This paper has conducted a short-term national-scale assessment of flood hazards in China based on the theory of natural disaster risks and by means of the powerful spatial analytic tool of GIS,as well as the normalization and analytic hierarchy process.The precipitation of the current day and last three days,topographic elevation,topographic standard deviation,network of rivers and lakes respectively were extracted as assessment factors,the methods of flood hazard factors’computation and the models of flood hazard indexes were advanced,as well as hazard assessment model was built for the national-scale flood hazard.Combined with disasters records,analysis of the minimum and maximum of hazard indexes by statistical method,the flood hazards are divided into four levels:high,medium,low and zero by dividing points of 0.3,0.45 and 0.6,respectively.Then the model of short-term flood hazard assessment was built and used for a flood hazard assessment on September 14,2009.It was applied for real-time flood events from June 18 to September 16,2009 on daily basis.Finally,this paper puts forward the result validation method of flood hazard assessment based on the official report of disaster data.It collects the data from official report of disasters to build the disaster spatial database for the same period of the flood season in 2009,and validates the flood hazard assessment results in the point of view of quantity and area from both county-based and district-based validation unit.And the result shows that the rate of correct assessment(i.e.both the hazards and disasters occurrence) is above 65% for counties as the assessment unit and above 84% for districts as the assessment unit in the point of view of quantity.The validation result reveals that short-term national flood hazard assessment conforms basically to the actual disaster data.This model has been successfully applied to the forecast of flood hazards by the Disaster Alleviation Center under the Ministry of Civil Affairs since August,2009.

The estimation of soil wetness variations is of importance to improve the reliability of flood warning.In this paper,the coarse spatial passive microwave data was used to monitor large area flooding and soil moisture because of the ability of the microwave signal to penetrate through cloud and provide all-day data and because of its sensitivity to surface moisture and wate.It can effetively reveal large-scale soil wetness and flood patterns under cloudy and rainy conditions.Polarization Ratio Variation Index(PRVI) was presented on the basis of polarization ratio index(PRI) calculated by the horizontal and vertical polarization brightness temperature data and Robust AVHRR Techniques(RAT).Nearly 18-year(1988-2005) PRVI serials were calculated from Special Sensor Microwave/Image(SSM / I) data in the Huaihe River Basin.PRVI datasets were obtained in the ten-day periods from June 21 to July 31 in the flood season.Several important flooding events in the Huaihe River Basin from 1988 to 2005 were described,and the flooding events of 1991 and 2003 were especially analyzed.We found that the serious flood and waterlogging disasters could be reflected by the formation of a higher PRVI value zone in the buffer along the Huaihe River mainstream extending 100 km north and basin boundary south.The higher PRVI value zone was consistent with the historical records.Furthermore,the reason for the formation of higher PRVI value zones was analyzed.The zone included many flood detention areas,lakes and bayous and low-lying lands.The higher PRVI value zone may be used as an indicator for flood forecast.Preliminary results confirmed the reliability of the proposed method.It is of great significance to the prevention and mitigation of flood and waterlogging disasters.

There are four major types of soils in Napahai wetland reserve,northwest Yunnan,i.e.,Abandoned Farmland Mesophytic Meadow Soil(AFMMS),Mesophytic Meadow Soil(MMS),Wet Meadow Soil(WMS),and Marsh Soil(MS),correspondingly their degradation degrees from high to low.Soil organic carbon(SOC),labile organic carbon(LOC) and dissolved organic carbon(DOC) contents and their correlation at three layers(1st layer 0~10 cm,2nd layer 10~20 cm,and 3rd layer 20~30 cm) for the 4 types were investigated.Results showed that except that LOC contents at the 2nd and 3rd layers of AFMMS were slightly higher than those at corresponding layers of MMS,the orders of the contents of SOC,LOC and DOC at the other layers of the 4 soils were AFMMS < MMS < WMS < MS,which clearly reflected the degradation conditions of the 4 soils within the wetland region.From up to down in the soil profiles,soil SOC,LOC and DOC contents of AFMMS,MMS and WMS,as well as the DOC contents of MS,declined from top to down layer;the decrease between the 1st and 2nd layers was significantly larger than that between the 2nd and 3rd layers;while the contents of SOC and LOC of MS increased from the 1st to 2nd layer and then declined to the 3rd layer.LOC/SOC(%) of the 4 soils varied from 8.6 % to 16.8 % and LOC/SOC at 3 layers of the 4 soils was AFMMS > MMS > WMS > MS,which indicated dryer soil had a higher turnover rate of the biological activity of SOC.Except extremely human-disturbed AFMMS,LOC contents are significantly positive to SOC contents for the other 3 types of soils;furthermore,the variations of LOC contents and LOC/SOC(%) have correlations with soil types.Compared with SOC and DOC,LOC is more suitable to detect the changes of wetland SOC pool.The study indicated the variation of wetland hydrology and vegetation controlled by topography has significant influence on the variation of wetland SOC and its labile components;high disturbance(e.g.wetland reclamation and drainage) usually causes obvious loss of wetland SOC and its labile components.For the degraded sub-alpine wetlands like Napahai where significant hydrological changes were observed,hydro-ecological regulation measures should be taken to prevent their further degradation.

