The plain at the lower-reaches of Jiyun and Chaobai River to the north of Hai-ho River along the north-west coast of Bohai Bay is a lowland on which rivers meander and shallow lakes scatter. The Holocene transgression here was rarely systematically studied before because of the discontinuance of the cheniers that usually appear south of Haiho River.Three cores were drilled after the field observation. The association of spore-pollen and mollusc and foraminifer in the strata was analysed. It shows that the climate fluctuated during the period of the Holocene from cold to damp and hot and then became cool. The sedimentary environment changed correspondingly as limnetic-fluvial-fluvial-marine-limnetic-fluvial. So the Holocene stratum can bedivided into three layers with the lower depth of 17-20m., 12-15m.and 2-3m.respectively. The Holocene transgression took place at the stage of Atlantic when the climate was optimum and the sea level rose in the Middle Holocene.According to the marine sediment and the foraminifer association combined with the relief and the distribution of underground saline water, etc., the limits of the Holocene transgression on this plain are drawn from east to west as follows. Anniou-dian in Luannan County, Hongqiao in Yutian County, the south of Zhangguzhuang in Baodi County, eastern Yungqing County and Xinglunggung in Werian County. The outline of the transgressive extent on the plain along northern Bohai Bay is then linked as a whole.There are crowded and well-developed oyster reefs and shells buried just below the land surface in the north-west coastal plain.It presents a contrast between oyster reefs and cheniers on the west coastal plain. The difference is due to the different dydro-dynamic of river and sea. On the north-west coastal plain, rivers were small with clear waters. The tides and waves were weakened in this small bay inside the Bohai Bay.All these provided a very good ground for the growth of the oyster reef although the lack of high energy of the coast made it impossible for chenier to be formed.

The present paper deals with an elementary principle of a new measurement of runoff with very low discharge by means of resistance measuring-flow, and the nonlinear Flow-Voltage relationships with the resistance measuring-flow. A method of linearization handling is provided to make the Measuring-Runoff Flume in a better linear relationship. The analysis of dynamic response charactertics of Resistance Measuring-flow Flume is based on system dynamics theory, as a result, system parameters ωn and ζ are obtained for judging regulating-storage of measuring-flow device' The Measuring-flow Flume has been applied to measure small discharge in the Hydro-logic Runoff Laboratory. As it belongs to instantaneous flow-rate measurement method, the runoff hydrography measured is very clear as regards its duration, peak discharge, lag of time, and relevant parameters. In addition, the device has a higher stability of electronic circuit and better signal-to-noise ratio, and the problem of electolytic action at electrodes surface due to impurity of the water has been solved, so it is more convenient to make research of the rainfall-runoff relationship in laboratory. Finally, in this paper a comparison of cumulative sum of hydrography from Resistance Measuring-flow Flume with cumulative water-volume-method is given, and satisfactory results have been obtained.

气候是地理环境的重要组成部分,气候变化已成为当前气象与地理学科十分重要的课题。80年代被世界气象组织规定为气候十年就是对这问题重视的一个证明。气候变化的研究概括地讲可分为三类;经验资料分析、形成理论研究以及数值模拟实验。最后一类工作近十余年在国外发展较快,很值得注意。

1980年9月在东京召开的24届国际地理大会上,日本地理学家协会向大会提供的《日本地理》(Geography of Japan)是一部最新的日本区域地理著作。全书由日本全国各大学和专业机构的26位地理学家编著,反映了日本地理学家对本国地理研究的深度和广度。该书运用了地理学的一些新理论和新方法,体现了当前日本地理学在各研究领域中的新水平。

1981年夏秋,我先后接到意大利特伦托大学国土组织学院院长德玛奇(Franco Demarchi)教授的邀请,参加由该国特伦托自治省召开的纪念十七世纪意大利地理学家马尔提尼的国际学术会议;匈牙利科学院地理所恩亦狄(Gyorgy Enyedi)博士邀请参加由国际地理联合会农区发展专业委员会和联合国大学共同召开的《土地利用变化》国际学术讨论会;西德弗赖堡大学地学学院院长、国际地理联合会秘书长、联合国大学高级顾问曼斯哈德(Walther Manshard)教授等邀请访问西德有关大学。

由中国科学院地理研究所、兰州大学地质地理系、中国科学院兰州沙漠研究所、青海省农牧业区划研究所和青海省科委等单位十八名地貌和地图专业人员组成的“中国地貌图西宁幅样图制图试验工作组”,在完成了1981年年五月—九月野外地貌调查与地貌制图的任务以后,同年10月份开始进入了室内地貌制图研究和样图制印的试验。

