长江三峡工程举世瞩日,建成以后会对生态环境带来什么影晌?应该采取什么对策等重要问题,由中国科学院组织院内外38个单位,经过近三年调查研究,编辑出版了“长江三峡工程对生态环境影响及其对策研究”论文集。

This paper described that the growth of cotton yield per mu in Hubei province is greater in the north than in the south.Analysing the relations between the cotton yield and rainfall, the author discovers that the quality of rainfall and the degree of drought or waterlogging are the main factors affecting cotton yields.The years in which the average yield per mu dropped 15% were those when the rainfall between June and August was abnormal while the years in which the average yield increased more than 20% were years when the rainfall in these three months were normal.In years of excessive rain, the rainfall between June and August was more in the south than in the north, and in years of drought, in reveres, so the calamities of drought or waterlogging were more severe in the south than in the north.However in years of good harvest, the rainfall was adequate and had not much difference between the north and the south.By calculating the variability of rainfall between June and August, the author finds that the variability of rainfall is also greater in the south than in the north This shows that the rainfall is less changing in the north than in the south, and coincides with the fact that happens drought or waterlogging in the successive years.Approaching the ratio of input and output which is a good economic index, the author demonstrates that the economic benefit in the north is greater than in the south.Based on the above analysis and in consideration of the rational distribution of cotton fields the paper expounded a strategic assumption of shifting northward the cotton fields in Hubei province.

To study tourist behavior from the perspective of Behavial Geography helps to perfect the theoretical system of Tourism Geography and makes the study of resource more practical.The present thesis has studied the decisi on-making behavior and spatial behavior of the tourist and their practical signifcance.Ⅰ. The decision-making behavior of the touristThe key elements that influence the decision of the tourist are the perceptive environment and the principle of the best benefit. The environmental differences are the important elements that cause different tourist behaviors. Yet they do not directly influence the decision-making behavior of the tourist.It is the perceptive environmental differences that directly influence the decision-making behavior.Tourists tend to pursue the best benefit with limited money and leisure This is shown in the following points. A.The Smallest time rate between travelling and visiting; B.The most information which tourists can get.In practice, the tourist wonld choose the most famous tourist places and the places where natural and cultural environments are greatly different from that of his residence.Ⅱ. Tourist spatial behaviorTourist spatial behavi r reefrs to the course that a tourist travel? and visits in certain regions It is divided into three scales. big, middle and small. A. The tourist tries to go to first-class tourist places. a.they tend to choose travelling places where there are first-class resorts as destinations.b. when he getsto the place, he tends to go to only the higher ranking resorts nearby B.Thetourist tries to gotoas many first-class resorts as possible.C.He tries to travel in a circular route.The tourist travels in node route.a.He travels to places near his residence. b.He travels to places near his temporary residence.Ⅲ. The study of tourist behavior and its practical significance.To study resource evaluation and development from the perspective of the patterns of tourist behavior can help to get conclusions that cannot be acquired-only by the study of resource and market. Based on the patterns of tourist behavior this thesis has made clear, the three important problems in the study of Tourism Geography have seen discussed.1. The evaluation of individual resource.2. Unique characters, general characters and nearest-neighbour effects.3. The design of tourist route.

Professor Wang Chengzu, a famous Geographer and geographical educationalist, devoted his life to spread geographical education and develop the cause of geography in China, and made great contributions to it.In this Paper the authors have stated all his life and his work in geographical education and geography Study, especially in the geographical history in China.