Mercury(Hg) in paddy soils and rice as well as its translocation and accumulation in Chatian Hg mining area of Fenghuang County,Hunan Province were studied based on field systematic sampling and laboratory analysis.The results showed that Hg concentrations in the paddy soils and rice were significantly enriched,which were primarily due to the high natural geologic background levels and anthropogenic mining activities.The average concentration of Hg in paddy soils,rice root,rice shoots and rice grain in mercury deposit area were,in average,276.6,8.6,5.8 and 2.3 folds of the corresponding parts in the control area,respectively.The concentration of Hg in paddy soils in organic-sulfide form was significant positively correlated with Hg contents in rice roots,rice shoots and rice grain.However,the transfer coefficients of Hg of paddy soils-rice roots and rice roots-rice grain were quite low.The content of Hg in rice grain in Chatian mercury mining area was 0.09±0.04 μg/g,4.5 times of the limited value(0.02 μg/g) of the National Food Sanitary Standard(GB2762-2005).Average daily intake dose(ADD) of Hg of local population ranged from 0.408 to 1.225 μg/(kg·d),mean 0.75 μg/kg body weight per day,exceeding 0.71 μg/(kg·d) of provisional tolerable daily intake(PTDI) recommended by WHO.The local inhabitants faced huge health risk due to high Hg exposure via rice consumption.In addition,Se and Pb were also found to be co-enriched in the rice grain in Chatian mining area,indicating that co-contamination of Hg and Pb may result in great risks to human health in this area.

Artificial vegetation restoration as an effective way to control serious soil erosion and improve environment conditions has taken several positive environmental effects.However,serious soil desiccation as one of negative effects also appears associated with artificial vegetation restoration lack of scientific guidance,especially in deep soil layers.To recover the fragile ecosystem of the Loess Plateau and maintain sustainable development of this region,proper artificial vegetation types should be selected based on local soil water conditions.However,methods to quantitatively evaluate soil water effect based on local rainfall and soil water conditions is urgently needed to improve,which is one of the top priorities in current research.To quantitatively evaluate the soil desiccation degree in vegetation types,14 vegetation types were selected to analyze the eco-hydrological effect in deep soil layers in the typical semi-arid loess hilly region.Compared Soil Water Deficit Index(CSWDI) and Plot Compared Soil Water Deficit Index(PCSWDI) were induced to quantitatively analyze the soil water deficit in different vegetation types.The research showed that high-density artificial vegetation was the main reason of deep soil desiccation.Soil water contents in all vegetation types increased with soil depth except abandoned land and farmland,and had a significant linear relationship with soil depth.The degree of soil water deficit of different vegetation types was Pinus tabulaeformis forestland>Pinus tabulaeformis and Platycladus orientalis mixed forestland>Armeniaca sibirica forestland>Caragana korshinskii shrubland>Medicago sativa grassland>Platycladus orientalis forestland>Amygdalus davidiana shurbland>Armeniaca sibirica and Platycladus orientalis mixed forestland>Populus simonii forestland>Populus simonii and Platycladus orientalis mixed forestland.Soil desiccation various in soil profile cause for transpiration,root system characteristics and tillage management between different vegetation types.Solanum Tuberosum farmland,Zea mays farmland and abandoned land had no soil water deification compared with natural grassland.Comparisons of soil water contents in mixed forestland and pure broadleaved forestland showed that soil water condition in mixed forestland was better than that in pure broadleaved forestland.Results of this study also indicated that the CSWDI and PCSWDI were capable of reflecting conditions of soil water deficit in different soil layers and plots.They could be used as quantitative indices for soil water deficit analysis under different vegetation covers.

Mountain climbing dunes are widely distributed in the Mainling wide valley of Yarlung Zangbo River,southern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.The climbing dunes studied are located on the right bank of Yarlung Zangbo River at an S-shaped meander,west of Wolong town.Samples are collected according to dune climbing height and sites of super-imposed dunes along prevailing wind(NE).As parts of the aeolian sand dune system in the valley,sediments are also sampled on dunes developing on the alluvial flat and terrace.Grain size analysis shows that sediments of the mountain climbing dune are generally characterized by fine and very fine sands(2.07 to 3.71Φ),moderately well sorting(0.20 to 1.41Φ),fine skewness(-0.33 to 0.61) and multi-mode grain size distribution with kurtosis ranging from 0.66 to 3.09,exhibiting some features of both succession and variation from those of sand dunes on the upwind marginal alluvial flat and river terrace.Grain size parameters vary with height in NE-SW wind direction from the toe to the top of the climbing dune with mean grain size getting finer,sorting better,skewness coarser and kurtosis lower.Also,grains on super-imposed dunes grow coarser and sorting poorer from toe to dune top.There are some correlations between grain size and height,which shows a positive correlation for very fine sands with height and a negative relation for fine sands and height.The variation of grain sizes with height reflects different climbing ability for grains with different sizes.There exist differences in grain size characteristics between ridges and inter-ridge grooves of strip-shaped dunes.

