The producer services exportation changes the traditional viewpoint that services can only sell within a limited area and can not make income for the local regions. Actually, no matter it is cross-country-border or not, the producer services exportation, which is called producer services trade, is an important item in the research of producer services.The central place theory discusses mainly about the exportation of traditional services industries, rather than the producer services which have developed rapidly in recent 50 years. The paper tries to answer two questions. Does the producer services exportation from the central city still follow the thought of central place theory? And what are the spatial features of the producer services exportation of the central city?According to the questionnaire and interviews to the producer services corporations in Guangzhou, one of the most developed cities for producer services in China, three features of producer services exportation which are different from the traditional services are identified: (1) The range of service for the central city is not limited in a single urban system region. And the exportation from the central city does not diffuse completely in terms of the urban hierarchy. (2) The direction of the exportation is not only from the high-level city to the low-level city, but also, even more, between the high-level cities. (3) The distributions of quantum for service selling and clients are inconsistent. Based on the interpretation of the corporations behavior, four deductions for the producer services exportation in the services economy era are put forward: (1) Spatial distance do not exert a great effect on the service producer, because the providers of producer services can travel for a long distance as long as the client can pay for the service. So the upper limit for the range of producer services exportation depends on the influence that the provider's power can reach. (2) The non-hierarchy-diffusion exportation model in Guangzhou, with the characteristics of a global city, reflects that the producer services exportation correlates with the status of the city in the global urban system. (3) For the producer services institutions, to sell more service in a market that has been developed is even more important than to develop more new markets. Thereby, in the analysis of urban hierarchy, the intention of service should be considered as another index besides the range of service. (4) The producer services exportation can reflect the connection between industries, and even the connection between cities.

Based on 5336 typical soil profiles collected during the second national soil survey period, the correlation between topsoil total nitrogen (A horizon) and 11 environmental factors were analyzed and spatial distribution of topsoil nitrogen (TN) at national scale in China was simulated with the combination of multiple regression model and HASM model. Results indicated that, mean absolute error and mean relative error of the predicted value for 350 validation points were 0.67 g·kg^-1 and 61.06%; compared with ordinary kriging method, the two errors were reduced by 0.05 g·kg^-1 and 17.53% respectively. Besides, simulation result for northwest China, where the density of sample points was much smaller, was much closer to the actual situation. Thus, a combined method of multiple regression model and HASM model, which took the influence of environmental factors into account, can be used as an effective method for simulating spatial distribution of soil properties at a large scale.

Local residents' perception of tourism impacts in tourist destinations has been found to affect their attitude towards tourism; however, there have been relatively few studies on the influence of residents' tourism development expectation on their attitude towards tourism. With the utilization of SPSS16.0 software, this paper, taking China's Jiuzhaigou and the UK's New Forest National Parks as case study areas, makes a comparative study on the influence of local residents' tourism development expectation and touirism impacts perception on their attitude towards tourism. And potentially possible reasons for the influence and the differences between these two cases have been conducted with a qualitative analysis. Some conclusions can be obtained as follows. (1) Local residents' tourism impacts perception, especially tourism benefit perception, directly influences their support of tourism development. (2) Tourism development expectation of local residents directly influences their tourism impacts perception, espetially their tourism benefit perception, and indirectly influences their attitude towards tourism development in the parks via the medium of tourism benefit perception. (3) Residents in both destinations hold positive tourism development expectation with minor differences between the two cases due to cultural differences. Tourism benefit perception of local residents in the two national parks is less and worse than their tourism development expectation, indicating that there is a great gap between their tourism development expectation and tourism impacts perception in these two case study areas. But the majority of local residents in these two parks still hold no negative attitude towards local tourism development in spite of the existing gap.

In order to find out the concentration of CO₂ in the desert area, its influence on the CO₂ in the atmosphere and the role that it plays in the global carbon cycle, the research team utilized infrared monitor of CO₂ to observe the concentration of CO₂ of the 17 drill holes day and night in May 2009 in the highest desert area in Badain Jaran in the world. Results show that the difference of various observation spots' concentration of CO₂ in the desert area in Badain Jaran is relatively big. The concentration of CO₂ at each observation spot changes from 0.01% to 0.075%, and the concentration of CO₂ at night is low but high in the daytime. The diurnal variation of concentration of CO₂ in the desert area in Badain Jaran is obvious, and from 7 am to 6 pm, the concentration of CO₂ at different depths ranging from 1 m to 5 m presents the regularity that it changes from low to high, and then from high to low. During 24 hours, four turning points are observed in the concentration of CO₂, and they appear at 5 am, 11 am, 18 pm and 21 pm. Under the condition of unchanged water content of sand layer, the diurnal variation in temperature is the main reason for the change of the concentration of CO₂ in the sand layer, and the diurnal variation in temperature is positively correlated with the diurnal variation of concentration of CO₂ in the desert area. The sand layer's concentration of CO₂ with higher water content is obviously higher than that with lower water content. Concentration of CO₂ above 5 m in the desert area is higher than that above the surface, which indicates that the highest desert area where the CO₂ comes from is also the source of CO₂ in the atmosphere, and the sand layer's concentration of CO₂ is generated from the activities of germs in the naked high large desert area with nasty environment.