The Yongjiang River is a micro-tidal alluvia] stream, but its upstream tridutaries mainly run through mountainous and hilly regions. The configuration and size of this river are relatively stable for a long tirne. A tidal barrier was built on the Yongjiang River, in 1959. As a result, the sedimentation was so serious that up to 1973, 3108×110⁴m³ of sediment had been accumulated in the Yongjiang river bed.In this paper, the basic characteristics of hydrodynamic action, sediment transportation and alluvial processes of the Yongjiang River have been dis-cussed. Based on the above analysis, a preliminary approach to the principles and measures of the regulation for the Yongjiang channel is made. The contents of this paper may be summarized as follows;In view of the small tidal range, larger variability of runoff and the ratio between the average flood flow and annual mean runoff volumes that is more than 12, the Yongjiang River, therefore, should be considered as a mountainous micro-tidal river. The tidal action is the main dynamics to fluvial processes. The boundary and bed of the Yongjiang River is composed of fine sediment which mainly derived from sea area.The fine materials are transported as suspended load.The general trend of sediment transportation and sedimentation may he described as follows; During flood seasons, owing to the effects of the ebb currents strengthened by the runoff, the sediment is carried and then silted downstream from the upstream reacn. on the contrary, the sediment is carried and then silted upstream from the downstream reach and out of the river mouth in non-flood seasons.The Yougjiang River is a meandering stream. The serious siltation of it should be attributed to the tremendous decrease of tidal discharge. After the construction of the tidal barrier and the training dikes, the processes of river bed are governed by the laws of siltation in the channel below the barrage, and in the curved mouth reach bifurcated channels has been cut.By dint of the above discussion, the principles of the regulation for the Yongjiang channel should be.1. Multi-purpose utilization of water resources.2. Keeping up pattern of meandering stream.3. Unchanged tidal inflow of the estuary.4. Combining regulation with dredging.5. Regulated elevation of middle tidal stage.In order to reduce the siltation, the following measures of regulation should be adopted.1. Operating the gate of the barrier and enlarging tidal prism.2. Enclosing and fixing tidal beaches.3. Extending the training dike and narrowing the river width.

In this article, we reconstructed the temperature sequence for adout 200 years in the growing season of populus euphratica at Shaya meteorological station by the populus euphratica chronologies in the area of middle reaches of Talimu river.Its representativeness to many meteorological stations in the river basin of Talimu river was analysized. This temperature sequence was compared with Northern Hemisphere average temperatures We think it can be regarded as a reference evidence of warm and cold changes in recent hundred years in the area of the middle reaches of Talimu river.

Based on the data of air temperature, latitude, longitude and elevation of 59 meteorological stations and their locations inside and outside the island county in Zhejiang province, this paper appied the theory of the multivariate linear regression to construct the mathematical model of the space distribution or the air temperature in Zhejiang ground level. Thus, the law of decrease and increase by degrees or the space distribution of the air temperature in Zhejiang ground level is obtained. On these grounds, according to the demand of the heat condition for the tea planting, we divide the Zhejiang province into five heat suitable zones for tea planting. Thus, we find out the law of the distribution of the heat suitable zone for every tea planting in Zhejiang province.

This paper presents an integrated overview of measurement and computing methods for estimating evapotranspiration from commnnities ranging from agricultural to forested lands. Discussion is presented on how to select an appropriate method (or mothods) for a given objective under a given set of conditions.The relevance and accuracy of a particular method depends critically on the circumstances under which it used.Attention is also focused on the important aspects on which information is lacking, and areas where research should be directed in the future.

Important progresses have been made in recent years in the studies of turbulent exchange between plants and the atmosphere. This report discusses the limitations of the local diffusion model and briefly introduces the higher-order closure model and trajectory models recently appeared in this field of research. overall. comments on these models are made in this paper to provide useful experience for reference and to develop ideas for further research.

Investigating the influence of inhomogenous ground surfaces on the surface layers is of great theoretical and practical importance. This article has summarized the developments in this area during the last two decades The emphasis is on the horizontally inhomogeneous ground surfaces with different scales. Potential applications in the relevent fields are also presented.

