The majority of literatures on the effect of human capital on regional economic growth neglect the spatial effect of human capital.Based on hypothesis of the physical capital externalities and the technological spatial interdependence between provinces,the paper introduces the spatial lagged term of variable into the model of Mankiw,Romer and Weil (1992)(MRW Model),develops a Spatial MRW Model,and conducts Fixed-effect Spatial Panel Estimation in the samples of the whole China,eastern China and western China,respectively.The empirical results approve the correctness of hypothesis and receive the following conclusion.The contribution of human capital and the spatial spillover effect of human capital on economic growth in China's eastern region is more than twice as that in China's western region,but they are statistically insignificant.

China's rapid urbanization and economic restructuring have given rise to a growing social stratum that is considered as low-income citizens.This research intends to expand this topic by analyzing the residential pattern of low-income citizens in Beijing,a mega-city experiencing a rapid transition in China.The purpose of this study is to develop a systematic understanding of low income residents,including the social-economic attributes,spatial distribution,and residential patterns.Based on the large-scale survey from 2005 to 2009 in Beijing,this study used the method of Spatial Autocorrelation Analysis and Factor Analysis to examine the residential differentiation of low-income citizens across a total of 47 blocks,covering eight districts and five representative suburban regions.It is revealed that most of the low-income residents in Beijing were below 30 or over 50 years old,without well-educated background,and majored in labor-intensive industries.Spatially,the high incidence blocks for the urban poor were mainly distributed in urban fringes;furthermore,these people were found to spread outward with the rapid urbanization process.In addition,the distribution of low-income residents in 2009 reflected a tendency of centralization compared with 2005.The most notable cluster is situated in the northwestern part of the city,including the communities of Shangzhuang,Wenquan,Malianwa and Shangdi,where the urban poor had the largest proportion.Another cluster of low-income residents is located in the inner city of Beijing.We also found the proportion of the urban poor in the eastern and northern parts of the city decreased drastically,which may be due to the development of CBD or Olympic infrastructure construction.Finally,according to Factor Analysis,factors related to the socio-economy and housing attributes of low-income residents were identified and used to divide the blocks into three distinctive groups.Among them,the local urban poor mainly lived in the old-city protective areas of inner city;the rural migrants gathered themselves together in the suburban areas of Shangzhuang,Wenquan,Malianwa and Laoshan,or in the old city areas of Shichahai and Xinjiekou;the potential urban poor,which were well educated young people,were gathered in some places close to the city center with convenient traffic facilities,such as the communities of Wangjing,Taiyanggong,Yuetan and Wanshoulu.

It is now widely recognized among geographers that the development of new information and communication technologies(ICTs) bears much on regional configuration.However,existing researches have concentrated on urban rather than rural areas.Based on the development of rural informationalization in Wuji County,this paper calls for more attention from geographers to rural interpersonal spatial transformation under new ICTs.This research finds out that the evolution of information infrastructure is the fundamental factor affecting the rural interpersonal spatial transformation;The interpersonal space of rural residents is extended by the progress of cell phones and internet in rural areas,at the same time,interpersonal frequency is increased.The interpersonal space patterns in rural areas are diversified by instant messages on internet.

Regionalization has been one of the core issues in geographical research.Taking the Yangtze River Delta as an example,with accessibility spatial expression technology and systemic classification of point element and line element,we calculated service range of A-grade tourist districts,high-grade(4A and 5A) tourist districts,county-level towns and prefecture-level cities through accessibility.Based on this,we divided the Yangtze River Delta into five regions,27 sub-regions and 85 minor regions through service ranges with different time thresholds and deep analysis of tourist districts distribution pattern.Furthermore,we appraised tourism development potential of each minor region synthetically from an angle of tourism demand and supply elements.Based on development potential,we established the hierarchy of tourism service centers in the Yangtze Delta Delta.

