To study the water-heat characteristics of soil in the active layer in high altitude permafrost regions and to examine the interaction between soil and moisture under freeze-thaw cycles, a physical process by the CoupModel was used to simulate the soil temperature and moisture in the active layer, using the meteorological, the soil thermal and the moisture data on different depths in the active layer at the Tanggula test site. Comparisons between simulated and monitored data in situ showed that: 1) for soil temperature in the active layer, the simulated results fit well with the monitored, and the determination coefficient (R²) is more than 0.94 with the mean value of 0.98 while mean square deviation is relatively small, implying the CoupModel could successfully simulate the soil temperatures. 2) For soil moisture, results generally reflect water content variation in the active layer with R² ranging from 0.88 to 0.93, the mean is 0.90 and the mean square deviation is 4.24, indicating a bit poor accuracy compared to soil temperature. 3) As to the heat flux of soil within the depth of 0-20 cm, results simulated is consistent with the monitored. The simulation accuracy is improved with depths, which may be related to the depth from the natural ground surface. The frozen depth is about 3.0 m, which is close to the observed data. It is concluded that the CoupModel can be well applied to study soil water-heat characteristics of the active layer in permafrost regions with higher elevations in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

Heatwave has become an extreme meteorological disaster which occurred frequently during the summer. Moreover, heatwave could evidently affect the healthy conditions of residents. Thus, study the spatial pattern of heatwave health risk would be helpful for us to prevent from and respond to the impacts of heatwaves. Using the historically meteorological datum of Xiamen, this study built a database of heatwave cases and analyzed the basic characteristics of heatwaves in Xiamen. Taking a heatwave event occurred in 2010 as a case, we analyzed the spatial pattern of heatwave health risk by using both the remote sensing data and the demographic data. It is concluded as the following statements. (1) The intensity of heatwaves in Xiamen is quite low, but its frequency is rather high. An intensive heatwave occurred occasionally. (2) The regions with high health risk are located in Xiamen Island, lying from the northeast toward the southwest. The regions with the highest healthy risk are located in the northern and southeastern Jiangtou sub-district, Huli district, and the most area of Xiagang sub-district and Siming district. (3) The human health risk pattern of Heatwave is associated with the spatial distribution of environmental and demographic factors. Generally, this study promotes and extends the scientific knowledge on the health risk of heatwaves.

Based on the two dimensions of overall prosperity and achievement sharing,this paper constructs a common prosperity index system and applies the entropy method to measure the level of common prosperity in China at the provincial level from 2007 to 2020. This paper analyzes the spatial differences of common prosperity level using the Dagum Gini coefficient and portrays the dynamic evolution of its distribution using kernel density estimation. Moreover,it uses the Kaya identity and LMDI factor decomposition method to identify the driving effects of its dynamics. Conclusions are as follows: 1) The common prosperity level increased significantly on the whole and in three regions,which showed a distribution pattern of "decreasing from the east of China to the west of China". 2) The overall differences,intra-regional differences and inter-regional differences of China's common prosperity are narrowing,and the inter-regional differences are the main source of overall differences. 3) The level of common prosperity in three regions is characterized by strong unimodal aggregation,while the overall shows a trend of polarization. 4) The economic effect and equilibrium effect have significant positive driving effects on the improvement of China's common prosperity,the driving forces of social effect and efficiency effect are developing in a good direction.

An artificial Masson pinus forest has been chosen to measure the precipitation inside and outside of the forest, as well as stemflow.

The transformation and development of urban waterfront space is the key way to promote the optimization of urban space and the adjustment of industrial structure, which has become the main part of the current international urban renewal and redevelopment efforts, and a large number of relevant studies have emerged. Therefore, it is necessary to summarize the existing studies. Taking the relevant publications in the Web of Science and Science Direct databases from 1988 to 2020 as the analysis object, this study systematically examined the research results of the transformation and development of urban waterfront space abroad, summarized and analyzed the research contents and main conclusions from the aspects of the transformation process, mode, motivation and mechanism, and effect. The results show that international studies on the transformation and development of waterfront space mostly used qualitative methods to carry out descriptive analysis of cases, the research themes have shifted from paying attention to practical needs to exploring underlying academic issues and gradually diversified, and the research perspective increasingly emphasizes humanism and the concept of equality. Finally, considering the international research experience and domestic reality, this study proposed that in the future, China should change the research perspective and research object, pay attention to the comparative study of multiple cases in different regions, reveal the transformation process of urban waterfront space, simulate the transformation mechanism of urban waterfront space, and comprehensively evaluate the transformation effect of urban waterfront space, so as to optimize and improve the research system of urban waterfront space in China.