阿克苏水平衡试验站位于新疆阿克苏市南80公里处,地处塔里木盆地平原西部以阿拉尔为中心的国营农场群和原始干旱荒漠交界之处。在农场一侧,是新疆重要农业生产基地之一,以盛产谷物、棉花及瓜果等著称;另一侧是旱生、盐生疏植被的干旱荒漠。

The research on modern geomorphological mapping in China had passed the period of rising and began to be prosperous from 1952 to 1987.This paper selects 317 maps that represent the main achievements in this period and engage in statistios and analysis.Six defects about this research will be discussed as follows.1, Most of the geomorphological maps in China have been compiled without guide of mapping standards, and then,it is difficult for them to make comparison, and it is unfavourable to academic exchange between China and other countries.2, According to the quantity of compiled maps in China,the whole mapping process is divided into four stages.It is abnormal that there is a world of quantitative difference of the gaps for each stage.3, The kind of maps is rather monotonous.Maps with middle and small scales and general maps are relatively more, while maps on large scale and other kind of maps.such as applied, dynamic and genetical ones etc.are only a few.4, The mapped regions are unequilibrium.Some provinces, for example, Hebei, Hunan, Shangdong and Inner Monogolia, etc., and regions, such as the Middle and Lower Changjiang River, the Loess Plateau are very active in mapping.Others, for example, the Tibetan Plateau, are not.5, The research of endogenic agency in geomorphological classification is weak.There is a larger gap between China and other countries, They always pay more attention to that field.Therefore, it is comparatively weak in the theoretical base of the research work on geomorphological mapping in China.6, In the research on the pattern of the geomorphological maps and the expression, the mapping of composite pattern that is very popular in the world is not widespread in China, the expression of most of our maps is rather dull.

Plinthitic horizon in mid-lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China is an index bed of Middle Pleistocene, which, developed commonly in the lower parts of the alluvium, eluvium, cliff debris or diluvium.It has irregulat plinthitic textures with red alternating in grey.white, yellow and brown.The red color and the nets of the plinthitic horizon are not original.but a result of a long-term leaehing and weathering under the conditions of humid and warm climate during middle Pleistocene.The results of chemical complete analysis and clay mineral analysis suggest that the leaching degree of plinthitic horizon is very similar to red soil but a little weaker than that of laterite, the clay mineral components of red clay and white clay are the same, while the iron content of them is dif ferent.Theref ore, the plinthitic horizon is resulted from the reduction and migration of three-valance iron.The distribution of the plinthitic horizon is strictly controlled by the fossil landform and altitude.The much more humid and warmer climate at that time.the flat topography as well as the frequent movement of the groundwater are absolutely necessary conditions to form the plinthitic horizon.The research on it has two specific meanings.First, the fact that the plinthitic horizon has experienced stronger shift since it formed, will provide valuable informations for the amplitude and character of the tectogenesis in South China since Middle Pleistocene.Second, the plinthitic horizon can not be developed in the precipitous hilly areas like Lushan Mountains, this is also a very good evidence for solving the problem whether or not some glaciations have taken place in East China during the Quaterary period.

The vertical difference of the distribution of heavy metals and their geochemical layer characteristics including Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, Zn and Pb in the soils of the Tropics and the Subtropics have been studied in this pape.The difference is reflected by the distribution in five forms including water-dissoved, exchangeable, organicbound, Fe-Mn oxide-bound and residual.There is a layered Characteristic of the form distribution of heavy metals in the soil.The concentrations of water-dissolved, exchangeable and organicbound heavy metals descend from the upper layer to the lower layer in the soil profiles.The distribution of water-dissolved and organicbound metals is consistent with the organic matter, and is contrary to the pH valve.The distribution of Fe-Mn oxide-bound metals is consistent with the clay particle.The distribution difference of the residual metal in every profile is very little.The order of potential mobility of heavy metals in the soila of geographical landscapes of the Tropics and the Subtropics is as follows.Fe>Mn>Pb>Cu>Zn>Co.

