Along with economic globalization and China putting the opening up policy in practice, more and more multinational enterprises entered or went out of China, and established their affiliates, for example, production factories and/or service offices. The multinational enterprises linked Chinese cities with foreign cities by their business network as they carried on their transnational operation. As a result, this transnational urban network was created and developed in China. This paper probed into structural character of transnational urban network of China with South Korea through examining the linkages of headquarters with affiliates of Chinese and South Korean multinational enterprises. The main result of the study can be summarized as follows. First, the urban network developed broadly, including 67 Chinese cities and 67 South Korean cities. Second, the urban network has the property of regional concentration, and network elements such as link bond, linked pair city, network node and node city were mainly concentrated in the Bohai Rim and Changjiang Delta region in China and capital region in South Korea. Third, the linkage density of linked pair city or node city shows the property similar to the rank size distribution, so Qingdao, Shanghai, Beijing and Tianjin with Seoul have formed the main linked pair cities, and Qingdao, Tianjin, Shanghai and Beijing formed the main node cities. Fourth, the linkage density of linked pair city or node city has continually been adjusted, but it kept relatively stable as a whole in the range of higher hierarchy. Fifth, some node cities have been specialized and some have been incorporated in type of industry by multinational enterprises, the former as Beijing and Shanghai, the latter as Qingdao and Tianjin. Finally, the link bond has the property of vector, so the network node was divided into two types, one is source node, and the other is receptive node.

The difference in land surface features and land cover conditions have a great impact on anisotropy surface albedo distribution. Remote sensing is an effective means to study the land surface features by obtaining spatial and temporal characteristics of surface albedo. The northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains is well-known with its typical mountain-basin geomorphology pattern system and mountains-oasis-desert landscape. The unique and complicated background forms the special vertical distribution of the surface albedo. This paper examines the spatial distribution of surface albedo on the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains using Landsat TM images. Topographic correction was implemented on the images using topographic normalization model based on DEM and atmospheric correction was completed using 6S (Second Simulation of Satellite Signal in the Solar Spectrum) model. The results indicate: (1) The methodology for surface albedo inversed from the moderate spatial resolution remotely sensed data is reliable to be used for estimation of the surface albedo over the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains with significant heterogeneity in elevation. (2) The distribution of the surface albedo on the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains is affected by the land surface features, land cover conditions and surface soil moisture. Therefore, the spatial distribution of the surface albedo on the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains presents a distinctly vertical zonal feature. As to the mountainous forest and the dry grassland in low mountain area, the surface albedo presents regular fluctuation under the effects of the undulating terrain and elevation changes. (3) Influenced by the cover types, the crop structure and the crop phenology of the cropland, the variation of the surface albedo of the oasis in the Sangong River Basin shows instability. In the oasis area, the surface albedo varies obviously with growth seasons of the crops as well.

Due to its simple structure and less input data, CA model of logistic regression is widely applied in urban simulation. However, data dependency has some impact on the accuracy. Therefore, an in-depth research should be conducted to modify the traditional model. This paper established an improved CA model of logistic regression in two major aspects. First, the urbanization factors were divided into forbidden constraint and general constraint. The input data were sampled only in general constraint, while the urbanization probability in forbidden constraint was set to be 0. Second, we reduced the data dependency of general constraint using principal component analysis in SPSS. In the case study of Guangzhou, the improved CA model was applied to simulate the urban growth from 2000 to 2008. Compared to the traditional CA model, the improved CA model made a 4% improvement both on model fitness and simulation accuracy, in which constraints division contributed a 3% improvement on overall simulation accuracy and a 6% improvement on non-urban simulation accuracy, while data dependency reduction gave a more reasonable explanation for urbanization mechanism. The study aimed to establish an improved CA model, which can mine a more reasonable urbanization mechanism, and provide more scientific support for urban planning and land management.

Human settlement, permanent community where people live, consisting of buildings, structures, roads, greenbelts and waterhead areas, is usually the shortened form of rural human settlement. In the world, studies of settlements mainly focus on historic geography, the ecological construction and energy ecology.Domestic researches usually study cities with architecture, sociology, ecology and geography, while rural human settlements have not received much attention,especially in the sandy area. This paper analyses the type of settlements in sandy area based on quality evaluation, aiming to choose a suitable land-use pattern of settlement for improving the construction of settlements. In this paper,the sandy area in the north of Yanchi county in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region is selected as a case. Based on SPOT5 image in the year of 2005, land use map is compiled by interpretation. According to land use map, settlements are divided into 11 types in terms of its spatial relationship with neighboring land and land use pattern, and then the pattern of settlements is identified into three patterns (radial, annular, and radial-annular). Some 30 indicators attached to three systems about the quality of human settlements environment were surveyed in typical settlements of each type in April of 2009, and then evaluation was made by those indicators with the method of mean square error. The result shows that the quality of pattern B (annular) is the best, which has an isolation belt with sandy area (the ring-shaped area); pattern A (radial) is the worst, which is mostly exposed to sandy area directly; type B2 is the finest type with a ring-shaped area, belonging to pattern two; the second is type C3, a complex radial-annular type belonging to pattern three; the worst type is type A2, a radial shape with arable land. In the evaluation, the score of type B2 is the highest, but it is not the best type recommended. As the local rainfall is rare in recent years, water for life mainly relies on water from underground, which is not enough for irrigating all the surrounding areas. Type B2 is typical in the building of a new socialist countryside with preferential policies, so it has enough water to make the surrounding areas to be irrigable land with the project Yang Huang. Considering the practical situation, this type cannot be commonly used in sandy area. Type C3 is chosen as the most suitable type in this paper. In its isolation belt, hedgerows are planted in the upwind direction of the farmland and settlement, which is relatively easy to be realized in sandy area.