Applying the travel areas model and GIS to obtain the data of tourism attraction systems in various travel circles in the Yangtze River Delta, this paper measures each aggregation fractal dimension on spatial structure of each tourism attraction system. Aggregation fractal non-scaling intervals have showed three sections of tourism attractions systems' spatial structure in travel circles of Nanjing, Suzhou and Hangzhou, and non-scaling intervals dividing points of three sections correspond to R_S=10 km and R_S=30 km; those of Changzhou, Wuxi, Shanghai and Shaoxing have showed two sections, and the dividing point corresponds to about R_S=30 km; the tourism attractions system' spatial structure of travel circles of Ningbo is simple, and its non-scaling interval is one section and wide. There are differences on the changing trend of aggregation fractal dimension values in the same type of tourist attraction system. We have drawn the conclusion that tourism attraction systems' spatial structure represents the density decay characteristics from the center tourism attraction point to the surrounding hinterland, in the corresponding R_S ≤30 km non-scaling interval, aggregation fractal dimension values are clustered around 0.5, in the corresponding 30＜R_S≤75 km non-scaling interval, which gathered around 1.35 or 1.80. Tourism attractions systems' spatial structure aggregation fractal dimension values of the northern travel circle including Nanjing, Suzhou, Changzhou, Wuxi and Shanghai are around 1.35, and those of the southern travel circle including Hangzhou, Shaoxing and Ningbo are around 1.80, which indicate that the spatial structure of northern city travel circles are more compact than those of southern city travel circles. Northern city travel circles play a bigger central role, and the travel areas are coordinated with travel circles. These tourism central cities can fully support a three-day travel circles of 110 km radius, and can fully realize the function of tourism management, service and tourism transportation, thus these cities tourism facilities are efficiently used. Southern city travel circles play a relatively weak central role, and these cities deficiently perform the tourism function; then, these cities tourism facilities are used with relatively low efficiency and those actual travel circles' radius are probably less than 110 km. Therefore, we should not build superabundant tourism facilities in these tourism central cities to support a three-day travel, and should build some tourism facilities in these ordinary tourism cities in the scope of 110 km radius.

This paper investigated the variation trend of annual average NDVI both in the overall Tibetan Plateau and in different eco-geographical regions. The spatial characteristics of the response of NDVI to climatic factors (temperature and precipitation) in different eco-geographical regions were assessed based on a half-month maximum synthesis GIMMS NDVI dataset and climate data from 104 meteorological stations during 1982-2006. The results showed that: (1) The vegetation coverage tended to improve on the whole in the past 25 years, especially in the northeastern and southwestern plateau, and the middle part of the eastern plateau, which belonged to the humid and semi-humid regions. But the vegetation degradation happened in the northern and western plateau, which belonged to semi-arid and arid regions. (2) The correlation between vegetation change and temperature variation was relatively large, which showed that the response of vegetation change to temperature variation was more sensitive than to precipitation. (3) The correlation between vegetation change and temperature and precipitation variations was obviously different in different eco-geographical regions. The greatest correlation was shown in the moderate vegetation cover region, and it gradually weakened from meadows and steppes to coniferous forests. The relevance of desert was the smallest. The correlation between vegetation cover and temperature during growing seasons was consistent with that throughout the year, but was greatly different from the correlation with precipitation that was not significant during growing seasons.

Inter-annual to inter-decadal sea level variations and its coupling characteristics with corresponding climate fluctuations have received wide attention in such fields as climate and oceanography research. It is one of the most important parts in analyzing multi-scale spatio-temporal transmissions and dynamical mechanisms of the complex coupled ocean-atmosphere interactions. Multichannel Singular Spectrum Analysis (MSSA) is a proper multiscale spectrum method which can extract and reconstruct the spatio-temporal characteristics of the significant periodic and low frequency quasi-periodic variations from high noisy data. It is applied to the Northwest Pacific region (10°N-38°S) using 1968-2007 sea level data from 14 tide gauge stations released by Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level (PSMSL) and University of Hawaii Sea Level Center (UHSLC). These data are filtered by Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) to remove the long-term trend. Then inter-annual to inter-decade variability of sea level fluctuation is examined by MSSA. It is showed that, there is a scale coupling of inter-annual to inter-decade periods in amplitude and phase. The coupling characteristics change with El Nin o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) variability. The significant zonal propagation with the decrease of amplitude and energy from low to high latitude can be revealed as well. The response ranges of PDO in spatial dimension are significantly narrower than that of ENSO. ENSO can affect the sea level of Dalian station (38°56'N) but PDO can only affect those of Uragrami (33°33'N) and Lusi stations (32°08'N). Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA) is used to extract the principle scale components from Multivariate ENSO Index (MEI) and PDO index. Analyses based on the principle scale components and sea level variations also show that 2.5a periods and 4.5a periods exactly matched with ENSO variability. Meanwhile, 4.5a periods and 8a periods are significantly correlated with PDO variability. And these responses are greatly influenced by global warming. There are two distinct fluctuation transformations around 1973 and 1998. The correlation coefficient of 2.5-8a periods and PDO reach -0.40, indicating that there is some relationship between PDO and the transformations.

The Dongting Lake Area (DLA), a famous and important commodity grain production base in China, is one of nine industrial belts of the top agricultural products, and belongs to the top grain industrial belt of double-cropping paddy in the Yangtze River Basin. Therefore, the investigations based on the rice productivity of the DLA is vital for the optimization of the land resource allocation, assessment of the paddy field ecosystem, design of agricultural development plan and protection of agricultural eco-environment. According to the meteorological analysis data from 2003 to 2007 and the soil analysis data of the Second National Field Survey, utilizing the stepwise diminishing method of light, temperature, water and soil, a comparative research was carried out to build an appropriate rice potential productivity model for the DLA. Two rice potential productivity models (photosynthesis-temperature potential productivity calculation by step-by-step model and FAO-AEZ model) were investigated, followed by the analysis of the spatial distribution of late rice potential productivity with the assistance of Geographic Information System (GIS). The results showed that the mean simulation value of five years (2003-2007) predicted by a step-by-step model achieved 7808.072 kg/hm², higher than the observation value (5904 kg/hm²); while the simulation value obtained by FAO-AEZ model was only 5687.45 kg/hm², even lower than the mean observation value, which is unreasonable for the actuality of DLA. This disclosed that the model based on step-by-step calculation of photosynthesis-temperature potential productivity was appropriate to predict the late rice potential productivity in the study area. At the same time, the research also revealed that the late rice potential productivity in the DLA decreased gradually from northwest to southeast. The regions of Lixian, Anxiang, Hanshou and Linli counties in Changde city contributed high or medium yields, while the low yield areas were mainly distributed in Changsha, Yiyang and Yueyang cities. The late rice potential productivity of the DLA was inadequate, and the low yield area occupied 45% of the total DLA, which exhibited great potential for the improvement of the late rice yield by means of sound tillage control measures, including rational fertilization system and water management.

