Leshan Grand Buddha is one of the most important heritage resources of the World Heritage of Culture and Nature in China,which is located in Lingyun Mountains at Leshan,Sichuan province,China.The surface weathering problem of the carved stone is very serious,and how to protect it from the bad weathering is a difficult task.Therefore,this paper studies on the surface weathering problems of the siltstone in Lingyun Mountains,where Leshan Grand Buddha is located,in order to get more deterioration information about the carved stones. The test results of the siltstone samples with the X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry（XRFS） indicated that the SiO₂ is the main component and its quality percentage is up to 84%,the next parts are Al₂O₃ of 7.5% and Fe₂O₃ of 1.7%,etc.In addition,the siltstone includes a great deal of quartz powder,most of its diameter is around 0.250mm,and the other is the mauve cementation. In order to measure the erosion rates of the siltstone,we installed four suits of micro-erosion meter（MEM） instruments based on the principle of screwing measurement.The results indicated that the erosion thickness is mostly close 0.216-0.303mm of the year.We also investigated the environmental factors besides the experiment and found that water and biological intrusions are two important factors affecting the erosion rates. At the locale,we also tested the rigidity of the siltstone surfaces too with grout rebound instrument（ZC5 Model）,which proved that siltstone weathering is faster than that of limestone because of the very low rigidity.The surface rigidity of siltstone will reduce quickly and become soft once it touches water,so the siltstone surface is easy to be destroyed by environmental factors. Therefore we can conclude that the Leshan Grand Buddha will go on weathering because the siltstone rocks has loose structure,and siltstone surface can be ruined easily.The good natural environment such as water vapor from the river,complex components of the siltstone cementation conditions is favorable for the microorganism and plants to grow.Therefore,water and bio-environment are important external factors accelerating the heritage surface deterioration and the fundamental internal factor is the unstable structure of the quartz grain and cementation system.

The water and nitrogen applications are the two main factors that affect the nitrate leaching on farmland. The field experiment was conducted to analyze the nitrate leaching and yield under different nitrogen and water application rates in summer maize field. The result indicated that there was no distinct yield difference between the higher water treatment (with soil moisture controlled between 70%FC and 100%FC in 0～50cm) and the lower one (between 55%FC and 85%FC), while the nitrogen rate had evident effect on yield with the yield reaching the maximum at about 200 kg N ha^-1,and significant effect on nitrate leaching. Higher water application could accelerate the leaching of nitrate evidently. Under higher water level, the soil nitrate concentration peaks appeared at deep layers more easily than those under lower water level as an indication of nitrogen leaching, meanwhile the nitrate concentrations of soil water at depth of 200 cm were all higher than the national drinking water limit (10 mg NO^-3-N L^-1). Comparatively, under lower water treatment the nitrate leaching depths are all less than those under higher water treatment, but NO^-3-N L^-1 concentrations of soil solution under level of 200 and 300 kg N ha -1at the depth of 200 cm still exceeded the national drinking water limit (10 mg NO^-3-N L^-1). When NO^-3-N in 100cm soil profile came to about 450 kg N ha^-1 the soil NO^-3-N concentration at soil depth of 200cm would rapidly rise to 130 mg L^-1 from 40 mg L^-1 ,at the same time the nitrogen rate just reached 230kg N ha^-1,which mean that the nitrogen rate should be under about 230kg N ha^-1.

The number of overseas tourists has been on the increase since the reform in China. During this period, there has been a distinct change in the status of urban Chinese destinations: new urban destinations have obviously attracted more overseas tourists; while the number of overseas tourists attracted to traditional ones have been decreasing. In the meantime, some cities tend to have either fewer overseas tourists or no obvious increase of overseas tourists. This paper explains the two reasons for the above change: one being the change in demand, the other being the transfer of the driving mechanism in urban tourism. The current research aims to analyze the latter reason. This paper uses Dalian, Shenzhen and Zhuhai as case studies to discuss the process and principles of the transfer of the driving force of urban tourism, and to testify the assumption this paper makes: that is, each urban destination has its own driving force mechanism, while the mechanisms can be different during different periods of development for the same destination. It is the transfer process of the driving force of the destination that changes the relative advantage of the urban destinations, which in turn causes the change in the relative status of the destinations. Accordingly, the paper concludes that the sustainable development of urban tourism depends on the change of its main driving force in response to it outside surrounding (mainly the change in the demand structure), so as to construct its new advantage before its earlier advantage is gone. Since the paper uses the number of incoming overseas tourists as the indicator, limitation of the study is unavoidable. Moreover, the three cities in the studies are all coastal ones, leaving room for further studies for its applicability.