In order to survey whether a city has the potentials and conditions to develop leisure economy at present, we need to set up a workable evaluation index system and evaluation method to measure the leisure degree and leisure development capacity of a city. This article first analyzed different viewpoints on the Leisure City evaluation index system and summarized the concept and meaning of Leisure City, and then discussed the index system and quantitative method to evaluate Leisure City. With the help of SPSS software, this study took 15 cities in China including Hangzhou, Chengdu, Dalian, Qingdao and Nanjing as examples and analyzed their leisure level and strength. The result showed that Shenzhen, Hangzhou, Chengdu and Beijing had higher leisure consciousness and richer and better leisure facilities, while Xiamen, Shanghai, Dalian and Hangzhou had more appropriate leisure environment. As far as integrated leisure strength was concerned, Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen, Guangzhou and Hangzhou had higher leisure comprehensive development degree. Finally, we discussed the issue on how China would build top Leisure City, and put forward some future research proposals on this issue.

The spatial gradation of slope position has a great effect on the soil, hydrological, geomorphic phenomena and processes in small watershed or on slope. The fuzzy slope positions extracted with various methods can quantify the spatial gradation of slope positions and are considered as a kind of promising information to geographic modeling, such as digital soil mapping at finer scale. However, few studies have actually applied the fuzzy slope positions in geographic modeling. This paper attempts to examine the possibility of application of fuzzy slope positions in predicting spatial distribution of soil property at finer scale. In this case, two fundamental assumptions are made as follows: 1) terrain condition which can be comprehensively reflected by slope positions shows most important effect on spatial distribution of soil property in small catchment, and 2) soil property on typical slope position generally represents a typical value when soil property co-varies spatially with slope position. Based on these two assumptions, a weighted average model in which typical values of soil property on typical slope positions are weighted with fuzzy slope positions is developed to predict the spatial distribution of soil property (A-horizon soil organic matter in this study). The fuzzy information of a system of five slope positions (i.e., summit, shoulder slope, back slope, foot slope, and valley) was derived by a method based on typical locations of slope positions. The weighted average model was evaluated in a low-relief catchment (about 60 km²) of Nenjiang watershed in Heilongjiang Province, Northeast China. The multiple linear regression model based on topographic attributes was also applied to comparison of model performance. Three indices, i.e. correlation coefficient between predicted and observed values, mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean square error (RMSE) based on a validation set of 70 soil samples were calculated for quantitative assessment of the model performance. Results show that the weighted average method with very few modeling points can better predict the spatial distribution of A-horizon soil organic matter than the multiple linear regression model does.

Virtual tour is designed based on the virtual reality technique platform, Internet or other vehicles. The travel landscape is dynamic and vividly presented in front of tourists. Tourists may choose tour route and view speed and viewpoints by themselves. Virtual tour will play an important role in propagandizing, protecting and reproducing scenes and decision-making support. Currently, virtual tour system on the development of research methods are more broadly grouped into four categories: 3D panorama, VRML/X3D language programming methods (such as DirextX, OpenGL), Web3D business software. These methods achieve results, ease of extent and scope of preferences for different applications, each with merits and demerits. Virtual tourist attractions are composed of virtual ground model and the virtual features model. The virtual ground model has geographical features, only located in the virtual scene to reality; virtual features model is needed to simulate the reality, allows users to carefully watch from outside to inside. At the same time, virtual tourist landscape is needed to balance fidelity and display speed, which are also the shortcomings and a major technical difficulty of virtual tour. Virtual tour is the tourism-oriented virtual reality platform on network using 3D-GIS, virtual reality and network technologies. Throughout the building of virtual tour system, the most basic and most important part is the realization of virtual tour landscape, which is related to display effect and display speed of the virtual landscape, as well as the realization of spatial analysis, simulation scenarios and the other functions. Based on the characteristics and realization difficulties of virtual tour landscape, the paper separately built virtual ground and virtual features using ArcGIS and 3DSMax, which have different configuration characteristics. All the models were transformed to VRML file format, and the VRML files were optimized through many methods. Which not only effectively fused virtual ground models and virtual features models, but also gave attention to the fidelity and display speed of models. The paper advanced a suit of design program and key technology of virtual tour landscape, and validated it through exploiting virtual tour landscape of Yuanmingyuan Ruins Park. The paper formed research and exploiting methods and technology of virtual tour, which could provide strong support of digital, virtual, high-tech information methods and means.