The ethnic issue is an important subject in current academic circles,which was related to several conflicts at home and abroad.The study of ethnic identity is the basis and the difficulty of ethnic studies.As a kind way of inter-ethnic communication,the impact of tourism on ethnic identity should be a great concern,especially on the destination communities,as a result of the booming of tourism.The current study of tourism impact on ethnic identity of destination communities focused more on the destinations which take ethnic culture as its main tourism attractions,where the residents' ethnic identity might be misled by commercial advertising.So this study chooses the Hui minority community in Sanya of Hainan as a case destination,which is not taking ethnic culture as its main attraction. In order to investigate the changes of the residents' ethnic identity before and after tourism development,this article takes cultural anthropology's research strategy and uses observations,interviews and documentation analyze as research methods and finds that the residents'' main occupations related to tourism include tourism commodity selling,tourism transportation business and tourism catering business.This study also finds that tourism development does impact local residents' ethnic identity.Some conclusions can be drawn as follows.Firstly,religious awareness has been enhanced.Thanks to tourism participation,the Hui people have got much more earnings than before and could afford the expense of hajj and studying overseas in Islamic countries,thus,transit the architectural style of mosque and folk residences from Chinese to Arabian,and enlarge the mosques to meet the needs of educational and cultural functions. Secondly,traditional customs have changed.The status of working women has promoted due to the women's participation in tourism business,and the marriage taboos got loosened.Along with the necessity of tourism development,the cigarette and alcohol taboos has also got loosened and the frequency of salat decreased. Thirdly,the difference of tourism participation causes the differentiation of employment,which makes the community identity not as united as before.

过去2000年全球典型暖期的形成机制及其影响研究"(2010CB950100)为"全球变化研究国家重大科学研究计划"2010年第一批启动的项目之一,由中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所等6家单位共同承担。项目重点研究:代用资料与气候变化重建结果不确定性、历史暖期辨识及其时空协同特征、不同尺度、不同时段暖期的成因机制、以及暖期气候变化影响与适应的区域差异4个科学问题;旨在揭示过去2000年全球典型暖期的时空特征及其成因机制,深入了解过去2000年气候变化对中国社会经济影响与人类对气候变化的适应过程与区域差异。

经济地理学的发展始终与社会经济发展的现实相呼应。过去三十年来,经济全球化塑造了新的地理空间,这个空间可以被形容为一个多尺度空间和地方相互嵌套的马赛克和万花筒。对这些现象的解释,在学术界形成了新的研究领域,即"新经济地理学"。一方面,以克鲁格曼为代表的经济学家,重新审视空间因素,以经济发展空间的多重均衡为主线,以运输成本、报酬递增、空间集聚和路径依赖为核心命题,以中心－外围模型、城市体系模型和国际专业化模型为基础,“重新发现了经济地理”。

In the history of geography,one of the most excited methodological debates is the dualism between regional geography and systematic geography.It reflects different viewpoints among different geographers about the nature and methods of geography since the ancient times.The systematic geographers stress that geography is a science pursuing the general rules,but the regional geographers regard region as the centre of geographical research.There are some persistent debates on this kind of dualism from ancient Greece,and Schaefer-Hartshorne Debate displays the conflicts between regional geography and systematic geography reach the peak.Although Schaefer and Hartshorne formally oppose the kind of dualism that only underlines one,but ignores the other,the different preferences caused by their interest,values and the different attitudes to the history of geographical ideas finally lead to the real dualism.By contrast,the influences of Hart-Golledge Debate are smaller,and it is like an epilogue.Thereafter,with the rise of the methodological pluralism and postmodern geographies,the dualism between regional geography and systematic geography becomes more unimportant than ever.The history of the dualism shows value becomes one of the most important factors in the course of defining what geography is.More and more scholars begin to hold a kind of standpoint admitting the different values have their rationality and logic after the Second World War,and it becomes a common consensus on popular trends and general rule,especially with the development of postmodern geographies.The possible reasons why these debates in Chinese geography are hard to be found are: the academic orientation of pragmatism that lay particular stress on those geographical knowledge and techniques that can be quickly applied to solve the 'practical' issues,the special social and economic contexts,the academic evaluated system,and the eclectic attitudes to connecting regional geography to systematic geography.