Dalian, a coastal city located in the southern Liaodong Peninsula, is prone to natural hazards. The natural hazards that Dalian suffers most are diverse, with high frequency and wide distribution. Various hazards have become a major concern in urban economic and sustainable development currently. Natural hazards risk assessment involves a number of data, which are much of spatial, non-linear and random features. GIS, as a useful tool to analyze and manage spatial information, has a huge superiority. A case study in Dalian City explored the assessment mechanism for natural hazards, and developed a method of spatial differences assessment based on GIS in this paper. The method includes 4 steps: (1) Developing natural hazards risk assessment indicators system concerning five types of hazard related to flood, geology, earthquake, meteorology and environmental pollution on the basis of probability of hazard, endangering time and loss; (2) Digitizing Dalian City and setting its 106 county units database and kilometric GRID database of natural hazards indicators, referring to Dalian history records on the basis of remote sensing data and site data, which can provide accurate and substantial data for natural hazards study of Dalian City; (3) Figuring out single element risk index and multi-elements risk composite index of natural hazards indicators by using Graham method and the principal components-entropy with the weight of indicator; (4) Classifying the composite risk zone and mapping the assessment result of natural hazards risk in grid by MapInfo of assigning method and vertical map tools, and ranking the major hazard factors. The visual and quantitative spatial differences of natural hazards risk based on GIS enable regional planners to know the zonation of hazard risk accurately in planning the principal function region. The results can provide references for hazard prevention and reduction of Dalian City.

In recent years, a sharp decrease of water quantity and frequent discontinuous flow happened in the lower Yellow River due to the rapid increase of water consumption in the basin area. This leads to deficiency of suitable water demanded by the ecosystem of the estuarine delta. As a result, fresh water wetlands in the delta are diminishing and facing the danger of disappearance. Basic guarantee of water supply to the Yellow River estuary and eco-water demand for wetland restoration has become a key issue in maintaining the ecosystem of the Yellow River Delta. In this paper, landscape ecological and hydrological models were integrated for the Yellow River Delta wetlands restoration. First, three scenarios at different water depths for the degraded wetlands restoration were designed. For each scenario, the spatio-temporal changes of flooding duration and water table were simulated with the model SOBEK, and average groundwater levels were simulated with the finite-difference groundwater flow model Visual MODFLOW. Then the simulation results were integrated with site conditions and current vegetation types into LEDESS model for modeling the landscape development after 5 years of restoration. Finally, each scenario was evaluated based on its consequences for habitat effects. In this way, choices can be made on what kind of nature type is desired and what is the optimal restoration strategy. The results show that all scenarios can significantly improve the wetland conditions of reed marshes, which are used for many rare and endangered birds like red-crowned crane as important habitats. By comparison, scenario B with the medium water discharge is better than scenarios A and C in reed marsh restoration, but scenario C can also create large area of open water bodies which are crucial for the swan's habitat conservation. However, not all kinds of species benefit from the restoration plans. The study also shows that large areas of tidal flats were encroached by the restored reed marshes. As a result, carrying capacity of the estuarine wetlands in shorebirds such as Saunder's Gull would decrease after restoration. This study demonstrates that a spatial decision support framework that integrates hydrological processes modeling with ecological evaluation at a landscape scale is indispensable to evaluate uncertainty about the effects of restoration plans and policies on different wetland types and the quality of waterfowl habitats.

It is very important to solve increasingly serious issues related to farmland bio-energy, such as energy crisis, environmental protection, and farmers' economic problems. For a long time, the research on bio-energy has mainly relied on traditional statistic data. As we know, because of data quality and spatial scales, the current available data cannot meet the needs of thorough research on bio-energy utilization. Therefore, it is very urgent to set up a new and comprehensive methodology using remote sensing and GIS technology to advance bio-energy research. Studies on farmland bio-energy's quantity, spatial distribution pattern and inter-annual changes are particularly important to intensive use planning, site selection of energy plants and follow-up raw material supply and demand forecasting. Based on NPP data derived from the EOS/MODIS satellite MOD17A3 datasets during 2000 to 2006, we estimated cropland bio-energy's quantity in Guangdong Province and analyzed the characteristics of its spatial change, and extracted bio-energy advantage distribution by using neighborhood statistical analysis. We then used the trend line analysis method to analyze inter-annual dynamic stability. The results show that total biomass of cropland in Guangdong Province declined during the study period, which is mainly caused by the steady decrease in cropland area during the same period; the average value of cropland bio-energy showed a slightly rising trend, but with great variance. The average value declined during 2000 to 2002, increased from 2002 to 2004, and declined again after 2004. The maximum and minimum average unit values are 5775.10KJ/(m²·a) in 2004 and 4697.87 KJ/(m²·a) in 2002, respectively. Growth of biomass per unit can provide a solid basis for the cropland bio-energy industry.

In recent years, the main function zone planning (MFZP) has become a hot topic for all levels of government and academia. This paper focuses on the MFZP on the urban space dimension, namely the urban Development Spatial Region (DSR), which has been advanced by experts in China. And the city is divided into four major categories of optimized development, key development, restricted development, and prohibited development. Based on the existing theory and research, the paper explores the theoretical model and methodological options of urban DSR, and analyzes DSP from three aspects of constraint of development, guidance of development and intensity of space development. Using the two-dimensional matrix, constraint of development and guidance of development construct the matrix. And then, in combination of the matrix with the intensity of space development, the result of DSR can be obtained. Different kinds of SR imply different applications. In the aspect of empirical research, Nanjing as a study case is applied by the theoretical model and methodological options of the urban DSR. The paper provides the space distribution solutions for Nanjing's development, so as to optimize Nanjing's urban spatial development strategy. And it has some guidance for the development of spatial order, the direction of the expansion of space, industrial layout adjustment, as well as some reference for the relevant research of the main function zone planning in Nanjing.