Situated in the west of Xiaoshan County, Zhejiang Provinc, the Xiang Hu, a famous lake in the Ningho-Shaoxing Plains, has as its predecessor the Xicheng Hu.originally a layoon, filled up under the combined work of both nature and man.In the Secondyear of the reign of Zhenghe in the Northern Song Dynasty (1112A.D.), under the specific geographic circumstances, a lake was restored by turning the former fields into a lake, and this artificial lake was known as the Xiang Hu.During the eight centuries and more from the end of the Northern Song Dynasty to the Republic of China, Sharp conflicts continued between those who maintained to drain and those to preserve the lake A certain dimensions of the lake, however, survive as a result ofthe need in agriculture though the lake, like many of its counterparts, has experienced a series of the processes of natural evolution-from a lake, the marshes to the land.In the 1920's, as reclamation activities went on in an ever increasing pace, the waters of the Xiang Hu narrowed gradually.Since the large-scale construction of water conservancy works undertaken by Xiaoshan County since 1949 took over the irrigation function of the lake, it became a necessary trend to reclaim cultivable land from the lake by building bunds.Thus the Xiang Hu is reduced from an immense water bony of 37,002 mu of its original size to the present riverslieped lake with a mere reduced area of 1,460 mu.On the other hand, owing to its mavellous character suitable for brickmaking, the clay of the lake was exploitsd in as early as the Mig Dynasty in handicraft industry to make bricks aad tiled, the unprecedented enlargement of the brick and tile market since the establishment of New China has greatly sped up the industry, which, through its effective digging, has led to the reappearance of a wide expanse of waters from the former dying.lake.Once again enlarged, the Xiang Hu provides excellent conditions from the development of touristry and in addition, an uncommon example for the transformation of lakes in the Ningbo-Shaoxing Plains.

The studied region is situted at the westernbor der of Chifeng city, with its south western part bordering the city.Its location is about 116°26/-117°15'E and 43°30'-42°40/N, in the northwest of the region, The surface of the lake approximates 1226m a.s.l.with an east-west width of 15 km and a length of 21km, covering an area of 225km².The depth of it is geverally 10m, and the deepest place 13m.Dalainuoer (Dalainor) is located in the most developed part of the compossion rift belt of Xilamuleng River at the old lake region.Its is a structural lake.At the beginning of Tertiary period it was a part of the lake sea ia Nei-Menggu (Inner-Mongol) Plateau At the middle Pleistocene, the Jake was formed near Haoluku, with an area about 8% of the whole region, and at the end of Middle Pleistocene, it enlarged to half of the (river source) basin.At Middle late Pleistocene the lake covered a large part at both sides the of present divide at the end of Plei-socene, it overflowed across the present divide to the whole region and even beyond the studied region.That was the most flourishing period of the lake.At Holocene earthcrust consistently uplifted, while the lake shrank to the present depression situated west of the divide and north of Daerhan There are five rivers such as Kang alkula Piiver and others flowing into the lake, forming a centripetal inland drainage.At the beginning and late periods of Middle and late Pleistocene, the earthcrust of the region relatively uplifted, which caused the lake water to dissipate, mainly to dry up.From early Pleistocene to Holocene, the lake water appeared four times and disappeared four times.Thus the lacustrine and fluvial deposits left in the region have a thickness of 150-200m rich in ground water resources.

The reach between Hekouzhen and Longmen of the Yellow River is the source area of high and coarse sediment of the YeJlow River and its amount of streamflow and sediment on the siltation of the lower Yellow River are very important.In this paper, the change of streamflow and sediment of that reach in recent years is analysed, the reasons of change are studied,the trend of development in the future is predicted.In recent years, runoff and sediment in the studied reach are reduced obriously, and the ratio of reduction in the flood period is bigger.The main reason is the reduction of the amount and intensity of the rainfall.Comprehensive controlling measures have intercepted role.Drawing off water and sediment, deposited on the streambed have also some effects.In the future, the change of streamflow and sediment regime in the reach between.Hekouzhen and Longmen will be "polarization" further, i.e., the streamflow and sediment in the common years will be reducted, if rainstorm occurs, the flood and the sediment may be greatly increased, and the change depends on different combination of such factors.