Path dependence is an important concept applied in explaining the evolutionary process and dynamics of the social and economic systems,and is also useful for understanding the evolution of economic landscape.Despite this concept has received increasing attention from the fields of economics and management in recent years,we has little knowledge about its implication for economic geography and regional economics.This paper reviews the origin of the path dependence theory and its application in a variety of fields including technological change,institutional evolution and social culture;reviews the literatures of applying the path dependence in explaining some important issues of economic geography;in particular,in understanding the mechanisms of regional economic evolution.This paper argues that there are two mechanisms of path dependence driving the evolution of regional economy: one is that the regional growth is driven by spin-offs and spatial clustering;the other is that over-specialization and the ignoring of external relations together cause regional lock-in.In the final part,the paper points out the short defects of the existing studies of economic geography on path dependence and the future research directions.

Based on the data observed of the temperature,precipitation and annual runoff at the Langan Hydrological Station of the Keriya River from 1957 to 2009,the paper studied the change trend and multi-time scale correlation between the annual runoff and climatic factors by using methods of wavelet analysis and R/S analysis.The results are shown as follows.(1) There is a positive correlation among the annual runoff,temperature and precipitation,which have the significant increasing trends;with R/S analysis,these increasing trends are likely to continue in the coming 50 years.(2) The interannual variations of runoff,temperature and precipitation present a cycle of 9 years,and the decadal variations of annual runoff have a 15-year cycle owing to different periods of temperature and precipitation.Besides,there would be different abrupt changes of the runoff,temperature and precipitation in the coming 20 years.(3) There are significant nonlinear correlations among the annual runoff,temperature and precipitation in the headstream of Keriya River.In addition,annual runoff change is due to the combined effects of temperature and precipitation.

The spatio-temporal changes and intensity of gale disasters in Southern Xinjiang during 1949-2008 were analyzed using data such as the death toll,the total area of disaster affected farmland,the economic losses and the total number of death beasts which were caused by gale disasters.The results can be shown as follows.(1) The frequency and intensity of gale disasters in Aksu,Kashgar and Bayinholin were bigger than those of other places in southern Xinjiang,therefore,they were the main places for disaster prevention and post-disaster relief.The frequency and intensity of gale disasters in Hotan and Kizilsu were smaller than those in other places,and the secondary main places for disaster prevention and post-disaster relief.In April and May,the frequency of gale disasters was much bigger and the duration of disasters was long,furthermore,April and May were the crop planting and seedling period in this area,and the gale disasters occur more frequently,therefore,April and May were the main periods for disaster prevention and post-disaster relief.(2) The frequency of gale disasters gradually increased from the 1950s to the 1990s,and has decreased since the beginning of the 21st century.The number of gale disasters in Bayinholin is the biggest(84),followed by Kaxgar(75) and Aksu(67),in recent 60 years.The frequency of gale disasters in Hotan and Kizilsu was smaller than that of other places.(3) The economic losses due to gale disasters were positively related with the total output in industrial and agricultural production,and economic losses had a greater impact than the economic growth.It is suggested that the investment for disaster prevention should be increased,the eco-environment of the area should be improved,and the disaster relief systems should be established for strengthening the disaster prevention and control.

Along with global warming,regional precipitation is predicted to make change.As a branch of the Yangtze River,the Hanjiang River has suffered from heavy flood disaster frequently in the past several decades,which caused great damage to local residents and ecosystems,and the dramatic precipitation change was thought to be the main driving force.Therefore,it is of great importance to conduct studies on the trend and period of precipitation so as to take measures to prevent flooding.Integrating the precipitation data during 1961-2006 from nine weather stations in middle and lower reaches of Hanjiang River,this paper analyzed the periodicity characteristics and changing trend of precipitation in the study area by the methods of Morlet wavelet analysis and R/S analysis(Rescaled Rangle analysis).The results of the wavelet analysis showed that,all the nine weather stations had quasi-periods of 5 years(short period) and 10-15 years(mid-long period).And a few of the stations,such as Wuhan,Tianmen and Zhongxiang,might have a quasi-period of 40 years,which needs a longer time series to prove.Considering the assured periods,the stations of Wuhan,Fangxian and Laohekou took the short period as the main period,with the others for the mid-long period.The results of R/S analysis showed that there was obvious HURST PHENOMENON in the time series of regional precipitation,which would be consistent with the changing trend of precipitation after the study period.

