2012年8月26～30日,第32届国际地理大会在德国科隆举行。来自全球60多个国家和地区的近3000人出席了这次盛会。

Many studies on urban functional classification have been done in the western countries from 1940s to 1970s, whereas few achievements have been published on the classification of nation wide Chinese cities because of the lack of a systematic dataset. One of the authors of this paper has classified the industrial function of 295 Chinese cities in 1984. This paper represents the first attempt toclassify all of China's 465 cities in 1990 using the data of employment by sectors and mainly applyingthe techniques of the Ward's Error method of hierarchical cluster analysis and the Nelson measure subsidiary. The authors define city functional features as consisting of three elements: specialized sectors ofthe city, functional intensity and functional scale. The last one is very important but it was usuallyignored by most previous studies. Chinese cities may be clasified according to the similarity and difference of the above three functional elements. The data matrix consists of 10 variables of the 465 cities in 1990. Seven of them are the percentage labor force in the following employment sectors: (1) Industry, (2)Geological Prospecting,(3) Construction, (4)Transportation, Postal and Telecommunications Services, (50 Wholesale,Retail Trade and Food Services, Storage, (6) Government, Party Agencies and Social Organization, and (7) Other Tertiary Sectors (including Banking and Insturance, Real Estate management,Public Services, health Care, Social Welfare, Education, Scientific Research, et al.). The otherthree are (8) the percentage output value of Excavation in industry, (9) Tourism index. and (10)population Size of Cities. The functional classification of Chinese Cities is given as a hierarchal system on different levels.According to the distance coefficients on the dendrogram 60, 30 and 5-15, all the 465 cities areclassified into 4 categories, 14 sub-categories, and 47 functional groups. In 1990, industry accounted for 46.09 percent in total city employment. Because, at present,the industry plays a leading role in urban economic activities, the authors make further analysis onurban industrial functions, and link up successfully the classifications between the comprehensiveand the industrial functions. The result of classifications presented in table 2 includes, firstly, three-level types and theirnames, and secondly, the city's names in each type and the functional features of each city, i.e.size level, specialized sectors and its specialized intensity, and industrial specialized branches and itsspecialized intensity. In order to save space, the authors have to cut out several diagrams and thefunctional features of 170 new cities in table 2, which were designated as "incorporated city" afterthe year of 1984. Readers can compare the functions of 295 cities in 1990 with those in 1984. Moreover, the authors express their viewpoints on the theory, methodology, use and pioneering project of research in the field of urban functional classification.

Metadata is an important concept in the field of database management, and the metadata ofearth science data which is called geo-metadata is valuable for earth-scientists to use and exploreearth science data. metadata is not a new concept, but the application of metadata of earth sciencedata is extended only by the utility of computer technology and the development of geographical information system (GIS). Geo-metadata are used to prompt management and utility of earth sciencedatabase which is different from ordinary database because of its spatial characteristics. Up to now,an universally accepted definition of metadata have not been created yet, but general views about theutility, contents, characteristics, function of metadata have been universally accepted. Metadata is a concept which has relations with Data dictionary, Data Encyclopedia, Data Repository, meta-Database, and metadata information management system through which metadata can be manipulated and managed. The classification system of metadata varies due to contents, utility field, andfunction of metadata. The general methods for metadata collection are key-in (through computerkeyboard), look-up tables (relates), inferring (from existing metadata or primary data), measurement (by some experiments), and computation (by existing data items). The function of geo-meatdata includes: (1) to help earth science data users to get specified data easier, (2) to control dataquality, (3) to convert data formats and transform data between different projection system, and(4) to descend the cost of earth science data management. Being at its infant stage, the development of GIS and data industry is eagerly necessary in China, so the study on the standards and thenormalization of earth science data and its metadata is urgent. At the end of the paper, the authorlists the purposes for the construction of geo-metadata in China.