According to the relationship between the linking of an interfluve of two Rivers and a network of stream system, this paper analyzes the significance of the canal crossing the watershed between the Qiantangjiang River of Zhejiang and the Xinjiang River of Jiangxi.Then, the physiographic conditions in the selected area are discussed as fallows.1.Topographically, according to the principle that the relief must be low and the selected line must be short, there are there lines to be selected in the water-shed area between the Qiantangjiang River and the Xinjiang River i.e.the North Line, the Centre Line and the south Line, in which the canal of the North Line will be 45km long and 1025m high, the Centre Line 46km long and 96.86m high, and the South Line 35km long and 10⁵.8m high.2.According to the engineering geological conditions it seems that the Centre Line is best, the North Line is second, and the South Line is bad.3.As for the form of the canal, it should be taken as areservior shape of river channel.For its water sources, apart from using small reservoir built along the canal, it is necessary in addition to develop such as drainage area of the Jinshaxi and Shangshangang,or Jiangshangang, and to build or extend some keserrvoirs, i.e."Giy1" and " Jixi", or "Baishuikeng" Reservoirs, and so on.Las, taccording to united scheme of the stair channel of the two rivers, three distinct schemes (including the linking-up opposite each other of both the beginning point and the end poin,tthe contour penetration, and many stairs of the Centre Line).are proposed.It is considered that in them the scheme of linking-up opposite each other of both the beginning point and the end point in the Centre Line is more reasonable through synthetic comparisoni, i.e.investment, moving hereafter, and engineering construction compavisons.

According to the historic records of Xian region, a climatic series of drought-wet indices of this region for the last 1604 years was reconstructed.By method of optimum classification (classifying by statistic variances), power spectrum analysis, and harmonic analysis, some characteristics of the drought-wet climate in Xian and its relationships with those in other places on the northern hemisphere were explored.The climatic change of drought-rainfall in Xian can be divided into six periods.Ⅰ.380-680 A.D., dry.Ⅱ.690-990, wet.Ⅲ.1000-1220, dry.Ⅳ.1230-1410, wet.Ⅴ.1420-1630, dry.Ⅵ.1640-now, wet.On the secondary time scale of about a century, the drought-wet climate in Xian may be divided into 18 episodes, each of which ranged about 89 years on average.There were three rather dry episodes respectively in 460-500, 1140-1220, 1420-1490, and several wet episodes appeared in 690-750, 1230-1250, 1380-1410, 1640-170., 1810-now.Since 380 A.D.the duration of the dry periods has become shorter and the latest wet period of these two time scales are the longest of all.By calculating the ratio of dry or wet years during each period, we discovered that even in the, wet periods in Xian, dry years still occurred frequently.The result of hammonic analysis to the drought-rainfall series, climate in Xian varied, on the background of changing with the period of about 520 years, with the notable periods of 71-75 years.The statistical correlations of the wet/dry climatic indices series between Xian and other places show results similar to those obtained from the study on atmospheric circulation.

In order to establish a stable and high-efficient agricultural production system (APS) in Huinan county, and to control the dynamic behaviour in the future, this paper, analyzes first the physical conditions and the problems of the APS in the present time, and then establishes the longterm and dynamic development model of the APS with the theory and method of system dynamicsThe following points are defined through studies.1).The agricultural resourses of the APS in Huinan county are very rich, but they are not utilized fully and effectively.There are still a lot of problems in the APS, and the present decision of agriculture is not satisfactory for the APS.2).In the future, the first important task is to raise the economic effect of the APS, and pay much attention to both ecologic effect and social effect.According to the analysis of the simulation results, the "Comprehensive Development Plan" is the best play for the APS in Huinan county.