Surface dust in urban areas is one of the important topics in urban environmental science.A review was given in this paper on the conceptual definition of surface dust in urban areas.The new concept and new understandings about surface dust in urban areas were put forward.Surface dust was sources and sinks of many pollutants as heavy metals and PAHs have environmental indicative function in urban areas.A review was given on the advances in the research on heavy metals of surface dust in urban areas in various aspects in this paper,such as content level,space-time distribution,transference and cycle,forms and bioavailability.The concentrations of heavy metals of surface dust in surface dust in urban areas were obviously higher than environmental background values in soil.The research on methods of spatial distribution of heavy metals were line type and face type.The concentrations of pollutants have changed over times.The main transporting medium of surface dust is atmosphere.The heavy metals in surface dust has exchangeable,carbonate combination,iron and manganese oxide combination,organic sulfide combination patterns and residua.The main sources of heavy metals in surface dust were traffic pollution,industrial pollution and urban construction.The sources identification methods included GIS spatial analysis,element tracer technology and multivariate analysis.The future development prospects were also pointed out.It is an urgent task to study the temporal variations such as diurnal changes,seasonal changes or non-seasonal changes by any factors control,the residence time in environment,particle classification as well as to establish standards and study the relationship between transfer characteristics and particle sizes,to optimize the regional human health effects and risk assessment model such as confirming the main routes of exposure,optimizing exposure calculation model and carrying out the human body health risk assessment.

This paper investigated the pollution of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) in three typical industrial contaminated sites such as coke power plant,coal mining and smelting industry in Chenzhou city,southern China.The results showed that the pollution of Pb,Zn,Cu,As and PAHs in the soil of smelting industrial sites was serious,with more than 50% samples exceeding the limits and the highest concentration exceeding the standards by 100 times.In coal mining sites,it was shown that 87.5% of the samples were above the arsenic limits and 75% of the samples were above the PAHs limits.In coke power plants,81.2% of the samples exceeded the limits and the maximum content of PAHs exceeded the standards by 34 times.It was estimated that the sources for PAHs were different in the three industrial sites.The PAHs of power plants and coal mine sites mainly originated from coal combustion and petroleum,respectively,while the PAHs of smelting plants were mainly from mixed source of coal combustion and petroleum.It was suggested that arsenic and PAHs were widely observed in industrial sites,and some heavy metals such as Pb were significantly correlated with PAHs.The pollution risks of PAHs and heavy metals were estimated in the order of smelting industrial sites >coke power plants > coal mining sites.It was assessed that the pollution risk of PAHs in power plants was the highest,and that the pollution risk of heavy metals in smelting industrial sites was the highest.

Based on the material and energy flow in the ecological agriculture system in Kongtong District,we built the "EA-SD" model for the ecological agriculture.We quantitatively analyzed and simulated the social,economic and ecological effects such as energy saving and CO₂ emission reduction effects and the evolution trends of the ecological agriculture system in Kongtong District.Simulation results showed,under the current development mode,with the rapid increase of the annual slaughter amount of cattle,in the future the cattle number may drop sharply,the CO₂ emissions and fossil energy consumption may increase,the organic agriculture may decline,and the whole system may be difficult to develop sustainably.Simultaneously,there are also some negative effects of economy and ecology.According to the simulation,we developed some optimization policies and simulated the development scenarios under the optimized mode.It is concluded that the system optimization can enhance the comprehensive positive effects and sustainable development capacity of the system.In this study,the model and the optimization process can provide some reference for similar studies of ecological economy.