中国科学院地理研究所径流实验室是我国现有两个水文模型实验室之一,主要从事流域产流、汇流物理机制的研究和流域系统研究。到目前为止,该室已经安排了五类实验,为流域汇流非线性研究提供了一些实验数据。

地方病图集的编纂,是继恶性肿瘤图集之后,又一部疾病地图集。它以总结和反映我国地方病调查研究成果为主要内容,并着重表现地方病及其环境的研究。这部图集的设计,力求全面地、系统地介绍我国主要地方病的分布、流行特点、环境关系,有助于地方病的防治和研究工作的开展。

1981年11月21日至26日,中国科学院地理研究所在北京召开了“物候学研究讨论会”。来自科研、生产、教学和宣传出版等68个单位的76名代表出席了这次会议。其中主要是参加物候观测网的单位的代表。 物候学是研究自然界植物、动物和环境条件的周期变化之间相互关系的一门学科。可以广泛地为国防及国民经济建设,尤其是为农业生产服务。

中国地理学会与中国水利学会联合举办的《河床演变》学术讨论会,已于1981年11月16日至20日在湖北省宜昌市召开。来自全国有关科研和工程机构以及高等院校的地理工作者和水利工作者,计120个单位的160名代表,参加了这次会议。 这次学术讨论会收到论文共125篇。

This paper has the following contents.(1) Discussing the development of man's knowledge about climate from five aspects, the concept of Climate-origin of history, perceptual knowledge, relatinships between climate and weather or between climate and geography and the climate-forming process;(2) Summarizing the concept of climatology and dividing it into four field——statistical climatology, synoptic climatology, geographical climatology and dynamical climatology;(3) on the basis of criticizing the long prevailing definition suggested by E.C. and advancing a new definition of climate- "Climate is a macroscopic atmospheric physical process";(4) Unequivocally pointing out that "climatology" is not a branch of geography, but is juxtaposed with it in the classification of science.

Rural settlements are not only the content of the study of settlement geography, but also a constitutional part of the research of agricultural geography. It is one of the criterion of the areal differentiation of agricultural production and has close relation with the land utilization projects. Owing to the rise of the standard of living, the newly built farmhouses have now enlarged the rural settlements and have decreased the area of cultivation. The study of the geography of rural settlements will be useful to the planning of land use and the allocation of settlements so as to show the interrelationship between the settlements and their physical economical environments, thus to provide ideas for the form and size of settlements in accordance with their different characteristics. The formation and distribution of rural settlements are closely related with the physical environment, communication facility, water supply extent of cultivated lands and other social-economic conditions.They are the synthetic results of various factors.The rural settlements of Kiangsu province show distinctly their regional differentiation.The author here has divided them into nine patterns according to their forms, sizes, densities, limit of cultivated area, as well as their related physical environments, occupied space and house structure etc.There are clear and sometimes transitional boundaries between all these nine patterns which can be seen in the maps attached in the Chinese text. The nine patterns are.1. the Xuzhon and Haizhon Plain2. the Huaiyin plain3. the South Kiangsu Plain4. the Hilly lands5. the Mountainous Areas6. the Lake Areas7. the Coastal Areas8. the High Sandy Regions'and Enclosed Basins (圩).

Based on two groups of model experiments, crustal uplift and crustal subsidence, this paper deals with the laws of river pattern Changes caused by tectonic movement as well as with changes of the sediment character. we have got three basic patterns; straight, meandering and branched in the experiments, among which the branched pattern can be classified into three types. anabranched, multibranched and braided.Crustal subsidence results in lowering the flow energy and accumulating the sediment.

First, the spatial distribution of rainfall anomalies of Central-South China (23-34°N, 100-113°E) was examined by means of the empirical orthogonal function analysis. The data used in this paper are collected from 60 stations, monthly mean rainfall observations from April to October during the last 27 years (1953-1979). The monthly mean rainfall anomalies in Central-South China have been classified into fourteen types. The first four types ane characterized by the seasonal migration of the rain-belt,and each of the other types reflects a definite structure which can be easily interpreted with synoptic-climatological knowledge.Secondly, the correlation coefficients were calaulated to show the relationships between the rainfall and the discharge at the upper Changjiang for every month from April to October. The results show that regions in which correlation coefficients are higher than 0.37 (at 5% significant level) shift obviously with the season. The region or the socalled key region, in which rainfall is more important for the discharge, sometimes coincides with the variance centers of the first eigenvector and sometimes not. In most cases this key region is in accordance with the second eigenvector, or even the third eigenvector. It turns out that in spite of the close relation between the rainfall and the discharge at the upper Chang-Jiang, both of then are somewhat independent in their variations. So, we must pay more attention to the difference between them in studying the formation of discharge anomolies and in making long-range forecast of droughts and floods at the upper Chang-Jiang.