The key problem of the Three Gorges Project is the people resettlement in the reservoir area. Terracing on slopes is one of the important technical measure for solving it. The reservoir area has been seriously endangered by landslides and collapses in history. There are more than 510 landslides and collapses from 1982 to 1987 in Zigui county. It has been confirmed after field investigation in reoent years that the stability of terrace located on accumulation of landslides and collapses has been often imperiled by wriggling and sliding of them. Landslides and collapses are very strangely influenced by rainfall. Generally, if precipitation (daily or time) is more than 50 mm, shallow landslides occur frequently. According to our experimental results, the infiltration rate on terrace is 3 times than slope land, so terrace on accumulation causes slide to happen easily. The anti-weathering ability of the stone bank of terrace is another very important factor influencing the stability of terrace. We have evaluated the classification of purple rocks, which depends on the mineral composition, the chemical and physical behavior, the crack of rocks. Based on field investigation and experimental results, this paper has discussed the characteristics, property and present situation for 4 kinds of un-stable bank of terrace in detail;bank with the weathering purple rock, soil ridge of terrace, bank with the weathering crust of granite, cobble bank of terrace. The most important way is living hedge, that means to plant shrubs and grasses along or on the bank of terrace, which can stabilize the bank of terrace, prevent soil erosion and provide some products. The detail description has been given to species selection, experiment design and economic benefit.

The eight Taihang Passages are natural passages through Taihang Mountains. From south to north, they are in the order of Zhiguan Passage, Taihang Passage, White Passage, Fukou Passage, Jing Passage, Feigu Passage, Puyin Passage, and Jundu Passage successively. In the history, the eight Taihang passages played an improtant role bacause of their special geographical positions and tenable defence positions. From the pre-Qin days to Qing Dynasty, wars broke out constantly here. Although the dynasties shifted rapidly, it was always a anational policy to stabilize the state by relying on the strategical positions of Taihang Mountains and building passes there, According to their locations, the eight Taihang Passages were divided into two groups-four passage. in the north and another four in the south. Before the Song Dynasty, the country's political centers were distributed in Changan, Luoyang, Kaifeng, and Ye, and at that time occupying the four passages in the south was believed to help "uniting the states". Since the Song Dynasty, the politcal center was moved to Beijing and holding another four passages in the north would "stabilizing the country". The eight Taihang passages had a prize in ancient wars, and in turn the wars promoted the development of transportation. Therefore, the eight Taihang Passages, the passes and post stations in old days, were changed into today' s main lines of transportation, or even highways. Moreover, the eight Taihang Passages are also natural sightes given birth to by their landforms and endowed with human characters. These sights. together with a hundred or so historic sites developed in this area, have become the highly valuable resources of tourism, admiration and recuperation. It is clear that the planning and developing of these resources are of great improtance.

Mineral resources are the vital physical bases for the pledge of sustainable economic development in the east coastal areas of China. The continuous growth of economy in this region will be seriously limited by many resources factors such as low-guaranteed level, expanding gap between demand and supply, tendency of the mineral resources exhausting, and consequently a series of envirionmental problems coming from the exploitation of resources, etc.. Right now, serious wastes are still happening in the resources processing and exploitation, causing the low utilization rate of the resources. ln order to guarantee the rapid development of economy and to improve the environmental qualities of this region in the next century, the following strategic countermeasures should be adopted. (1) To improve the adjustment pace of the resource industries, to economize the resources to a maximum extent, and to tap the new mineral resources by all means. (2) To acquire the point of view of global resources, to expand the utilization of the international mineral resources, through the enlargement of the international volume of trade and the adjustment Of the structure of import and export trade, to increase the import and to decrease the export of the mineral products to alleviate the restriction of economic development in coastal region of China, and to establish the resource guarantee system under the open policy. (3) To take the intensive and comprehensive way in the utilization of the resources based on technology improvement, to enhance the comprehensive exploitation and utilization rate of the mineral resources and the waste resources of the mineral industry. (4) To spread the sanitary productive technology, to reduce the pollution by means of complete control from the very beginning to the end of production and consumption. (5) To apply the scientific principles of mineral resources, to establish the physical and valueaccount of different mineral resources and to set up resource/asset managment system bounded bythe property right.