This paper discusses by using two examples the calculating question of professor Fu Baopu's experimental formula for Mountain precipitation and points out that the improvement of the calculating method for this formula suggested by yan Yuhua and Lai Hongnian which was published on Geographical research 6(1) has a lot of questions. Between the calculating result of Fu's formula and the practical material of the two examples, there appear more differentiations.

Decomposition of litter plays an important role in carbon turnover and nutrients cycling in wetland ecosystem. Tide is the key feature for the estuarine tidal wetland. The wetlands of the Minjiang River estuary region are one of the major estuarine tidal wetlands in the southeast of China, and the Shanyutan is the largest wetland in the Minjiang River estuary region. Litter decomposition, nutrient dynamics and influencing factors of two native species (Phragmites australis and Cyperus malaccensis) and one exotic invasive species (Phragmites australis) were studied using mesh bag method in two sites under different tidal water submergence conditions. One site was near the tide ditch, and the other is far from the tide ditch in central Shanyutan wetland. The results indicated that: (1) Frequent tidal water submergence had no significant effects on the litter decomposition rates of three plants. (2) Frequent tidal water submergence accelerated the N and P loss of Cyperus malaccensis and Spartina alterniflora, however, it had little effect on Phragmites australis. (3) The order of litter decomposition rate was Cyperus malaccensis＞Spartina alterniflora＞Phragmites australis, with rates of 0.003166-0.005280 d 1, and the time of 95% dry mass of litter loss ranged from 1.56 to 2.61a. (4) C concentrations had only a little change, and the major pathway of C release was mineralization during the 280 days; there was an upward trend in N concentrations, at the end of the experiment, N content had a net loss and the major pathway of loss was mineralization; there was an obvious fluctuating downward trend in P concentrations at the end of the experiment, P content had also a net loss and leaching losses were responsible for much of P loss. (5) Litter quality was a main factor influencing the litter decomposition rates of the three plants. Litter decomposition rate of Cyperus malaccensis with the lowest C/P was the greatest.

河岸(溪旁)的植被有助于调控沉积物及化学元素向江河的流失。滨海平原农田水域的研究表明,河岸林生态系统是良好的营养库,并能减少周围农田生态系统的养分流失。河岸林生态系统土壤和植被的吸收与运转,截获了农田流向河道的养分,如果定期采伐树木,那末河岸生态系统就能有效地起到短期和长期截获与贮存养分的作用,从而确保了养分的净吸收。

A milestone in the Year of Biodiversity is that the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity(CBD)was adopted in the 10th Conference of Parties(COP 10)held in Nagoya,Japan,Oct 18- 29,2010.Traditional knowledge(TK)is a key issue in the Protocol’s text and its negotiating period.This paper aimed to protect TK by defining its concepts and categories and promoting benefit-sharing with TK’s holders.Based on the analysis for the TK concepts of relevant international organizations and conventions, in particularly on the author’s current years’research work on TK in the ethnic areas of China,this paper proposes the categories and the classification system for the TK associated with biological resources,i.e. (i)the knowledge for traditional use of agricultural bio-species and genetic resources;(ii)the knowledge for traditional use of medicinal bio-species；(iii)traditional technical innovations for bio-resource use and traditional practices for farming and living styles;(iv)traditional cultures such as customary laws and community protocols that are related to conservation and sustainable use of bio-resources;and(v) traditional geographically biological indicators.Furthermore,this paper introduced the provisions for access and benefit-sharing of TK and proposed to share fairly and equitably the benefits produced from use of TK with indigenous people,local communities and other kinds of holders such as a country for the ancient documented TK.In addition,aimed to the existing problems for traditional knowledge protection,the national strategy for TK protection was introduced and measures for TK inheritance,development,utilization and protection measures were put forward,which are significant for TK’s popularization and beneficial to local communities of the ethnic groups in China.