As a typical city in China's fast urbanization,Shenzhen has been studied on the principle of road network structures and its landscape ecological effects in this paper.The integrated GIS technology,network structure analysis,landscape pattern analysis,and correlation analysis were used in the research.By dividing land of Shenzhen into 24 independent units,the paper discussed the correlations of each road network feature,effects of difference of urbanization level on road network structure features,as well as the landscape pattern effects of road network features at both land scale and class scale.The results indicated that with the increase of the density of urban construction land,the traffic density,the nodes and corridors of road networks increase,while the complexity of road network structure and the landscape pattern indexes decrease.The main restrictive factors are protection requirements of natural resources and eco-environment,which can result in an increase of road network complexity and decreases of development level of road structure network and network pattern indexes.No obvious constraint had been found in Shenzhen on road network features and landscape patterns on land scale.Road network features present two comprehensive effects,i.e.,environmental protection constraint and spatial attraction,on construction land distribution;while environmental protection constraint,spatial resistance and physical segregation are the three effects on woodland.

The Hakka people's migration and the formation of their unique culture cover a large extent of space and time.The temporal,physical and social background had great impact on the migration routes and the distribution of the Hakka settlements,representing the unique man-land relationship. From the perspectives of human geography and anthropogeography,the paper introduces quantitative methods and a GIS platform into the Hakka migration research,which was usually analyzed qualitatively by social scientists.The focus is the accessibility of the major Hakka settlement area——the overlapped region of Jiangxi(Gan),Fujian(Min),and Guangdong(Yue or Canton) provinces,where three cities(Ganzhou,Changting and Meizhou) are considered as the "Capital" of the Hakka people.A GIS database of Hakka migration has been established with landforms and ancient road information.Subsequently,the optimal migration route was analyzed and modeled based on both raster and vector data.The accessibility analysis result corresponds with the actual distribution of Hakka settlements.It is indicated that the landforms including high mountains and narrow paths greatly affected the migration route selection and the final spatial settlements of the Hakka ancestors in the social and cultural settings in an agricultural society with relatively low technological level.The analysis result also explains why the three cities are located on the optimal path of the migration as a good example of the unique man-land relationship mentioned above.In the enclosed mountainous areas,the Han Culture brought by the Hakka ancestors was integrated with the native culture and formed a unique system of Hakka language,culture,customs,and mentality.The formation of this man-land relationship was a long-term and complicated process involved with political and economic factors as well as ethnic fusion,which needs to be further analyzed in the future research.

From the perspective of free urban parks,the paper makes the exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of survey data on domestic tourists of Dr.Sun Yat-sen's Mausoleum in Nanjing,with the help of the SPSS18.0 and AMOS18.0 data analysis software,to construct the measurement dimensions model for tourists' perceived value.The study results display that the tourists' perceived values of the free Dr.Sun Yat-sen's Mausoleum include five measurement dimensions,i.e.environment value,recreation value,culture value,perceived price and service value.Five measurement dimensions of tourists' perceived value have gradually decreasing differentiation.Through the analysis of role and mechanism of differentiation of dimensions of tourists' perceived value,the paper puts forward that free urban parks have five effects.Among them public welfare and leisure recreation effects show the positive development trend while enhancement of ecoloical environment,service and endogenous culture effects is lagging behind.In the age of mass tourism of advocating "people-oriented" and concerning people's livelihood leisure,the free urban park reinforces the high quality and overall competitiveness of open urban space,meanwhile,facing the new challenges of coupled coordination with urban tourism as well as sustainable development.

There have been few studies on the pattern of China's agricultural geographic concentration and mechanism of its evolution.Based on the calculation of barycenter coordinates,Gini coefficient,as well as spatial autocorrelation and specialization index of 12 crops in 1981-2008 in China,this paper analyses the spatial pattern and mechanism of agricultural agglomeration.It presents the following results.(1) Spatial concentration of China's planting gradually increased.At the same time regional specialization and regional diversification progressively strengthened.(2) China's planting transferred from the eastern provinces to the central and western provinces,for example,although the Sanjiang and Songnen plains were still important clustering areas,the significance of the former land of fish and rice gradually decreased.(3) Although the endowment of natural resources made the initial agricultural geographical pattern,the path creations caused by an accidental event or social variation revealed two important facts: opened the windows of local opportunity for the social agglomeration,and corrected and optimized the existing patterns of the natural agglomeration continuously.With the emergence of new enterprises or departments,the division of labor and their cooperation network arose,and the agricultural industrial clusters formed.If several paths were created simultaneously from different crops in different places,an organic and sustainable agricultural production system would form in the whole area.So,the evolution of agricultural geographic pattern experienced a process from the natural agglomeration to the social agglomeration with a perfect agricultural production system.In this process,the natural agglomeration plays a less important role than the social agglomeration.Technology and institution innovations would speed up the agricultural geographic concentration and spatial reconstruction.