中国乡村-城市转型协调发展国际学术会议在广州召开中国乡村。城市转型协调发展国际学术会议于1996年12月12日至16日在广州中山大学召开。

张仁华的新着《实验遥感模型及地面基础》深入浅出地论述了光学遥感,特别是热红外遥感的基本理论与主要应用领域。张仁华是我国较早从事热红外遗感研究的科学工作者之一,这部着作也是我国热红外遥感的一个高水平的总结,定会起着继往开来的作用,对今后我国进一步开展地表物质能量流的遥感研究也是一块重要的基石。

全球气候变化对中国森林的影响及对策课题圆满结束“八五”后期,国家科委建立了全球气候变化的国家研究项目(中美合作),项目主持人为甘师俊教授。其中,中国科学院地理研究所李克让研究员负责全球气候变化对中国森林的影响及适应对策专题。参加该专题的有中国科学院地理研究所、中国林业科学研究院森林生态环境研究所和北京林业大学的10多位专家、教授。

在这百花争艳的科学春天,地理学领域的综合性学术刊物——《地理研究》与广大读者见面了。《地理研究》的创办,为我国地理学界提供了学术交流、探索创新、百家争鸣的新园地。

Ecological balance or balance of nature has been defined as the state in an ecosystem when the interrelationships of organisms to one auothor and to their environment are hasmonious or integrated to a considerable degree.It furnishes a cenceptual framework for the study of ecosystem's structure and function which is being directed to the analysis of such basic processes as organic matter production, energy flow, nutrient cycling, etc.,the quantification of factors of balance, the sythesis of the interrelated parts into a whole, and the formulation of methods of prediction. As man has played an increasingly important role in shaping the earth's surface, the future welfare of mankind is closely linked with the changes about to occur in the nature, and any solution has to conform to economic and social realities of the areas concerned, a new development in scene is the incorporation of the human aspects in the context of ecological researches.A traditional notion long harboured in the mind of geographers is that the scope of their profession is to study the earth as the home of mankind.As early as 1923, H.H.Barrows published his paper entitled "Geography as Human Ecology" in the Annals of the Association of American Geographers.Geography has also been claimed as the bridge between physical and social sciences. "Sythesis", "location and spatial relationships" and "man as a part of environment and vice versa" are some of the comparative advantages of the professional background of geographers mentioned by M.W.Mikesell in the volume "Perspectives on Environment" (1974).These are enough to justify the participation of geographers in e'cological studies of the environment.The idea of ecological balance is relative; changes and adjustments never clase. The relative degree of balance exercises contral over the rate of change which ranges from very slow to rapid.Neither the degree of balance nor the rate of change may serve as an indication of "good" or "bad" from the human point of view. In many cases, relative balance and stability or imbalance and change may be good in one respect and bad in another.As the majority of current discussions on ecological balance concern with soil erosion induced by the destruction of natural vegetation, this subject, is treated to illustrate the forementioned principles.It is not a correct notion that return to the original vegetation to retore ecological balance is the only solution.In a number of cases, this is not necessary and not possible.

In this paper the author states the main features and necessity of the comprehensive agricultural regionalization, intoduces a scheme of regionalization of the whole of China, and discusses some topics for further investigation.As the comprehensive agricultural reginalization represents the regional similarities and differences of the conditions, peculiarities, potentials, orientations and measures of the development of agricultral production, it plays an indispensable role as a basic scientific means in the agricultural planning and guidance in line with local conditions. The author has worked out a scheme of comprehensive agricultural regionalization of China, which was adopted in 1980 by the Nationwide Committee of Agricultural Regionalization. under the State Agricultural Commission.This paper briefly presents its criteria of demarcation, working processes and system of regionalization.Taking the orientatoin of production and development measures as the key criteria, the author demarcated the country into 10 main agricultural regions and 38 subregions.In order to provide the study of regionalization with more validity and completeness, the author suggests the following topics to be adopted for further study, such as problems on the adjustment of distribution of agricultural production, on the selection and building of commercial production bases of agriculture, the adjustment of the orientation of production in areas destroyed seriously in ecological balance, the rationalizaton of agricultural structures in various regions, field investigations of some important agro-geographical limits, possible patterns and steps to be taken to realize the areali specialization of agriculture in China, etc.