The coordination between the levels of urbanization and economic growth is very important to realize rural-urban and regional development as a whole. But China's urbanization level lags behind economic growth level seriously. This paper aims to probe into the economic factors that contribute to the lag and to make quantitative analysis on its force. This topic has been discussed extensively by scholars using the general model with the panel data of cross-country in the world. The empirical growth literature has been documented that the estimate of panel data approach is more robust than that of cross-sectional approach in cross-country studies. First, we divide countries into low-income group, middle-income group and high-income group, then we select 70 countries and data between 1982 and 1997 which are offered by World Bank's World Development Report, and then we construct a world model which will affect urbanization level. By using the standard analysis tool-panel analysis in transnational economic empirical analysis, we found that in the period of low and middle-income, per capita GDP has the greatest effect on urbanization. Since the tertiary industry is the main force of urbanization, the secondary industry should be the original force of urbanization. In the period of high and middle-income, the force of tertiary industry has the greatest effect while in the period of high-income, the force of higher education and international trade becomes outstanding. Based on the world model, we construct a model which includes the factors that will affect China's urbanization level. By using the fourth and fifth census data and other official statistic data, we make a quantitative analysis on the economic factors which contribute to the lag of China's urbanization and found that the elasticities of per capita GDP, secondary industry ratio, tertiary industry ratio, international trade and higher education to urbanization are 0.420, 0.196, 0.197, 0.103 and 0.048 respectively. Finally, through the comparison between different countries, we found that the force of each economic factor in China is the same as that in the world, which means that the evaluation result of the two models is robust on the one hand, and that China's urbanization is in conformity with the general law of world's urbanization on the other hand. However, further analysis shows that the force of economic growth, secondary industry, tertiary industry and higher education are relatively laggard in China. Among them, the difference of tertiary industry's elasticity to urbanization is most evident, being only 43.8% of the world, and the next is secondary industry ratio, higher education level and international trade, which are 56.3%, 56.4% and 71.5% respectively. And the economic growth's elasticity to urbanization is 76.3% of that in the world. The main reason for this phenomenon is the close relationship with China's unique urbanization mode. The bottom-up urbanization,motivated by township enterprises as well as foreign investment results in the decentralization of non-agricultural industries and population. Therefore, China should promote the upgrade of tertiary industry and develop higher education vigorously by improving the agglomeration ability of secondary industry, repeal urbanization system and policy obstacle, thereby realize the coordinated development between urbanization and economic growth.

In the mountainous areas, the eco-environment is fragile and the socio-economy is backward, but the tourism resources are abundant. The best way to realize richness in mountainous areas rests on the exploitation of tourism and the development of tourism industry suiting to the actual conditions and demand of the development of mountainous economy. Since we lack knowledge of the features of mountainous tourism resources, characteristics of eco-environment and process, blind exploitation of the tourism resources and construction of the tourism environment still exist in the mountainous areas. This condition causes great damage to the tourism resources and eco-environment, and threatens the sustainable development of the tourism industry. The tourist activities will be one of the latent factors destroying the eco-environment of these areas. So more and more people are concerned about how to protect the mountainous eco-environment and realize the tourism sustainable development effectively. It is of great theoretical significance and practical value to follow the objective law of regional differentiation of the ecological system of these areas and to be engaged in the research on protective regionalization of tourism according to different yardsticks. The concrete procedure is the implementation of the regional sustainable development strategy. This thesis integrates and utilizes both up-to-down macro-analysis deduction and the down-to-up micro-analysis induction methods to analyze the complicated natural environmental factors and the spatial-temporal diversification between complex ecological factors and economic activities of the human being and their interactions. It not only avoids simple cluster of index data but also eliminates the deficiencies in traditional regionalization, which include insufficient concrete analysis of economic activities of the human being, imperfect administration district division and poor maneuverability, etc. Thus, the results of regionalization are more comprehensive and have great directive functions for tourism sustainable development in mountainous areas. We took Longmen County in Guangdong province as a representative case for the discussion of tourism protective regionalization. On the basis of analysis of regionalization results, we identified the key tourism exploited area and eco-environment area that should be brought under control, as well as put forward some strategic suggestions.

Urban earthquake prevention and disa ster alleviation is one of the important factors which improve the ability of natural disaster prevention in the areas where earthquakes may occur frequently. Combining with the practice of constructing urban information management systems for anti-earthquake and seismic hazard reduction in Yongan City of Fujian Province,this paper not only discusses the mathematic models of earthquake prevention and disaster alleviation, but also analyses the critical techniques of model in tegration.In addition,a seismic hazard prediction and emergency simulation system was established based on GIS for seismic risk evaluation,vulnerability analys is of buildings,estimation of casualty and economic loss, search and rescue man agement. GIS has notable advantages for spatial analysis and graphic display.We can predict the influence of earthquake in virtue of many seismic mathematic models,such as the model of vulnerability analysis of buildings, estimation of casualty and economic loss, the influence of epicentrum. By GIS and relevant models,we can identify the coverage of earthquake which can directly affect the precision of final result. It is believed that the loss of earthquake depends on the intensity of the earthquake. Certainly,it is true.In the mathematic models, the scale and the direction of seismic grade affect the distribution range of ellipse. Another factor is also very important, that is the quality of buildings, which are affected by the materials, years and stories of a building.According to the result that leads to the formation of the models, we can take proper meas ures to reduce hazard before earthquake. The practical application of the system shows that it can not only intensify the weakness in urban earthquake preventi on according to the analysis of seismic hazard prediction result,but also provide auxiliary information for disaster affected area's decision-making and quick response.Therefore, the comprehensive abilities for urban earthquake prevention and disaster alleviation are improved evidently.

Based on S.Beer's "spatial resolution taper",applied hierarchical system theory and combined with present research result of hierarchical system,the article tried to set up "the unit hierarchical taper of regional geographic system",a kind of regional geographic system model which is a scale-unit structure.The article analyzed the structural relationship and unit constitute of the taper.The research result showed that "the unit hierarchical taper of regional geographic system" is made up of the following units: the unit of geographic minimum structure,the unit of geographic basic function,the unit of geographic landscape,the unit of geographic landscape class and the unit of geographic landscape class combination.They represent the geographic research methodologies of "the partition of minimum spatial granularity","the analysis of a basic spatial process","the conjugate analysis of spatial processes","class partition" and "reciprocity among the classes" respectively and embody the geographic research thinking of "redutive analysis","process analysis","whole analysis","class partition" and "synthesis analysis" respectively.In addition,the article conducted an experiment of the research method on structure of the unit hierarchical structure of regional geographic system in a particular experimental district.