Variables affecting the upstream extension of sedimentation in the reservoir are rather complicated. Generally, it is controlled by the rising of the base level immediately above the dam, the gradient of the original channel, the variation of the discharge and the sediment coming into the reservoir and the operation of the reservoir, in addition to the above variables, the upstream extension of sedimentation in San-Men-Xia Reservoir is due to its particular geographic conditions. San-Men-Xia Reservoir is situated at the confluence of the Yellow River, Luo He River and wei River, with Tqng-Guan as its natural narrow gap.After the construction of San-Men-Xia Reservoir, the river bed at Tong-Guan has been raised by 4-5M, which acts as a local base level for the main river and the tributaries above it.As the river bed is raised due to the sedimentation and the backwater of the Yellow River is increased, a sand bar is formed at the mouth of Wei-He River, causing the backwate in the channel to rise and the backward sedimentation from the lower part to the upper part to take place in the lower Wei-He River,Bei-Lao-He River and the Northern Trunk of the Yellow River.This paper primarily deals with the upstream extension of sedimentation in San-Men-Xia Reservoir by using geomorphological approach. Using the river sediment method and parabolic longitudinal profile method, it has been determined that the sedimentation end in the lower wei-He River is located near the Wei Yu 21-22 cross-sections,and a comprehensive prediction has been made.It has been proved that the backward sedimentation will not involve Xi-An in the present operating mode of the reservoir.lt has been determined in the same way that the sedimentation end in the Bei Lai He River is near Luo Yu 17-18 cross-sections and the sedimentation end in the Northern Trunk of the Yellow River is near Huang Yu 59 cross-section.This conclusion coincides with that drawn by water conservancy organizations using the cross-section method, method of water table under the same dischargs and volume method, since the the wei Yu 21-22 cross-sections, Luo Yu 17-18 cross-section and Huang Yu 59 cross-section in the Northern trunk are situated at the break of their longitudinal profile respectively, further upstream extension of the sedimentation end will be difficult.

In this paper,some regularities of the vertical distributions of the meteorological elements in the mountainous region in East Liaoning were found out by means of the preliminary analysis of twice gradient-observations of the meteorological elements in this mountainous region.The main character of the climates in this mountainous region is the changes of temperature, precipitation, sunshine and other meteorological elements with the height.Another character is the influence of geographical conditions such as the slope.and the direction of the mountain slope on these elements.The above characters make up complex three-dimensional climates and correspendent stereo-ringlike agricultural structure. In this paper, the planting height limits of some crops of different ripe-types, the height limits of tussahherd, the heights above sea level on which the seed of potato may grow and the ginseng may be planted were obtained on the basis of the heat-index and the moisture-index.Finally, the author regionalizes the agricultural zone and the forest zone.

在当前人类大规模开发利用自然资源和发展工农业生产中,对人类生活的地理环境的分析研究愈来愈显得重要。与此相适应,用于地理环境信息的收集、存储、分析和制图的各种空间信息系统相继建立,为快速、科学地分析研究地理环境提供了先进的手段和方法。地理信息分析与制图系统是可为多种区域地理分析与规划服务的一种通用系统。

三江平原位于黑龙江省的最东部,是由黑龙江、松花江、鸟苏里江三条大江堆积形成的沼泽化冲积平原。海拔50-60米,地势和缓。松花江、内外七星河、挠力河、别拉洪河和浓江等在宽阔的平原上漫流,除松花江外,一般均无明显的河槽,为典型的沼泽性河流。沼泽十分发育为三江平原的突出特点。

本文系作者1974-1977年在大兴安岭东南坡所做直流电测深法工作总结中的一部分,目的是通过河谷沉积物电性特征的讨论,来研究该区第四纪松散沉积物的物质组成特点及其区域分布规律。

美国地理学家协会(Association of American Geographers)1981年年会于4月19日至22日在美国西海岸的洛杉矶举行。4天会期中,除了一个中午穿插了协会职员选举外,全部为分组论文报告和学术讨论。