From the economic geographical point of view, both mineral and energy resources and geographical position are important conditions, which we must make full use of, in establishing regional industrial systems with certain specialized sectors as the core.According to the categories, amounts, and territorial combination types of mineral resources, 26 provinces (or autonomous regions) if China can be classified jinto five types.(1)9 provinces with well-combined mineral resources and some of the important mineals in great amount.(2) 4 provinces with certain rich minerals but the combination of minerals not so good;(3) 3 provinces with a considerable range of minerals but without large reserves.(4)6 provinces with less kinds and amounts of reserves but still rich in a certain mineral.(5) 4 provinces with least kinds and very limited amounts of resrves.The regional economic appraisal of energy conditions is the basis of the rational distribution of production. Regarding this, the first fundamental work is the inventory of potential energy resource of different regions and comparison of their respective structure and richness of energy resource.The energy resource structure of six large regions of China is shown in Tab.2.Energy resource per capita is more meaningful than absolute amount in consideration of the great differentiation of area and population among provinces in China. According to this index, all provinces can be classified into four types:(1)8 provinces with richest energy resource (per capita energy resource more than 1000 tce); (2)5 provinces with moderately rich energy resouce (300-1000 tce);(3) 9 provinces with less rich energy resource (100-300 tce);(4) 4 provinces short of energy resource (less than 100 tce).Geographical position of a region is closely related to regional advantages which we should make full use of. In the author's opinion, it consists of. (1)the physical geogrphical position, (2)the communication position, (3)the distance to the nearest industrial area of the country, (4)accessibility to the major harbours, (5)interregional transport trunklines and (6)interregional traffic capacity.A preliminary analysis of the interregional traffic capacity of 25 provinces (exclusive of Taiwan and Tibet) shows that four grades could be classified.Ⅰ grade (largest traffic capacity, more than 200 million tons annually). 7 provinces belong to this grade,Ⅱ grade (large capacity, 100-200 million tons). 6 provinces,Ⅲ grade (small capacity, 50-100 million tons). 6 provinces,Ⅳ grade (very small capacity, less than 50 million tons). 6 provinces.After liberation, quite a few provinces, such as Liaoning, Jilin, Hebei, Shan-gdong, Jiangsu, etc. with very favourable conditions of geographical position and transport facilities, have played an important part in the development of industry. However, several provinces with advantageous geographical position and large traffic capacity haven't deserved much more attention yet. For example, Henau, Anhui, Hubei, and Hunan, situated in the central part of the country and easily accessible-in all directions, should be considered as one of the key areas for capital construction from now on.In Table 4 are listed 12 index of 26 provinces, including kinds of key mineral, type of territorial combination of minerals, ratio of reserves of coal to that of iron ore, grade of richness of energy resources, grade of interregional traffic capacity, interregional transport trunklins, and in addition, proportion of the provincial population to the total of the country, proportion of the urban population to the provincial population, level of development of the agriculture, kinds of raw materials for light industry, proportion of the provincial industrial output value to the total of the country. It may be of some reference value to understand the advantages and disadvantages of each province in developing industry and assuring the orientation of its industry.

The present paper mainly disses the impacts of East and Middle-Route water diversion from the Changjiang River to the Huang-Huai-Hai Plains upon natal environment.1.Studies of the changes of water circulation and water resources as well as their relationships with biocycle, atmospheric circulation and geologic process are key problems concerning the impact of inter-basin water transfer on natural environment. The process With respect to the impact of water transfer on the environment can be Summed up roughly by the following model.Water transfer→changes of the original hydrological regime→changes of thenatural environment→changes of social economy.2.The impacts of any water transfer project on the environment., according to geographic regions, may be divided into three different regions with regard to issues, namely, the water-exported region, the region through,which water is transferred and the water-imported region.The water-exported region, With the completion of the.water transfer, influence will chiefly occur at the initial point where water starts to be exported and at the lower reaches of the river below the initial point during low-flow period.The main influence of water transfer on natural environments are as follows. Possible intensification of sea water intrusion, the acceleration of the deposition of fine particles and the expansion of bars in the Chang-jiang estuary due to the decrease of runoff of Changjiang river in low-flow periods.3.The region through which water is transferred.It mainly refers to areas on both sids of the conveyance canals as well as to the surroundings of the.water bodies of regulation and storage that are involved.Water transfer of the East route will certainly exert some influence on the water quality and aquatic ecosystems of the lakes. 4.The water-imported region: Large quantities of water diverted from Changjiang River into the Huang-Huai-Hai Plains through the middle and East Roites will inevitably cause great changes on ecosystems of the Plains. The major problems to be ackled concerning impacts of water transfer on natural environment in the water imported region are as follows. The prevention of secondary salinization and alka-lization in irrigated areas and the influence of water transfer on climate in irrigated areas and their surrounding environments.