Based on the seven monthly mean precipitation data averaged over years from the Urumqi River basin, the authors put forward the Gauss parameter model which can meet the interpolation demand in time and space dimensions. The fitting goodness of the models is 4%. This model builds the relationship between the Gauss function and precipitation, according to the mathematical meaning of the Gauss function and distributional rule of precipitation, and converts the traditional interpolation into function model, advances the application of the precipitation data, solves the problem of calculating precipitation and precipitation distribution under the conditions of the scarcity of rainfall data, especially in the alpine mountain with sparse meteorological stations. It will significantly improve the availability of precipitation data. This paper presents the principle, derivation process and the typical application methods, integrating with specific data. The precipitation distribution simulated by the Gaussian function is consistent with the actual precipitation amount. Each parameter of Gaussian function has a very clear physical meaning. The method of Gaussian function parameter has a strong practical value, and is widely used.The details are discussed below. As the time function of precipitation distribution, the model can calculate precipitation amount of any time. Through integration of the precipitation distribution function within a certain period, the precipitation amount of any time cycle can be calculated. Through the spatial interpolation of rainfall distribution parameters of different sites, the precipitation distribution function can be achieved in different regions, thereby calculating the precipitation amount of any time periods and at any time. The simplified Gauss model can transform the estimates of three parameters into one parameter, which can meet the needs of application in the high mountains with sparse meteorological stations, but also can calculate precipitation amount in the historical period. The promoted model can be applied to the precipitation distribution of more than one peak, which expands the application of Gaussian parameters. However, we must point out that the method of the Gaussian model is based on the data of meteorological stations in Urumqi River valley. The application of models might have some limitations, especially in this region.

Investigation of seven soil faunas of forest ecosystem in northern Da Hinggan Mountains respectively in June, August and October of 2004 revealed that their total number was 6729, that is, 67 categories, which belonged to 51 families, 18 orders, 7 classes and 4 phyla. The dominant group is Enchytraeidae, and its individual number takes up 58.5%. The total number of common types is about 10 categories, they are Formicidae, Lithobiomorpha etc. , accounting for 35.9%, and the number of rare groups is 56 categories. The categories of soil animals in different forest communities differ greatly, the more favorable condition the habitats is, the greater the number of individuals is, and the more abundant the categories are. The distribution law of individual, group quantity and biomass is not entirely consistent, which showed complexity of community composition, that is, the distribution of individual number is Ⅲ＞Ⅱ＞Ⅴ＞Ⅵ＞Ⅳ＞Ⅰ＞Ⅶ, the distribution of categories is Ⅳ＞Ⅲ＞Ⅱ＞Ⅴ＞Ⅵ,Ⅶ＞Ⅰ, and the distribution of biomass is Ⅲ＞Ⅱ＞Ⅳ＞Ⅶ＞Ⅴ＞Ⅰ＞Ⅵ. Furthermore, the proportion of each category of soil animals in total biomass differs greatly, and the biomass of Enchytraeidae and Lumbricidae is in absolute dominant position, accounting for 34.8% and 34.4% respectively, then the insect and its larva account for 22.8%, and the proportion of other categories is less than 8%. However, the dominant group of biomass is Lumbricidae in the forest of temperate zone, about 60% to 70% of the total biomass, which differs apparently from the biomass of soil animals in the forest of cool temperate zone; The vertical distribution of individuals and types is in the order of: 0~5cm＞litter layer＞5~10cm. The order of soil animals’ diversity index isⅠ＞Ⅳ＞Ⅶ＞Ⅴ＞Ⅱ＞Ⅲ＞Ⅵ. Evenness and richness index is positively correlated with diversity index, and is negatively correlated with the dominance index. What’s more, individual number, category, biomass and diversity index of soil animals vary with season, in other words, the dynamic change of the total number and category with season is in the order of October > August> June. The dynamic change of the total biomass with season is October> June> August. In addition, the dynamic change of diversity index with season is August > June >October.

The high-dimensional feature vectors of hyper spectral data often impose a high computational cost as well as the risk of "over fitting" when classification is performed. Therefore it is necessary to reduce the dimensionality through ways like feature selection. Currently, there are two kinds of feature selection methods: filter methods and wrapper methods. The former kind requires no feedback from classifiers and estimates the classification performance indirectly. The latter kind evaluates the "goodness" of selected feature subset directly based on the classification accuracy. Many experimental results have proved that the wrapper methods can yield better performance, although they have the disadvantage of high computational cost. In this paper, we present a Genetic Algorithm (GA) based wrapper method for classification of hyper spectral data using Support Vector Machine (SVM), a state-of-art classifier that has found to be success in a variety of areas. The genetic algorithm (GA), which seeks to solve optimization problems using the methods of evolution, specifically survival of the fittest, was used to optimize both the feature subset, i.e. band subset, of hyper spectral data and SVM kernel parameters simultaneously. A special strategy was adopted to reduce computation cost caused by the high-dimensional feature vectors of hyper spectral data when the feature subset part of chromosome was designed. The GA-SVM method was realized using the ENVI/IDL language, and was then tested by applying a HYPERION hyper spectral image. Comparison of the optimized results and the un-optimized results showed that the GA-SVM method could significantly reduce the computation cost while improving the classification accuracy. The number of bands used for classification was reduced from 198 to 13, while the classification accuracy increased from 88.81% to 92.51%. The optimized values of the two SVM kernel parameters were 95.0297 and 0.2021, respectively, which were different from the default values as used in the ENVI software. In conclusion, the proposed wrapper feature selection method GA-SVM can optimize feature subsets and SVM kernel parameters at the same time, therefore can be applied in feature selection of the hyper spectral data.