Innovation activities in each region not only depend on their own characteristics,but also on those of the regions that form the neighborhood to which it belongs.Regional spillover as a spatial interaction is important in explaining agglomeration,innovation and regional growth.A great deal of literature has deeply dealt with the issue from a spatial perspective since the 1990s,especially in the context of urban and regional studies.Unfortunately,the traditional approaches to regional innovation suppose that each region is independent from others.This paper uses spatial statistical techniques to establish the statistical relations among data according to the geographical locations.It aims to understand the spatial dependence and autocorrelation related to geographical locations.Using the methods of exploratory spatial data analysis(ESDA) and spatial analysis software,this paper analyzes the spatial distribution of innovation outputs,measured by the number of patient applications,throughout 31 Chinese provinces from 1997 to 2008.The visual patent distribution plot has shown the distribution of innovation outputs at the provincial level and its spatial dynamic changes.A significantly high level of spatial concentration of innovation outputs among Chinese provinces has been captured by the computed spatial Gini coefficient and the Concentration Ratio,and the concentration level has increased steadily over the past 10 years.The analysis using the Moran’s I statistics gives the strong evidence of spatial autocorrelation in innovation activities among provinces,while the concentration pattern of innovation activities among provinces and its changes over time have been revealed by using the local Moran’s I and the Moran scatter plot,which indicate the clustering nature of the spatial distribution of provincial innovation activities.Spatial Gini coefficient and Moran’s I index have indicated that innovation activities of Chinese provinces are not randomly distributed.Our findings suggest that innovation activities are spatially differentiated among Chinese provinces over the 10 years,and innovation activities at the provincial level are highly localized.This study can provide a scientific basis for the intuitive expression of the spatial correlation of innovation outputs among provinces,and puts forward that the spatial statistical analysis could present some references valuable for analyzing spatial structure and patterns and policy-making.

Based on the railway passenger transportation network,employing the index of shortest time distance matrix between every two provincial capital cities which are Abstracted nodes in the railway network in 2003 and 2008,the paper analyses the level and spatial pattern of accessibility throughout the country.And then,the distance parameter in the gravity model is modified by the shortest travel time indicator,the strength of interprovincial economic linkage are measured and the spatial orientation are examined on the assumption that the provincial capital cities are the economic barycentre of the whole province.Results are shown as follows.(1) The inter-provincial accessibility level has gained a significant upgrade,especially accessibility promotion in the western provinces is higher than that of the others through the 5th and 6th train-speed network upgradings.But,the disparity of inter-provincial accessibility level is still remarkable throughout the country.The circle-type spatial pattern of the accessibility level that reduces gradually from the eastern coastal provinces to the northwestern provinces has emerged,the scope of the accessibility central zone is expanding,and the primary railway lines are becoming stronger and stronger.(2) The disparity of quantity of economic linkage is remarkable,the quantity of economic linkage in east coastal provinces is much higher than that of the central and western provinces.(3) The predominant axes of inter-provincial economic linkage have formed along the main railway lines from Beijing to Shanghai and from Beijing to Guangzhou.The spatial network pattern of regional economic linkage is forming along with the train-speed upgrading and the promotion of regional economy.The research of inter-provincial accessibility and economic linkage can not only give suggestions to regional economic restructuring,and to the primary spatial orientation of regional economic development,but also provide reference for coordinating inter-provincial economic linkage and cooperation in the process of regional economic integration.

Compared with the population suburbanization,scholars pay less attention to commercial suburbanization in China.Based on the data of retail sales of social consumer goods,the distribution of supermarkets,and leased commercial land lots,the paper describes the characteristics and driving mechanism of commercial suburbanization in Beijing.It states that commercial suburbanization developed rapidly in the inner suburb districts from 1991 to 2000,and since 2001,there has been a tendency of outer suburbs spread.The paper further illustrates that stores and leased commercial land lots mainly diffuse along the ring roads and radial roads from the urban center of Beijing.Besides the traditional commercial center,sub-centers and shopping malls have risen in the suburbs in recent years.As each quadrant has local conditions,there are significant differences of commercial suburbanization in different quadrants.In the northwest of the city,leased commercial land lots diffuse the fastest and expand the farthest.It is on the contrary in the southeast.The annual expansion rate of the lots fluctuates dramatically in the northeast and southwest.In the northeast,commercial development is more complex,due to the fact that besides the trends of suburbanization,there are centralized development patterns,mainly including urban renovation projects in the old town.Finally,the paper discusses four driving factors of commercial suburbanization,including the attraction of population and housing suburbanization,the promotion of rapid development of road transportation and private cars,the extrusion force from the urban center,and the guidance of government plans and policies.

The urban human settlement environment system is a fragile unstable ecosystem.Compared with the natural one,the urban human settlement environment system has many unique characteristics,such as a high consumption of energy and material,serious environmental pollution and a low reserve of natural resources.It is the preferred strategy for many countries,especially for the developing countries,to give energetic support to improve the level of urbanization,while there are still some other things making people anxious,such as the potential eco-environmental problems caused by rapid urbanization.The rapid urbanization process has resulted in urban human settlement environment even worsening.The spatial differences in urban human settlement environment security are getting increasingly conspicuous.This paper analyzes the pros and cons of some causal chain structure models,such as PSR,DSR and DPSIR,and builds a new urban human settlement environment security assessment model—DPSIRM(Driving force-Pressure-State-Impact-Response-Management) model,a causal network model combined with GIS spatial analysis method,which reflects the health state of the urban human settlement environment system in Dalian City.We can draw following conclusions.The network model is proposed by way of studying the characteristics of chain models in the past,in terms of the complexity of urban human settlement environment system.A assessment indicators system of the "Driving force-Pressure-State-Impact-Response-Management" model was built,which presents that human beings play an essential role in urban human settlement environment security.DPSIRM model reveals the intrinsic relations among all indicators and intrinsic relations between the problem of urban human settlement environment security and the indicators.A fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP) is applied to indicate weights by a comprehensive and comparative method for results.It is shown that the state of ecological health and spatial differences of urban human settlement environment security with GIS spatial analysis method,as well as the urban management play the essential role in the urban human settlement environment security.