人类赖以生存的环境具有空间变异性的特点。随着科学技术的发展和自然资源大规模开发利用,环境变异的影响范围日益广泛,影响程度日趋复杂。对自然环境变化进行地理学研究和预测,无疑是我们面临的一个重要课题。

In the lower reaches of the yarlungzangbo river there exhibits a marvellous Hairpin-like Great Bend Gorge with valley in valley. The channel of the Great-Bend valley cut down into the rock flows through many interlocksed epurs. It is obvious that the Bend is a beautiful incised meander. The width of the channel is only about 70-80 meters.The diagram of the longitudinal profile of the river bed is convex upward with the gradient break like a flight of stairs. The slope of the channel and the velocity of flow can reach locally 44.9‰ and 16 meters per second. The canyon terraces along the valley are distributed in odd pieces. Owing to the high altitude and precipitous valley slopes and strong physical weathering, the rock debris on the slopes moved down quikly.These topographic features of the Great Bend valley above-mentioned reflect controls exerted by geological structure system, which shows the great intensity of the new tectonic movement. A violent earthquake (8.5 grade), occurring in Cayu on August 15th, 1950, had a great influence on the geomorphology of Great Bend valley.As regards the origin of the Great bend valley, we can classify the lower reaches of the Yarlungzangbo river into two parts. One is above the Parlungzango river. The valley is developed in a huge arcuate flalt zone with a big angle, where the northward drifting of the Indian Plate was thrusted under the Euasian Plote. And below it, the valley adapts itself to a group of north-south to east-north trending fault zone. The Great Bend valley is an antecedent gorge developed along the tectonic fractional zone of different directions. It is erroneous to consider that the Yarlungzangbo river flowed westwards in the geologicol times and the Great Bend was an elbow of capture, as postulated by some authors.

In this article, taking the Heilongjiang province and Hulunbeier League as a example, some concepts on land study, such as land, land classlification as well as its rule of distribution are discussed.Land or terrain is a physical complex.It is an end product acted by whole physical factors, including climate, landform, hydrography, soil, vegetation etc. It includes also past and present human activities and their impacts upon environment.Based upon specific natural conditions of the Heilongjiang province and Hulunbe-cr League, principles for classifying land types are given. A hierarchical scheme for landclassification in the region are introduced. The first-level land unit is named "great land group" which approximates "land system" as called by Australian CSIRO. The second-level is named "land type", and the third-level, land association that only be studied and mappad in large-scale maps (usually larger than 1:50000).The Heilongjiang province and Hulunbeier League are located at 42°23'N throug-53°34'N, with a total area of about 710,000 sq km. It is situated mostly in the nor them part of the temperate zone. Its northernmost part and areas more than 800-1000m. above-sea-level belong to the cold-temperate zone. By taking landform, soil and vegetation as chief criteria for classification, 18 great land groups and 71 land types are identified.Horizontal and vertical distribution, as well as structure of land types are also discussed.

In this paper,an analysis is made firstly that the summer monsoon activity corresponds with the distribution of the main rain field in China, Rainfall here largely concentrates in the spell of summer monsoon. The total amount of annaul or seasonal rainfall may be close to normal for a particular year. But it does not mean that the rain fall in all parts of China will be approximate to normal, some parts may get more or less rain, whereas other places may suffer from drought or flood disasters.Secondly, the author summarized the characteristics of the upper and lower tro-pospheric circulation over the droughts and floods of the Chang-Jiang River, and found that there are close relationships between the summer monsoon activity and the position of the western pacific subtropical high, with its ridge stretching either westward or eastward.Particularly, the subtropical circulation and the interactions between the Tibetan high and the western Pacific high play an important role in drought or flood of the Chang-Jiang River.Finally, some fundamental factors in the formation of monsoou and its possible effects on the activity of summer monsoon are discussed. We have analyzed the climatic conditions in a period before the drought or flood, and found there are some fundamental factors influencing summer monsoon activity and the drought or flood in the Chang-Jiang River. For example the winter or spring monsoon circulations, the sea surface temperture in equatorial east Pacific ocean, the differential heating of the continent and ocean surface over Eastern Asia, the temperature variation of the Tibetan Plateau, the time of upper troposphere wind variation from westerlies to easterlies and so forth, do have a substantial influence on the onset of summer monsoon. These results.may be helpful for long-range forecasting of rainfall and the activity of summer monsoon.