Intake excess of arsenic (As) can damage human health and may cause diseases. Routes of As intake are respiratory for dust and fumes, and oral for As in water, soil, beverage, and food. Consumption of vegetables from contaminated soils may be harmful to consumers health. In 1999, a serious As poisoning incident due to As contamination happened, more than 300 people were hospitalized in Dengjiatang, Chenzhou City, Hunan Province. Some 50 ha of paddy fields were contaminated and the farmlands were wasted for 4 years, though the source of As contamination had been cut off by local authority in time. Only a few vegetable fields can still be cultivated on the fields. There are few reports on revegetation or potential risk study of wasted As-contaminated farmland.We investigated the As concentration of plants and soils on the fields with different levels of As contaminations. Processes of natural revegetation of waste paddy and health risk of cosumed vegetables cultivated were investigated in the As-contaminated erea. It was found that revegetation in As-contaminated soil was significantly affected by the As-contaminated level. The amount of plant species was small and the weed biomass was the greatest in soil contaminated with low arsenic. The weeds grown on soil contaminated with medium level of As had the highest amount of plant species. The amount of plant species was the least and biomass of weed was the lowest in soil contaminated with high level of As. The species diversity was reduced by the present of Paspalum sp., a dominated weed, in the wasted fields. As concentrations in the edible parts of most vegetables were higher than the maximal permissible limit of As in food. Intake of As from consumed vegetables was 4.1 μg/kg body wt. per day in spring and summer, and 2.9 μg/kg body wt. per day in autumn and winter, respectively, both of which exceeded the level (2.1 μg/kg body wt. per day) set by World Health Organization (WHO).

The tourism in Beijing is the core and representative of the tourism development in China. But now the imbalance in the spacial and temporal distribution of the visitor flow in Beijing is getting worse. Therefore, it is very important to analyze the spacial and temporal distribution of the visitor flow in Beijing quantitatively, and take some action to alleviate this complexion. An on-site survey of Beijing's 12 typical scenic spots of different types, including Badaling Great Wall and the Imperial Palace etc, was carried out from May 2001 to May 2002. The real visitor flow condition was ascertained on the basis of the statistics of the on-site survey of these scenic spots to investigate the distribution of visitor flow in these scenic spots. Then an overall investigation of 183 important scenic spots was made, including monthly vistor reception, annual vistor reception and other static space configuration data. This paper analyzes the overall trend as well as the distributing character of visitor flow in scenic spots of city centre, suburbs and outskirts. We concluded that the spacial and temporal distribution of the visitor flow in Beijing is obviously imbalance; and to a certain extent, the supply of the tourism products can't meet the demand of the tourist market. Four maojor conclusions are: Firstly, the visitor flow mainly concentrates in the city proper and the mountainous area of northern Beijing, and the number of the visitors in the suburbs increases faster than that in the city proper. Secondely, the centralization of tourism time is intensified with the appearance of "the tourism golden week", which added the burthen to the senic spots during the midseason, especially caused the problem of the serious hotspot overcapacity. Thirdly, both amount of the senic spots and the competition are increasing, which is responsible for the decreasing of the vistor reception amount of some theme senic spots and traditional senic spots in the suburbs. At the same time, museums and a large amout of resembled new spots are facing a problem of the visitor shortage. Finally, the overall adjusting and controlling countermeasure for development direction, the spatial pattern of Beijing's tourist products, including improving the creativity of tourism product, attaching importance to the dragon-head effect and the centralization effect of the new product, leading the leisure tourism demand of the citizen to the suburbs, is presented. Besides, the adjusting and controlling countermeasures of visitor flow in scenic spots of the city proper, suburbs and outskirts is also proposed.

Based on the previous studies, this paper firstly discussed the methods that were used to measure relative centrality, and according to the goal of the research, perfected the Formula Tietz. And the perfecting model of urban scale effects and regional difference effects was built in order to perfect the analyzing method that was used to deal with the temporal changing process of the relative centricity based on the Formula Tietz. At the same time, the paper developed Neg F method and Sum F method to analyze the changing process of the urban hinterland and the urban system. By using data of the survey on private business in 1955 and population census in 1982 and 2000, the quantified indexes of the population of the commerce including employees in catering trade and the service industry were used to analyze the centricity. And the paper analyzed the distribution of central cities in Shandong Province and changes of both their inseparable hinterlands and loose ones in the last 50 years by means of Neg F & Sum F. Furthermore, the paper recognized the following points. Firstly, Jinan and Qingdao were the cities with the highest centricity in the study period. There are obvious differences between the central cities and other cities. As the cities with the highest centricity, the order of Jinan and Qingdao changed in the study period. Secondly, the foreign serving capacity of Jinan city has been decreasing little by little since 1955. The foreign serving capacity of Qingdao increased from 1955 to 1982, but decreased from 1982 to 2000. Thirdly, the evolvement of urban system in Shandong Province was a complicated and order-oriented process, two sub-systems which were led by Qingdao and Jinan as central cities were evolving to a unitary system led by Qingdao. And during this process, the hierarchy of central cities became obvious.