为了完成全国科学技术规划重点项目108项第一项“农业自然条件、自然资源和农业区划的研究”和全国自然科学规划中地学规划第五项“水土资源和土地利用基础研究”以及1979年4月全国第一次农业自然资源调查和农业区划会议上所确定的1:100万土地类型图的任务,同时也为了发展综合自然地理学的理论和充实综合自然地理学的研究方法,中国科学院地理研究所于1982年4月10日至16日在北京召开了中国1:100万土地类型分类系统及制图规范工作会议。

当前,我国正在进行农业、人口、能源、环境保护、卫生、社会经济等方面的调查制图和分析工作,并积极采用电子计算机和自动化制图等新技术来提高速度及质量。由于这些调查工作大都采用了我国的基本行政单元——县(市)作为统计单元,所以建立我国县界数据库成为一项急需的任务,也是地理研究中使用电子计算机技术的一项基本建设。

有计划地因地制宜地开发利用我国水资源,就必须研究分析水资源的数量、质量及分区特点。水文区划就是以一种或几种水文特征值为指标,找出它们在区域上的相似性和差异性,然后进行分区划片,并阐明区内各水文要素的分布、变化规律及其影响因素,指出对农业生产的有利或不利方面。为水资源的合理开发利用、为水利化区划、农业区划及综合自然区划提供水文方面的依据。

This paper deals with the characteristics of the geographical literature and explains the regularity of its distribution.Geography studies the inner relationships and the law of evolution of various natural and human phenomena.It is a synthetic and regional science interrelated and overlapped with many other disciplines. It is only natural that these characteristics give impact to geographical literature.The usage of geographical literature lasts longer than that of other kinds of literature, and its source and distribution are particularly scattered. By analyzing the literature cited from the digests and magazines, this paper shows that in the li-teraure of periodicals used by geographers, only about 25% come from geographical periodicals. The percentage is higher in the synthetic and summary study, and lower in the study of the branches of geography or of techniques. A large part of the reference comes from the periodicals of related disciplines. That is the reason why geographers have to spend more time in collecting data from different books and magazines.Finally, this paper elucidates the significance for those who study the geographical literature to understand the trend of the development of geography, the selection of tasks, the consultation of literature as well as the improvement of its management.

The prevailing wind principle has long been adopted by urban planners, especially in the master plan stage. According to the principle, districts of industrial plants emitting air pollutants are located on the leeward of the city by prevailing wind, so that the urban air will not be polluted. But practi ce has proved that the principle is not alwaystrue. In this paper,the weakness of the prevailing wind principle is exposed and a new approach to the problem is proposed.It is pointed out that for the wind from any direction what determines the frequency of the occurrence of air pollution on the leeward of a given emissionsource is not the frequency of the wind but the frequency of tie occurrence of the weather conducive to air pollution associated with the wind. And the fact that the frequency of the prevailing wind is higher than that of the wind from other direction does not necessarily mean that the frequency of the occurrence of air pollution associated with the prevailing wind is higher than that associated with the wind from other direction.Therefore it is important for urban planners to find out the frequencies of occurrence of weather conducive to air pollution associated with winds from different directions. This can be done by using two. equations proposed in this paper. One is used to calculate the Wind Pollution Indeox by using routinely availabe meteorological data, which describes the level of air pollution with a given amount of air pollutants under the weather associated with the wind observed. The other is used to calculate statistically the Wind Pollution Frequency by using the data of Wind Pollution Idex, which describes the frequency of the weather conducive to air pollution associated with the winds from a given direction.

Leaving the narrow valley near Zheng Zhou,the Yellow River flows over an alluvial fan. As a huge amount of sediment was transported into the sea, the river mouth extended into the sea at a rapid rate, silting up the river bed and causing breaching of the bikes and avulsion of the river, and the estuary often changed its position. As a result of this kind of river development process, the old beds of the Yellow River, like branches of a big tree, can be found almost everywhere on the great North-China plain. The cyclical process of the estuary development-rerouting-extending-rerouting, taking place now, is an epitome of the estuary development in the past but on a rather big area. Now, the extension of river mouth is the direct cause of aggradation of the river bed above the point of estuary pivot. Fundamentally, the aggradation is due to the tremendous sediment load resulting from the soil erosion in the upland area of the Yellow River drainage basin.