Since the construction of Dan-Jiang-Kou Reservior in 1959, the reservoir regulation has markedly altered the discharge and sediment process in the channel downstream. The flood-peak hydrograph has been lowered and flattened; the period of low flow has disappeared with the discharge becoming constant at 1000-1500m³/s. Sediment load has been reduced from 1.33kg/m³ and the turbid water has become cleaner. Essential changes have taken place in the channel below the reservoir with the effect, of the reservoir regulation and regional physical conditions. Degradtion has been replaced by aggradation in the channel; the deep scour in channel thalweg by 2-4m has occurred over the whole channel; deep scour has been slowed down with the establishment of the resistant layer, and lateral erosion increased, but far it will go on depends on the boundary conditions. Degradation is dominant in the channel downstream from the reservoir and has extended up to the mouth 630km below the dam. The channel slope has been gradually flattened except for the places near the confluences of major tributaries where the channel slope becomes steeper due to the aggradation caused by these tributaries of heavy sediment load. The relationships between channel geometry and discharge and sediment load have been improved with a relative factor up to more than 0.8 compared with what they iwere. Since the increase of channel depth is more rapid than that of the width while there is no increase in velocity as the depth increases, the channel geometry has been subject to much alteration; the flow has concentrated into the channel; deep scour of the channel has occurred and sinuosity of the channel thalweg has increased. Consequently, the height difference between the bed and surface of bars has increased;branch channels have been filled up and the channel pattern has changed-from multichannel to the single channel, with the width depth ratio being reduced to about 10. Small bars have joined to become big bars and lower bars have been transformed to higher ones which have after then become terraces. Bank slumping has slowed down as a result of stabilization of bank slope and coarsening of bank material.According to the distance away from the dam and regional natural conditions, the channel downstream from the reservior can be divided into three parts of different characteristics, 1, near reservoir reach (Dan-Jiang-Kou-Nou-Shou) which is more than 90Km long and most markedly affected by reservoir regulation and channel adjustment is rapid so that the straight wandering channel has been transformed to the single restricted meander with sinuosity being increased from 1.25 to 1.50; 2, the reach influenced by Tang-Bei-He river; Its length is 70km. In this reach the channl remains wandering as a large amount of coarser material coming from major tributaries has disturbed the channel self-adjustment. 3,the lower reach which has a length of 460km and less affected by the reservoir regulation owing to the long distance from the dam. In this reach lateral migration has become wea kened in the wandering channels whereas the deep erosion has developed and sinuosity has increased in the meandering channels with the effect of bank material.

Guo Shou-jing, the famous scientist in the Yuan Dynasty, took charge of a large-scale latitude surveying in 1279 A.D. which is well-known as Si Hai Ce Yan(Surveying at four-sea areas) in the history of Chinese geodetic astronomical surveying. 27 observation stations were established at that time over a vast range of 11.000 Li long from north to south and 6,000 Li wide frow east to west. Nanhai(the South China Sea) station played a very important role in surveying since it was the southernmost amony 27 stations and held by Guo himself. This srticle discusses the problem of latitude surveying at Nanhai Sea from the aspects of historical geography and geodetic astronomical surveying. It consists of three perts. In the first part, the author expounded from the view of the geographical concept of the ancient name Nanhai that the surveying was carried out at the sea of Nanhai instead of in Guang Zhou which was also called Nanhai in the past. Secondly, the observation station at Nanhai was situated on the Xi Sha islands. Then the possibility of surveying there was further proved by the facts that the Chinese people exploited and managed the Xi Sha Islands before the Yuan Dyaasty. Thirdly, it discussed the instruments which were used in astronomical surveying by Guo and the reason of the difference of latitude values obtained at present and at that time on Nanhai. In the end, the author pointed out the historical fact that the Yuan government sent Guo himself to survey the latitude on the Xi Sha Islands is an undisputed evidence which shows that the islands in the south China Sea era the sacred territory of China since ancient times.