Based on the satellite image of northern Jiangsu in 2008,by using spatial metric models such as spatial interpolation,spatial correlation index,and semivarigram,the paper analyzed the spatial pattern characteristics of rural settlements in the northern Jiangsu region.Some conclusions are drawn as follows.(1) The number of rural settlements distributed in the southern part is larger than that of the northern part in the northern Jiangsu region in terms of spatial distribution,espacially they are distributed most densely in central and southern parts of the region,then exhibits a stepwise decrease.(2) Scale distribution of rural settlements shows a strong spatial autocorrelation,and similar areas are respectively characterized by aggregation distributions in space.The high-value clusters of rural settlement scale are distributed mainly in Xuzhou,Lianyungang,and Suqian.The scale of rural settlement distributed in the north is much larger than that of the south in northern Jiangsu in spatial distribution.(3) The shape distribution of rural settlements shows good continuity and stability,the random of the spatial differential pattern is much lower than the mechanism of the structural differentiation caused by natural correlation in space.Spatial difference of rural settlement distribution is much larger,but it shows some concentration.In terms of different orientations,spatial difference of rural settlement distribution is much larger in the southeast-northwest,rural settlement distribution enveloped from ribbon,long rectangle,and rectangle to sugariness or irregular conglomeration.Above all,the formation and development of rural settlements in northern Jiangsu always has strong correlation with natural conditions such as terrain and river,which is less sensitive to social economy,so the distribution of rural settlements in northern Jiangsu shows obvious spatial dependence.

This study was based on 2500 questionnaires gathered from urban residents from 15 cities during January to March in 2010.First,the three core variables,including tourism motivations,tourism involvement,and destination choice factors,are used for exploratory or confirmatory factor analysis.Second,based on these variables,we extract the domestic tourism consumption modes of urban residents in China by cluster analysis.Finally,this paper summarizes the tourism consumption and demographic characteristics of different typical modes by using variance and interaction analysis.The results are shown as follows.(1) Domestic tourism consumption behavior of urban residents in China has three typical modes.Active-type—Characterized by strong tourism motivations,deep involvement,and more emphasis on the destination choice factors.Intermediate-type—Affected by the factors including tourism motivations,involvement,and the destination choice,which show an average score.Negative-type-Featured by weak tourism motivations,low tourism involvement,and less focus on the destination choice factors.(2) There are significant differences among the three consumption modes in tourism behaviors.Compared with intermediate-type and negative-type,active-type shows more positive tourism attitude,stronger landscape preferences,higher frequency of travel,longer average length of stay,higher per capita consumption,more inclined to free travel way,etc.(3) Different tourism consumption patterns have significant differences in the demographic characteristics.In active-type,the majority of the residents are female aged below 25 or 45-54 years old.Generally speaking,they are well-educated,high income level,and most of them are in good health,and they are scientific researchers and teachers,students,and civil servants.In intermediate-type,the majority of the residents are aged 25-44 with medium education and income levels.As for negative-type,the residents are generally male-dominated,poorly educated and low-income,aged over 55 years,as well as retired or self-employed,and most of them are in poor health.

Cultural tourism is the mainstream of modern tourism development.Since the interrelationship between tourism and culture is increasingly close,how to improve cultural meaning of tourism product is of vital importance to the long-term development of tourism industry all over the world.International Tourism and Culture Demonstration Zone of Southern Anhui Province consists of six cities of Huangshan,Chizhou,Xuancheng,Wuhu,Ma’anshan and Tongling,as well as Qianshan county of Anqing city,and covers an area of 38220 square kilometers with a population of 106.96 million.It is listed as the one of the most potential tourism areas in Anhui for its abundance and high-quality in cultural tourism resources.However,many problems have emerged in the zone,to name but just a few,development at a lower level,weak industry chain,unclear tourism images and lack of typical cultural products.By analyzing the present situation and problems in the development of cultural tourism resources in this demonstration zone,the authors put forward patterns for the integration of cultural tourism resources,which involve regional integration pattern centered on space,product integration pattern based on market,image integration pattern on the basis of marketing,and interaction and development pattern between culture and tourism on the basis of industry.

What on earth is the size of China’s land area in total? No person can answer this question.Indeed,this paper tries to discuss the scale dependency of geographical area measurement rather than the total area of Chinese land.In theory,a country bordering on oceans can be divided into two parts.The main land can be modeled with Koch’s island,and the islands and islets in the marginal seas can be described with the Pareto distribution.The Koch island model suggests that the boundary line of the land area is a fractal line,while Pareto’s law suggests that the size distribution of islands and islets in an ocean is of scaling invariance.A coastline,consisting of bays and headlands,has irregularity at a certain degree,which was discussed by B.B.Mandelbrot in his fractal works.On the other hand,an archipelago is made up of many islands and islets.Zoom in on a smaller portion and it,in turn,will be composed of smaller islands and islets.The distribution of islands and islets does not change with distance.In technical terms,the archipelago is said to be of self-similarity at different scales,that is,it is a fractal set of random phenomena.
A fractal is based on a form of symmetry with scale invariance under contraction or dilation.The scale invariance is known as dilation symmetry or scaling symmetry.Symmetry implies some kind of immeasurable quantity.Because of scaling symmetry,the length of coastline,the area of a country’s land,and so on,cannot be well and truly measured.Measuring the area of a country from space will give a lower total than measuring it from 100 meters away,because of the extra detail at a larger scale.As the scale gets finer,more details(smaller islands or islets) can be picked up.The inevitable conclusion is that the total area of the country appears to increase indefinitely.This is just the scale-dependency of geographical measurements.The essence of land area is similar to that of the coastline length.The result(area or length) depends on the scale at which you make the measurement.Therefore,the land area data of different sources is not always comparable due to different sizes of yard measure,different scales of digital maps and different resolutions of geographical images.