With Pukou District of Nanjing as an example, the article introduces SLEUTH cellular automaton model and adopts the Landsat TM/ETM+ remote sensing data in five study periods(the years of 1988, 1995, 2000, 2004 and 2008)to simulate the general situation of urban expansion of the study area with or without the planned cross-river channels.And the influence of the planned cross-river channels on the urban growth of riverside city is analyzed from the perspective of quantity increase of construction land as well as spatial growth.The research shows that:1) SLEUTH model, after adjusted and tested, could well simulate the quantity growth of construction land as well as its characteristics of spatial distribution in the study area, therefore, it could be fairly applicable to the research of urban expansion of the study area; 2) the construction of planning cross-river channel has a significant impact on accelerating the growth of riverside city, but its driving effect will gradually decline year by year.The newly increased construction land in the study area will rise by 48.05% and 62.33% in 2020 and 2030, and the contribution rate of planned cross-river channel is 20.67% and 17.50%, with a decreasing driven effect year by year, which is particularly significant in the street of Jiangpu, Dingshan and Yanjiang in "Pukou New Town".

工业旅游是一类特殊的综合型旅游产品,近年在我国发展很快,表现出都市综合型、特色工业城市、名胜旅游区三大类型.发展工业旅游具有宣传广告、科普教育、带动第三产业、兼备学术交流、优化企业环境、推进城市旅游发展和精神文明建设等显著的综合效益.广州具有发展都市型工业旅游的资源、设施、区位、市场和旅游发展基础等良好的软硬条件,应当抓住当前广州工业旅游发展的大好形势,着重从工业旅游的景观特色营建和旅游产品优化两个方面入手,从战略发展的高度加以理论探讨和实践引导,让这一新生事物长盛不衰,魅力永存.

China has been experiencing unprecedented urbanization process. In 2011, China's urban population reached 691 million with an urbanization rate of 51.27%. Urbanization level is expected to increase to 70% in China in 2030, reflecting the projection that nearly 300 million people would migrate from rural areas to urban areas over this period. At the same time, the natural growth rate of China's population is declining due to the combined effect of economic growth, improvement in education quality, and modern social consciousness. As a result, Chinese government has loosened its "one-child policy" gradually by allowing childbearing couples to have a second child if either of them is from a one-child family. An accurate prediction of the future spatial pattern of population and its evolution is critical for a variety of key policy-making processes in China, such as industrial development, ecological conservation, industrial upgrading and transfer, and environmental protection. In this paper, a top-down method was developed to project the spatial distribution of China's future population with considerations of both natural population growth at provincial level and the population migration between provinces from 2010 to 2050. The results suggested that the overall spatial pattern of Chinese population is unlikely to change significantly over the next four decades. Shanghai, Beijing, Tianjin and Jiangsu will remain the top 4 provinces in terms of population density in China, and Xinjiang, Qinghai and Tibet continue to have the lowest density of population. China's population is projected to continue to concentrate in eastern coastal provinces. Population densities of Shanghai, Beijing, Zhejiang will peak in 2030, while that of Guangdong will keep increasing until 2035. Due to the large amount of moving-out labors and gradually declining fertility rates, population densities for Central and Northeast China will decrease from 292 persons per km² in 2010 to 253 persons per km² in 2050, exhibiting a downward trend. The majority of the western provinces, including Shaanxi, Chongqing, Guizhou, Yunnan, Sichuan, Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai, Xinjiang, Tibet, Guangxi and Inner Mongolia are likely to remain sparsely populated, with an averaged population density no more than 100 persons per km².