As the eco-environment problem in city group becomes more serious and the eco-environment constraint becomes more obvious, the effect of industrial development on eco-environment is receiving more and more attention. Based on the previous research, taking resources utilization and environment influence as an important factor, the paper constructs the eco-environment influence coefficient of industrial branches and the eco-environment influence index of industrial structure, and quantitatively evaluates the eco-environment effect of industrial development in Wuhan City Group from 1997 to 2006. Results show that: in 1997~2006, the scale of industry in Wuhan City Group expanded continuously, the proportion of light industry dropped and the heavy industry increased, and the high-tech industries developed rapidly. The eco-environment influence index of industrial structure dropped first and rose later. The index in all cities kept increasing except Wuhan city. The index in different cities varied greatly with Tianmen being lowest and Huangshi highest. However, the relative difference was enlarged at first and then narrowed. The spatial differentiation of the eco-environment influence index of industrial structure tended to be apparent, the effect of industrial development on eco-environment were prominent especially in Huangshi, Ezhou and Huanggang. The industrial growth in cities presented an unsustainable development pattern except Wuhan City. Accordingly, the paper presents the proposals to promote resource-saving and environment-friendly society construction in Wuhan City Group, including strictly controlling the development of high energy consumption or heavy pollution industry, widely applying advanced technologies to upgrade traditional industries, extending the industry chain and making great effort to develop circular economy.

Based on five investigations of Zhitian Village, Gongyi City, Henan Province, China, the paper classifies the phases and sums up its characteristics and spatial-temporal change of rural industry in a village-level unit. The quantitative study of spatial-temporal change of village industry can be conducted on social physics, such as Refraction Law, Universal Gravitation Law, and Molecular Transition Law. The paper verifies theoretical assumption that the microscopic scale can reflect the larger-scale operating conditions. The results are obtained as follows. (1) High refractive index of industry to agriculture is the main cause for industry-arising in rural industry, and from the point of unit area, rural industry has much better profits compared to agriculture; from the point of unit labor, rural industry substituted other rare factors for labor. (2) With the distance increasing, the decay of Gravity tends to be the main reason for the spread of rural industry. (3) National policies and external economic environment are the main reasons for fluctuations in rural industry. and The former plays a leading role in the earlier period; with the establishment of a market economy, and the latter role has notably improved and gradually became the decisive factor. (4) High refractive index of private enterprises to collective enterprises is the main reason for restructuring. However, the former has a lower endurance than the latter when economic risk comes. (5) Rural industry has characteristic of scale economy. The larger the scale, the higher the refractive index in different sectors and within the same industry. (6) Concentration efficiency is the main reason for clustering of rural enterprises. The cluster has a greater advantage over the convergence over time, and it will be the direction of the rural industrial development. In the early stages of industrial development, enterprise efficiency is increased along with the scale in the power model, but if industrial development enters a faster development stage, it would become a logistic model which could make a self-inhibition to enterprise efficiency.

The land-use change is a typical manifestation of the interaction between human beings and the nature, and urbanization finds expression in the transformation from non-construction land to construction land. The assessment of the construction land within a certain area is not only closely related to factors such as landform, land surface water, basic/cultivated land, forest land and ecological reserves, but also interrelated with the population, urbanization, industrialization, regional industrial restructuring, foreign investment, land prices, policies and other factors, including both the external expansion of the land for future construction and its internal updating such as the higher rate of the intensive land use. With the acceleration of urbanization process in Dalian, the demand for various types of construction land, represented by urban land, is inevitably in rapid growth. Therefore, the measurement and evaluation of the hierarchical structure and distribution of construction land in Dalian are the foundation and prerequisite for Dalian's economic and social development planning, especially for the urban construction planning, the industrial layout and the land use planning. This article, as an interim result of "Study on the abundance of Dalian city's construction land", starts from the previous findings and employs a variety of methods such as AHP index layer of factor analysis, the spatial overlay analysis in GIS spatial analysis, and etc. Some conclusions can be obtained as follows. In terms of the hierarchical structure, Dalian's construction land belonging to Grade Ⅰ (abundant), Grade Ⅱ (relatively abundant), Grade Ⅲ (deficient) and Grade Ⅳ (extremely deficient) accounts for 17.92%, 18.15%, 28.59% and 35.34%, respectively. The construction land of grades I & II is mainly distributed in the coastal plain along the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea, and the rest is scattered in lowland valleys or hills, etc. The construction land of grades III & IV is mostly distributed in the shape of semi-circle or ribbon, apart from that densely distributed in the northern mountains area.

Rapid progress has made in urban geography in China in the past three decades. How should we look upon urban geography in China at present and in the future? From the perspective of the axiology of the discipline, this paper collects and analyzes the essays of urban geography from five main academic geographic journals, and makes a systematic review on the history and trends of the development of urban geography in China. We have found that the number of the research papers on urban geography in China has increased steadily after the 1980s, and the growth rate has been slowed down up to the 1990s. The development tendency of the research can be summarized as follows: (1) The research of urban geography in China has mainly concentrated on four aspects of urbanization, urban system, urban spatial structure and urban problems. (2) After 2000, research upon point has decreased relatively, while the research on area has increased; Compared to the reduction of research 'of the city', the research 'in the city' has increased. (3) More and more researches focus on urban function and make use of qualitative methods. Problem oriented rather than theory oriented has been the mainstream. The main problem of urban geography is lack of innovation on the angle of theory and analysis. Lots of researches are basically the duplication of the works 20 years ago. The deeper problem can be illustrated as two different factions on the axiology of the discipline, namely, pragmatism and scientism. From the angle of reflection, this paper appeals for a reasonable research orientation of urban geography in China. Research upon problems and theories should be integrated effectively, and we ought to avoid going to the extremes of metaphysics. They are two sides of urban geography, which are complemented for each other and neither can be neglected.