As traditional cultural tourism place, ancient villages have been paid more close attention in the process of rapid tourism development. Xidi Village is a typical and famous case in south Anhui province. After it was listed as the World Cultural Heritage, people came to visit in an endless stream. However, because of sharp growth of visitors, uneven distribution of tourist flows and limitation of capacity, the problems such as scenic spots overloading and tourism pollution, become increasingly severe and the pressure of protecting Xidi Village increases. Therefore, it is especially necessary and urgent to reinforce the research on tourism environmental carrying capacity. Taking the world cultural heritage-Xidi Village as an example, on the basis of a considerable on-the-spot investigations, this paper tries to confirm the tourism environmental carrying capacity of ancient villages and raises basic countermeasures in order to promote the sustainable development. The specific measures are: (1)to prolong open period and shorten retention period; (2)to decrease the disparities between the slack period and peak period in order to "cut the peak to fill up the valley"; (3)to reopen the former sights and develop the peripheral sights; (4)to accelerate the development of new areas; (5)to enhance management and improve services; and (6)to enhance the publicity driving force, standardize and guide the visitors' behaviors.

With the measurement data of the down ward atmospheric radiation and the air temperature and humidity of the surface layer in 2004 in the Xiaotangshan region of Beijing, the verification was done by making use of the widely-used downward atmospheric radiation model,includingt enmodels for cloud-free days: ngstr(1918), Brunt(1932), Swinbank1( 1963), Idso & Jackson(1969), Swinbank2(1963), Brutsaert1(1975), Brutsaert2(1982) , Idso(1981), Prata(1996), Iziomon et al.(2003),and two models for cloudy days:Jacobs(1978) and Iziomon(2003). The results show: (1)for cloud-free days, I ziomon(2003)'s model has a good performance and can be used directly for the are a; and (2) for cloudy days, the two models, Jacobs(1978) and Iziomon(2003), have relative large errors. With measured data, this paper puts forward a modified downward atmospheric radiation assessment model based on Iziomon(2003)'s model and the measurement information.A better match between the estimation value and the actual measured value is achieved.The application of the data about the air temperature and humidity from the regular weather stations only represents the contribution of the surface layer which could not reflect the effect given by the whole atmosphere to the downward atmospheric radiation, so there will be errors if the water vapor situation is different from the surface layer and the upper layer. The basic idea of the modi fied model is to calculate the downward atmospheric radiation with an expression of the atmospheric emissivity in Iziomon's model by making use of the observati on value from the thermal infrared thermometer with an angle of 37°.

Spatial hydrological process involves the 3D geospatial and a temporal dimension.The visualization of it is helpful to understand it more correctly and more efficiently.In this paper an approach representing spatial hydrological process dynamically and interactively is developed,using Huangtuling watershed in Zhejiang province as a case area.Our research development involves the following major phases: 1) creation of ground spatial reference,2) 3D display of spatial hydrological process and 3) dynamic and interactive display.In the PC environment,OpenGL functions are called through Visual C++ to realize the dynamic 3D display.OpenGL functions are powerful in 3D modeling and rendering and therefore suitable for presentation of the spatial hydrological process,while the technology of double buffers ensures the continuous display of the temporal changes of spatial hydrological process.The main aspects of the approach such as surface modeling,terrain coloring,normal computation in lighting,water transparency handling,temporal hydrological data processing and interaction parameters inputting,are discussed in details. The system can display realistically the 3D dynamic changes of water continuum at different surface elevations,and the navigation and synchronized animation play important parts in observing,analyzing and comparing spatial hydrological process.

In social and environmental sciences,researchers are interested in the analysis and modeling of the spatial data.Unlike ordinary data,the locations of the observation are also concerned as well as the values relating to the objects in spatial data analysis.Real estate has gone through a dramatic growth in China these years,and there were a lot of researches on the development of real estate.But most of the studies just considered the social and economic attributes of the real estate.The location of the real estate was not fully considered.With the development of the Geographical Information Sciences(GISc),the theories and methods about spatial dada analysis developed too.And there are more tools and softwares focused on spatial analysis,which improved the application of the spatial data analysis.In this paper,the way of spatial data analysis,such as point pattern analysis,spatial correlation analysis and spatial interpolation were recommended and used in the study about the real estate in Beijing,the capital of China.By using the quadrat analysis,nearest neighbor analysis and Ripley's K function,the clumped pattern of the real estate in Beijing is found.The Moran's I,which is often used to test the spatial autocorrelation,also suggests that there is significant spatial autocorrelation in the price of the house in Beijing.This means that the research about the price of the house in Beijing must concern about this important characteristic.By use of ordinary kirging,the spatial pattern of the house price in Beijing was simulated,and the results also show that the price has some interesting relationship with the development of the city itself.

The key problem of the regional economic dynamics is the economic growth. As the resources shortage issue had not been fully realized,the binding force and the carrying capacity of resource to labor (population) and regional economiy were not taken into consideration in the classical theory of regional growth. Based on Rabenau and Miyao’s modern economic growth models, a dynamical regional growth model of ternary variables binding by resource, in which the labor, capital, environment capability and efficiency of management are taken as the regional growth elements, is set up in this paper. The analysis of equilibrium states shows that the regional economic growth ( Gross National Product) is proportional to two factors, one is the abundance degree of the resources and environment, the other is the summation of management efficiency, capital investment, science and technology, and labors. It is obvious that natural resource and environment instead of the granted capital, technology or labor are the bottleneck factors in the regional economic cask. In practi cal production, management, capital, technology and labors are compensatory and balanceable in the economic development while environmental resource is fatal.The results of the study by a series of analysis and numerical simulations s how: (1) The model can be used not only to simulate the different stages of regional growth, but also to discover the relations between the regional growth and the economic factors; (2) natural resource and environment instead of the granted capital, technology or labor are the bottleneck factors in the regional economic cask; and (3) the bearing capacity of environmental resources will play anim portant role in the social gross output value.