Hydropower development and outward transmission in Tibet play a vital role in optimization of energy resource configuration and reduction of CO₂ emission in China. The low-carbon effects of hydropower development in Tibet were assessed, and fossil fuel consumption reduction and CO₂ reduction achieved by hydropower development in Tibet were analyzed based on net coal consumption rate, CO₂ emission coefficient and its dynamic change of fossil-fired power generation in different power grids. The results show that: 1) The fossil fuel consumption reduction and the CO₂ reduction achieved by hydropower development in Tibet have significant variations. During the period from 2006 to 2012, the fossil fuel consumption reduction and the CO₂ reduction achieved by hydropower development in Tibet were the most in 2011. 2) The fossil fuel consumption reductions achieved by hydropower development in Tibet were different significantly with different net coal consumption rates of fossil-fired power generation. The fossil fuel consumption reduction achieved by hydropower development according to net coal consumption rate of fossil-fired power generation in Central China power grid (CCPG) was the most, the fossil fuel consumption reduction according to net coal consumption rate of fossil-fired power generation in Northwest China power grid (NCPG) and Tibet power grid (TPG) took the second and the third place respectively, and the fossil fuel consumption reduction according to net coal consumption rate of fossil-fired power generation in national power grid (NPG) was the least. 3) According to different CO₂ emission levels of fossil-fired power generation, the CO₂ reductions achieved by hydropower development in Tibet were also different. Among them, the CO₂ reduction achieved by hydropower development according to CO₂ emission level of fossil-fired power generation in TPG was the most, the CO₂ reduction of hydropower development according to CO₂ emission level of fossil-fired power generation in NCPG and CCPG took the second and the third place respectively. 4) The fossil fuel consumption reduction potential and the CO₂ reduction potential achieved by hydropower development in Tibet were outstanding. According to net coal consumption rates of fossil-fired power generation in NCPG, CCPG, TPG and NPG, the fossil fuel consumption reductions achieved by hydropower development in Tibet in 2030 would be more than 75% of total fossil fuel consumption (1.379×10⁸ tec) of fossil-fired power generation in NCPG in 2012. Among the CO₂ reduction potentials according to different CO₂ emission levels, the CO₂ reduction achieved by hydropower development in Tibet according to CO₂ emission level of fossil-fired power generation in CCPG would be the least, but more than the carbon dioxide emissions of fossil fuel consumption in Argentina, Pakistan, Vietnam and other countries in 2013.

The characteristics of precipitation diurnal variations in spring and summer are investigated based on the TRMM satellite data from 1998 to 2012. The South China Sea (SCS) and surrounding areas are divided into four main regions: the South China region, Indo-China peninsula region, Malaysia region, and the SCS region. The results show that: First, in low latitude regions of the two hemispheres, the precipitation has opposite variation phases in spring and summer. In spring, the precipitation mainly occurs in Malaysia region and its surrounding area. However, in summer, the precipitation is more distributed over the SCS region and its surrounding area while the precipitation over Malaysia region is small. The Philippine islands, Indo-China peninsula, and the South China region present land pattern of diurnal variation, which means the precipitation maximum occurs after noon. For Malaysia region, the precipitation maximum occurs at night. Second, the diurnal difference is related to land-sea difference. In general, the precipitation is larger at night than that in the daytime over land area while it is larger in the daytime than at night over sea area. Moreover, the diurnal difference is generally more significant over sea area than over land area. The diurnal difference is most significant over the SCS in both spring and summer. In summer, it is also significant over the South China region. From spring to summer, the diurnal difference reduces in Malaysia and the SCS regions while it ascends in the rest two regions. Third, in summer, the Indo-China peninsula and the Philippines present similar patterns of diurnal variations. Their precipitation maximums occur at around T 17:00-20:00 in both areas, which is earlier than in spring. Meanwhile, the high precipitation period of the SCS region occurs earlier in summer than in spring. In both seasons, the diurnal variation patterns of the four regions are similar. The diurnal variations over the South China region and the Indo-China peninsula region present single peak pattern. In Malaysia region, the diurnal variation is relatively gentle. Fourth, based on the data from 1998 to 2012, in spring, the interannual variations of the occurring time of precipitation minimums are not significant in the Indo-China peninsula and the SCS regions while the variation in Malaysia region is relatively large. The interannual variations of the occurring time of precipitation maximums are little in Indo-China peninsula region. For Malaysia region, the variation has become smaller since 2005 and stayed small from 2005 to 2012. From spring to summer, the interannual variations of the occurring time of precipitation maximum become more significant over the Indo-China peninsula region and less significant over the SCS region. The interannual variations of the occurring time of precipitation maximum are similar in both seasons. Last, the seasonal difference can well illustrate the precipitation variation from spring to summer. After the burst of summer monsoon over the SCS region, the precipitation variation decreases slightly around Malaysia and equator areas while increases over South China, SCS and Indo-China peninsula regions, especially over the Philippine islands. What is noteworthy is that in South China region, the Xisha Islands and their surrounding sea show a negative seasonal difference, which means its precipitation decreases after the burst of monsoon, while the major part of this region has positive seasonal difference.

