this industry and few are absorbed for "refuge". In China "instrumental utility" together with "positive" is the strongest motivational forces. "Entrepreneurial" is correlated with businessman moving from agriculture and service industry. "Instrumental utility" and "positive" are most approved by all kinds of samples, but "refuge" approved least. These rules result from the combined effort exerted by the three powers of tourism employment's characteristics, regional socio-economic backgrounds and case's features.

Tourist loyalty is an important content of tourism geography and the key of fierce market competition between destinations. Based on the cognition-emotion-behavior theory, this paper constructs an integrative SEM model, and takes rural tourists as the study object to explore the relationships between service fairness, consumption emotions and tourist loyalty. The results are obtained as follows. Firstly, service fairness is the direct antecedent variable, and has a direct positive effect on positive emotion and tourist satisfaction, but a direct negative effect on negative consumption emotion. Secondly, service fairness has an indirect impact on tourist through consumption emotions and satisfaction mediators. Thirdly, positive emotion has a significant negative effect on negative emotion. Fourthly, positive emotion has a significant direct positive effect on tourist satisfaction and word-of-mouth and negative emotion to search for alternatives. Fifthly, tourist satisfaction is the most important and directive antecedent variable of tourist loyalty. Sixthly, there is a progressive relationship between intention to revisit and word-of-mouth of tourist loyalty that has a direct positive effect on intention to revisit and word-of-mouth, but a direct negative effect on search for alternatives. Discussion and implications are provided based on the research results.

Using records in Assembled Figures of Earth and Man: Geography and Notes of Landscapes and Historic Sites as source data, this thesis obtained the total number of scenic spots in the late Ming Dynasty. On this basis, it also classified the tourism resources by using synthetic methods of classification in the Ming Dynasty and modern times, and analyzed statistically the composition of types and geographical distribution of tourism resources by diagram method. The conclusions can be drawn as follows. (1) The tourism resources in the late Ming Dynasty were dominated by landscapes of mountains and ancient relics. (2) The types of tourism resources were different by region, and more various in Nanzhili and Huguang provinces than in the others. (3) The tourism resources were densely distributed in belts of Beijing-Xi'an-Chengdu and Nanjing-Hangzhou-Guilin, and in regions of Yingtian prefecture-Hangzhou prefecture, Guilin prefecture-Yongzhou prefecture and Chengdu prefecture. (4) The aggregation of tourism resources was not only in accordance with the local superior natural conditions, but also with the developed economy and advanced culture.

Many studies have been undertaken on heavy metal pollution of surface dust or street dust in many cities, but very few studies have been done on the pollution and potential ecological risk of kindergarten dust. Thirty-one surface dust samples were collected from kindergartens in one of cities located in the east of Henan Province, China. Concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cr, Cu and Ni in the samples were determined using F-AAS (flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry). Pollution and potential ecological risk of heavy metals in the samples were discussed with geoaccmulation index (I_geo) and potential ecological risk index (RI) respectively. The results show that average concentrations of Zn, Pb, Cr, Cu and Ni in kindergarten dust in urban area of the city are 311.84, 256.15, 89.17, 52.47 and 40.79 mg/kg respectively, and 1.93, 2.13, 5.45, 1.90 and 0.98 times of the control samples respectively. The heavy metals can be classified into two groups: anthropogenic source metals and mixed source metals. The first group of metals, Pb, Zn, Cr and Cu, is mainly derived from urban industries, traffic, domestic wastes, religion activities etc; while the second group, Ni, is from both human activities and soil parent material around the city. All the samples are polluted by Pb seriously with the degrees above moderate level; most samples are polluted by Ni and Zn with the degrees of slight or moderate levels, while they are polluted by Cu and Cr with a degree of slight level. The levels of integrated ecological risks of heavy metals in urban kindergarten dust are all above the strong risk with the average RI of 78.87. Lead in dust is an uppermost factor of potential ecological risk, because the average Epb contributes 70.34% to RI. Applying the method of RI proposed by Hkanson in 1980 to estimate potential ecological risk of pollutants, the RI standards for different risk levels should be modified according to the pollutant numbers studied and their toxic-response factors.

