The existing finite element numerical simulation method of groundwater flow has some defects in the three-dimensional visual spatial analysis and the expression of numerical calculation process and simulation results. In order to solve this issue, the key steps of the finite element analysis process including the conceptual model construction, spatial discretization, hydrogeological parameters extraction and initial condition assignment are taken into consideration respectively. Based on the finite element method and 3D GIS platform, the method and technique framework of the groundwater finite element numerical simulation under 3D GIS are proposed with the supports of GIS spatial analysis algorithms and computer graphics theory. In addition to describe the technique framework, the core algorithms’ implementation details are given and the complete process of 3D GIS groundwater flow simulation is presented. The groundwater simulation example demonstrates that the proposed method and technique framework are capable of simplifying the finite element analysis process and improving the calculation efficiency of the model. The whole technique framework can be integrated into 3D GIS platform, and furthermore the visualization of simulation process and calculation results can be achieved eventually.

The urban built-up area boundary is important basic information for urban studies, and is also the premise of the implementation of urban function space layout, the implementation of boundaries control. Accurate extract urban built-up area for urban construction, management and research has important guiding significance, but also reflects the city's comprehensive economic strength and the level of urbanization, one of the important indicators.The DMSP/OLS night light data has been widely used in the extraction of urban built-up areas. But due to the effects of saturated, diffuse, and low resolution problems, it is still a huge challenge to rely on the DMSP/OLS NTL mapping the urban built-up areas. In order to overcome the limitations of the data source itself, In this study, the application of hierarchical expert knowledge analysis, multi-source data extraction of the thematic information layer by layer into the extraction process, the construction of urban built-up area for the level of expert knowledge model to achieve the city built-area refinement extraction. The urban index （VANUI） was constructed by combining 250 m MODIS NDVI data with 1 km DMSP/OLS data. Based on the administrative boundary, the statistical area of the area is divided into the administrative boundary of each prefecture-level city, and the optimal segmentation threshold of each administrative unit VANUI feature image is calculated according to the regional segmentation method, so as to obtain 250 m urban boundary space information range. Meanwhile, Due to the low spatial resolution of the DMSP/OLS luminous data and the narrow range of light and light values, there is still a large gap between the optimal segmentation threshold and the built-up area. Therefore, this study proposed the maximum autocorrelation double threshold extraction method. The 30m Landsat 5 NDVI data were fused to obtain the maximum autocorrelation quadratic NDVI threshold in each 30m seed region by multi-scale segmentation of the regional threshold segmentation. According to the maximum autocorrelation threshold of each potential built-up area, each potential built-up area is revised one by one, and finally 30m urban built-up area is obtained. This paper takes the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region as the research area, the experimental results show that the total precision of extracting urban built-up area by multi-source remote sensing cooperative method is 92.9%, and it has higher validity and reliability in spatial distribution and statistical data. The results show that the results of the urban built-up area extracted by this method are not only the overall accuracy, but also the spatial extent of the visual interpretation, and the relative error of the statistical area in each prefecture-level city is small, which verifies the reliability and validity of the method in spatial distribution and statistical data, and avoids the error caused by subjective threshold selection. DMSP/OLS data can be used not only for urban area extraction, but also for the intensity and scope of human activities. Therefore, in the follow-up study, based on the identification of urban built-up area boundary, combined with the quantitative analysis of luminous data and evaluation of urban development area outside the expansion trend and internal dynamic changes for the DMSP/OLS luminous data to give full play to its effectiveness, Economic and historical values play a positive role in promoting.

The mountainous regions of Southwest China, where Chongqing Municipality is located, has typical regional environmental characteristics such as cloudy fog and less sunshine. In order to realize the spatial simulation of temperature in this geographical environment, this study proposes a model for local regression considering terrain correction factor for solar radiation. In this model, the terrain correction factor is derived indirectly by fitting the spatial distribution of global solar radiation under undulating terrain. The model combines the Geographically Weighted Regression model, the Solar Analyst model, the improved Angtrom-Prescott equation, and the multiple linear regression method. Based on temperature, relative humidity, sunshine percentage, and global solar radiation of the meteorological stations, combined with DEM data with a resolution of 100 m×100 m, this model realizes the spatial simulation of temperature under the mountainous terrain. The model has good fitting accuracy and stability. The simulation accuracy of local regression term is much higher than Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) interpolation and Kriging interpolation. It is also better than the traditional Multivariate Llinear Regression model based on latitude, longitude, altitude, sunshine percentage, and relative humidity. Further, 55 regional meteorological stations are used to verify the summer temperature simulation accuracy of a single year. The average absolute error is 0.59°C, and the errors of 38 meteorological stations are reduced after considering the terrain correction factor. The model performs well in spatial and temporal simulation of air temperature, which can reflect the influence of local terrain factors such as slope, aspect, and topographic occlusion on temperature, and has clear physical meaning. Based on the available observation data of meteorological stations, DEM, and the commercial software ArcGIS, this model is convenient to apply, especially suitable for cloudy, sunless areas like Chongqing and its surrounding mountainous regions.