The 《Graveyard Plan》 of the Chinese Warring-Status Period was unearthed from the large ancient grave of King Zhongshanwaeg, Xi, (Grave no.1), two kilometres to the west of the historical capital remain of the ancient Zhongshan Kingdom, located in Ping Shan County, HeBei province, China. This is an architectural plan of a graveyard, and was sculptured out of a piece of rectangle copperplate with a length of 94 cm, a width of 48 cm and a thickness of about 1 cm.There are a lot of graph symbols, numerical notes and annotations on this plan, to express the situation of "walls", "slope sides", "palaces", "halls" and "gates", etc. Besides, the 42-word Order of King Zhongshanwang was sculptured on it, and the distance numbers were also sculptured on the plan, near the lines between the graphs. All the lines, symbols and epigraphs were inlaid with gold and silver, so it looks very exquisite and in perfect keeping.Taking a view of the cultural relics and epigraphs unearthed, this plan was made in 2200 B.P. at least. It is one century earlier than the date of other ancient plan and map, the Topography Map and the Army Station plan, as unearthed from the Grave no.3, Mawangdui Grave of the Han Dynasty (2100 B.P.) in 1973. This is the earliest plan in China, so far as we know.The features of the Graveyard Plan are as follows.1. The earth-surface objects were expressed on this plan with line or graph symbols. For instance, the "gates", "Palaces" and "halls" were expressed with graphs, and the "walls" and "slope sides", lines. The lines of the slope sides are very fine, being a datum line of the slope-starting point of this grave.2. The horizontal distances among all the objects of this plan were expressed with a proper scale, and annotated numerically, of which. There are 24 numerical annotations, using the "Chi (one chi=1/3 metre)" as their units and 14 numerical annotation, using the "step (one step=5 chis)" as their units. The "chi" numbers are approximate to the real distances, but the "step" numbers are merely the sketchy numbers of distances, with larger errors.3. The Graveyard Plan has its definite orientation. All the gates, as expressed with graph symbols on this map, are at the top of graph symbols of the "palaces" and "halls" on this plan. On the basis of the fact that the gates of coffin chamber faced south at that time, we assume that the upper side of the plan means south, and the bottom, north.4. From the lines of the slope sides on the plan, one can know the topography and situations of the slopes of the grave.As mentioned-above, as early as both the Spring and Autumn Period (770-476 B.C.) and the Warring-Status Period (475-221 B.C.), there had been a set of expressive methods of cartography in ancient China.

在我国辽阔的土地上,自然条件复杂多样,南北东西差异很大,要因地制宜地发展农林牧业生产,合理地配置和进行生产建设,就必须对我国的自然条件有一个较详尽的了解。地理学是基础科学中一个重要部分,它是人们认识自然界整个知识体系中不可缺少的一环,同时由于人类社会面临的人口、资源、(特别是能源)环境等问题的出现,就更需要了解自然地理各要素的特点。我国过去生产建设中,由于缺少这方面的知识,不能正确地处理人与环境的关系,造成了生产上一些不必要的损失,因此迫切需要一本全面介绍我国自然条件的《中国自然地理》以满足各界的需要。

自然地理区划,即综合自然区划,是认识自然和利用自然的一项重要工作。本文扼要介绍苏联近年地理学界关于自然地理区划问题的研究概况。对于自然地理区划问题的研究,在苏联综合自然地理学中近二十年来,继续占有重要的地位。

我国岩溶(又称喀斯特)分布十分广泛,无论是在华南还是在华北都有许多天然洞穴。岩溶区洞穴中各种碳酸钙沉积物、丰富的古脊椎、古人类化石和许多洞穴生物组成了一个奇异的地下博物馆,这里是研究碳酸岩溶蚀过程、第四纪生物的演化和气候变化的重要场所之一,也是普及岩溶科学知识的场所和宝贵的旅游资源。