After the adoption of the policy of reform and opening-up to the outside world,many changes in politics,society and economy have taken place in the Yangtze River Delta region and have resulted in rapid expansion of urban area.Using multi-temporal remote sensing images,we analysed the spatial and temporal urban dynamic change pattern of the Yangtze River Delta region in the past two decades.The results showed that from the end of the 1980s to the year 2000,the main land use change pattern is the rapid decrease of cultivable land and forest area and the fast expansion of urban area.Urban land use in the Yangtze River Delta presents a concentrated expansion,typically from vegetation landscape to a mixed urban and rural landscape,i.e.,95% from farmland 1.8% from forest land and 1.5% from grassland.Using remote sensing image to categorize land use,monitor land use change,and calculate land use change transfer matrix is a promising method to show distributed spatial pattern of land use and land use dynamic change.There exist different constitutional proportions relating to land use dynamic changes between the first decade and the second decade.The urban sprawl speed is lower in the second decade than the first one.The land use dynamic change affects the eco-environmental change in this region.For example,the urban expansion pattern directly affects the local climate change and the air quality of this region.Analyzing the correlation between the spatial pattern of urbanization and eco-environment in this region,we found that the urban sprawl pattern is one of the direct factors affecting the spatial distribution of regional urban heat islands and spatial pervasion of urban air pollution.By comparing the relationship between the land use change pattern and eco-environment,we can provide sustained decision-making strategy for improving eco-environment,developing local economy,and promoting the social progress.

Water stress is one of the main factors that affect the crop growth. Water stress can induce agricultural drought, and decrease the yield. Analysis on the water stress under rain-fed condition can reflect the influence of local climate and soil on the crop growth. It is very helpful for the agricultural drought management and improving the water use efficiency (WUE). This study simulated the growth of winter wheat under rain-fed condition using EPIC (Environmental Policy Integrated Climate Model) crop growth model. The temporal and spatial pattern of water stress was analyzed. It was found that the rainfall in this area could not afford the demand of the crop growth. The water stress in the later period of winter wheat growth season was very serious, especially in the third 10 days of May when the frequency of the severe water stress was up to 48.2%. Through the contrast between regions, the Hebei-Shandong-Henan low-lying plain and the agro-forestry hilly region in Shandong were worse than the other two regions in the study period.

Mining activities seriously interfere with the regional land use, which lead to a strong influence in ecosystem. After collecting many studies related to ecosystem service values (ESVs) in resource-based cities in China, this paper extracts a series of variables with Meta-analysis to establish benefit transfer models for assessing ESVs of cultivated land, forest land, grassland and waters especially in mining cities, then examines the feasibility of these models in Wu’an City to evaluate the ESVs of Wu’an in 1987, 2001 and 2014. The results show that: 1) the benefit transfer method can effectively assess the ESVs in mining cities; 2) there is a declining trend after the increase in the total ESVs of Wu’an, and a significant decrease occurred after 2001; 3) from the aspect of land area, the degree that the mining activities interfere with the land use type is cultivated land>grassland>waters>forest land from 1987 to 2014; from the aspect of the ESVs, the degree that the mining activities interfere with the land use type is cultivated land>waters>grassland>forest land; and 4) when the total area of ecological land reduces, a reasonable optimization of ecological land structure can improve the total ESVs rather.

Public security events are the results of the interaction of 'Human-Space-Time' in a specific context. Public security spatial planning and the corresponding administration system are important approaches to deal with the public security events in the long term. Based on the framework of 'Human-Space-Time' interaction in the public security planning, this paper reviews the relevant research about 'prevention, early warning, emergency dispatching, and post-disaster recovery'. On this basis, the framework of content, technical methods and support system of public security spatial planning is constructed. First, the content system should be consistent to the multi-level spatial planning system and the national emergency response mechanism. It is necessary to implement special planning and comprehensive planning, focusing on the problems of the planning and management of space, facilities and emergence response in terms of natural disasters, accident disasters, public health events and social security events. In terms of the technical method system, it is necessary to build and improve the methodological and technical support system of space-time elements identification and analysis, space-time process simulation and early warning of public security events. Last, for the support system, it is necessary to improve the space-time accessibility of the public security facilities system and strengthen the public security oriented social governance, based on the new infrastructure construction such as the space-time big data management system.

"汉三角"位于湖北、湖南、江西3省交界处的精华地带,属于中部发展中地区,具有区位与交通条件优越、自然资源丰富、旅游资源品种多样、人文气息浓厚等多种优势,是珠三角、长三角地区产业转移的前沿地区.同时伴随着中部崛起战略的提出,在中部地区营造汉三角经济增长极,通过发挥其巨大潜力,不仅将完善我国区域经济空间布局,而且对促进中部崛起具有十分重要的战略意义.文中对汉三角地区经济发展进行了详尽分析,并提出汉三角区域经济发展战略措施.