Soil on slopes of the gentle hilly black soil region in Northeast China, one of the most important bases of cash rice, degraded seriously after dozens of years of intensive cultivation. The thickness of soil humus layer becomes thinner and less fertile year after year. So it is very essential to deepen the researches of soil restoration and improvement after severe soil erosion. Analysis of main reasons for black soil degradation revealed that the cultivation activities halted the accumulation of organic matter and then baffled the soil development which cannot compensate the decrease of the thickness of soil humus layer caused by soil erosion. Soil developing process and conditions are the most important foundation for soil restoration. So the developing history of black soil and chernozem was reconstructed and the geomorphological and climatic factors, which were the key factors affecting the formation of black soil, were analyzed through studying both the formation time of the underlying strata and the local climate change history since the late Pleistocene. The conclusion is that black soil and chernozem formed in different periods, from early period of late Pleistocene and the beginning of Holocene respectively. The former period was warm and wet, while the latter period was warm and dry. And they formed in different places, the black soil was mainly distributed on the second and the third terraces and the chernozem on the first terrace of the Nenjiang River, which is lower than the distributing places of black soil and can accept more carbonate from the highland to form the characteristic illuvial layer. The processes of the soil formation were very slow, so it is hard to restore. These results provide important basis for forulating policies to improve the quality of soils in the region.

Trails are one of the fundmental facilities on which tourism activities are performed. They provide safe access to non-roaded areas, support tourism opportunities and protect natural resources by concentrating visitor traffic on resistant treads. However, increasing tourism use, coupled with poor planning and management, has led to negative impacts on trails. In order to study the tourism impacts on trails, Huangshizhai scenic spot in Zhangjiajie National Forest Park was selected to systematically research by means of after-the-fact analysis. 30 sampling plots were chosen. The results indicate that tourism activities have already negatively impacted on trails in Huangshizhai scenic spot with indictors evaluation and characteristics analysis. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) the rate of trail extension is 13.5% and there are 6 kinds of spatial forms in this scenic spot; (2) the occurrence rate of trail erosion including incision and soil loss within the sample plots is 73.3%; (3) the number of trail damage's site is 14; (4)the soil hardness along trails increases markedly and the average soil hardness increase 0.5m away from the trails is 197.5%; (5) the content of organic materials of soil by the trails decreasing due to ring trail trampling;ad (6) the percentage of vegetation cover reduces obviously along the trails. And the impact on trails on top of the mountain is the greatest, followed by the downhill trail, and that of the uphill trail the smallest. In addition, strong correlations between high levels of trail degradation and higher frequencies of visitors were found. Based on the findings, some management suggestions were put forward.

A methodology was designed for the geomorphologic zonalization plan based on Srtm- DEM and TM imagery with a resolution of 90m. The method was demonstrated for Xinjiang. According to interpretation and classification of geomorphologic types, research on the distribution of differently geomorphologic types was conducted using the method of geographical grid from qualitative and quantitative analysis. On this basis, the new method of geomorphologic zonalization was put forward via the system clustering analysis method, by combining the merger from bottom to top with the partition from top to bottom. Firstly, the slope, relief, and altitude value from Srtm- DEM in spatial analyst were calculated and reclassified. Through testing, the 30m relief was regarded as the critical relief value for plain and mountain. And the 7° slope was regarded as the critical slope value for plain and mountain. Combined with the old map of geomorphologic zonalization of Xinjiang, the study area was divided into six subareas as Class 1 geomorphologic zonalization through the merger-partition from top to bottom. Secondly,the data format of geomorphologic types was transformed.The geomorphologic types data was interpreted from Srtm-DEM and TM imagery, and its data format was vector. For constructing the model of geographical grid, vector data was transformed to raster. Thirdly,parameters of the system clustering analysis were calculated. Then, based on the geomorphologic types, the method of merger from bottom to top was used to implement the system clustering analysis. Finally, the new method of geomorphologic zonalization in Xinjiang was primarily realized based on Srtm- DEM, TM imagery and geographical grid. And the new plan of geomorphologic zonalization in Xinjiang was put forward. By the new plan, geomorphologic zonalization in Xinjiang includes three classes,i.e. ,macro geomorphology, medium geomorphology, and micro geomorphology. Class Ⅰ geomorphologic zonalization includes six geomorphologic subareas.Class Ⅱ geomorphologic zonalization includes 23 geomorphologic subareas.Class Ⅲ geomorphologic zonalization includes 200 geomorphologic subareas. This method can achieve the intelligentized partition of geomorphology by computer. After verification, based on the new method of geomorphologic zonalization, the precision of the boundaries of geomorphologic subareas in Xinjiang is very high.