In recent years, with the rapid growth of China's airports, the overlap of airports' market areas has gained increasing attention. The efficiency evaluation of airports' spatial distribution and spatial optimization of the airport layout have become a key topic in transportation geography. Based on the county-level population data in 2010, this study develops three indexes, namely population coverage ratio, population overlap ratio and redundancy ratio, and uses them to evaluate the efficiency of population coverage of civil airports during the 11th Five-year Plan (from 2005 to 2010) by comparing the three indexes of actual airports layout with the indexes from optimal models. Covering models, such as Location Set Covering Problem model and Maximal Covering Location Problem model, are used to identify the optimal airport locations and calculate the optimal indexes. The results indicate that the overall coverage ratio of China's airport system was greatly improved from 2005 to 2010, but still can be further optimized with an increase of about 27% both in 2005 and 2010. Therefore, more airports should be built in the central region of China to realize the optimization. The overlap ratio in 2010 is raised but closer to the optimal overlap ratio, which means the overlap of airports' areas was also improved from 2005 to 2010. This result also indicates that the lower population overlap ratio does not necessarily mean a better layout of the Chinese airport system, because to achieve maximum coverage is generally at the cost of a certain increase in the overlap ratio. There is a significant spatial variation in the overlap ratio. The overlap ratio of airports in the eastern region of China is higher than the optimal overlap ratio, but the overlap ratio in the central region of China is about 10% lower than the optimal overlap ratio. However, the airport redundancy increased from 2005 to 2010. One of the possible reasons is that the use of threshold distance in the airport planning improves the overlap ratio but also increases the redundancy ratio.

Based on the two dimensions of overall prosperity and achievement sharing,this paper constructs a common prosperity index system and applies the entropy method to measure the level of common prosperity in China at the provincial level from 2007 to 2020. This paper analyzes the spatial differences of common prosperity level using the Dagum Gini coefficient and portrays the dynamic evolution of its distribution using kernel density estimation. Moreover,it uses the Kaya identity and LMDI factor decomposition method to identify the driving effects of its dynamics. Conclusions are as follows: 1) The common prosperity level increased significantly on the whole and in three regions,which showed a distribution pattern of "decreasing from the east of China to the west of China". 2) The overall differences,intra-regional differences and inter-regional differences of China's common prosperity are narrowing,and the inter-regional differences are the main source of overall differences. 3) The level of common prosperity in three regions is characterized by strong unimodal aggregation,while the overall shows a trend of polarization. 4) The economic effect and equilibrium effect have significant positive driving effects on the improvement of China's common prosperity,the driving forces of social effect and efficiency effect are developing in a good direction.

Heatwave has become an extreme meteorological disaster which occurred frequently during the summer. Moreover, heatwave could evidently affect the healthy conditions of residents. Thus, study the spatial pattern of heatwave health risk would be helpful for us to prevent from and respond to the impacts of heatwaves. Using the historically meteorological datum of Xiamen, this study built a database of heatwave cases and analyzed the basic characteristics of heatwaves in Xiamen. Taking a heatwave event occurred in 2010 as a case, we analyzed the spatial pattern of heatwave health risk by using both the remote sensing data and the demographic data. It is concluded as the following statements. (1) The intensity of heatwaves in Xiamen is quite low, but its frequency is rather high. An intensive heatwave occurred occasionally. (2) The regions with high health risk are located in Xiamen Island, lying from the northeast toward the southwest. The regions with the highest healthy risk are located in the northern and southeastern Jiangtou sub-district, Huli district, and the most area of Xiagang sub-district and Siming district. (3) The human health risk pattern of Heatwave is associated with the spatial distribution of environmental and demographic factors. Generally, this study promotes and extends the scientific knowledge on the health risk of heatwaves.

