The livestock husbandry Climate and Characteristics of the steppe in Inner Mongolia are as follows; abundant light energy and sunshine, severely cold and long winter, warmer and short summer,rare annual rainfall and high temperature mostly in summer.Four grass delts of forest-steppe, steppe, desert steppe and desert have been formed according to the regional differentiation of precipitation and temperature.The nutrition value of herbage in the studied area is higher.The height and product of the herbage are relevant to the precipitation during the herbage growth period.It is adequate that catties and horses are grazed in the east of the studied area with great precipitation, sheep in the middle east with medial precipitation, and goats and camels in the westeral part with less precipitation. Grass growth period can be divided into four stages of turning green, grow ing. mature and turning yellow owing to the cyclic change of climate.Therefore, livestock growing can be divided into four stages of reconversion.increasing weight, stable and decreasing weight period.Disaster weather of livestock Husbandry are as follows; drought, snow disaster, strong wind and isand storm.we must plant a great number of trees and grasses and develop water conservancy, canstruct livestock shed and increase the capacity against disasters and to prevent the lirestock from illness. Thus, the stable development of livestock husbandry can de ensured.

Presently, the construction of coal energy base has become an important aspect influencing the economic development of our country.This essay conducts an preliminary approach to the thinking and working methods in carrying out comprehensive territorial planning in the coal-mine area.Based on the evaluation of areal coal resource and other natural resources and geographical division and co-operation of production within an even broader spatial scope, it expounds the basic principles in rationally determining the regional economic structure and the allocation of production, and points out that, with special respect to the different characteristics of the three developing stages in the coal-mine area, it is necessary in research to put great attention to the influence of water resource and transportation condition, to place coal industry, electricity industry, metallurgical industry, chemical industry and building material industry as the main economic departments, to keep harmonious and balance among the key items of these industries and the integrated economic development and to convert these planning schemes to practical action both in time arrangement and in spatial allocation so as to make these schemes become the scientific guidance to the economic construction of the coal-mine area.

In this papar,the division of the generally acknowledged typical counties of the Weibei dry and high-level area is taken as the experience classification, and the regional differentiation of the agricultural productive conditions of the area between Cuanzhong and shaanbei is discriminated by using two-level discriminatory analysis method based on climate and agriculture data.The limits of the Weibei dry and high-level area which is in an important position in the development of Shaanxi agriculture are determined by combining the discriminatory results with othernatura] features of the area. That is significant to the clarification of the regional features and the determination of the direction of the regional development in agriculture.

This article analyses the interpretation signature of saliniration of soil on IR color photography on the basis of the relation between salinization and natural conditional discusses the fetures of geochemistry differentiation of salinization in Tianran Wenyan channel valley. According to the analysis, patterns of salinized soil on IR color photography depend on the distribution environments of salinized soil, and tones are crodely related with the degrees of salinization which appear time differentiation with seasons.

Urbanism is the inevitable consequence of industrialization In recent years, the construction of urban fundamental installation has been emphasized in our country. Since the land resource is limited in our country, it is necessary to make full use of land space and proceed multiple-layer construction and reconstruction under ground. Therefore, it is. essential to drill deep-surveying hole for engineering geoiogy and make a thorough investigation of underground engineering,geoiogic conditions such ae geological structue,geom-orphologic type, the distribution of rock formation, soil horizon and so on. These will be the important technical basis in making a design and engineering plan. with the increasing amount of data of deep dills in urban area, it becomes possible to study buried landform.The engineers and college geologists in Nanjing have cooperatively achieved a lot in studying buried landform.The significance of studying buried landform is:Firstly and chiefly, to enrich regional engineering geology data, to choose appropriate construction site and improve the quality of design and con-struclion.In Nanjing urban area, the basically surveyed buried landforms includethree grades of terrace(3-5 meters, -20--22meters) and lots of palaeo-rivers and paleaogullies.These scientific and technical materials can make the fundamental installation projects effective to stifle possible danger in the cradle;Secondly, to be useful to work out urban an thearthquake measures;Thirdly, to provide leads for improving urban water supple and carrying on euviron mental proteetion;Fourthly, to make reference to select the underground station.Finally, to furish imporiant eyidence for studying palaenelimate, the law of sea level fluctuation and the nature of neotectonies and so on.