In recent years, the study on hydrological effect of land use change has become a focus. In the Tarim River Basin, land use change has exerted great effect on hydrological process of a river, so it is necessary to study the hydrological effect of land use change in the river basin. As cultivated land dominates the land use type in the Tarim River Basin, based on the statistical data of cultivated land of each prefecture and tested data of each main water station in Tarim River Basin, this paper analyzes the total variation trend, variation speed, regional difference and hydrological effect on water quantity of the river. The results are shown as follows. (1) The cultivated land area in the Tarim River Basin shows a fluctuating increasing trend with an annual rate of 2.37%, but per capita cultivated land area saw a gradual decrease with an annual rate of 0.44%. There is a significant spatial disparity in the cultivated land changes. The change of cultivated land area in Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture where the reserved land and water resources are plentiful is large, and that in Hotan Prefecture located at the northern foot of Kunlun Mountains is small. (2) As a result of the expansion of cultivated land area in the Tarim River Basin, the hydrological effect such as river process, river discharge, flood, water quality and silt are more remarkable than before, and the spatial effect on river discharge is striking. As a result of cultivated land expansion, cultivated land and consuming water rise by 34.80% and 21.78% from 1957 to 2006, respectively. At the same time, water pollution and the decreasing of the water quality have become the confinement of social development in the Tarim River Basin. At present, the project of water saving has taken effect, and the trend of the venting water quantity from streams to the Tarim River has been under control. In order to keep the sustainable development in this region, it is urgent to harness the Tarim River in a long term, set up coherent management system of water resources, and use water resources reasonably.

The paper studies the characteristics and regularity in spatio-temporal evolvement of intersection traffic volume of a typical mono-centric expanding city, based on the analysis of the data of 60 intersections in the years of 1980, 1985, 2000 and 2007 of Changchun city. The main conclusions are drawn as follows: (1) the spatial distribution and evolution of population flow and vehicle flow in the main intersections show a typical mono-centric circular expansion and axial agglomeration, namely center radial of circle-type characteristics, indicating that the traffic volume and road utilization rate of the central city are higher, while those of edge area is relatively low; (2) there are differences between the spatio-temporal evolvement of population flow and vehicle flow in the main intersections. Population flow shows a smaller and slower growth rate, with great and little change of variation coefficients in the past years, which is characterized by central agglomeration. To the contrary, the vehicle flow exhibits a larger and faster growth rate, and the coefficient of variation is smaller than that of population flow and has great changes. The traffic pattern shows the obvious point-axis centralized characteristics along the main roads based on central agglomeration; (3) Although population flow and vehicle flow in the main road intersections had great changes from 1980 to 2007, the spatio-temporal pattern of the traffic volume did not witness a fundamental change, which indicates that the spatial structure of mono-centric expanding city exerted a great influence on the spatial distribution of traffic volume.

Scarcity of cultivated land, rapid industrialization and urbanization process have resulted in the expansion and high demand of construction land, causing heavy contradiction between the protection of cultivated land and the expansion of construction land. To alleviate this kind of contradiction in developed regions and harmonize the relationship between them, a quantitative evaluation method for reasonable and scientific location of cultivated land conservation is required, which has a significant meaning for harmonizing the relationship. Therefore, the paper explores the Probit measurement model and Zoning method to study the location of cultivated land conservation problem in Changshu city. Firstly, the analysis of modeling operation shows that factors such as the quality of land, terrain condition, GDP growth rates, accessibility to downtown and harbor, the distance to downtown and so on, have evident influences on the changing process of cultivated resource. According to the factors, an indictor system of zoning is established. Secondly, based on the evaluation results, the study area is divided into five sub-regions: the most suitable region, the relative suitable region, the suitable region, the relative unsuitable region and the unsuitable region, which account for 30.2%, 40.7%, 17.9%, 5.2% and 6% of the total areas respectively. Finally, on the basis of the zoning results, guidelines for protecting farmland and developing construction land are offered, which can not only improve the rate of protection farmland but also reserves scientific construction land. This paper has provided scientific implications for site selection of Comprehensive Land Use Planning, Primary Farmland Conservation Subject Plan, Urban and Regional Planning and Project .

World Heritage is precious tourist attractions, which has an important influence on their spatial distribution pattern of regional tourism in China. This paper compares spatial distribution of China's world heritages on various scales, and reveals the spatial distribution features, which can provide scientific basis for applying new world heritage to be inscribed in the List and managing current heritage sites. We carry out a study of macro-regional differentiation on 38 world heritage sites in China based on spatial structure analysis, in terms of sizes from the national, provincial, south and north, eastern, central and western regions and the Huhuanyong population line. The results are obtained as follows. 1) World heritages in China are distributed in several regions, mainly in the surrounding area of Beijing, the middle and lower Yellow River, the lower Yangtze River basin and Southwest China; 2) 22 provincial regions including Beijing Municipality as well as provinces of Liaoning and Sichuan have world heritages and Beijing ranked first for 6 sites; 3) the south is prior to the north of China in terms of the area and number of the world heritages, in addition, the natural heritages are mainly distributed in the south; 4) all the east, central and western parts of China have world heritages, however, the density in eastern and central China is higher than that in western China; 5) most of the world heritages are located to the southeast of the Huhuanyong Line.

In line with the global climate change, the surface air temperature in the Bohai Rim area significantly increased for the 20th century. Accompanying the change of surface air temperature, heavy and very heavy precipitation has greatly changed, especially in recent years. Changes in patterns of extreme precipitation events and the possible mechanism for the changes have received more and more attention worldwide. The study aims to investigate the climatic characters and changing trend of rainfall days, rainfall amount and rainfall intensity in the Bohai Rim area by using daily precipitation data from 1961 to 2007. The results show that the number of annual and seasonal rainfall days (days with rainfall more than 0.1 mm) significantly decreases, and the decrease of rainfall days dominantly results from the significant decline in trace and light rainfall days, especially in autumn. In contrast, rainfall intensity shows a weak increase, mainly due to the increase in trace and light rainfall intensities. In comparison of the contribution of different categories of precipitation to annual total rainfall, it is found that there is a significant interannual variation in the contribution. Since the 1990s, annual rainfall has mainly come from light and moderate rainfall, whereas extreme heavy rainfall has contributed less to the annual rainfall due to the decrease in frequency and amount of extreme heavy rain. The results indicate that the decrease of trace and light rainfall days, which leads to the increase in frequency of events of continuous non-rain days, might have partly exacerbated the extent of drought in this area. However, the decline of annual rainfall as a result of the decrease of heavy rain or rainstorms, which is the dominant contribution to total rainfall, is the main factor for producing the severe meteorological drought after 1980.