An artificial Masson pinus forest has been chosen to measure the precipitation inside and outside of the forest, as well as stemflow.

Decomposition of litter plays an important role in carbon turnover and nutrients cycling in wetland ecosystem. Tide is the key feature for the estuarine tidal wetland. The wetlands of the Minjiang River estuary region are one of the major estuarine tidal wetlands in the southeast of China, and the Shanyutan is the largest wetland in the Minjiang River estuary region. Litter decomposition, nutrient dynamics and influencing factors of two native species (Phragmites australis and Cyperus malaccensis) and one exotic invasive species (Phragmites australis) were studied using mesh bag method in two sites under different tidal water submergence conditions. One site was near the tide ditch, and the other is far from the tide ditch in central Shanyutan wetland. The results indicated that: (1) Frequent tidal water submergence had no significant effects on the litter decomposition rates of three plants. (2) Frequent tidal water submergence accelerated the N and P loss of Cyperus malaccensis and Spartina alterniflora, however, it had little effect on Phragmites australis. (3) The order of litter decomposition rate was Cyperus malaccensis＞Spartina alterniflora＞Phragmites australis, with rates of 0.003166-0.005280 d 1, and the time of 95% dry mass of litter loss ranged from 1.56 to 2.61a. (4) C concentrations had only a little change, and the major pathway of C release was mineralization during the 280 days; there was an upward trend in N concentrations, at the end of the experiment, N content had a net loss and the major pathway of loss was mineralization; there was an obvious fluctuating downward trend in P concentrations at the end of the experiment, P content had also a net loss and leaching losses were responsible for much of P loss. (5) Litter quality was a main factor influencing the litter decomposition rates of the three plants. Litter decomposition rate of Cyperus malaccensis with the lowest C/P was the greatest.

The transformation and development of urban waterfront space is the key way to promote the optimization of urban space and the adjustment of industrial structure, which has become the main part of the current international urban renewal and redevelopment efforts, and a large number of relevant studies have emerged. Therefore, it is necessary to summarize the existing studies. Taking the relevant publications in the Web of Science and Science Direct databases from 1988 to 2020 as the analysis object, this study systematically examined the research results of the transformation and development of urban waterfront space abroad, summarized and analyzed the research contents and main conclusions from the aspects of the transformation process, mode, motivation and mechanism, and effect. The results show that international studies on the transformation and development of waterfront space mostly used qualitative methods to carry out descriptive analysis of cases, the research themes have shifted from paying attention to practical needs to exploring underlying academic issues and gradually diversified, and the research perspective increasingly emphasizes humanism and the concept of equality. Finally, considering the international research experience and domestic reality, this study proposed that in the future, China should change the research perspective and research object, pay attention to the comparative study of multiple cases in different regions, reveal the transformation process of urban waterfront space, simulate the transformation mechanism of urban waterfront space, and comprehensively evaluate the transformation effect of urban waterfront space, so as to optimize and improve the research system of urban waterfront space in China.

This paper discusses by using two examples the calculating question of professor Fu Baopu's experimental formula for Mountain precipitation and points out that the improvement of the calculating method for this formula suggested by yan Yuhua and Lai Hongnian which was published on Geographical research 6(1) has a lot of questions. Between the calculating result of Fu's formula and the practical material of the two examples, there appear more differentiations.

河岸(溪旁)的植被有助于调控沉积物及化学元素向江河的流失。滨海平原农田水域的研究表明,河岸林生态系统是良好的营养库,并能减少周围农田生态系统的养分流失。河岸林生态系统土壤和植被的吸收与运转,截获了农田流向河道的养分,如果定期采伐树木,那末河岸生态系统就能有效地起到短期和长期截获与贮存养分的作用,从而确保了养分的净吸收。

With Pukou District of Nanjing as an example, the article introduces SLEUTH cellular automaton model and adopts the Landsat TM/ETM+ remote sensing data in five study periods(the years of 1988, 1995, 2000, 2004 and 2008)to simulate the general situation of urban expansion of the study area with or without the planned cross-river channels.And the influence of the planned cross-river channels on the urban growth of riverside city is analyzed from the perspective of quantity increase of construction land as well as spatial growth.The research shows that:1) SLEUTH model, after adjusted and tested, could well simulate the quantity growth of construction land as well as its characteristics of spatial distribution in the study area, therefore, it could be fairly applicable to the research of urban expansion of the study area; 2) the construction of planning cross-river channel has a significant impact on accelerating the growth of riverside city, but its driving effect will gradually decline year by year.The newly increased construction land in the study area will rise by 48.05% and 62.33% in 2020 and 2030, and the contribution rate of planned cross-river channel is 20.67% and 17.50%, with a decreasing driven effect year by year, which is particularly significant in the street of Jiangpu, Dingshan and Yanjiang in "Pukou New Town".