This paper discusses by using two examples the calculating question of professor Fu Baopu's experimental formula for Mountain precipitation and points out that the improvement of the calculating method for this formula suggested by yan Yuhua and Lai Hongnian which was published on Geographical research 6(1) has a lot of questions. Between the calculating result of Fu's formula and the practical material of the two examples, there appear more differentiations.

Region is the base of regional hydrological researches. The vagion can be either functional area or physical land-scape area or administrative area.In recent years,the researches on the hydrological elements have been emphasized on the following aspects:1. Time series analysis of runoff including annual distribution and intereannual variability. The methods such as uneven coefficient, concentration degree and concentration period, two-stage-sequent method, etc.have been developed in studying annual distribution.The index c which indicates interannual variability has got improved to be multivariable analysis, and sepuent optimal dividing method has been used to study long time series of run-off.2. Spatial distribution of runoff. Besides contour method, statistical methods of multivariable have been adopted.3. Low runoff. Gumbel curve is also used as theoreical probapility curve to calculate the frequency of low runoff, and time series analysis method has been used to calculate and predict low runoff.4. Solid discharge. We have made preliminary.researches on the runoff and sediment to he sea and their effecton the sea coast.5. The theories of runoff formation. The concept "land-scape runoff forming" has been developed. The general formula of R-V geomorphic unit hy-drograph has also been derived.As regards river type and hydrologic zonality, some papers have adopted clustering analysis to research river type in many places, and fuzzy cluster and principal component analysis are used.Particular zone researches includes:1. Hydrological researches of particular landscape zone. Much work has been done to study arid land and Karst zone.2. Hydrological researches of functional zone. Much researches onurban hyarology and the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain have been made. Other zonal studies such as of lake, glacier, swamp, estuary have been made.Although we have made much progress in regional hydrology research, the developing speed is relatively slow. From now on we should give more emphases on the researches about new theories, new methods, new techniques and their application, speed up hydrological study of arid land and karst zones, and found a database, and develop global and country wide hydrological researches.

The achievement in the field of evaporation calculation in the world during last two decades is reviewed. The micrometeorological methods for calculating evaporation which are divided into three classes (traditional, simula ting and remote sensing method) according to the physical machanism they are based on, are summarized and discussed, and prespect is presented.In spite of itsfaults(evidently in the case where ground surface is rough and unhomogeneous) the traditional method is still the routine one of calcula ting evaporation owing to its simqlicity and practicality. On the contrary, the simodelling way, though precise, is far from rontine at present because of its complexity and intricatecacy. But it can theoretically offer ways to establish the new model and modify the traditional method.The remote sensing method is in the developing stages. Although many problems remain to be solved, it is much useful for practice and looks very promising because it can provide regional evaporation information.During the 1980s, with improvement of exqerimental facilities the work in terms of calculating turbulent fluxes (Which include evaporalion) by use of both numerical model describing the turbulent exchange processes between vegeta tion (or bare soil) andatmosphere and remote multisqectral and multi-phasic data is more and more increasing. That is also two promising ways to calculate evaporation more accurately in future.

河流地貌学是地貌学的一个重要分支。迄今已经出版的专著如:《长江上游河谷地貌》、《中国自然地理·地貌》、《渭河下游河流地貌》、《长江中下游河道特性及其演变》等,均仅涉及某一特定河流的河谷或河床地貌问题。关于河流地貌学的基本原理较为完整系统的论著国内尚付阙如。目前,沈玉昌、龚国元编著的《河流地貌学概论》(1986年9月科学出版社出版,八开本,全书八章,共31万字,附图93幅,表32,列参考文献221篇)的问世,则满足了读者多年的渴望。该书全面系统扼要地阐述了河流地貌学领域内各种基本概念、公式、理论和方法,并介绍了国内外河流地貌研究的发展趋势。

在以往国际合作与交流的基础上,地理研究所1986—1987年国际合作与学术交流又是新的进展。二年来我所共接待来华外宾170余人次(其中1986年90余人次,1987年80人次),出国人员达108人次(1986年59人次,1987年49人次)。 根据国际学术交流是科研工作的一部分的精神:结合我所方向、任务两年来我们着重国际合作研究项目的开拓。和参加国际学术会议的促进工作。