On the basis of reviewing related literatures at home and abroad about land use zoning,through the construction of the regional land use divisional comprehensive evaluation index system, by using SPSS software and principal component analysis which is one of the multivariate statistical methods, we made a comprehensive evaluation of land use extent taking counties and cities as units in Jiangsu Province. The comprehensive evaluation index system of the regional land use is built up by selecting 25 indexes from the following six fields of regional land use: structures, inputs, outputs, ecology, dynamics and potential. On the grounds of the comprehensive scores of land use, meanwhile with the combination of space expression of MAPinfo graphical software, the results indicate that the land use extent presents notable urban-rural difference and north-south regional unbalance.At the same time, the synthetic level of landuse is relatively high in economically developed regions and there is a gradually decreasing tendency from south to north in Jiangsu Province, the geographical features of gradient differences are significant. According to the analysis of land use comprehensive level in counties and cities of Jiangsu Province, and considering integrated natural conditions, characteristics of land use and continuity of regionalization units in space position, with the principle that the natural conditions should be consistent with the characteristics of the land use within regionalization units, therefore we can divide the land use extent into three first-order land use zones: Jiang Nan area, Yangtze-Huaihe area and Huaibei area. Based on the principles of physical geographic features and adjacent distance, it can be further divided into seven secondary land use zones: the sub-area around Taihu Lake, Ning-Zhen hilly sub-area, Jianghuai sub-area along the Yangtze River, Jianghuai coastal sub-area, Lixia River plain sub-area, Huaibei coastal sub-area and old Yellow River course sub-area.

Hospital infection has proved to be one of the most important routes of SARS transmission, and nearly a quarter of those infected are medical staff in Guangzhou in South China. However, its potential to control epidemic of SARS is unclear. Detailed records of this epidemic have allowed the development of spatial analysis methods that capture the main features of epidemic spread in space, and the impact of SARS accepting hospitals. SARS epidemic comes from Guangzhou City in South China. SARS epidemic in Guangzhou is a sample to study epidemic's sudden outbreak in urban areas, which can help us to understand which is the risk factor that affects epidemic process and how epidemic spreads. Spatial points are gained according to the family addresses of SARS infectors. Mathematical models are used to express quantitatively the transmission center and confidence interval of epidemic areas. Spatial pattern of different SARS infection groups and their change are analyzed compared with that of SARS accepting hospital weighted with the number of accepted SARS patients. The result shows that there is a clear trend for the transmission center to approach the center of SARS accepting hospital, and their patterns are consistent with that of SARS accepting hospitals. Medical personnel and the other infectors are affected equally by SARS accepting hospitals. SARS accepting hospitals have an impact on the SARS epidemic in Guangzhou, which experiences a strong- weak- strong process. This paper contributes to a better understanding of the spatial spread for SARS and other new infectious diseases in urban areas, and provides a support for public health contingency plans.

Current research of China's urban social space emphasizes more on the macro-level than on the micro-level social space. There are relatively few research papers on the micro-level social space, such as the characteristics of residential quarters. Based on the methodology of qualitative research and deep interviews, taking a number of peripheral communities around Peking University campus as research cases, this paper tries to analyze the characteristics and their driving forces of the social space of peripheral communities of campus in Zhongguancun. The authors found that the social space of peripheral communities of campus in Zhongguancun experienced the transformation from the period of homogeneity to that of heterogeneity. Social stratification and social differentiation exist in these communities. Higher fluidity happens in such communities, and is correlated with not different social class but the same one. The social network link is strong within the same social class, however, it is weak among different social classes. To the floating population from outside Beijing, they tend to bring some of their network links in their hometown to Zhongguancun or Beijing, and they often affiliate with not residents of other social classes in their communities but friends or relatives, who come from their hometowns and live out of these communities. As a result, to some extent, segregation of social class exists in peripheral communities of campus in Zhongguancun. Under the operation of both universities and market, the social spatial structure of the peripheral communities of campus in Zhongguancun exhibits a complex pattern of both chaos and order. Finally, the authors attempt to put forward a model of interlaced mechanism of the forming of social space of the peripheral communities of campus in Zhongguancun at the macroscopic, mesoscopic and microcosmic levels. Under the background of market economy, a new social space, which is charactered by higher fluidity and incompact social network, has been built both by external population and by original residents in the peripheral communities of campus in Zhongguancun. Most important of all, this new social space will help to understand the relationship among the fluidity, the features of social network and the maturity of social space.

Ecosystem health assessment is one of the hot issues in current environmental science and ecological research, and watershed-scale ecosystem health assessment is an important development direction. A healthy ecosystem provides a fundamental basis for the realization of regional sustainable development. Using the theory and technique of ecosystem heath to evaluate ecosystem health is of significance in theory and practice for eco-environmental management and regional sustainable development. Watershed ecosystem is a social-economic-natural complex ecosystem. Watershed eco-health assessment can help watershed planning, protection, comprehensive management and provide basis for decision-making. This research puts forward history, current condition and research scale of watershed eco-health assessment and summarizes methods of watershed eco-health assessment in the past years both at home and abroad. Indices system of watershed eco-health assessment is set up taking Hengshui Lake Basin as an example.The indices system consists of seven indices in all. The value of the watershed eco-health assessment shows Hengshui Lake Basin is in a condition of moderate or sub-morbidity. Finally, some measures are put forward for eco-health sustainable development in the future.As we further develop the theory of ecosystem health, the quantitative methods, particularly those from the development of 3S technique will contribute to the capacity to analyze and evaluate ecosystem health over large areas. The advanced technique will promote its further development.