In this study,we use three scenes of Landsat Thematic Mapper(TM) images,including those of 1988,1998 and 2006,to detect the expansion of construction land in the Pearl River Delta.Meanwhile,we analyze the economic growth pattern of the region by the input-output analysis of the primary factors and the production organization analysis.Based on it,we conduct research on the interaction between the construction land expansion and the economic growth pattern in the Pearl River Delta,using the quantitative analysis. The result shows that the Pearl River Delta's economic growth presents a typical extensive and export-oriented growth pattern,which relies on a large number of primary factors affecting production inputs and the promotion of foreign investment to achieve rapid economic growth.This pattern reflects the characteristics which is called "high input,high consumption,high output and export-orientation". For the relationship between the extensive growth pattern and the construction land expansion,there is exponential correlation between the input-output coefficients and the land use efficiency.With the rise in input-output coefficients,the efficiency of construction land drops down exponentially.For the relationship between the export-oriented growth pattern and the construction land expansion,although the extent of the export-oriented economic growth will not affect construction land expansion,the foreign capital flows play an important role in guiding the expansion of construction land while production organization mode of export-oriented will also reflect the distribution and morphology of construction land directly. In fact,both the phase change and the spatial feature of the construction land of the region such as "site factor pointer","small towns pointer" and "decentralization and inefficiency" are closely related to the economic growth pattern.Thus,there is a causal link between construction land expansion and economic growth pattern.They promote each other and constitute the "land-economy" interactive system.Only when we change the economic growth pattern while optimizing the allocation of land resources,could we establish the positive interactive relationship between land and economy,and achieve sustainable economic growth and utilization of land resources.

The direct pollution generation coefficient and complete generation coefficient of wastewater, air pollutants and solid waste were analyzed, based on the China's green input-output table. Furthermore, the pollutant control cost and its economic impact were simulated. Some results are shown as follows. (1) The complete generation coefficient of certain industries, such as production and supply of electric power and heat power, manufacture of raw chemical materials and chemical products, smelting and pressing of ferrous metals, processing of petroleum and coking, extraction of petroleum and natural gas, was higher than that of other industries, and the industries should be taken as main regulatory targets. (2) The simulated control cost of wastewater was 6.4 yuan/t, the control cost of air pollutants was 2136 yuan/t, and the control cost of solid waste was 101 yuan/t. In comparison, the actual cost of wastewater was 3 yuan/t, the actual control cost of air pollutants was 305 yuan/t, and the actual control cost of solid waste was 30 yuan/t in 2007. The simulated control cost was 2.1 times, 2.4 times and 2 times the actual cost. (3) If simulated pollutant control costs were imposed, the prices of certain industries would be impacted heavily and the prices change of certain industries were higher than 10%, such as production and supply of electric power and heat power, mining and processing of non-ferrous metal ores, mining and processing of ferrous metal ores, manufacture of paper and paper products, smelting and pressing of non-ferrous metals, smelting and pressing of ferrous metals, manufacture of non-metallic mineral products. (4) It is not feasible that the cost of environmental pollution control entirely was undertaken by the enterprises from the simulation results. On one hand, government controls environmental pollution through collection of sewage charges or emissions trading. On the other hand, environmental pollution should be treated by intensive treatment to play investment benefit and scale economic effect. Thus, "Those that make pollution should pay for its cost" could bring more benefits than "Those who make pollution should control it".

海南岛位于祖国南端,面积仅次于台湾,是我国第二大岛.地处热带北缘,具有热带和亚热带自然条件的过渡特征.岛上气候温暖,四季气温相差不大,雨量充沛.植物生长繁茂,终年花果不断,为食草兽类提供了极为有利的自然条件.总面积虽只有32,200方公里,但兽类的种类约占我省兽类的70%以上(已知有71种),而且种群的数量也很多.