说明:这是本刊《1985—1986年地理学新书》的续辑(参阅本刊6(1)),由于出版发行上的问题和地理书刊出版比较分散,因此,有些书跨年度与读者见面,所以本书目不再年代划分,而试用分类编目,也但可能更便于读者查阅。我们有意较为全面地介绍这一年度的地理学著作(包括部分译著和有关参考著作),疏漏难免,希望广大读者能推荐本地区(本部门)的著述,以便交流。

六十年代初中国科学院地理研究所,根据国家科委下达的西北、华北水量平衡研究课题,以及自然地理学、水文物理学理论研究的需要,在山东水利厅、德州行署和德州市的帮助下,利用德州灌溉试验站原有条件,建立了德州水量平衡试验站,进行农田蒸发、作物蒸腾、水面蒸发、潜水蒸发与土壤水分的观测仪器与观测方法的研究,以探求蒸发机制及土壤水分运动规律。自1961年4月至1965年12月,共积累了观测试验资料78种。

According to the nature of geography and math, methods, this paper deals with the following five problems, which exist in quantitative study on geography during recent years.1 ) Lack of analising seriously the nature of the studied problems.2) Incorrectly choosing variables or demarcation unreasonable.3) Lack of abstract on problems and the chosen math, methods not fully suitable for them.4) Because of the lack of strict inference to the methods used, it is not easy to get reasonable conclusion.5 ) The methods used for this aim have no function to make problems more brief and easier.

There occur many channel patterns in the field, either straight, meandering or braided one,which in fact, reflects the characteristics of its dran-age area, and is resulted in reaction between internal and external agencies. Also, the channel patterns represeant a balance between hydrologic regimes and geographic environments of their drainage areas, Once this balance is lost, and if time span is long enough, the channel pattern change will take place.Therefore, it is an overall consideration of the influence of both internal and external agencies when channel patterns and their changes are studied. According to data analysis, in this paper a correlative equation between channel pattern and factors has been developed as follows:In which, width-depth ratio, T-strength of uplift and subsidence, QJ-stream power, a-coefficient of drainage area configuration, and A-coefficien of bank stability. Taking the Hanjiang River and the Yellow River as case studies, and using hydraulic parameter and channel bed configuration index, the tendency of channel pattern change has been discriminated. As a result, even though a series of recorded data below reservoir is rather short, the tendency is obvious.

The experimental formula of ratio evaporation has been derived according to the measured evaporation data of fresh water and brine with various density under the natural conditions and the relations between the density and relative moisture of air. We developed the experimental formula of brine evaporation by using the ratio evaporation formula and the data of fresh water evaporation.

Fluorine-rich water is widely distributed over China's sand deserts. For example, the sampling sites where ground water contains more than 1 mg/L of fluorine almost account for 77 percent of the total sampling sites in Ba-dain Jaran Desert and 80 percent in Tengger Desert. The maximum fluorine measured reaches 24 mg/L in Taklimakan Desert, 27.5 mg/L in Tengger Desert, 32 mg/L in Kurbantunggut Desert, 32.5 mg/L in Mu Us sandy land 192 mg/L in Badain Jaran Desert.

The Jiangsu radiating sand ridges are distributed in the shallow sea region from the old estuary of Huanghe River (Yellow River) to Qe-Dong cape about 35m in deep water, with the Jionggang harour shallow and palm-like in N.E. and ES direction. These sand ridges extend for about 200km from north to south and 100km from west to east. The highest of them is 5.8m and the deepest of them is 48m on theorical deep base-level. This. hydrody-namic structure of sediment is very complex. It is a seldom seen geomorphic phenomenon.The study of radiating sand ridges can supply scientific evidence in synthetical use of the resources of the sea Recently more than 20 years, foreign scholars have investigated submarine sand ridge in The European North Sea and the eastern coast of U.S.A. The chief reason is to provide for oil formation theory scientific basis.In this paper, we simply analysed the geomorphic development of radiating sand ridges in the Jiangsu sea shore; First, it analysed distribution and figure of feature of sand ridges; Second, it analysed geomorphic type of the sand ridges and tide valley, and divided the sand riges into recent and ancient ares. The recent sand ridges have models of "O", "V"."E"and "S" by figure and derived from the underwater ridges, tide range ridges and storm ridges by hydrodynamic function. The ancient sand ridges are derived from erosion and coverage. The geomorphic types of tide valley are tide stream, small tide channel, tide channel, chief channel and tide trough.Finally, it discussed some developing laws of the geomorphic sand ridge. It explains this type of sand ridge consists of sediments such as the delta of ancient Yangtze river, Huaihe river (Yellow river) and Huaghe river. The Yangtze river's sediment is the base of sand ridge and the southern shore line in sea regession. After the Huaihe river (Yellow river) brought about a great number of sediment to this ridge along the southern jiangsu coast, the ridge remains to be developed after the Huanghe river took its course to the north. The tidal current is the chief factor controlling the development and figure of these sand ridges. It shed light on the figure and develoment process of "O", "E", "V"and "S" models.1. The length and direction of the sand ridge are decided by tide change and the direction of current.2, The height of sand ridge results from the amount of silt, the elevation and subsidence of place and the sedimentary environment.