Geostatistical methodology becomes an important tool for spatial prediction and uncertainty analysis. In terms of scientometric analysis and methodology development, advanced research for geostatistical methodology from 1967 to 2005 has been proposed in this study. First, its developing trend, application and patterns were identified; its development mode, suitability and choosing principles were then summarized. Development mode could be summarized as five transformations from stationary to non-stationary, single-variable to multivariate, parametric to non-parametric, linear to non-linear and spatial static to spatiotemporal dynamic geostatistics. Finally, the future researches were preliminarily discussed in this field, which is of great significance to geostatistical methodology and applications in the future. It includes: 1) developing new methods for variogram estimation to reduce the analytical complexity, 2) refining uncertain geostatistics to reflect hybrid uncertainties (input/output dataset, model structure, model parameters), 3) exploiting spatiotemporal/multi-point geostatistics and its algorithm/software to simulate complex realizations, 4) developing hybrid approach of process-mechanism and geostatistics to comprehensively uncover potential process-mechanism, in spite of the difficulties within the process simulations, and 5) expanding geostatistical-based decision-making under uncertainty, which supports the risk-based decision-making in social work, environmental pollution, agricultural production, public health, etc.

This paper was based on the practically significant problem,how to weigh the development degree of function in CBD. Based on the case of Qianjiang New City CBD, we constructed a whole functional maturity index system which included 4 subgroups, namely collective scale, harmony function, agglomeration function and radiation function. From the perspective of feasibility, we subdivided those 4 subgroups into 18 indices. Using the AHP(Analytical Hierarchy Process), we acquired weight of each basic index, and the indices judgement matrix also passed through the consistency test. As to the criterion level indices, we found the degree of agglomeration function and radiation function of CBD is dominant in the regional economy. Then, in the index level, we found that the economic scale is more important than the scale of construction and the population; and that office building is still the core part of CBD, but the retail/service and housing are also important; next, the cluster of the corporate headquarters and the financial industry is the main characters of the agglomerative function of CBD; and the last but not least, under the background of economic globalization, the radiation function put more emphasis on the economic relationship between the international/regional economic body and CBD than on others. And also, the paper aims to do some help to the practical and theoretical society.

This paper reconsiders the man-land relationship in West Liaohe River Basin through the analysis of settlements' environment and takes the key district of ecologically fragile area, where the improvement of the environment is urgently needed, as the focus of the study. Based on the research of three agricultural reclamation periods in West Liaohe River Basin since Holocene, the paper brought forward that the location of the settlement can be classified as the first choice and the territoriality. Because of the fragile environment in West Liaohe River Basin, there exist not only the environmental differences but also a total different characteristics of the first choice and the territoriality. In the two aspects of height and topography, sloping field of 400-600 m contour is the first choice. It is not only the main immigratory area in each agricultural reclamation period, but also the area with a longer duration of human activity. Region outside 400-600 m contour area belongs to territoriality. Secondary migration is a most important step of compromising the man-land relationship. It is also the beginning of agriculture and planting in territoriality. Moving out of the first choice and moving into the territoriality as the secondary immigration have been through all previous agriculture reclamations in West Liaohe River Basin, which is most prominent during the reign of Emperor Guangxu in the Qing Dynasty. Agricultural reclamation in West Liaohe River Basin was a main process of the environmental change from grassland to farmland. Because of the environment differences between the immigrants' first choice and territoriality, agricultural reclamation in territoriality would bring a more serious disturbance to the environment, thus, this kind of area is not only the focus of environmental issues, but also the key district where the improvement of the environment is urgently needed.

Flood disasters are among the world's most frequent and damaging types of disaster. Flood hazard, flood risk and disasters are the products of an interaction between environmental and social processes. Accurate comprehension of the condition and rule of flood disaster risk change is of critical importance for early warning and flood disaster administering.The study area, situated in the northeast of Kelantan Delta in Malaysia, is the main flood disaster area. In the other papers, the maps and data of flood disaster risk zones and flood risk index have been calculated using the Fuzzy Comprehensive Assessment (FCA) method. In this paper, the condition and rule of risk change in the past decade are analyzed based on risk zone data and risk index data of flood disasters in 1990 and 2000. The risk data of the two phases are overlaid and areas of risk zone changes are summarized. Risk dynamic degree, transition matrix of risk zone change, risk index change, and the mean of change are calculated. Some conclusions are drawn as follows: (1) The variation of risk zones is significant in the spatial pattern and time change from 1990 to 2000. (2) Highest risk zone and higher risk zone are increasing. Moderate risk zone and lower risk zone are decreasing. (3) Conversion among risk zones is lopsided. It is the main reason for the variation taking place in the spatial pattern of risk zones.(4) Mean risk index of 2000 is higher than that of 1990 in the whole area. Risk change is different in the local zones. (5) The change process of flood disaster risk is self-organized and complex. The self-organized character of flood disaster system is significant to reveal the internal universal phenomenon and mechanism.

Previous work of tourism competitiveness has focused more on integrative destinations, such as nations, states (provinces), cities, or destinations having similar attractions. However, appropriate research perspectives and methods havenot been found for evaluating tourism destinations of different types and different sizes.Moreover, early work of Structural Equation Model applied to tourism science has generally limited to a given destination and has rarely compared among different tourism destinations. Therefore, the main thrust of the paper will be concerned with comparing the tourism competitiveness between Jiuzhaigou and Lushan from tourists' perception perspective by applying structural equation model. Based on the Confirmatory Factor Analysis, Cross-validation, and Invariance Measurement, the theoretical model has stability and validity between different samples. Jiuzhaigou has more advantages than Lushan by comparing tourist perception in resources, community attitudes, integral satisfaction and loyalty except service through the Mean Model of Structural Equation. Structural Equation Models, especially Mean structural Model, are applied to and validated in this study, which is a step forward toward the quantitive research methods of destination competitiveness. It is the first time that latent variable of community attitudes has been introduced into the tourist perception model, which is testified to be positively correlated with the tourists' satisfaction and loyalty.