During the process of urban development, there is an interaction between the city and eco-environment, and at the same time the relationship is a continuous contradictious development. Due to the conflicts of urban development and eco-environment, it is necessary to make a deep analysis of the urban eco-environmental problem, to find the root cause of urban problems and to propose a solution. This paper, taking Aksu city as the study area, used 1997~2008 survey data and statistics to construct a comprehensive index system of urbanization and coordinated development of eco-environment, and to measure the integration of urbanization and comprehensive eco-environment quality by AHP method. We also calculated coordination degree of urbanization and eco-environment. The results showed that since 1997, Aksu city has had a gradual growth in the comprehensive level of urbanization. However, the comprehensive eco-environment quality showed an upward trend in the eco-environment index from 1997 to 1999, and that eco-environment quality improved. The eco-environment index showed a downward trend in the period 1999~2008 except for an upward trend in 2005. According to the analysis of the coordination degree in the 12 years, there are five years of light non-coordination, three years of moderate coordination, three years of slight non-coordination and one year of serious non-coordination, which is due to the speeding up of the industrialization process, and the increase of "three wastes" resulting from industrialization, thus a sharp decline in the coordination degree of eco-environment and urbanization. On the whole, the current trends of urban eco-environmental quality are in the state of insecurity and deterioration. In the future, we should strengthen environmental governance and focus on the eco-environmental protection to build a resource-saving city. At the same time, we should enforce standards of environmental quality and 'three wastes'. Furthermore, we should enhance environmental awareness in various social groups so that people have a better understanding of the current problems.

Based on statistics of industrial pollutant yields and discharge quantity in Jilin Province, the non-residual decomposition model was applied to quantify the net amount of environmental benefits of clean production and end-pipe treatment respectively. Environmental performances of end-of-pipe and pollution prevention strategies were further analyzed to explore an appropriate way of improving regional industrial ecological transition. The results showed that industrial symbiosis did not exert a positive effect on environment improvement. Technical factor promoted environmental performance improvement in clean production, while both technical factor and scale factor did in end-pipe treatment. Clean production was superior to end-pipe treatment in pollution volume reduction, which implied that prevention strategy dominated over end-of-pipe strategy, but the improvement of clean production tended to slow down. It is necessary to construct a proper industrial ecological system for the realization of environmental goals.

Based on paleomagnetism dating and the grain size of sediments, as well as the paleolitho facies analyzing like mineral composition, deposit structure and sediments assembly, we identified 8 sedimentary facies and 19 subfacies of the core XH-1 in Xinghua, Subei Basin. These facies show that the basin had come through four specific intervals as basin subside, construct lake, broad lake and shoal land 3.2 Ma BP. The changes of topography and the drainage system well recorded the two structure movements during the 2.25-2.10 Ma BP and 1.90-1.72 Ma BP. During and after the Kunhuang Movement 0.99 Ma BP, the sediments sequences varied abruptly and confirmed the transformation of the East Asian Monsoon during that time. Comparing the changes of topography, climate and the drainage system of the basin, we try to hold the clue of the coupling of the basin evolvement and the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau.

Taking the Huaihe River Basin in Anhui Province as the study area and following principles of objectivity, data availability, feasibility of index quantification and highlighting dominant factors, the index system of assessment of capacity of flood disaster prevention and reduction was established at city-county level, which is composed of capacity of flood prevention and waterlogging control, capacity of flood monitoring and warning, capacity of rescue and rehabilitation, and capacity of disaster management. The judge matrixes of index system and index weights were established by the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) approach based on opinions from experts. Then a capacity map of flood disaster prevention and reduction of the Huaihe River Basin in Anhui Province was generated. The result shows that the capacity of flood disaster prevention and reduction is the highest in Bengbu city, followed by Huainan city, Huaibei city, Fengtai county, Fuyang city, Chuzhou city, Suixi county and Suzhou city, while the others have relatively low and even lower capacity of flood disaster prevention and reduction. A further analysis shows that the capacity is low in regions to the south of the mainstream of the Huaihe River compared with northern Huaihe River plain and the same is to the result of right-hand regions of Shaying River compared with the left-hand regions. The capacity is relatively low in Guoyang county and Bozhou city among the regions along the Guohe river. The index system and assessment method helps provide references for assessment of capacity of flood disaster prevention and reduction in other basins or regions, and may provide a basis for the work of flood prevention and reduction in China.