China has vast subtropical areas of about 2 million km², situated in the basins of The Yangtze River and The Pearl River, including the Yunan-Kwei-chow Plateau, the Hengduan Mountains, South-Eastern part of Qinghai-Xi-zang Plateau and Taiwan Mountain There are major areas where debris flow are distrobuted and impluened by human actionsThe debris flow occurring in subtropic mountainous region in China is mainly induced by rainfall. The supply sources in this region can be divided into two types, slope source (including falls, landslided, sheet flow) and channel source (rill, gully, ravine, canyon). Two kinds of debris flow, ear-thmechanical and hydrocal debris flow, usually occurred in the supplying types. These two types of debris flow can be converted from each other with the change of the relative content of soil and water from the supplying sources.When the amount of water contained in debris flow exceeds 23 of the total discharge, debris flow will be transformed into sediment-laden water.The control installations of debris flow source in subtropic mountainous region should be set in supply sources and suit them to different local condition (source type), stages (process), and needs of society, while the installations in transportation-deposition area, the erosion and deposition power of vari.ous debris flow, particularly that of the fluid digging out channel, should be considered.Only by doing so can make the most of the installations.

Generally speaking, peat bog doesn't develop in karst topography of subtropical zone, but there are duration and section which are favourable to the development of peat bog because of climatic fluctuation and the migration of climatic zone. Characteristics of peat bog originated and developed in karst area are mainly discussed in the paper, which are mainly decided by the developing stage of karst topography. During the humid climatic period, good drainage of surface water and ground water and strong erosion and corrosion are not favourable to the development of peat bog. During drier climatic period, strong accumulation leading to the obstruction of karst cave and fracture and thus resulting in logging water on the ground is favourable to the development of peat bog, e.g. the clay peat in the lower strata of the area was formed in the late dry cold Wurm-glaciation after Wurm sub-interglacial period, the silt peat-rotted wood in the upper strata was formed in the subbo-real period of lower temperature and humidity after Hypsithermal in Holocene, i.e.the period of peat formation in karst area is later than that in other areas.

This paper deal with the dune-rock which covered the seaward slope and top of coastal dune like a cap along the coast of Hainan Island, South China SeaEven though distribution along the coast is like beach-rock and ridge-rock, the coastal dune-rock is different from them in diagenetic environment and geomorphologic significance and can be distinguished by their sepe-rate sedimentary textures; structures and cements, A few identified types of low-Mg calcite cement that have been observed in the dune-rock are. Rim cement, meniscus cement, ghost structure, syntaxial rims, prefill cement and so on which reveal that the dune-rock is formed in vadose zone by leaching and evaporation of fresh water.Two conditions are necessary to form dune-rock along a dune coast.One is that at least 8% CaCO₃ is required for cementation(The contents of CaCO₃ in coastal dune sands here is more than 20%);And the other is that the layer of sand alternates frequently from wetting to drying cycles.According to the study, the coastal dune and dune-rock are formed at every stage during an eustasy so that the dune-rock can not be taken as a significant sign to the sea level changes,And the world wide distribution of dune-rock suggests that the correlation of dune-rock with definite climatic phases of the Holocene is not warranted.