As a significant approach to geographic information visualization, map making is practiced by not only professional cartographers but also more and more general public. However, the latter is often rarely equipped with knowledge of cartography. Instead of comprehensive theories and methods of cartography, simplified mapping skill might be suitable for them to make maps with respect to their special purpose. As a preliminary study, this paper aims to explore and build a conceptual model of duality for geographic information visualization. Dualistic analysis is employed to establish an easy-to-be-understood framework which could be followed as a "map-making guide". First, the paper introduces the theories of dualism in terms of other disciplines, such as geography, linguistics and philosophy. Then, with semiotic linguistics as a normal form, the methodology of dualism for geographic information visualization is elaborated from the perspectives of the signifier and signified of geographic information visualization. Our analyses demonstrate that: (1) geographic information is of duality, such as the duality of time and space, the duality of instant and interval, the duality of geometry and attributes, the duality of qualitative and quantitative approaches, etc.; and (2) map design is also full of various dualities such as the duality of the entire format of a map and individual symbols, the duality of outline and fill of a symbol, the duality of shape and size, the duality of color and texture, and so on.

Urban River is an important part of urban ecosystem. There are close relationship between stream construction and its ecological function. The form and evolution of stream construction is controlled by geology, topography, soil, climate, vegetation and human activity at local area. At present, human activity, especially urbanization has become the major factor influencing the stream structure. In order to study the effect of urbanization on stream construction, taking Shenzhen city, a rapid urbanization area as a case, which is one of the most rapid urbanization areas in China, by using Strahler classification and Horton laws, this paper analyzed the effect of urbanization on stream length, stream density, bifurcation ratio of rivers, ability of bifurcation of rivers and fractal dimension etc. The result exhibited that: (1) The stream length, stream density and stream number all decreased, especially for the lower order stream from 1982 to 2002. and (2) the ratio and ability of bifurcation decreased of all the watersheds. The stream construction was simplified with time. The fractal dimension of stream construction also decreased with time. (3) The stream construction changing characteristic was different for different watersheds due to the effect of urbanization level. This paper suggested: (1) to improve planning and implement blue-line, strengthen the management of river net and add it to the content of urban planning and managing; (2) to protect the stream in the process of land use change; and (3) to strengthen the control of soil and water erosion, thus decrease the yield of river sediments.

The pollen influx, pollen concentrations and pollen assemblages are studied based on pollen tauber traps and surface pollen samples coming from 6 different vertical vegetation zones on the northern slope of the Taibai Mountain. The results indicate that pollen influxes are more than 10000 grains /cm²/y, with the maximum in Larix Chinese belt and the minimum in shrub and meadows belt. Pollen concentrations are more than 25000 grains/g with the maximum in Betula albo-sinensis belt and the minimum in deciduous broad-leaved Quercus belt. The arboreal pollen percentages are mostly more than 45% in 5 forest belts both for pollen traps and surface samples, which are consistent with the vegetation composition. But the arboreal pollen percentages are less than 20% in pollen trap samples and more than 50% in surface samples coming from alpine shrub and meadows, indicating that more ex-local arboreal pollen appeared in surface pollen assemblages. The Abies and Pinus pollen percentages are much higher in surface samples than in pollen trap, suggesting that they can be easily preserved in moss or surface soil. Larix and Ericaceae have rather lower percentages both in pollen trap or in surface samples, compared with vegetation coverages, showing that they have not only lower pollen productions,short transported distance, but poor pollen preservation ability,and can indicate vegetation well. The study on pollen influx of Betula and Quercus shows that the pollen productions are similar, but Quercus pollen concentrations are much lower than Betula in respective forests, showing that Quercus pollen grains can not be preserved as well as Betula in moss or surface soil. The results are obtained from one year's experiments, so further research work should be done.

Various spatial interpolation methods are widely applied to climate map production. The quality of climate spatial interpolation depends on the spatial variation of climate factors, the spatial distribution of climate stations, and the interpolation method. For examining the relationships between station distributions, interpolation methods and interpolation quality, 599 climate stations in Texas, US with 30-year precipitation records are collected and 27 station samples are designed by regular or random sampling. The spatial patterns of Annual, January and August precipitation data are investigated using exploring spatial analysis such as spatial statistics, spatial autocorrelation testing, and semivariogram modeling. Five methods, i.e. , Kriging, IDW, local polynomial, regularized spline and thin plate spline, are used in the spatial interpolation of Annual, January and August precipitation data for all the station samples. The interpolation results, in terms of cross-validation errors, known-point check errors, and linear regression of the known values versus predicted values, are compared and discussed. Four findings are generalized from this case study. First, precipitation data usually have patterns such as obvious spatial trend, high-level spatial autocorrelation and stable semivariogram model. Nevertheless, the spatial patterns may vary by sample stations and seasonal changes. Considering these spatial characteristics, the exploring spatial data analysis is necessary and essential for climate spatial interpolation. Second, increasing the sample size of climate stations, the interpolation accuracy will be improved. But at a reasonable number of stations, increasing the sample size, the interpolation accuracy will not be improved obviously. Third, when the observation samples are scarce, different methods usually give very different interpolation results. When the samples are relatively rich, general methods tend to create similar results. Fourth, considering the intrinsic limitations of the general spatial interpolation methods, the authors suggest to explore the local relationships between climate factors and geographic variations, and to develop a knowledge-based interpolation method by introducing geographic variables and local regression models. The weighted linear regression of precipitation versus elevation for northwest Texas and the geographic weighted regression for entire Texas have shown the potentials of such new approaches. It is also argued that exploring spatial data analysis and knowledge-based spatial interpolation are critical for high-quality climate data interpolation.