Based on sampling surveys of 1,200 rural residents with questionnaires in Liuyang city, Huarong county, Xinling county and Fenghuang county of Hunan province from²001 to 2003, this paper makes a detailed analysis of the tourism perspectives on the 1,077 effective samples. Some conclusions are drawn as follows: In Hunan, more and more rural residents become to know tourism while only 1.9% of the samples "never heard about" tourism. However, there is difference in the four survey regions. In Liuyang and Fenghuang, rural residents know more tourism knowledge than the other two regions, because tourism has long been developed there. Rural residents have positive attitudes to tourism in Hunan. Most of them accept tourism as a product, but there are different tourism perspectives among different age groups and different regions in the province. The tourism assent rate related to residents gained from tourism. The residents' assent rate is higher in Fenghuang than the other regions, and the rate is the lowest in Huarong. Tourism motivation of rural residents is multiplicity, but their purpose of touring is simple. Tourism hobbies of rural residents are affected by age and economic level. Especially, in Hunan, tourism hobbies of rural residents are inclined to sightseeing and learning-technology tour. Scenic spots are the most popular sites for rural residents, and big cities and eastern region are other tourism destinations of the rural residents. Most of the rural residents have a desire to go out for travel. Rural residents have abundant and centralized time for travel, whereas their budgetary outlay is normally higher than their actual expenditure. Especially, the older residents are inclined to choose 2～7 days tour, but the youngsters are inclined to 4～7 days or over 7 days tour. The main limited factors for rural residents' touring are income, and farming season and housework are the limited factors for young and middle-aged rural residents. However, the older residents are worried about the security and traffic conditions. And the subjective factors including in-comprehend tourism and the negative effect.

By theoretical analysis of the external investment and urban development, this article researches the influence of external investment on urban development in backward areas. In addition, taking Lanzhou for example, according to the condition of attracting investment (including external and internal investment) of Lanzhou in recent years, this article makes a demonstrative analysis about the influence of investment on urban development in Lanzhou, and puts forward policy and suggestions about drawing in external investment in Lanzhou. The data shows that the external investment is not the chief impetus to Lanzhou's development. The external investment mainly concentrates on the secondary and the tertiary industries in urban district. The external capital which is attracted by Lanzhou is always lower than the internal capital, and the capital out of Gansu is also lower than the capital from Gansu Province itself among the internal capitals. The external capitals from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan are much higher than those from other continents every year. The total capitals from America and Asia are rising. European capital is the least all the time. But the capital from Hong kong, Macao and Taiwan changes evidently. Generally speaking, the external investment influences urban economic development by intervening its industrial chain from enterprises. Maybe the external investment brings two different consequences. Not only it can promote urban development, but also it can block urban development. Firstly, the dominant industry in Lanzhou is mainly pollutive industry, so the city's industrial structure must be adjusted. Meanwhile, environmental protection must be paid attention to. Secondly, the outside investment mainly concentrates on the secondary and the tertiary industries in urban district will bring more and more urban problems. Finally, the external investment can elevate the industrial agglomeration in Western China. The key is that the city in Western China ought to seize the opportunity to choose the outside investment and industry for virtual progress.

Based on the data of tourism sampling check from 1999 to 2003 in China, and in the context of spatial field effect,this psper uses factor analysis to show the basic character of domestic tourist flows origin, distribution, centralization, decentralization and their relativity of tourist flows spatial network. The results are as follows: (1) Economy is the main driving force of the tourist flows origin, the effect of cultural driving force is intensifying and tourist resource is the main driving force of the tourist distribution. Now, China has formed four tourist flows original fields and five tourist destinations. (2) Influenced by market principle, the hierarchical structure of tourist centralization fields and decentralization fields represents the spatial sequence model of K = 3. (3) The regional structure of tourist centralization fields show the character of "U" form, and the regional structure of tourist decentralization fields represent the pattern of "third class ladder". (4) The spatial network indexes of β and γ indicate that the relativity of tourist flows spatial network is feebleness. Finally, the paper regards that China should expedite the tourism development of the "two zones & three regions", namely the two zones of the Yangtze and Yellow river drainage areas and the three regions of the south coastal provinces, the north coastal provinces and northeast provinces in China. They are the key directions to push energetically the cooperation among tourist regions, endeavor to construct the tourist spatial network system, adjust and optimize the directions and quantity of tourist flows, as well as the key factors to enhance the network level of tourist flows.

Region is an open system.The economic growth in each region not only depends on its own characteristics,but also on those of the regions that form the neighborhood to which it belongs.Growth poles theory or core-periphery pattern suggests that different spatial interactions between a region and its neighbors can enlarge or lessen regional disparities.Unfortunately,the traditional approaches to regional disparities suppose that each region is independent from others,so they just evaluate the regional disparity variations of "isolated" regions and cannot tell the dynamics of interrelated regions.This paper firstly explores the feasibility of exploratory spatial data analysis(ESDA) in analyzing regional economic disparities.Unlike traditional statistical methods,such as coefficients of variation,ESDA can incorporate spatial effects into the analysis of regional disparities,identifying global and local disparities at the regional scale and visualizing the spatial distribution and patterns through Moran scatterplots or maps.By means of global and local spatial autocorrelation analyses,this paper then investigates the spatial dynamics of regional disparities at the county level in Jiangsu by analyzing per capita GDP data,1978-2002.Empirical results show that after more than 20 years of reforms and opening-up,the overall county-level spatial disparities of regional economy in Jiangsu have been greatly decreased over time.Moreover,the regions and their neighbors tend to have the similar trends towards shrinking the disparities of regional economy,especially the counties(or cities) in southern or northern Jiangsu.Thirdly,the significant spread or trickling-down effect has been observed across southern Jiangsu since 1992.But for the whole province,its polarization effect is beyond its spread effect because significant lagging areas located in northern Jiangsu have appeared with the growing up of southern Jiangsu.Finally,the reduction of county-level regional disparities in Jiangsu is not the symbol of regional development in a coordinated way,indicating the spatial ramifications of the whole regional economy into two different clubs through the process of cumulative causation.