The Capital Metropolitan Region of China includes Beijing,Tianjin,and seven cities of Hebei Province.It has been generally considered that the Capital Metropolitan Region of China is characterized by a "Dual-Core" spatial structure,with Beijing and Tianjin as the center cities.Based on the data of Second Economic Census in industrial employment,we analyze the employment of 18 sectors in the Capital Metropolitan Region in 2008.In order to reexamine the features of such a structure,we use the regional density function in this paper,which is generally applied to the structure analysis in the urban study.The results show that although the spatial structure of the region does show a "Beijing-Tianjin" dual-core feature on the whole,it varies in different sectors.The employed population is concentrated in Beijing,Tianjin,Tangshan and Baoding,especially in Beijing and Tianjin.Beijing is the regional center of service sectors,especially in producer services.As for consumer services,there are two regional centers,with Beijing as the main center and Tianjin as the sub-center.In the sector of public services such as sanitation,social security and welfare,public management and social organization,there is a multiple-center structure with Beijing,Tianjin,Tangshan and Baoding as the main centers.As for the secondary industry,besides Beijing and Tianjin,Tangshan presents a third regional center due to its significance in the employed population in manufacturing and building industries.The whole region comprises two hierarchies,central area and peripheral area.The central area,including Beijing,Tianjin,Tangshan,Baoding and Langfang,with a large employed population,performs most functions in each sector;while Qinhuangdao,Chengde,Zhangjiakou and Cangzhou,as the peripheral area,constitute the sub-economic area of the region.In summary,the study shows that the spatial structure of the Capital Metropolitan Region in China is a polycentric structure with the core-periphery pattern.

Jiangsu has acquired prominent achievement in social and economic development since 1978.However,with rapid economic growth,some key factors are restricting overall well-off society in this province,including the widening gap of North-South economy,the tremendous pressure of population growth on resources and environment,inadequate employment,culture and public health.How to promote coordinated socio-economic development has become a hotspot in theory and practice.On the basis of the above-mentioned background,this paper uses system analysis to evaluate the sustainable socio-economic development. The coordinated socio-economic development plays a critical role in sustainable development of Jiangsu.On the basis of connotation of regional coordinated development and present situation of economy and society in this province,this paper conducts a study on the process and structure of coordinated development between society and economy in urban areas by establishing evaluation system of coordinated development between economy and society.Some conclusions can be drawn as follows.(1) The process of coordinated development can be divided into four stages: fluctuation period,increase period,fallback period and steady period.(2) Southern Jiangsu has become the upland of coordinated development.Nanjing presents a fallback phenomenon,and Suqian has the lowest level.(3) The coordinated development degree of Northern Jiangsu is lower than that of Southern Jiangsu,and the gap between these cities is widening.

This paper reviews the development history of highways in the USA and discusses the relationship between the transportation planning and financing mechanisms.In the early period of American transportation planning,coordinated transportation and land use were taken into consideration;in the era of Interstate Highway,it became important for vehicle throughput on highway to be improved;since the 1990s comprehensive coordination has been the government priority.The changes in transportation planning have a profound financial background and reasons.As far as incentive function and financing function are concerned,there are great differences between the early property tax and the later fuel tax on the benefit principle.The method used to fund interstate highway development has had long-lasting effects on the planning thought and projects implementation.Finally,the authors point out the geographical significance in research on the history of highways in the USA,from which we can learn a lot for the development of transportation in China.