Identity is one of the important themes of cultural geography in recent years. With the globalization and modernization, the minority ethnic elites' attitudes, emotions and behaviors are significant to hold the ethnic groups together and pass on the ethnic culture. Based on the field work and structured interview, the Gelao minority elites' ethnic identity was studied by investigating their ethnic memory, ethnic culture such as language and raiment, ethnic attachment to their ethnic group and their ethnic places etc. The results are shown as follows. the elites' ethnic identities are relevant with their roles in social structure, and the political elites have more ethnic actions. The elites' ethnic identities are consistent with their place identities. The scattered spots have stronger ethnic feelings and traditional culture such as ethnic languages and festivals than those in Wuchuan and Daozhen autonomous counties of Gelao and Miao, but the latter have more effective actions such as revived ethnic language, raiment and festivals in order to develop the ethnic places. The reason is that the government force penetrated into the Gelao's territory from north Guizhou in feudal period, and other ethnic groups also came successively, which formed the spatial patterns of the Gelao living together with Han, Miao, Tujia, Buyi and Yi ethnic groups, etc. Therefore, the Gelao ethnic culture with Han's assimilation in the north of Guizhou, including Wuchuan, Daozhen, Zhengan, Shiqian, etc., and some small ethnic groups have succeeded part of traditional culture from other areas, such as Judu in Liuzhi county, Pomao in Zhenfeng county, etc. These have had impact on the construction of the elites' ethnic identities. The ethnic identities of Gelao elites were primordial because they were constructed by the whole families and groups since collective memory in the scattered spots is mainly oral tradition; but the elites' ethnic identities collective memory were reworked and forgotten purposely for evading suppression in some parts of northern Guizhou, and their ethnic identities were reconstructed in the 1980s by elites according to text memory or some scrap traits, so their ethnic feelings are not very strong, and their ethnic identities are instrumental. These elites have benefits from policies and revived ethnic culture to develop ethnic tourism today, which promotes their own ethnic identities. In conclusion, all of the ethnic geographical space patterns, political, economic, historical and cultural factors are the basis of ethnic identity, ethnic memory and the interaction among all ethnic groups, which have constructed the elites' ethnic identities.

This paper analyzed basic characteristics of major climatic factors on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau during 1961~2005. The result are shown as follows. In the past 45 years, the annual mean temperature was on the rise, with a rate of 0.265℃/10a. The warming tendency in winter was remarkable and that in spring was faint. The temperature rise from 1980 to 2005 was higher than that from 1961 to 1980 and from 1961 to 2005, indicating that there has been a warming trend since the 1980s. In the 45-year period, the annual mean precipitation on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau was on the faint rise, with a rate of 8.21 mm/10a; annual mean precipitation from 1961 to 1975 was below the average, that from 1975 to 1989 held the line and that after 1990s above the average. Generally speaking, precipitation in spring and winter tended to increase, but the tendency in spring was far greater than that in winter. Annual mean precipitation showed a certain periodicity. At 32 sites on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau existed a 2~4a short cycle, at 11 sites a 5~8a medium cycle and at 6 sites a long cycle of above 10a. From 1961 to 2005 climatic synthetic tendency was mainly warming-wetting, with sites accounting for 67% of the all.

The linguistic meaning of "imagination" in geographical imagination can date back to the classic Greece. It is gradually permeated into geographical discipline from philosophy, psychology, literature, arts and sociology etc. Sociological imagination is the agent to directly stimulate geographical imagination. The application range of geographical imagination is limited in present foreign area, past native area and past foreign area. The study on geographical imagination consists of four parts: geographic reality, geographic imagination, geographical imagination and imagined geography, which are respectively four philosophical sectors: phenomenon, mental perception, recognition and description. Of geographical imagination, the term "imagination" has multi-meanings such as thought, analysis, inquiry, critique, discovery, ideas, vision, design, conceit, etc. which is the general term of imagination (imaginary, imaginative), imagine (imagining, imagined), image and imagery. In the aspects of the theory and method, "geographical imagination" includes the methods of historical narration analysis in traditional geography, scientific positivism in modern geography, and humanism in contemporary geography. What is known as the term "imagination" is "study" or "research". What is known as "geographical imagination" is really geographical research combined with scientific enlightenment in recent antiquity, scientific positivism in modern times, and humanity concerning in post-modern times.

This paper made an analysis of the relationship between climate change and agricultural development in China since the Qin Dynasty. The following conclusions are obtained about how historical climate fluctuation influenced ancient agricultural production. Warm periods were beneficial to agricultural development while cold periods made against to it. When the climate was warm (e.g. Qin, Han, Sui and Tang dynasties), the northern boundary of farming moved northward. Thus, cultivation area expanded. And crop growing time and cropping patterns would also increase due to relatively high temperature. As a result, crop yields were greatly improved. However, during cold periods, (e.g. Wei, Jin, Northern and Southern Dynasties, Late Tang Dynasty and Five Dynasties period), the boundary of farming moved southward, cropping patterns became single, cultivation land and crop growing time reduced. These changes caused the decrease of crop yield. Moreover, the history of rice distribution in ancient China shows that during warm periods, single cropping rice was widely planted in the Yellow River Basin, and double cropping rice could grow in the Yangtze River Basin. But when the climate became cold, the range of the distribution of single cropping rice plant in the Yellow River Basin was significantly diminished, and double cropping rice retreated to the south of the Yangtze River Basin.