In the era of the knowledge economy, the primary emphasis of technological innovation is shifting towards networked, open, and multi-agent interactive collaborative innovation. However, there are numerous debates surrounding network structure and performance, primarily stemming from the neglect of the crucial role of the knowledge base. Currently, the research focus on the knowledge base of industries is to understand the relationship between analytical knowledge base, synthetic knowledge base, and regional innovation systems. Scholars have explored the multi-scale spatial patterns in analytical industries. But the attention to the innovation networks of synthetic industries is limited to smaller spatial scales, which has certain limitations. With the expansion of enterprise scale and the rise of multinational company platforms, as well as the need to overcome the negative effects of excessive localization, the characteristics of cross-border innovation networks in synthetic industries have become increasingly prominent. Nevertheless, there is limited research conducted from a global perspective on long-term time series analysis of innovation networks in synthetic industries. Because of it, taking the energy conservation and environmental protection industry as a case of synthetic industry, and industrial innovation network among 193 countries from 2000 to 2020 was constructed. We studied the topological structure, spatial pattern evolution characteristics and its proximity mechanism in synthetic industry. The results show that: Firstly, the scale of the global innovation network for energy conservation and environmental protection industry continues to expand, but the development level is low. The technical cooperation between countries has the characteristics of preferential attachment, which shows a core-edge structure of strong core and radial. The disequilibrium characteristics of the network are obvious but have a reduced trend. Secondly, in the development process of global cooperation in energy conservation and environmental protection industry, a clear regionalization trend is evident, with a stable spatial orientation. This situation has led to the formation of multiple clusters of industry and technology cooperation that continuously diverge and integrate. Thirdly, the promoting effects of geographic proximity, technological proximity, and institutional proximity on cross-border cooperation in energy conservation and environmental protection industry continue to strengthen. The positive influence of social proximity remains at a high level throughout the three stages, while the impact of cultural proximity remains insignificant. Lastly, the relations between geographical proximity and technological/institutional proximity are complementary. The interaction effect between geographical proximity and cultural proximity is not significant. Geographical proximity and institutional proximity have significant complementary effects only in the third stage.

The research on the LOICZ and the buffer area in the eastern coast,Laizhou Bay,three points were obtained.1 Buffer area of coastal zone The main idea of buffer area layout is to actualize effective projecting and controlling in the region of acute LOICZ,in order to harmonize the relations among population,resources and environment.The possibilities and feasibilities of coast zone programme are summed up in the following: ①The multi-environment in the Holocene（such as lagoon,billabong etc.） is the base of the coastal zone system stability. ② Sea water intrusion,coastal zone erosion and land degradation occurrence since the 1960s need to be prevented and controlled.③ The start of the Chinese Nature Foundation Item,"coastal zone eco-recovery research",marks the initiation of eco-recovery and rehabilitation.④ The intense LOICZ,concentrating in coastal zone,forms the core of buffer area which should be the focus of study and planning.2 The frames and functions of coastal zone There are archaic lagoons sandy coast,sandy coast of gentle deposits,artificial coast and estuarine coast which are generalized into three basic types: confined type of geomorphology in archaic lagoons,opened type and artificial coastal type.The opened type includes estuarine coast and deposit coast.The cross section of the coast is divided into three buffer belts.The belt Ⅰ lies between the low tidal line where only the greatest tide could arrive.Its function is to prevent the marine hydraulic action.The belt Ⅱ is from high tidal line to the farthest land affected most seriously by tide-storm in the history.This belt could mitigate the destruction caused by tide-storm and flood.And the belt Ⅲ extends to the distributing parts of the alluvium and diluvium of the mid Holocene and was mainly affected by hails,so relevant measures should be taken to reduce the loss of hail disaster.3 The boundary and dynamic process of buffer area It is the most important modality which interacts between fresh water and sea water.As a matter of fact,the transitional zone between fresh water and sea water was very wide in Chinese coast.Within the transitional zone,the main cations-exchange among water and rock occurred between Na⁺ and Ca²⁺,but K⁺is strongly adsorbed in mixed water.From coast into land,the Na⁺ and Mg²⁺were reducing and the Ca²⁺ was enriching and reached its extreme by the margin of the transition zone.The extent of the transition zone varied from 2 km to 4 km in Laizhou area,from 1.5 km to 3.5 km in Longkou area and from 1.5 km to 6.0 km as a whole.