石油供应与需求是当今世界关注的问题。西欧的石油资源十分贫乏。本世纪五十年代到六十年代,随着中东石油的开发,西欧大量增加原油进口。结果,石油在共能源消费结构中所占的比重迅速提高,西欧也成为世界上最大的原油净进口地区。在西欧各个地区的能源消费结构中石油所占的比重是不相同的。这一差异首先是由当地能源(特别是煤炭)的地理分布特点所决定的。煤炭资源比较丰富的英国、比利时、西德等国,能源消费结构中石油所占的比重较低。而当地能源十分贫乏的国家如意大利、葡萄牙、希腊等就主要依靠进口原油。西欧的原油供应主要来自西亚与非洲。在西欧各原油进口国与世界各主要原油出口地区间有着不同的组合关系。如北非原油主要到地中海沿岸各国,西非原油则多去北海沿岸国家,苏联原油则供应地中海沿岸及与东欧相邻的几国。这一组合关系主要与它们之间的相对位置有关。在“石油危机”后,西欧的石油消费量略有减少,而能源消费结构中石油所占的比重下降较多。未来的趋势是:由于其他能源利用的扩大,石油的消费量将继续下降。但在本世纪末以前,石油仍将是西欧最主要的能源。在西欧各国之间,由于能源资源与石油消费水平的差异,将表现出不同的变化趋势。

After the adoption of the policy of reform and opening-up to the outside world,many changes in politics,society and economy have taken place in the Yangtze River Delta region and have resulted in rapid expansion of urban area.Using multi-temporal remote sensing images,we analysed the spatial and temporal urban dynamic change pattern of the Yangtze River Delta region in the past two decades.The results showed that from the end of the 1980s to the year 2000,the main land use change pattern is the rapid decrease of cultivable land and forest area and the fast expansion of urban area.Urban land use in the Yangtze River Delta presents a concentrated expansion,typically from vegetation landscape to a mixed urban and rural landscape,i.e.,95% from farmland 1.8% from forest land and 1.5% from grassland.Using remote sensing image to categorize land use,monitor land use change,and calculate land use change transfer matrix is a promising method to show distributed spatial pattern of land use and land use dynamic change.There exist different constitutional proportions relating to land use dynamic changes between the first decade and the second decade.The urban sprawl speed is lower in the second decade than the first one.The land use dynamic change affects the eco-environmental change in this region.For example,the urban expansion pattern directly affects the local climate change and the air quality of this region.Analyzing the correlation between the spatial pattern of urbanization and eco-environment in this region,we found that the urban sprawl pattern is one of the direct factors affecting the spatial distribution of regional urban heat islands and spatial pervasion of urban air pollution.By comparing the relationship between the land use change pattern and eco-environment,we can provide sustained decision-making strategy for improving eco-environment,developing local economy,and promoting the social progress.