Aeronautical information is an important type of geospatial data to ensure the safety and efficiency for air traffic.Currently,aeronautical information service(AIS) provide these data to users by the medium of aeronautical chart,aeronautical information public(AIP),notice to airman(NOTA M),and so on.We are in the age of the Internet,satellite navigation and computer networks,yet our approach to aeronautical geospatial data distribution is still based on paper charts,paper documentation and telex-based text messages.Systems exist in isolation.Many of the data is entered more than twice in different computers using a keyboard rather than via file transfer or database transactions. To satisfy new requirements for the Global Air Traffic Management Operational Concept,aeronautical information services should be transferred to support a digital,real-time,accredited and secure aeronautical information environment.As an open geospatial data standard,GML gives aeronautical information feature coding method and interchanging format.Much has been done in air traffic community,and the technology has become more mature and is widely used.EUROCONTROL and FAA have developed AIXM(Aeronautical Information Exchange Model) based on GML.In Europe,the European AIS Database(EAD) provide unique reference database of aeronautical information on behalf of AIXM. In Chinese air traffic community,unique aeronautical geospatial data model has been considered as the key to ensure quality,integrity and interoperation of the aeronautical information.But there is little material progress on the data modeling.Based on studies on the characteristic of aeronautical information,the paper analyzed the mapping aeronautical data between and GML.Taking the basic aeronautical information database in Airline Management System as an example,an aeronautical geographic data model has been brought forward in this paper.Studies have shown that obstacle data,as special geographic points,can be described by GML model.Terrain data and basic geographic data can be converted in Open GML format.Based on GML,the aeronautical geospatial data model can not only be applied to aeronautic information,but also to obstacle data and terrain data. Based on the data model,aeronautic geospatial data can be progressed regularly,maintained centrally,and used in network.This work explores the approach of information technology on developing the future central aeronautical information database.

在我国多元一体文化格局中,流域文化是最重要的一个组成部分。而流域文化地理作为其中一个基本内容,最能反映流域文化的特质和风格及其地域差异,故在近年兴起的地域文化热中,流域文化史著作接踵而起。继江西教育出版社于1995年和2003年分别推出李学勤、徐吉军主编的《黄河文化史》、《长江文化史》之后,由中山大学黄伟宗、司徒尚纪教授主编、10位作者经多年笔耕、野外考察而成《中国珠江文化史》也于2010年由广东教育出版社隆重面世,洋洋洒洒,近300万字,堪为巨著。虽然其被冠以文化史之名,实也是一部珠江流域史地并重、交相融合的文化地理著作,在我国流域文化研究中堪为翘楚,殊足值得重视。

Advances in information technology are the core of the information revolution.The information revolution has been the important driving force to promote the current national,regional and urban socio-economic development and rapid transformation.And it lasting and profoundly impacts and changes inherent understanding,which has formed socio-economic and spatial structure since the Industrial Revolution.Along with the acceleration of the construction of high-speed railways,rapid development of regional cities and wisdom of city's construction,mobile communication technology is moving us into a new mobile information age.Due to time and space concept is redefined,a new space-time emerges,which makes urban geography a fundamental change.Research paradigm,methods and content of urban geography have begun to change dramatically,so traditional theoretical framework cannot meet the needs for the current research any longer.This paper analyzes the influence of mobile communications technology on the change of network and geospatial information space,and proposes mobile social theory framework based on mobile information technology,that is to say,intelligent cities melt technics,economy,society,and space.The construction of intelligent cities contains four levels: system level,technical level,economic level and social level.At the system level,it is important to improve positive interaction of the governments,enterprises,scientific institutions,private institutions,and make institutional arrangement.We should build a mobile community technology platform based on the wireless network,IOT,mobile devices at the technical level.Based on the development of mobile information,services become the focus of other industries at the economic level.Mobile social networks can actively promote communication between people at the social level.Then paper explores the research methods of urban geography of the mobile information age,and research priorities from urban space and form transformation,travel behavior,urban and regional spatial effect to urban and regional governance,and so on.We wish that urban geography research would better serve urban and regional development,planning and governance in mobile information era.

Through analysis of theory and method on urban network,the paper reveals the characteristics of Chinese urban network based on spatial organization of electronic information enterprises.Results show that electronic information industries of top 500 enterprises of Chinese manufacturing industries and TNCs are concentrated in the coastal economic regions,including the Yangtze River Delta,Pearl River Delta,Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region,as well as metropolises and capital cities of the central and western China.Meanwhile,the locations of their R & D institutions are similar to those of enterprise headquarters,but distribution of their production bases is relatively dispersed.In terms of production network of local enterprises and transnational corporations,Chinese urban networks are characterized by localization and globalization.The node cities of enterprise headquarters are more scattered in local urban networks,and have smaller density and connectivity of urban networks.In contrast,global urban networks,taking Beijing and Shanghai as the core nodes,have a higher degree of external links.At the same time,urban networks are more inclusive than urban hierarchy system in China.