According to core, ¹⁴C dating, faunas and sporo-pollen assemblage, this paper approaches to this area's transgression process since Late Pleistocene from frequence, scale, time, marine facies stratigraphic characteristics and the changes of coast line.On Lower Liaohe River Plain, transgression has happened three times since Late Pleistocene, the first two times, separately happening 110000-70000 years ago and 40000-30000 years ago, were not broad in scale. In this period, sea water intruded along river mouths and fractures. Holocene transgression, the broadest in scale, started 10000-9000 years ago.6000-5000 years ago,sea water intruded inland 50-60 km. But along the Liaodong Peninsula, only Holocene transgression was remarkable. On the eastern coast of the peninsula, transgression started 11000-10000 years ago. Sea water came to or near the highest level 8000-6500 years ago, when sea water intruded inland 10-20 km.submerging valley and plain.6000-5000 years ago, sea water level began to drop.In the regression process there were at least three periods,separately 45000-4000 years ago, 3000 years ago and 2400-1500 years ago, when sea leval variation temporarily stopped and coast line was relatively stable. In these stable periods, barrier, bar, spit and berm were formed along the shore.At present, along Lower Liaohe River Plain and mud coast on the easterr Liaodong Peninsula except some area on Xiaolin River mouth and the eastern side of Liaohe River mouth,seabeach due to continued supply, are expanded and coast line goes forward to the sea.

This paper aims at the study of potentialities of the simple and more convenient affine transformation method in the transferring of the landsat MSS data. Therefore, we discuss here the affine transformation and its calculation procedure, the affine transformation used in the numeral correction of the landsat MSS data or image of plain and relief terrain, the supplementing of map data on the satellite image with the affine transformation method and the imitating test of supplementing boundary on the satellite image.Our research and experiment prove that the geographic map of both plain terrain on the scale 1:250,000 and relief terrain on the scale 1:1,000, 000 meet the standard mapping requirment in geometric precision.

Analysis has been made of the major components of phelimatic factors at n weather stations in Shanxi Province. The first m major components indicate the main characteristic features in the climatic field and thus types of climate in the Province are shown from the spatial distribution of the major components.In the analysis of the major components of the climatic field in the Province, the" first 3 components provide 88.8 percent informatin on the climatic field.The first component shows the water content, the second the heat condition and the third the snow accumulation and strong wind. Accordingly, the whole province can be divided into five climatic sub-zones and eleven climatic areas.

古水文学是近年来发展起来的新学科。本世纪五十年代以来出版的地学教科书中,很少有古水文学(Palaeohydrology)一词,1982年修订的牛津词典中已有古气候学(Palaeoclimatology)、古生态学(Palaeoecology)和古地貌学(Palaeomorphology),但仍未见古水文学。在英文文献中,最早使用此名词的是Leopold和Miller^[1]。

据史册记载^[1],公元1432年中国人曾在达尔文港附近登上澳洲大陆,开始了中澳交往的序曲。16世纪下半叶,欧洲人才频频远航太平洋,以探寻传说中的神秘大地。1786年英国开始殖民于兹。1788年,以悉尼为中心,在整个新南威尔士首建殖民区,形成国家雏形。1817年正式定名澳大利亚。在漫长的年月里,澳洲土著民族、白种移氏和其他亚裔共同开发了澳洲大陆,作出了各自的贡献。

历史地理学是地理学的组成部分,但历史文献的搜集、整理和分析,却是历史地理研究的重要方法。所以,学习或研究历史地理,必须掌握历史文献的基础知识。80年代以来,我国高等院校的历史系和地理系开设中国历史地理课程者日益增多。为此,需要有一本介绍中国历史地理文献的书籍。最近,靳生禾同志编著的《中国历史地理文献概论》(山西人民出版社1987年出版)的出版正适其时。

地貌研究室是中国科学院、国家计委地理研究所最早建立(1958年)的室组之一。现有人员38名,其中具有高级职称的科研人员13人。设有孢粉分析、岩矿分析、河流地貌、坡地、碳14和氚同位素分析等五个实验室。地貌研究室目前的主要研究方向是:河流地貌、坡地和侵蚀地貌、喀斯特、地貌形成过程及环境演变,以及区域地貌和地貌制图等。

为了提高土地土壤资源普查成果的应用价值,增强信息的收集传递,加速反馈。厦门郊区农业区划办公室许思明、陈世真、黄宗生和集美航专的戚靖山、姚维厦等同志以厦门郊区土地、土壤资源普查的资料为基础,设计和研制了微型机的县级土壤资源信息系统,并已于1986年通过省市二级联合鉴定。