ESR dating, suited for the Quaternary samples, has been developed abroad in recent decade.The determinations of deer horn, lamprotula, stalagmite, loess, coral and shell samples by ESR dating hawe been described in this paper.The ESR age of deer horn from Xianshui River and lamprotula from Nihe-wan are 1,25 and 1.22-1,37×10⁶ yrs,respectively, which are concordant with that of their stratigraphy.The average of the ESR age of the stalagmite from the fourth place cave of Choukoutien is 6×10⁴yrs, which is close to 6.5×10⁴ yrs of the 230Th/234U age.The ESR age of the loess from S-7 layer of Luochuan profile is 7.38×10⁵yrs corresponding to that by thermoluminescence and paleo-magnetic methods.The ESR age of the coral at South Sea is 4.09±0.61 dropped in the range of 5.0±0.2 and 3.75±0.19 ka by 230Th/234U and ¹⁴C methods, respectively, uhile much near to the ¹⁴C age.The ESR age of the shell at Baoyu island is 1.66±0.25 ka, which concords with 1.69±0.09 Ka of the ¹⁴C age.The ESR age determinations as mentioned above show that the method of ESR dating will be a powerful tool of the studies on the Quaternary chronology.

本文阐述国际卫星陆地表面气候的研究思路、气候模式与陆地表面参数之间的关系.综述由卫星遥感信息转换为陆面参数的推算原理、现状和存在的问题.介绍最近国际联合试验(以FIFE为例)的纲领和目的.

纵观近几十年来坡面侵蚀产沙模型研究,将共按经验模型与理论模型分别阐述其发展,评述主要模型的贡献,以及有待深入研究的问题.

遥感应用现在已经为我国地理学界所重视 地理信息系统和机助制图的成果正在陆续出现,这方面的专业队伍已经形成.国内已经出版了《遥感应用》等又即将出版《国土资源遥感》等专业刊物以利交流.为了吸取国外的先进技术和理论以引发思路,国外新动向历来为大众所关注.ITC杂志是一本有用的刊物,现以1987年第一期地图制图学专辑为例作一介绍以飨读者.

应英国曼彻斯特大学的邀请,中国科学院地理研究所和中国地理学会组织由吴传钧、李文彦、胡序威、许学强、林炳耀和唐振铁组成的中国人文地理学家代表团于1987年11-12月访问英国半个月.主要是参加了在曼彻斯特举行的“英中城市与区域发展学术讨论会”,访问了英格兰北部几个城市与伦敦,参观了一些大学的地理系等有关单位.以下就主要见闻与收获作一简报.

1963年10月,根据当时三线建设的需要和中国科学院关于全国地理研究机构合理布局的要求,中国科学院地理研究所在成都设立西南地理研究室.1965年初,中国科学院地理工作会议决定西南地理研究室扩建成中国科学院地理研究所西南分所.当时竺可桢教授曾指出,西南分所应以西南山地高原的调查利用为主要研究方向.1966年4月,西南分所正式成立.随后即进入“动乱”年代.1971年4月西南分所体制下放至省,更名为四川省地理研究所.1978年1月,四川省地理研究所复归中国科学院,称成都地理研究所.它以泥石流、滑坡为主的山地灾害研究,以及山地地理环境形成、演化与合理开发利用研究作为主攻方向.

The first part of article has reviewed the history of economic geographical stud-ing carried on in the Institute of geography, Academia Sinica, During last three decades, summaried successful experiences and existing problems during the tortuous developmental processes, as well showed clearly that the development of econmic geogeraphy in China are in golden age with the view of scientific assignments, social effects, growth of talented persons and international scientific exchanges.The second part of article has put foword programmatic views on future development of economic geography.(1) Adhere to the policies serving for socialist construction.(2) Take integrative studies of regional development as a main researcharea.(3) Strengthen studies on theories and methodologies,(4) Develop a team of researchers with higher scietific levels and rational structure.

Significant advances have been made in adopting the linear systems theory in modeling the rainfall-runoff process since Nash proposed the model with equal reservoirs in series in 1957. Such hydrologic models, known as input-output models, are attempted to establish a causal linkage between two or more observed phenomena without detailed description of the physical process under investigation.Continuous models mayebe handled elegantly with operational mathematics. However,hydrologic data are almost always discrete.Therefore, discrete models are of general interest in practice.The purpose of this paper is to present a discretely coincident form of general linear hybrologic system models, to describe some important properties of discrete, linear, hydrologic system model and to suggest different methods for estimating paramters with numerical examples.