Based on photograph,ichnography,interviews,questionnaire survey and statistical analysis methods,this paper discusses the evolution and mechanisms of vernacular dwellings in agricultural villages in the past 30 years by selecting three villages with different natural-human characteristics in Hebei,Shandong and Henan provinces as the detailed case studies. Generally speaking,the outer appearances of vernacular dwellings such as the house facade,building materials and technologies have been modernized and de-localized generation after generation.The inner patterns of vernacular dwellings has been specialized and segregated by age,activity and gender gradually,at the same time,the living space has been strengthened even over-developed continually;the agricultural space was regenerated and reorganized at first and then weakened owing to the increase of peasants' non-agricultural job opportunities and incomes;the kitchen,bathroom and granary have been gradually moved from yard to main house.The above-mentioned evolution processes can be divided into four periods in detail. As far as the relationship between generations of vernacular dwellings and household socio-economic characteristics is concerned,demographic characteristics of househols are the important driving force for the difference of generations,which is correlated with household income,and the migration of household members has obvious effects on it also. Some special traits of vernacular dwellings evolution in the case villages are produced by traditional culture,rural institution of property and distribution,and the urbanization process.The vitality of traditional culture remains so strong that many of its symbols are represented vastly by the modern materials in current vernacular dwellings.The collectively-owned but equally distributed farmland makes the household population and household life-cycle become the determinants for household income disparities and indirectly leads to the difference of vernacular dwellings in agricultural villages.The amphibious migration of rural labor promotes the diffusion of industrialized artifacts,technology and life style in agricultural villages,which,however,results in the lavish construction of vernacular dwellings at the same time.

Since the reform and opening up started in 1978,with the establishment and improvement of socialist market economy and the rapid development of commodity circulation in China,the scale of social consumption has been greatly improved.At the same time,some things are changing,such as the regional differences of consumption levels and the regional consumption patterns which results from the differences.In this paper,we firstly analyze the differences of social consumption levels between provinces in China since the reform and opening up based on the variation coefficient and Taylor's index and indicate that since 1978,the difference of social consumption levels between provinces in China in general presents widening trend,but there are some fluctuations.By the analysis of change-point based on Mann-Kendall method,since reform and opening up the differences' changes of social consumption levels in China can be divided into two phases,from 1978 to 1987 and from 1987 to 2008.Using the cluster and discriminate analysis methods,we compare the regional patterns of social consumption levels in China in 1978,1987 and 2008.The results are as follows: in 1978,the social consumption levels in China had prominent north-south regional difference;in 1987,the social consumption level in China not only had north-south difference but also had east-west difference;in 2008,the social consumption level in China in general presents east-middle-west differences in the pattern of ladder.We can find that the regional pattern of social consumption level has been shifted from north-south difference to east-west difference.Finally,we study such indexes which are in connection with the regional social consumption level as the population,economic development level,and investment in fixed assets,income level,savings,financial levels,traffic convenience and industrial structure.By stepwise regression analysis,we analyze the formation mechanism of regional consumption patterns in China in 1978,1987 and 2008.The results are as follows: in 1978,regional pattern of social consumption level was mainly affected by per capita savings of urban and rural residents,per capita expenditure and the proportion of primary industry output value;in 1987,it was mainly affected by per capita GDP,transport accessibility levels and the proportion of tertiary industry output value;in 2008,it was mainly affected by per capita GDP,per capita income and per capita savings of urban and rural residents.

This paper analyzed the evolution mechanism of the industries in the tourism district,built the model of the industrial structure and its industrial structure-state model based on the research of tourism areas and the growth dynamic factors of the industrial structure in the tourism areas,in which the industries in the tourism areas were divided into developed industries,growth industries,mature industries and declining industries.The essay shows the growth cycle of Zhangjiajie in two aspects based on the statistical data of 1990-2010 and the theory of the Natural Trend Curve,and points out the developing process of the industrial structure on the basis of growth state model and the growth cycle of the tourism district.Some conclusions can be drawn as follows.(1) The 20 years of tourism growth of Zhangjiajie presents a single fluctuation.(2) There are great differences among the primary,secondary and tertiary industries in Zhangjiajie with the development of the tourism industry in this region.(3) The growth of the industrial structure is different in different sectors.Wholesale and retail trade,catering trade,industry,finance and insurance industry and other industries are growth industries,while primary industry,transportation,storage,post and telecommunications,construction and real estate are declining industries in the growth cycle.(4) As for the growth state of the industrial structure,there are differences in the growth cycle.Real estate,finance and insurance industry are declining industries;construction,wholesale and retail,restaurants,transportation,storage,post and telecommunications have witnessed the development of industry;other services and industries are growth industries,and the primary industry is a mature industry.

Using entropy technology improved by standardization,Regional Dominance Indexes of Chinese inbound tourism flows of 31 provinces of China's Mainland during 1993 to 2008 are calculated.Through comparison of these indexes of three periods during 1993～2008,which is 1993～1998,1999～2003 and 2004～2008,several conclusions can be drawn as follows. Regional Dominance Indexes of Chinese inbound tourism flows of Guangdong are the highest,so is those of Shanghai and Beijing.As a result,these three provinces become three poles of Chinese inbound tourism.Meanwhile,Regional Dominance Indexes of Chinese inbound tourism flows of Yunnan,Guangxi,Sichuan and Shaanxi are relatively high.Therefore,these four provinces are poles of inbound tourism of western China.Besides,Regional Dominance Indexes of Chinese inbound tourism flows of Inner Mongolia,Heilongjiang and Hubei are high.Hence,these four provinces are hot destinations of inbound tourism of Central China.Thus,regional structure of Regional Dominance Indexes of Chinese inbound tourism flows is prominent.Moreover,it is revealed that the dynamic evolution of Regional Dominance Indexes of Chinese inbound tourism flows is derived from the polarization effect as well as the trickle-down effect,so is the hierarchical diffusion effect.Geographical factors that affect the evolution of Regional Dominance Indexes can be divided into two categories,which are physical geography factors and human geography factors.Furthermore,we have constructed the gradient network structure of Chinese inbound tourism flows,which remains to be optimized and restructured. With entropy technology improved by standardization,this paper analyzes Regional Dominance Indexes of Chinese inbound tourism flows of 31 provinces of China's Mainland during 1993～2008,aiming to explore dynamic evolution model of Regional Dominance Indexes of Chinese inbound tourism flows.In addition,it provides technology support for analyses of characteristics and potential mechanism of spatial and temporal evolutions of Chinese inbound tourism flows.