中国科学院地理研究所近年来进行了卫星底片假彩色合成的试验研究。该试验采用SG701电子分色机,选不同宽容度的150线接触网目直挂、两翻、平凹版新工艺。根据不同地区自然景观的特征,对四个波段卫片影象进行增强处理,加绘一些地形图要素,印刷合成五十万分之一假彩色卫星影像图。这是一种既有卫星影像又有线划地图内容的新图型,具有更为广泛的使用价值。

中国科学院地理所海洋气候组自五十年代成立以来,即从事大尺度海-气相互作用和海洋气候学的研究。他们系统地收集整编了中国近海及西北太平洋海区十年以上约110万组船舶和五年以上高空观测记录,出版了一套海洋气候图集(共三册)。最近他们在广泛征集意见的基础上,对原图进行改编,增加了大量新图,即将由海洋出版社以八开版本彩色印刷,公开发行。

中国科学院地理研究所1978届研究生即将以优秀的成绩走向工作岗位。地理所1978年八个专业共招收了十九名研究生,除一名出国攻读博士学位、一名退学外,余十七名研究生自1981年8月下旬至12月间举行学位论文答辩。进行学位论文答辩是我国建国以来的首次,根据国务院学位条例及实施办法,地理所的研究生完成毕业论文,首先都在各自的研究室作过预备答辩,修改后的毕业论文经所长批准,再请所内外专家二至三人审阅,最后聘请所外专家二至三人参加研究生的论文答辩。

从1980到1981年10月底为止,我所已先后接待了各国专家22批,共计33人。通过会议、访问、考察等交流活动,促进了科研,也增进了相互的了解和友谊。许多专家认真讲学的态度、耐心回答问题的精神、渊博的知识,给我们留下深刻的印象。下面就几次主要活动作一简单介绍。

The term ecological balance or its equivalents may not exist in many biolo-gical and ecological books and dictionaries, but their pages are full of treatments on energy flow, nutrient cycling, trophic levels, biotic potential and environmental resistance, balances between vegetation, herbivores and carnivores, and between competing species,etc. This signifies what is important is not the term, but investigations with the concept in mind on the processes at work in ecosystems. As most of the processes are governed by the law of conservation of energy and matter, serious studies are more often than not characterized by quantification on a sound observational and experimental basis. As an example, the CO₂ transfer between the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystem is discussed in brief.The most important measure for this purpose is the net ecosystem production of carbon=net primary production minus heterotrophic respiration, a figure varies widely with a host of factors. The scarcity of data can hardly bring out a global picture. In recent publications in China, one ton of CO₂ per hectare per day has repeatedly been quoted as a representative estimate of absorption of broad leaved forests during the growing season. In the light of present knowledge of carbon cycle, the acceptance of this would lead one to go amis. A fashionable term and superficial talk are of little use to problem solution. Much of geographic research in China should be focussed on agricultural problems. The notions of ecological balance and ecosystem are in close connection with this pursuit and should help geographers to correlate and coordinate various components and processes of the agricultural industry. Also in vogue are such terms as utilization and conservation of natural resources,environment protection, environmental system, physical planning, etc. In conceptual framework, they are not synonymous and investigations are differently oriented. But there is no great difference in the majority of information to be acquired. A cursory survey of geographic publications-since the latter half of the nineteenth century will not fail to find these concepts at least in their rude form, although geographers have contributed not much in their elaboration. In the geographic studies of agriculture, we have to learn from neighbouring sciences,weld together the foremention-ed concepts and broaden our scope to include physical, biological, economic, social and environmental implications. Our work should provide answers to two questions. (1) for any piece of land, which use or uses would offer the greatest advantages? and (2) for any use or uses of a piece of land, how can the potential productivity be retained or improved?

In this article the potentiality of agricultural climatic resources is approximately estimated. 1℃ temperature change and 100 mm rainfall change are taken as units of climatic variation. In the case of 1℃ temperature change, the potentiality of agricultural climatic resources might have a change about 30 million tons of grain in magnitude; in the case of 100 mm rainfall change, the change of potentiality would be 80 million tons. Besides, analysing the greatest amplitudes of climatic change in historical and geological times, the author succeeds in giving some preliminary deductions of possible impacts of climatic variation in different time scales, which may be summarized as a climatoecological series.