Xizang (Tibet) is the main body of the "World Roof" -the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. Although the continuous uplift of the Plateau and the global climatic changes had no distinct influence on the entire geomorphological framework notable paleogeographical evolution has been witnessed. According to C¹⁴ dating, the process can be divided into three stages:1) early Holocene (10000-7500 years B.P.), when the environment became better, for instance, the retreat of glaciers, the increase of plants, the development of peat and marshes, and salt-lake precipitation in the interior of northern Xizang Plateau; 2) middle Holocene (7500-3000 years B.P.), when both Vegetation and peat-marshes were in the most favourable condition, the forest line occurred over the plateau surface in southern Xizang; glacier retreated to the present position; lakes were at a stage of relatively high water level; climate was warm and humid and human activities spread all over the plateau, 3) late Holocene (3000 years B.P.to the present), also known as neo-ice age. Three glacial advances are seen and natural environment deteriorates; vegetation on the plateau surface is becoming steppe and desert steppe while peat and marshes decline; lakes diminish, and most of the exterior lakes turn into interior ones on the Plateau. Furthermore, salt precipitation becomes stronger; ancient human beings migrate towards the lower parts due to the cold and dry climate, and the northern part of the N.Xizang Plateau became a depopulated area.Distinct paleogeographic regional diff erenciation is recognized in Xizang.The greatest environmental change has been witnessed in the high mountain and broad valley-lake basin region of Southern and central Xizang where the transformation of exterior lakes into interior ones, the development of peat-marshes and the advance and retreat of forest line mostly occur.

A mathematical model about dividing the north agroclimatic boundaries of winter wheat in Liaoning, Beijing and Hebei has been set up in this paper.Spatial climatic equations were used to estimate temperature normals of any point in this region.The agroclimatic equation of death percentage of winter wheat was then applied to the point estimates of winter survival.Death percentages of each grid representing a square area (10×10km) on the topographic maps of 1:1,000,000 scale were computed by the mentioned equations. AII these death percentages were then classified into three classes (<20%, 20-40% and>40%)by computer and printed out by LPT.The demarcation between the first class and the second one is called the safe planting boundary of winter wheat and the other demarcation is the potential planting boundary.The results indicated that the safe planting boundary is similar to the natural boundary in the 1950's in the same area.In the potential planting region, winter wheat should take protective measure with great care so as to reduce the freeze damage.

1. Regional Geography had an important position for a long period in the history of geography. But since the 1950s regional geography has seldom been studied. The writer considers that its causes are as follows; first, science has splitted up increasingly, systematic geography has developed fast, yet synthetic research work is relatively weak; secondly, there are weakness and difficulties in studying regional geography,2. Geography has two most prominent characteristics, regionalism and synthesis. The high synthesis of the interaction between man and land on the basis of regions is unique to geography,In this sense, the main characteristic of geography is shown mostly in regional geography.Regional geography synthetically deals with the interrelated geographical elements which give certain commonness and uniqueness to the region. There are a lot of synthetic problems concerning regional geography in practice.Regional geography should play the role it should do. In order to develop geography completely, it is necessary to rejuvenate regional geography.3.The old regional geography can't meet the needs of today's situation, we should reform regional geography on the basis of modern science.(1) Persistng in the Regional and Synthetic View.The important facts and characteristics of geography within a region should be comprehensively explored with an synthetic eye.Every element and part of a region should be understood thoroughly.On this basis the synthesis on a higher level can be made.(2) Taking Man and Land Relationship as the Research CoreThe theory of man and land relationship of today has been further devel-oped than before. How to coordinate the relationship between man and nature has become the important aim of geography. Geography studies the areal systems of man and land relationship.According to certain indexes,the areal systems on the earth surface can be divided into regions with different sizes, and the man and land relationship within these regions is the research core of regional geography.( 3 ) Taking Topical Study as the Main FormOn the basis of a comprehensive study of a region,some prominent aspects within a region which belong to man and land relationship and reflect the characteristic of the region would be selected and studied thoroughly. The geographical background and the associated elements that caused some problems would be focused and stated. How to impel and turn these problems to benefit human society -would be discussed.(4) Applying Quantitative Method, Constructing Various Models and Making System AnalysisWe should make full use of the modern techniques and means and scientific methods in regional geography, thus promoting the modernization of the research work of regional geography.

Based upon "box model" of river bed, according to the landform parameter of landform characteristics of stochastic distribution of river bed, this paper studied and deduced the calculating method of duplex linear interpolation by weighted average of altitude-divide-joint of river bed net. And also by using calculation method we computed separately the volume of erosion and siltation according to the cuboid, section and column of the river bed, and evaluated the siltation content and the landform parameter according to river bed joint, and established the digital model of river bed landform and finally drew the isohyet landform map automatically. By applying this method, we carried on the calculation of the siltation content and the autodraft of the landform map of the river bed which was formed by five artificial intermittent crustal movements in the laboratory.