Perceived value is an important concept and theory in the studies of consumer experience and the quality of experiences.This concept has recently been employed to study tourist experience.This paper selects Water Splashing Festival at Xishuangbanna,an ethnic group,Thai's traditional festival as an example,through which Chinese tourists' perceived values of such a traditional festival are analyzed and verified.Based on qualitative interviews and previous literature,the paper constructs a scale of festival tourists' perceived values and measures festival tourist experiences in terms of this scale.It also tests the relationship between tourist satisfaction and tourist perceived values.It is found that tourist perceived values of the Water Splashing Festival consist of seven dimensions: cultural epistemic value,hedonic value,social value,price and convenience value,service value,conditional value and overall value.It is also found that the tourist satisfaction varies with different perceived values.Differing from western scholars' literature,this paper reveals that cultural epistemic value,as a pragmatic value,offers the greatest contribution to Chinese domestic tourist satisfaction.This becomes a contrast to the western tourist satisfaction which mainly comes from hedonistic value.

Based on an analysis of survey and data of 2120 tourists in Shanghai World Expo,the paper makes a research on the mega-event tourists' consumption behavior preferences as well as their industrial influence.The results are shown as follows.(1) The domestic tourists prefered the economic hotels located near the Expo Garden and in the outskirts of Shanghai;while the inbound tourists usually chose star-grade hotels located in the central business district and near the city proper.Price and convenience were the two main factors for both the foreign and domestic tourists to make accommodation decisions.(2) Both the foreign and domestic tourists prefered fast food and the local dishes,and they were mostly concerned about the dishes and the services consumption dimension.The domestic tourists paid more attention to the dishes while the inbound tourists were more concerned about services.(3) The domestic tourists' motivation of buying souvenirs was to keep them as a memory while that of the inbound tourists was to give others as presents.The domestic tourists paid more attention to thematic cultural attribute and the design of the goods;while the inbound tourists paid more attention to commercial dimension attribute and the function utility value of the goods.(4) The city tour area concentration degree of domestic tourists was higher than that of the inbound tourists.Tourists mainly chose the public transportation(in the urban area) to Expo Garden,while the inbound tourists would like to take a taxi.Domestic tourists mainly chose to visit the World Expo Garden at night,while the inbound tourists would like to choose other entertainments.The analysis and comparative study of the World Expo tourists' behaviors and consumption preferences can provide important inspiration and practical instruction for the development of mega-event markets at home and abroad and destination industry construction.

This paper analyzed the facts of climate change and its effects on the maize production in Northeast China according to the meteorological,maize yield and planting area data.The results are as follows.The heat resources in this region have been increasing continually since 1971.The accumulated temperature over 10℃ has increased by 262.8℃ averaged for the whole region.The plain area with accumulated temperature(≥10℃) higher than 2700℃ has extended northward 200-300 km,and eastward 50-150 km respectively.The precipitation in growing period(from April to September) during 1981-1990 had an increasing trend,but has been decreasing continually since 1991.Annual average water deficiency amounts to 391.5 mm.Humid area is decreasing and the whole region has a drying trend.The early frost date(the date with the lowest temperature ≤0℃) has postponed 7-9 days,and the frostless period has prolonged 14-21 days,so the probability of frost disaster occurrence is reduced.The period with high probability of lingering low temperature disaster on maize was observed in the 1960s and 1970s,and the period with low probability started in the 1990s.Heilongjiang Province had a high probability of frost disasters.With the heat resources increasing continually,adaptive area of maize planting is growing,with its north boundary extending northward and eastward,so the adaptive seeding date comes earlier.With steady increase of maize planting area and yield,the total yield and total planting area will increase by 9,670,000 t and 720,000 ha per decade respectively. Although climate change has supplied more heat resources for maize production in Northeast China,it is enhancing drought.So,we should adjust maize distribution and varieties.Additionally,using irrigation engineering and dry-farming technology widely,and selecting varieties with disease-resistance,drought-endurance and strong stress-resistance are the important measures to realize sustainable development of maize production in Northeast China.

This study assessed the reliability of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS)-derived land surface albedo products for Xilin Gol grassland,illustrated the seasonal cycles and inter-annual variations of land surface albedo in Xilin Gol grassland,and analyzed correlations between surface albedo variations and climatic changes.The results show MODIS-derived dataset is able to capture seasonal cycle and inter-annual variations of surface albedo,though there is a difference between the MODIS-derived albedo and ground instrumental measurements.The MODIS-derived dataset illustrates that the seasonal cycle patterns of surface albedo vary with spectrum.For the visible band surface albedo,the seasonal cycle presents a "V"-shaped variation with the bottom in the first ten days of August.For the near-infrared band surface albedo,the seasonal cycle is "U"-shaped with the bottom in the period from June to September.However,both visible band surface albedo and near-infrared band surface albedo had consistent inter-annual variations.Moreover,the inter-annual variations of surface albedo were partly attributed to climatic variations.The effects of temperature were significant in the early(April to May) and late(September to November) growth season.The correlation coefficients between temperature and surface albedo were-0.67 and 0.63 in the early and late growth season,respectively.The effects of precipitation were significant through out the growth season.The correlation coefficients between precipitation and surface albedo ranged from-0.54 to-0.76.It is worthy noting that the effects of precipitation were usually lagged by 2-3 months.