This paper characterizes the social and economic situation of Shaoxing County, locating at the southern flank of Yangtze River Delta. According to the characteristics of Desakota, which summed up by T. McGee, the regional features of the County completely tally with the characteristics of quasi-urbanized area. The formation of the quasi-urbanization characteristics in the County is a result of implementation of a series of development policies and strategies, which is different from the common run, and enumerated in the paper. Mainly it is that, the State guided peasants to develop industries on the spot, implementing the policy of "to leave the land but not the native place, to enter factory but not to city", taking industrialization development road for the rural communities refraining from a centralized urbanization. The followed economic policies brought some positive as well as negative influence on the urbanization process in the countryside. And the segregated administration division of the rural county from the urban district helps the decentralized urbanization as well. The sample study concludes that: quasi-urbanization would be an inevitable phenomenon in some densely populated areas of developing countries, where is not possible to grow a new big central city; the some small towns in the area will continue to grow progressively in the order of development of the local urban system from below. The dispersedly quazi-urbanized administrative region is necessary to strengthen its central city to serve the region's development, but normally the prospect central city should not have bigger size than that of the central cities of higher rank. The development of polarized urbanization is limited, and it is un-realistic to expect a conformation of new bigger city nearby the existed local large central city there. Quasi-urbanized area is a particular human-geographical area, where the urban and rural elements are mingled each other. And at the end the authors have made some suggestions for healthier development of the County, such as: to abolish the principle of urban-rural separation for regional administrative division, and to merge the two administrative regions of Shaoxing County with Yuecheng District into one unit; to promote a reasonable distribution of land-uses and to pay close attention to land consolidation and leveling for increasing the land-utility ratio in agriculture and to create favorable conditions for giving the full play of the local potentialities for the agricultural production.

This paper aims to illustrate the changes and the relationship between resource use patterns and state policies in the rural area of Beijing city with viewpoint of political ecology in China's rapid economic growth since reform and opening up. Based on years of fieldwork from 1995, the results of the survey lead to the following conclusions. First, agricultural crop production has changed as the influence of the agricultural production policies has changed. Second, the agricultural land productivity of Beijing city was influenced either by natural conditions or the changes in governmental policies. Third, rural industries in rural areas of Beijing city are centralized in those parts of the plain close to the city proper. Fourth, based on changes of agricultural land productivity and gross income of the township and village enterprises in each township of Beijing city in 1989 and 1999, four changing patterns in rural areas during this period can be defined. These four patterns are formulated under the interaction of natural conditions, social economic conditions, and agricultural production policies. Fifth, The changes in agricultural production among rural regions are diversified in Beijing city. The reason for the diversification is doubtless that, because of varying natural conditions, different agricultural production policies have been applied to each agricultural region, leading to differences in crop production. That is to say, the roles of state and municipal government policies are very important. It can understand from the case villages that, since the reform and opening up to the outside world, the relation between rural reform and the ecological environment of Beijing city is different to the way it appears in existing studies. It appears that it has a regional specialty. Its main feature is that, in general, the regional ecological environment is not damaged by the changes of the state policies, but, on the contrary, is somehow improved. A political ecological perspective should highlight not only the impact of political-economic relationships on resource use patterns, but also the significance of environmental variables and how their interaction with political economic forces influences human – environment relationships.

This paper introduces the design and realization process of electronic sand table system for regional planning of Chongqing under the platform of ArcGIS by ESRI through secondary development by Visual Basic for Application (VBA). That it is called electronic sand table, sometimes digital sand table or virtual sand table, is contrast with traditional material sand table model. Unlike material sand tables, electric sand table is new high-tech product with integration of computer application, visual reality, Geographical Information System, virtual reality and multimedia. It can give users a real-time and interactive operation circumstance. Electronic sand tables break the limits of traditional sand tables such as large area, inconvenient for carrying, single content, and difficult to update. It has practical functions towards regional planning apart from the functions of traditional material sand table, such as assisting design planning scheme, managing spatio-temporal attribute of planning objects, analysing spatial affects and evaluating the planning blueprint, etc. In this paper, also, we analyse great significance of applying electronic sand table to regional planning and the profound effects that electronic sand table brings to regional planning. In the recent years, electronic sand table has been applied in many fields to a certain extent, such as military affairs, irrigation works, real estate, fire protection, but little in regional planning. From this article, we provide a new mode in which we carry on regional planning and we successfully test it through taking the Chongqing city as a case. This mode breaks the traditional idea, its vividness and third dimension can help geographers and regional policy decision-makers to gain a better understanding of the regions, and electronic sand table will become their right hand some time later.