Under the background of climate warming, characteristics of maximum and minimum temperature variation may markedly affect yield and yield components of rice. Maximum or minimum temperatures in the stage of yield formation during recent 50 years in the Yangtze-Huaihe area were analyzed. The result showed that the temperature-rising rate of minimum temperature has been higher than that of maximum temperature, with a decreasing diurnal temperature range (DTR), and an increasing intensity and frequency of extremely hot weather since 1991. The dynamic analysis of daily maximum or minimum temperature in different step-lengths with rice yield and yield components were made, using experimental data of Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences during 2000~2004. The result indicates that there are two negative effect stages of temperature on rice and rice yield before tasseling and after tasseling. And the temperature effect is most obvious on seed-setting rate, secondly on 1000-grain weight and thirdly on yield. The effect of minimum temperature on rice is greater than that of maximum temperature. With the increase of moving step-length in temperature, the increase of negative effect on maximum temperature occurs before tasseling, while the negative impacts of minimum temperature appear throughout yield formation process.

Water shortage, flood prevention and disaster mitigation are important problems awaiting to be dealt with in the Weihe River of Shaanxi Province. Under this situation, floodwater utilization would become an important way to realize comprehensive management of resources and the sustainable development of regional economy.In Guanzhong area which is located at the lower reaches of the Weihe River. The Weihe River is the biggest branch of the Yellow River, passing through Gansu, Ningxia and Shaanxi provinces. The middle reaches of the Weihe River is located in Shaanxi Province, with broad water ways, many shoals and scattered water flow. The lower reaches of the Weihe River is located in Xianyang, with serious channel siltation and small gradient. The flood resulted from heavy rain is the major disaster in these two areas. In general, the floodwater takes up about 33.1%-39.3% of the total runoff annually; the silt is about 60.1%-74.3%, where all data are mean values. It can be seen that a great deal of water and silt comes from the floodwater. By analyzing features of water, the quantity of silt coming from the upper reaches of the Weihe River, and the channel siltation, we establish the criteria as the initial values to evaluate the floodwater utilization; that is, the flood peak with a velocity of 2000m³/s in the middle reaches of the Weihe River, and that of 3000m³/s in the lower reaches of the Weihe River. According to these criteria, based on calculations we obtain the annual average quantlity of the available floodwater and silt from Linjiacun to Wijiabao is 4.038×10⁷m³, and 6.83×10⁶ t respectively, the quantlity of the available floodwater and silt from Weijiabao to Xianyang is 9.139×10⁷m³, and 6.05×10⁶ t respectively, and the quantlity of the available floodwater and silt from Xianyang to Huaxian is 1.617×10⁸m³, and 1.843×10⁷t, respectively. It is necessary to establish the risk management system to gain the optimal effects of flood prevention, water supply and ecological protection.

For many years, regional development and disparities issues have been important concerns for both academic and political leaders.This paper analyzes the disparities in variation of regional economies in China over 1999 to 2004 period, using prefecture level data. Firstly, disparities in economic growth of each prefecture level city are analyzed by classifying them into several growth patterns in terms of GDP and GDP per capita. Accordingly, combining both GDP and GDP per capita growth patterns, each prefecture city is classified into five integrated growth patterns: (1) large, usually with higher level of GDP per capita, and dynamic (LD), (2) small but very dynamic (SD), (3) large with higher level of GDP but relatively slower growth (LHS), (4) small, usually with lower level of GDP per capita, and lagging (SLL), and (5) small in total GDP but with higher level of GDP per capita, and lagging (SHL).Generally, good-performing cities (of LD and SD type) are concentrated in the eastern parts of China whereas slow-growing cites such as those of SLL type are, to a greater extent, distributed in middle and western parts of China. It is also found that there is a tendency of intercity disparity on economic growth within eastern regions. Moreover, to better understand the role of regions in national growth and explore the factors of uneven economic growth of regions in China, changes in GDP share of cities in total are decomposed by using modified OECD/SIU approach. The first thing is to decompose GDP share of cities into GDP share of cities in the province they belong to and that of the province in the nation. Statistics show that most of the good-performing cities are primarily driven by their own success rather than the success of the province they belong to. Then GDP(for secondary sector)are decomposed into five factors: capital productivity, capital per manpower, specialization, employment rate and growth rate of population. We conclude that capital is a major factor that led to GDP (secondary sector)growth among cities in China.In most cities, capital productivity is declining, the extent of which contributes to the disparities among different types of cities, while capital per manpower has generally great positive impact on economic growth of cities at all levels. In addition, the tendency of decrease in specialization indicates that there is a change in specialization towards sectors with technology and capital-intensive industries which have relatively low employment. Therefore, labor has less impact on GDP growth of the secondary sectors than capital.