The Huaihai Urban Agglomeration is located at the eastern end of the New Eurasian Continental Bridge,and it has the strategic position in China which links north with south and east with west.The Huaihai Urban Agglomeration shoulders the important task of leading the underdeveloped region in East China as well as promoting the development of the country's central and western regions.Based on the concepts of regarding New Eurasian Continental Bridge Economic Belt and spatial reconstruction,this paper summarizes the spatial features of the Huaihai Urban Agglomeration as follows: major cities are distributed along five railways;the economic development levels of southern Shandong province and northern Jiangsu province are higher than those of northern Anhui province and eastern Henan province;the spatial structure of the Huaihai Urban Agglomeration is "smaller on both ends and bigger in the middle".On the other hand,the paper points out that there are four features in the development of the New Eurasian Continental Bridge: its position in the national opening-up strategy is more important than ever;the majority of economic zones along the Continental Bridge have been upgraded to national-level significance;urban economic activities along the Continental Bridge develop rapidly;and regional cooperation between the eastern region and mid-west regions along the Continental Bridge is deepening.The latest development of the economic belt along the Continental Bridge will bring about new challenges to the Huaihai Urban Agglomeration.In order to make a more powerful urban agglomeration which can promote the development of the eastern economic belt along the Continental Bridge,the Huaihai Urban Agglomeration should improve its present developing situation.We have calculated the index of central city functions and economic-tie strengths and confirmed that Xuzhou is the regional central city in the Huaihai Urban Agglomeration.At last,the paper proposes that the spatial planning of the Huaihai Urban Agglomeration should aim at developing a spatial pattern of "one core,five axes,and six urban clusters"."One core" is the Xuzhou megapolis;"five axes" are the Longhai axis,the Xinshi axis,the Jingjiu axis,the Jinghu axis,and the Yanhai axis;"six urban clusters" are the Xuzhou metropolitan region,the Yanhuai urban cluster,the Linzhao urban cluster,the Jihe urban cluster,the Bianshang urban cluster,and the Fubo urban cluster.In order to accomplish the spatial planning,this paper also proposes three measures as follows to cope with regional competition and co-operation: first,build a stronger regional central city with greater radiating effects;second,promote the integration of the Huaihai Urban Agglomeration;third,upgrade the planning of the Huaihai Urban Agglomeration to a national-level strategy to promote development of the entire urban agglomeration. Developing the Huaihai Urban Agglomeration is an enormous system engineering.The paper only provides a proposition on its spatial planning,which is hoped to be a reference for governmental decisions at higher levels and regional planning research.In the future more profound research is needed to be done,including infrastructure construction,industry development planning,and national promote policy.

It is feasible to distinguish the trends of households' livelihood diversification and the situation of household differentiation according to the allocation structure of their livelihood assets for it is the decisive factor of the superior asset and possible space for livelihood development.Therefore,by adopting the methods of "PAR+3S" and utilizing geo-coordinates as the identification code,this paper sets up a geo-database of "household and land" by linking the households' livelihood assets attribution and spatial information of land managed by households,and then analyzes the allocation structure of households' livelihood assets,the classification of household types and the characteristic of their spatial distribution.It comes to the conclusion as follows.Firstly,the change of rural households' livelihood differentiates greatly due to the different allocation structures of farmers' livelihood assets.A total of 113 households' natural assets were above the average,so rural households of this group tend to develop agricultural production.Totally,108 households' livelihood assets were at the average level and the main direction of such kind was to develop part-time production.some 250 households' natural assets were less than 0.10,so they were going to develop non-agricultural production.Secondly,based on the change trend of rural households' livelihood,the rural households can be divided into five groups,with the rural households developing diverse agricultural production(16%),those developing agricultural specialization(8%),those trying part-time development(23%),those developing diverse non-agricultural production(31%),and those developing non-agricultural specialization(22%),respectively.