Sustainable development is the topic of world research nowadays.Developing eco-economy is an essential way to achieve sustainable development.Jilin province,according to its status quo of society,economy and environment,formulated the developmental strategies for the realization of eco-economic province in 1999,intended to develop eco-economy of the whole province so as to improve Jilin province's competitiveness and realize sustainable development.In China,Jilin province is the second one after Hainan province which put forward the developmental strategies for the accomplishment of eco-economic province. Jilin Province,located in the middle part in Northeast China,is one of the oldest industrial areas,governing 9 districts: Changchun,Jilin,Siping,Liaoyuan,Baishan,Tonghua,Songyuan,Baicheng and Yanbian.Although it had contributed much to the national economic development,yet its previous economic development pattern was only focused on the utilization of resources while neglecting the protection of eco-environment,hence leading to serious deterioration of eco-environment and damage of natural resources.Now the regional competitiveness,with decreasing resources and degraded environment,declined quickly.So in order to improve integrated competitiveness of the whole province,it is quite important to sustain and restore eco-environment and realize sustainable development.Based on the analysis of economic,social and ecological conditions and characteristics,the strategic goals were designated,aiming to improve eco-environment,accelerate economic development,improve competitiveness and realize sustainable development of Jilin Province.It planned to take 30 years to achieve an eco-economic province. This paper explains the connotation of eco-economic and regional competitiveness,and establishes the assessment indexes system and methods,with which to evaluate eco-ecological competitiveness of eco-economic district,including 9 districts.The assessment result shows that the best region is in the middle,and then is the east region,the region between the east and the middle,and the worst is the west region.At last some advices based on the research result are proposed for constructing Jilin eco-economic province.

After the 1980s, the organization model of world aviation network changed greatly to meet air transportation demand, and a new aviation network model-Hub and Spoke System were applied in many count ries which impacted profoundly the evolution of world aviation networks. In this paper, the authors expounded the development of international Hub and Spoke Sy stems and research progress made internally and internationally, and analyzed the aviation transportation development, current problems and international develo ping environment in China. Then the authors analyzed the main aviation network models, including:1)City to City systems;2)Linear networks;and 3)Hub and Spoke System, especially discussed the organization mechanism of Hub and Spoke System and its competitive advantages. Based on the theory of Hub and Spoke Systems, the authors constructed the ideal organization model of aviation networks in China . Firstly the authors designed the evaluating indexes for choosing and appraising hub airdromes in China, and divided them into three kinds, the international hubincluded Shanghai and Beijing, internal hub included Shanghai, Beijing and Guangzhou, and regional hub included Shenyang, Wuhan, Xi`an,Urumqi, Chengdu and Kunming. Then the authors designed the trunk air networks linking the hub airdro mes which included three kinds and constituted the main part of the hub and Spoke systems. But the trunk lines could not be constructed if the distance between two hub airdromes exceeds 2000 km. It is very important to design lateral networks for the construction and management of Hub and Spoke Systems, of which lateral lines are produced between hub airdromes and lateral airports or among the lateral airports. But if the distance between two airports exceeds 800 km, it is impossible to construct the lateral city to city systems but linear networks.According to these standards, the ideal aviation networks of Hub and Spoke Systems was constructed in China.

The study on urban social areas began rather late in China. Yu Wei firstly introduced the concept of urban social areas in 1986. Then Chinese scholars carried out researches in the cities of Guangzhou, Beijing, Xi'an and so on, which mostly discussed the characters of urban social spaces at the beginning of the shift from planned economic system to market economic system. Along with the strengthening of market economic function, great changes have taken place in the characters of urban social areas. Taking Nanchang as an example, the thesis researched the differentiations of urban social areas in the new era. Based on the data of the Fifth National Population Census at the subdistrict (jiedao) level in Nanchang, the research used the method of factor ecological analysis, which had four steps: constructing data matrix, analyzing data twice by factor analysis, describing the spatial characters of factors and compartmentalizing urban social areas. Through the factorial ecological analysis, the thesis found that differentiations of social areas were taking place in Nanchang. Factor analysis revealed four factors that underlay the social spatial structure in Nanchang: (1) housing conditions as the dominant factor displaying a sectoral pattern, (2) educational and professional status featuring a sectoral pattern, (3) family status exhibiting a combination of sectoral and zonal patterns, and (4) floating population resembling a sectoral pattern. Superimposing the four factors generated a complex urban mosaic in Nanchang. Cluster analysis was used to classify the subdistricts into seven different social areas. The differentiations of urban social areas displayed a combination of sectoral and zonal patterns.

GIS is a geo-referenced data based system for manipulating digital spatial and thematic data. Because of its unique properties of spatial data (spatial dependence and spatial heterogeneity), there is an urgent need to investigate the mechanisms of spatial processes through exploring spatial data. The techniques of spatial analysis can be categorized into six groups: (1) generation of spatial data and its preliminary treatment; (2) spatialization of attribute data and scale transformation of spatial data; (3) visualization and exploration of spatial data; (4) geo-statistics; (5) analysis of lattice data; and (6) reversing information from complicated spatial data. To meet the real world solutions, a procedural diagram of spatial data analysis is suggested as below: (1) preliminary data treatment; (2) modeling; (3) solution; and (4) interpretation. Various techniques are being employed to investigate spatial processes, the identical study objective and some common characteristics of the study object may lead to the integration and convergence of the various approaches, and further the introduction of a general science: spatial mathematics. A same important issue is to develop robust spatial analysis computer packages for public uses.