2010年10月24~25日，由中国地理学会黄河分会、教育部人文社科重点研究基地河南大学黄河文明与可持续发展研究中心主办，河南大学和河南财经政法大学承办的第二届“黄河学”高层论坛暨沿黄经济区发展学术研讨会在古都开封成功举行。原科技部副部长、国务院参事、中国地理学会理事长刘燕华，河南大学常务副校长赵国祥，中国科学院院士孙九林，中国地理学会秘书长张国友，山东省政协原副主席李殿魁，河南省政协原副主席、河南大学原校长李润田，黄河水利委员会办公室巡视员侯全亮，河南财经政法大学校长李小建，河南省科学院副院长张占仓，河南大学环境与规划学院院长秦耀辰等出席了会议。开幕式由黄河文明与可持续发展研究中心执行主任苗长虹主持。来自中国科学院、黄河水利委员会、北京大学、兰州大学、中国海洋大学、西北师范大学等众多科研院所和高校的60多位专家学者与会。
与会代表就黄河流域绿色发展、资源环境与信息化、大黄河经济带构建与沿黄经济区发展、黄河长治久安与防灾减灾、黄河流域重点经济区规划与发展等议题进行了交流与热烈讨论。
开幕式上，刘燕华理事长发表了热情洋溢的致辞。他首先对会议的召开和黄河分会的成立表示祝贺。强调黄河是中华民族的母亲河，她具有无限的含义。黄河是山的文化，是龙的文明；是水的文化，是和谐与美好的象征。她润物无声，创造了中华的文明，养育了世世代代民族的子孙。黄河见证了华夏儿女兴衰的历史，她创造出的奇迹为人类发展作出了突出的贡献，而她的兴衰也让人世代难以忘怀。黄河曾经的辉煌是我们共同的骄傲，黄河今天的发展更让我们踌躇满志，使我们振奋不已，欣喜若狂。为此，刘燕华理事长建议：一请多关注黄河的流域生态。一则黄河母亲太劳累了，不能再让她不堪负重；二则在全球气候变化背景下，要为黄河的未来可持续发展有所准备；三则在新的市场经济体制下，要关注生态和资源补偿机制所能发挥的正面作用。二请多关注黄河流域的可能风险和管理问题，包含黄河河道的稳定和备用河道等等。三请多关注黄河流域的转型与调整，包括经济、文化、社会与体制机制的改革，要思考包括中原经济区在内的大黄河三角洲的发展问题。
开幕式后，刘燕华理事长作了《绿色发展战略：中国特色绿色发展道路》的主题报告。孙九林院士作了《加快沿黄经济区信息化建设 促进社会经济发展》的主题报告。黄河水利委员会水利科学研究院总工姚文艺、清华大学黄河研究中心主任张红武分别对黄河长治久安问题作了主题报告。李殿魁、张占仓分别做了《建设和发展黄河经济带》、《河南省建设中原经济区战略研究》的主题报告。苗长虹和秦耀辰提交了《大黄河经济带构建与发展战略研究》和《中原经济区发展战略》的主题研究报告。刘曙光、许学工、冯德显、沈正平、石培基、杨太保、杨永春、王应刚、王成新、钟艳霞等学者分别就蓝色经济区建设、黄河三角洲开发、淮海经济区发展、兰西经济区构建、宁夏沿黄经济带建设等进行了报告。
自2009 年10 月在河南大学召开第一届“黄河学”高层论坛后，经中国地理学会常务理事会研究同意，决定组建中国地理学会黄河分会。10月24日下午，召开了黄河分会第一届理事会工作会议。在召集人李小建教授主持下，就以下几个方面进行了商议：①黄河分会的顾问、理事长、副理事长、常务理事、秘书长等组织构架及成员建议；②黄河分会年会的组织方式和召开形式；③沿黄区域科研合作的协作模式；④研究基地信息平台建设；⑤为国家和地方政府部门提供决策和咨询的热点问题。通过协商，决定黄河分会每年召开一次年会。为了组织从黄河源头到入海口的科学考察，会议的召开地点按照从上游到下游的顺序依次选定。初步确定2011年会于6~8月间由青海师范大学承办。同时，商议与黄河水利委员会合作，争取建立一个黄河流域资源环境数据信息化共享平台。
闭幕式上，苗长虹、李殿魁、李润田做了总结发言，一致认为会议取得了圆满成功，就大黄河概念、大黄河经济带构建、黄河流域重点经济区发展、黄河长治久安等问题达成了一定共识，而黄河分会的成立，更为大黄河研究和“黄河学”创建提供了有力保障。

2010年11月7~10日，第五届中日韩地理学国际学术研讨会在日本（仙台）东北大学召开，来自中国、日本和韩国的近130位代表参加了本届会议。中国地理学会组织了来自中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所、北京大学、中山大学、北京师范大学、安徽师范大学等单位的30人组成的中国代表团参会。中国地理学会副理事长、中山大学校长助理保继刚教授、中国地理学会自然地理专业委员会主任张镱锂研究员、中国地理学会青年工作委员会主任曹广忠副教授等出席了会议。
会议于11月7日下午开幕，日本东北大学日野正辉（HINO Masateru）教授主持开幕式，日本国家民族博物馆池谷和信教授（IKEYA Kazunobu）做主题报告。在开幕晚宴上，日本东北大学花輪公雄教授（HANAWA Kimio）、中国中山大学保继刚教授、韩国国立全南大学朴政宰教授（Park Jung Jae）、日本东北地理联合会主席境田清隆（SAKAIDA Kiyotaka）教授分别致辞。他们指出并强调了当前中日韩三国现在已经成为世界经济和政治体系中的重要力量，地理学的发展面临着机遇和挑战，三国地理学家应该广泛交流，在解决人类社会共同面对的问题，如全球变化等方面做出应有的贡献。本届会议主题“构建东亚地区绿色社会--地理学家的使命”，无疑表达了大家共同的愿望。保继刚副理事长指出，从全球来看，亚洲人口稠密而资源匮乏，是人地矛盾相对最突出的地区，亚洲有自己的特色，希望我们能相互促进，提升在各自国家地理学的影响和地位；同时也能共同携手，一起创造属于亚洲的地理学的未来。
11月8~9日，举办了分组学术交流会。会议在三个分会场分主题开展学术研讨，分别就国际经济与产业结构、城市分析与移民、城市发展与住房、城市化、城市规划与土地利用、区域发展与政策、环境和气候变迁、旅游、地理信息系统与遥感、历史地理等主题展开了交流和讨论。各国代表采取学术报告和学术论文张贴等多种形式展示代表们的新近学术进展，与会代表积极参与，进行了广泛深入的研讨，取得了良好效果。中方代表提交学术论文近30篇，内容涉及人文地理、自然地理、遥感和GIS等多个学科，从不同角度探讨了地理学有关理论、方法和针对中国地理现象的实证研究。16人做了分组学术报告，十余篇论文以墙报张贴形式参与了学术交流。
11月10日，与会代表在仙台周边以及栗驹山区进行了野外考察，了解仙台地区的自然地理、城乡经济发展以及2008年宫城—岩手地震的影响及灾后重建工作。中国代表团在会议间隙访问了日本东北大学地理系、参观了东北大学医学院（前身为仙台医学专门学校）。会后重点考察了日本北海道地区的自然地理环境、产业和城乡发展以及东京地区的城市规划建设情况。
在会议期间举行了工作会议，确定第六届中日韩会议将于2011年11月6~9日在韩国首尔举行。韩国代表团介绍了会议筹办情况，并邀请中日韩地理学家届时参加会议。
中日韩地理学国际学术研讨会由中国地理学会于2006年发起举办的系列国际会议，由中国、日本和韩国三个国家的地理学会联合主办。已分别在中国北京（2006）、日本熊本（2007）、韩国清州（2008）和中国广州（2009）成功举办了4次会议。从2009年起，会议名称由“中日韩青年地理学家学术研讨会”改为“中日韩地理学术研讨会”，吸引了更大范围的地理学者参与。通过这次会议, 进一步巩固了中日韩三国地理学界定期交流与沟通的机制,展示了中日韩三国地理学者的科研成果和风采，加强了中日韩三国地理学者间的了解和友谊。