Many scholars believe that a principal characteristic of rural poverty is its invisibility in developed countries——which means that the truth of the poverty is hidden by the status of countryside development based on the average statistical data.Taking Lianzhou city at county-level as a research area,this paper discusses the spatial manifestation of rural poverty and its invisibility characteristic.This paper uses two methods to examine the rural poverty space.The first one is using the average statistical data and quantity chart analysis method;the second one is using impoverished people data and the poverty incidence method.And then,it compares the two results.The conclusion shows that the spatial differentiation of economic development based on the average statistical data cannot reflect the spatial differentiation of poverty population truly,in other words,the aggregated official statistics,based on average levels of income and expenditure,disguise the presence of poverty within the county.Such findings have relationship with the development background of this research area and also provide some useful information to the recent local poverty elimination practices.Thus we should consider both of the average statistical data and the poverty population to confirm the reality of rural poverty in order to improve the pertinence and effectiveness of the poverty alleviation.

改革开放以来,中国经济格局呈现出明显的东中西不平衡发展特征,进入21世纪,区域协调发展逐渐得到重视,西部大开发、东北老工业基地振兴、中部地区崛起等战略的相继实施,为中国中西部地区发展提供了重要的政策支撑。河南地处我国中部地区和黄河中下游地区,是中华文明的重要发祥地,在全国经济格局中位居战略腹地,在支撑全国经济增长和沿海发达地区产业由东至西转移中具有不可替代的地位和作用。

2012年4月26-29日,2012中国地理编辑出版年会在太原师范学院成功举办。来自全国各地30多个地理期刊和有关出版社的地理编辑50多人出席了年会。会议由中国地理学会编辑出版工作委员会和太原师范学院共同主办,太原师范学院城市与旅游学院承办。

地理期刊与图书出版是地理科学研究和创新体系建设的重要组成部分,是地理科研工作的龙头与龙尾,它承担着记录和传播科技成果,促进成果转化的作用,是地理科学工作者进行学术交流的重要平台,也是地理科学工作者得到同行认可、接受社会监督的重要途径。在地理科学道德和学术规范建设中,地理科技期刊与图书出版工作具有不可替代的作用。

Rock desertification has been one of the three ecological disasters threatening human beings.Combating desertification relies on the analysis of human factors.The human driving force to rock desertification is farmers' economic behaviors in their contractual household lands.Through connecting field surveys with interviews,the authors collected some combined biological and economic samples from Nanchuan District of Chongqing City and constructed a bio-economic household model.The empirical result shows that humanland conflict does not obviously cause ecological disasters expected by scientists.The farmer's dependence on the land has more significant environment effect than the load on the land does.On the condition that the location and size of farmer's land is fixed,the poor farmers prefer to adopt the sustainable land use types because they rely more on the land,which results in the lower rate of karst rock desertification in their contractual household lands.This empirical result repudiates the prior viewpoint that poverty causes rock desertification.The cause of rock desertification is that the farmer's dependence on the land decreases when these farmers become migrant workers,however,the root cause of rock desertification is that the inappropriate ownership structure of land weakens the appeal of land to farmers.

Soil data transformed from vector to raster data is an important step for data preprocessing in most researches on regional soil carbon stocks.Based on 3 scales of soil vector databases,which are 1:50,000,1:500,000 and 1:4,000,000,a series of raster datasets with different resolutions were converted from these soil vector data.Four indices,soil type number,soil area,soil organic carbon stocks and soil organic carbon density of surface paddy soils(0-20cm)were calculated from all these vector and raster datasets respectively.Subjected to the 4indices from vector data,their relative variability(VIV,%)from raster datasets was used to assess soil data identity between the soil vector data in different scales and their responding raster datasets,respectively.Results show that optimal resolutions of raster datasets converted from these three vector data in different map scales are 0.2km×0.2km,1km×1km and 9km×9km respectively,due to the VIV of all the indices less than 1%,in which soil vector data and the responding raster dataset have an identical data precision.The optimal resolution raster data can not only meet the requisements of data precision in SOC stock researches,but also avoid data redundancy and resources wasting.The relationship between soil vector map scale and the optimal raster resolution under an identical data precision can be modeled as follows:y=0.0225x0.01233(R²=0.999),which can provide valuable reference for research on soil organic carbon stocks at regional scale.