Through the general comment of vulnerability of ecosystems and theoretical principles of vulnerability,a model to assess the vulnerability of ecosystems has been set up in this study.The ecosystem services change to land use is regarded as the impact index,and the GDP change stands for adaptive capacity index of social and economic development,by which the human and natural systems could be coupled.The ecosystem vulnerability of Huadu District,Guangzhou City has been analyzed from the integral-scale and town-scale respectively,as a case study.The results show that:(1) in 1980～1990,1990～2000 and 2000～2005,the change of arable land is the critical factor of ecosystem impact on land use change;(2) the adaptive capacity of 1990～2000 and 2000～2005 is 0.391and 0.374 respectively,keeping positive;(3) based on the spatial vulnerability maps of 1990～2000 and 2000～2005,the ecosystem in the study area tends to be vulnerable,and will be worse,despite the increasing positive adaptive capacity,and the number of districts which suffer the serious vulnerability is increasing.

This paper extracts information of land use change in the study area of Wen'an County,Hebei Province in the period of 1995～2007,and analyzes the spatial-temporal pattern of poplar woodland expansion by using TM images of Landsat5.In the view of farm household tree-planting decision-making,it examines driving forces of conversion of arable land to woodland by using mathematical statistics and input-output approach.The results are shown as follows.(1) Woodland of poplar expands substantially and fleetly.(2) Some 92.14% of poplar woodland is originally arable land.Such a conversion is one of the major land use changes in the area.(3) There is a significant spatial difference of expansion speed of poplar woodland.The expansion of poplar is driven by market signals and government policies as well.Change of the labor force resources of farm household plays a leading role in the expansion of poplar.(4) The higher the percentage of non-agricultural employment and per capita annual income of farmers in rural areas,the higher the expansion speed of poplar.Today there is a decreasing trend of labor force in agriculture.In these circumstances,farm households tend to choose land use types with higher labor productivity.Labor productivity of poplar planting is higher than that of field crops,such as wheat and corn,because there is less labor input of poplar planting than that of field crops,which is the main reason for the conversion from arable land to forest land.

Using the household travel survey data(2007) in Beijing obtained by behaviour geography research team in PKU,we build one single-indicator path analysis model with the AMOS7.0 software to examine the inner mechanism between land use,travel characteristics and CO₂ emissions at the neighborhood-family levels.Our purpose is to find what factors and how extent these factors influence household CO₂ emitted during daily travels.We believe it can give us a better understanding of the optimization paths and strategies towards low-carbon urban spatial structure,as well as most urgent tasks in our increasingly warming global environment from the perspective of geography and urban planning.Empirical result indicates that total travel distance and trip mode choice are the primary factors which influence the GHG emissions in household daily travels.The spatial land-use features in neighborhood level have remarkable impact on the total distance,while there is no significant effect on the mode probability using private cars.Providing auto purchased,carbon emissions have a dramatic increase regarding to high-carbonization,with the process irreversible.And then,under previous circumstance,no significant evidences imply trade-off effect exists between the public and private transportation department.We conclude,strategies such as mixed land use and facilities provision should be put into operation to reduce the travel occurrence quantities and enhance the spatiotemporal distribution of daily travels,and to keep consistency with transportation demand management.At the same time,aimed green low-carbon city,the emphases of urban organizations and plan should be shifted from urban physical elements to spatial behavior,coupled with spatial behaviour rescheduling and personal behaviour plan.

A total of 287 prefectural-level cities in China were classified into 6 categories based on the calculation of CO₂ emissions per capita,the quantity and composition of CO₂ emissions from residents' direct energy consumption.The result shows that CO₂ emissions per capita,CO₂ emissions intensity per area,CO₂ emissions intensity per capita wage,and CO₂ emissions from residents' direct energy consumption in the high-carbon emission cities are higher than those in the low-carbon emission cities,and that CO₂ emissions intensity of GDP per capita of the residents in the high-carbon emission cities are lower than those in the low-carbon emission cities.The high-carbon emission cities are mostly developed and resource-based cities.The major composition of CO₂ emissions in high-carbon emission cities are power consumption and transportation.CO₂ emissions from direct energy consumption of the residents in high-carbon emission cities has 86.20% of the total CO₂ emissions from direct energy consumption of the residents in Chinese 287 prefectural-level cities in 2008.Most of them are low-carbon emission cities.The average quantity of CO₂ emissions from direct energy consumption of the residents in low-carbon emission cities is lower than that in high-carbon emission cities.The city's CDD,the heating period,the intensity of heating,the quantity of energy supply per capita,the prices of energy,GDP per capita,and wages per capita are the main influencing factors.GDP per capita and wages per capita have great impact on the quantity of CO₂ emissions per capita from power consumption and transportation.CDD influences the quantity of CO₂ emissions due to power consuming for cooling in summer while the heating period and the intensity of heating influence the quantity of CO₂ emissions due to that for heating in winter.There is linear relationship between the quantity of CO₂ emissions per capita due to gas consumption and quantity of energy supply per capita.There is a binary linear relationship between heating period and GDP per capita of the city and the quantity of CO₂ emissions from central heating.