This paper studies the principles and method of fast remote-sensing information extraction for urban built-up land, taking Fuzhou city as an example. With the detailed analysis and clarity of several existing normalized difference indices, the study selects three indices, Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI), Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI) and Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI) to represent three major urban land use/cover classes, i. e. , built-up land, water body and vegetation, respectively. The three index images are generated from a Landsat ETM + subscene of Fuzhou city and then used as three bands to compose a new image. This dramatically compresses the original eight-band ETM+ image into a three-band image, reduces band correlations and data redundancy, thus significantly simplifiying the band spectral analysisprocedures. The spectral signature analysis only needs to be performed on this three-index composite image and the signature differences among the three major urban land use/cover classes are revealed much easier than being done with multi-bands. Based on the revealed signature differences, the built-up land is finally extracted through a simple logic calculation. The result achieves a 91.3% overall accuracy. Therefore, the method is a fast and accurate one for the remote-sensing information extraction of urban land use without human interference. In addition to the above built-up land information extraction study, the paper proposes a Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI) based on the NDWI of Mcfeeters (1996) , which uses MIR wavelength (ETM + band 5) instead of NIR wavelength to construct the index. The replacement largely enhances the contrast of the water bodies with the other land use/cover classes and reduces the spectral confusion with the other classes. Therefore, the MNDWI is more suitable for delineating features of polluted urban rivers/lakes. The advantages of using SAVI instead of NDVI in the urban study are also discussed in this paper.

The study was carried out based on the method of combining theoretical analysis with demonstrative research. In demonstrative research, questionnaires were designed and distributed. The subjects of the study mainly belonged to the wealthy class people of the maximal emissivenes in the urban district of Hangzhou, who hadn't been involved in leisure tourism for 3 or 4 weeks on end. The major content of the questionnaire included 32 items under, 7 sections-they were financial factor, factor of time, transportation factor, psychological factor, safety factor, learning factor and other factors. Of all the questionnaires, 551 copies were effective. Based on the analysis, the following conclusion was made:The impeditive factors influencing leisure tourism of the maximal emissivenes residents in the city of Hangzhou were mainly the factor of time and traffic factor, the latter was closely related to the former factor, and next to them came the learning factor. As to the specific factors, the chief of all was that the interviewees had jobs, indicating that they were under great pressure. Most of the interviewees preferred traveling by bus, but such factors as the limited number and no direct bus constituted the most important barrier. To the people of different professions, factors were complicated, but among them time, transportation and learning pressure were considered first. In the aspect of sex, men were restricted by time, transportation and study pressure, while women, besides time which was similar with men, gave more concern to transportation and safety factors. The influence of impeditive factors on people of different age groups was relatively complicated. Students had more study pressure, middle-aged people had limited time, and the elderly might worry more about transportation. As to education, the most impeditive factors were that of time, transportation and safety.

Urban Man-made Landscapes are vario us rising and falling artificial landmark associations that are formed by human ac tivities. With constant promotion of urbanization process, the development of Urban Man-made Landscapes demonstrate certain law. This study, taking Dalian as an example,` has set up the responding model to the urbanization development course of Urban Man-made Landscapes. Meanwhile, this thesis studied the coupling coefficient of Urban Man-made Landscape development and urbanization process changes. Based upon the above analysis it also analysed the response of Urban Man-made Landscapes to the changes of the urbanization process.Finally, the deve lopment laws of Urban Man-made Landscapes of Dalian under urbanization function are summaried.The main conclusions of the study are as follows: (1) The responding equatio n of Urban Man-made Landscapes of Dalian city under urbanization function accor ds with actual conditions of Dalian, meanwhile , the responding equation is basi cally identical with urban growth curve,which proves that this responding model is accurate and reliate.(2) The development of Urban Man-made Landscapes of Dalian demonstrates the obvious stages with stages of the urbanization process, which proves the inherent regularity of the two changes.(3) The changes of respon ding coefficient and coupling coefficient of Urban Man-made Landscapes of Dalian are consistent,namely, the greater the responding coefficient, the greater cou pling coefficient is.The consistency of the two has confirmed the accuracy of this responding model further.(4) With constant promotion of the urbanization process, the development of Urban Man-made Landscapes of Dalian experiences a three-mode expansion with level space in domination-level expansion with vertical growth in coordination-vertical space growth of city in domination.

The main purpose of this paper is to reveal the temporal and spatial disparities of the performance and potential of FDI within Guangdong province by constructing indices of performance and potential of FDI. Ten potential indicators have been employed and the Pearson coefficients between them and FDI were obtained through correlative analysis. Furthermore, the coupling mechanism between performance and potential of FDI was established to distinguish the coupling types of regional performance and potential of FDI and their transformation through time in Guangdong. Strong evidence from this study shows that just reversing to the trend of the amount of actually utilized foreign capitals, the performance index-scores of FDI in Guangdong are diminishing slowly. The Pearl River Delta Economic Zone (PRDEZ) has always been the most important area of Guangdong province concerning FDI, in spite of the shrinkage of quotient occupied by it. The decentralizing trend of spatial distribution of FDI in PRDEZ has dominated the decentralizing trend throughout the province, as the values of HI show. Results show that 52% of all the 21 prefectures belong to the region-types of potential lagging behind performance, and 38% belong to the types of performance lagging behind potential, only 10% belong to the type of harmony during 1995-1996. Comparing with the circs of the period 1995-1996, 100% prefectures of PRDEZ and 58% prefectures of the other area beyond PRDEZ had increased their potential level, 67% prefectures of PRDEZ and 42% prefectures of the other area beyond PRDEZ had increased their performance level during 2000-2001. The empirical results have important policy implications for foreign-capital economic development of Guangdong province. For the main central cities such as Guangzhou, Shenzhen and Foshan have been found to belong to the performance lagging behind potential region-type through quantitative analysis, the concept that all these cities are all saturated with foreign capitals should be renewed.