This paper discussed the spectrum structure and time profiles of greenness for wheat, corn, soybean and cotton in North-China according to spectral data observed in Yucheng, Shandong provinces in 1981 and 1982.It was proved that primary informations for interpreting the four crops containing in modes of greenness made up of reflectivity of visible region (0.4-0.7μm) and near-infrared region (0.8-1.1μm).The combination of any band in the visible region does not produce more informations for interpreting the four crops, nor does the combination of any band in infrared region.Graphic transformations and time profiles of the greenness which have unique features for four crops were depicted, and their roles in interpretation were shown.We presented three new models of greenness.G6, G7 and G3, with which we can approach cholorophyl contents for wheat, corn and soybean respectively.More informations for interpreting crops can be obtained when the models have been ingeniously combined and rationally used.Different time profiles of greenness will be got when division of band is different.The above mentined charati-cristics' should be considered in choosing optimum band for resource satellite of China.

The spatial interpolation of some physical geographical elements is becoming increasingly important nowadays in resources management, disaster control, environment improvement and the research of global change. The core of the spatial interpolation of those elements is to seek the functions that can reveal their characteristics of spatial distribution. But, as for specified regions and sample data, there are many functions in the list for choice. And the best choice is difficult to make because of the complex effects from theoretical foundation, algorithm, temporal spatial scale, and attributes of sample data. By referring to the major achievements in the interpolation research field, this paper comes to the point that the accuracy of certain spatial interpolation depends on its capability of reflecting the element's spatial variance and spatial correlation. Models using other elements as variables, when regression variable has high correlation with interpolation variable, will give more accurate results than others, because they have better reflection of spatial variance. Models without other element variables change in accuracy according to their consideration of the anisotropic characteristics or not. With spatial temporal scales' variance, the disposed spatial variance and correlations will be different, which affects the interpolation accuracy. The density, spatial distribution, data extent of sample points also makes the interpolation results different for the same reason. As for applications, the optimal interpolation method should be picked out after the analysis of those spatial characteristics embedded in the sample dataset.

Accurate poverty alleviation is one of the three major challenges in building a well-off society in China. Taking the poverty-stricken counties (not including the data of Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan, limited by data collection) that have achieved poverty alleviation in China as of 2018 as a sample, the poverty alleviation index is used to measure the relative poverty alleviation effect of poverty alleviation counties in the country. The natural breakpoint method is used to divide the poverty alleviation into four grades, and the impact factor indicators of poverty alleviation are constructed. The system analyzes the correlation between the 16 factors of the five categories of variables such as natural environment characteristics, location traffic conditions, agricultural modernization level, regional economic development level and public service level, and analyzes the degree of regional poverty alleviation through the use of correlation analysis. The dominant factor of force and the dominant interaction factor. The results show that poverty alleviation is divided into four levels: high poverty alleviation, second highest poverty alleviation, middle and high poverty alleviation and basic poverty alleviation. The spatial distribution shows an imbalance, and the poverty alleviation rate is out of sync with poverty alleviation; five factors are poor. The effect of poverty alleviation in the county is significantly related. The degree of action from the largest to the smallest is the slope, the distance to the main trunk road, the distance to the nearest prefecture-level city, the total power of agricultural machinery per capita and the per capita fiscal revenue. The spatial differentiation of poverty alleviation is affected by five driving factors. The common influence, the strong driving force, the strong driving force, the weak driving force and the basic driving force, which are divided according to the intensity of the action, have different influences on the four levels of poverty alleviation.

The Yangtze River Delta, with the city of Shanghai as the center, is one of the regions with the most concentrated R&D investment in China. This article analyzes the spatial evolution and influencing factors of the R&D industry of 16 cities located in the Yangtze River Delta Region. The research was performed through factor analysis, cluster analysis and GIS mapping, combined with theories of spatial structure and urban system. The results indicate that there are six major factors dominating the spatial structure of the R&D industry: overall strength of industrial development, industrial structure, industrial competition force, supporting economic structure, economic development level and R&D activity level. In addition, through the comparison of the level of spatial structure of the R&D industry in the Yangtze River Delta Region in 2000 and 2007, we discovered that the R&D industry in this region in 2000 was characterized by a monopole structure with its conspicuous geographic concentration in Shanghai. On the other hand, the development of other cities in the region including Nanjing, Hangzhou and Suzhou has created a shift in the industry and transformed the industrial structure into a multi-pole one in 2007. As such, the spatial structure of the R&D industry sector in the Yangtze River Delta Region is expected to develop into a triangular pattern in the future with Shanghai, Nanjing and Hangzhou as its three vertexes.