Water is scarce in the North China Plain and the limited precipitation is not enough to satisfy the water requirement for wheat growth. In order to avoid reduction of output caused by scarcity of water, irrigation is necessary to supplement water. This paper discusses the relationship between the amount of irrigation and the yield of wheat. Statistical analysis of experimental data of irrigation indicates that the relationship between yield of wheat and irrigation presents a quadratic parabola in North China. We fit the model of wheat water production function by adopting least squares theory on the basis of field experimental data of wheat. Water production function is quadratic function and its math expression is Y=-0.0027ET 2+2.8647ET-127.91. Water productivity is divided into three different development stages according to the changing rule of water use efficiency and the relationship between yield and water consumption. Water consumtion being less than 217.66mm is identified as the first stage when yield rises with the rise of water consumption, and productivity rises gradually at this stage. Water consumption at the second stage rises from 217.66mm to 530.50mm and the yield still rises with the rise of water consumption, but the range of rise reduces. The productivity rises slowly.Water consumption at the third stage exceeds 530.50mm and the yield reduces with the rise of water consumption. Negative rise occurs and productivity declines. The analysis of wheat irrigation production function under typical irrigation system indicates that the best point of irrigation efficiency of wheat is not the highest point of utilization ratio of water or the highest point of yield. The best point of irrigation efficiency of wheat is decided by the principle that marginal revenue is equal to the marginal cost. When marginal benefit equals marginal cost, net income of irrigation of wheat is the biggest. The maximal net income is 4816.49 yuan/ha, and irrigation water is 265.00mm at this time. Compared with the irrigation of the maximal yield, it saves 17.85mm of water . Making rational use of wheat water irrigation production function and its regularity can realize the better unification of water-saving, high-yield and high-efficiency of wheat.

The pattern, process and their relationships are fundamental issues in geography. Patterns and processes in nature, such as ecosystem distribution, regional climatic changes, land use and land cover, and rainfall or runoff series, display complex behavior and often intertwine with scale problems. Many scale-dependent phenomena have been exemplified in scientific researches, and scale issues are found at the center of methodological discussions in both physical and human geography. However, some existed research works failed to make a distinction among the concepts of scale and scaling, to employ consistent scaling paradigm, and to adopt an objective criterion for assessing the scaling effects in geography. This paper attempts to calibrate those deviations and to present new branch subject of geography-Scaling Methodology of Geography. After introducing scaling approaches, upscaling and downscaling, in geography, we place a focus on the research objects, categories and contents of proposed subjects, and three basic principles, scientific principle, economic principle and operational principle, are proposed in scaling works. Finally, ten key issues are presented for establishing the scaling methodology of geography. The key questions are as follows: (1) how does spatial heterogeneity scale in scaling ? (2) how do ratio variables change with scale in scaling? (3) how do dominating processes change with scale in scaling? (4) how does property of processes change with scale in scaling? (5) how does sensitivity change with scale in scaling? (6) how does predictability change with scale in scaling? (7) what is sufficiency for simple aggregation and disaggregation in scaling? (8) how do disturbance factors change with scale in scaling? (9) can scaling transcend several scales and scale fields? (10) is noise factor changeable with scale in scaling?

This paper presents a new method to simulate the dynamics of multiple land uses based on the integration of neural networks,cellular automata and GIS. Recently, cellular automata (CA) have been increasingly used to simulate urban growth and land use dynamics. However, simulation of multiple land use changes using CA models is difficult because numerous spatial variables and parameters have to be utilized. Conventional CA models have problems in defining simulation parameter values, transition rules and model structures. In this paper, a three-layer neural network with multiple output neurons is designed to calculate conversion probabilities for competing multiple land uses. The neural-network-based CA model is directly developed in a GIS environment by using ARC/INFO GRID AML. The GIS provides both data and spatial analysis functions for constructing the neural network. Real data are conveniently retrieved from the GIS database for calibrating and testing the model. The GIS functions are also used for the neural network calculations. The neural network has multiple output neurons to generate conversion probabilities at each iteration. Land use conversion is decided by comparing the conversion probabilities. The model is carried out by iterative looping the neural network for simulating multiple land use changes. Complex global patterns can be generated from local interactions through the neural network. The simulation results are not deterministic because a stochastic variable is used and site attributes are dynamically updated at the end of each loop. The proposed method can overcome some of the shortcomings of the currently used CA models in simulating complex urban systems and multiple land use changes by significantly reducing the tedious work in defining parameter values, transition rules and model structures. The model has been successfully applied to the simulation of land use dynamics in the Pearl River Delta.