The characteristics of precipitation diurnal variations in spring and summer are investigated based on the TRMM satellite data from 1998 to 2012. The South China Sea (SCS) and surrounding areas are divided into four main regions: the South China region, Indo-China peninsula region, Malaysia region, and the SCS region. The results show that: First, in low latitude regions of the two hemispheres, the precipitation has opposite variation phases in spring and summer. In spring, the precipitation mainly occurs in Malaysia region and its surrounding area. However, in summer, the precipitation is more distributed over the SCS region and its surrounding area while the precipitation over Malaysia region is small. The Philippine islands, Indo-China peninsula, and the South China region present land pattern of diurnal variation, which means the precipitation maximum occurs after noon. For Malaysia region, the precipitation maximum occurs at night. Second, the diurnal difference is related to land-sea difference. In general, the precipitation is larger at night than that in the daytime over land area while it is larger in the daytime than at night over sea area. Moreover, the diurnal difference is generally more significant over sea area than over land area. The diurnal difference is most significant over the SCS in both spring and summer. In summer, it is also significant over the South China region. From spring to summer, the diurnal difference reduces in Malaysia and the SCS regions while it ascends in the rest two regions. Third, in summer, the Indo-China peninsula and the Philippines present similar patterns of diurnal variations. Their precipitation maximums occur at around T 17:00-20:00 in both areas, which is earlier than in spring. Meanwhile, the high precipitation period of the SCS region occurs earlier in summer than in spring. In both seasons, the diurnal variation patterns of the four regions are similar. The diurnal variations over the South China region and the Indo-China peninsula region present single peak pattern. In Malaysia region, the diurnal variation is relatively gentle. Fourth, based on the data from 1998 to 2012, in spring, the interannual variations of the occurring time of precipitation minimums are not significant in the Indo-China peninsula and the SCS regions while the variation in Malaysia region is relatively large. The interannual variations of the occurring time of precipitation maximums are little in Indo-China peninsula region. For Malaysia region, the variation has become smaller since 2005 and stayed small from 2005 to 2012. From spring to summer, the interannual variations of the occurring time of precipitation maximum become more significant over the Indo-China peninsula region and less significant over the SCS region. The interannual variations of the occurring time of precipitation maximum are similar in both seasons. Last, the seasonal difference can well illustrate the precipitation variation from spring to summer. After the burst of summer monsoon over the SCS region, the precipitation variation decreases slightly around Malaysia and equator areas while increases over South China, SCS and Indo-China peninsula regions, especially over the Philippine islands. What is noteworthy is that in South China region, the Xisha Islands and their surrounding sea show a negative seasonal difference, which means its precipitation decreases after the burst of monsoon, while the major part of this region has positive seasonal difference.

It is of significance to study the effect of land use change on ec osystem service values.This paper aimed to provide decision support for sustain able use of resources and protection of eco-environment by assessing land use change and its consequent changes in ecosystem service values of Jilin Province .We obtained land use data by interpreting remote sensing images.Based on dyna mic data of land use in Jinlin,this paper analyzed changes in land use and ecos ystem service values using the ecosystem service value coefficients put forward by Costanza et al.In addition,coefficients of sensitivity were introduced to test the rationality of ecological value coefficients.Results show that from1 980to2000,area of rangeland,water bodies and wetlands decreased and oth er categories of land use increased.Due to comparatively small valuation coeffi cients(VC)of cultivated land and comparatively big VC of wetland and water bod ies,the increment in cultivated land could not offset the total decrement in regional ecosystem service values because of decrease in area of wetlands and wa ter bodies.Meanwhile,city sprawl has also led to loss of ecological values.T he total ecosystem service values of the study area reduced dramatically,from U SD12365.14×10 6 to USD10700.38×10 6 in period1980-2000.There was a13.46%net decline in annual va lue of ecosystem services in study area(i.e.USD1664.76×10 6 net decline in total ecosystem service values)and a0.72%decline per ye ar.In recent five years,the degradation of woodland,wetland and rangeland sl owed down because of enhancement of eco-environment protection.There was an 0.54%decline per year in ecosystem service values from1995to2000,w hile there was an0.78decline per year from1980to1995,which shows t hat the decline in ecosystem service values has been lessened in recent five ye ars.

In order to analyze the function and influence of government and community support activities on household livelihood diversification resilience, we put forward a general measurement framework for estimating and analyzing resilience. The household resilience was computed, estimated and analyzed by means of empirical methods, based on the data for livelihood and environment collected via survey in Shaanxi Ankang. We found that the general resilience and special resilience of livelihood diversification resilience are constant, and the value of the resilience is related to transformation. The relationship between vulnerability and adaptability is changed by transformability, and household livelihood income becomes more stable, while the component of the household income becomes more uncertain. It is measured and judged by resilience that we estimate the development ability and the sustainability of the livelihood diversification of household and community. We find that on the way of helping the poor population get rid of poverty by the process of poor identification, the procedures of finding the poor and supporting them both affect the resilience of livelihood activities that belong to the whole household and community, therefore reducing the rural sustainable livelihood ability of households and communities. This paper makes progress from a traditional appraisal system to a measure and analysis system of the quantitative research for livelihood diversification resilience research framework. This research will support the basic study of theory research and practical analysis for poverty relief, as well as the strategic adjustment for poverty alleviation and development under new situations.

Public security events are the results of the interaction of 'Human-Space-Time' in a specific context. Public security spatial planning and the corresponding administration system are important approaches to deal with the public security events in the long term. Based on the framework of 'Human-Space-Time' interaction in the public security planning, this paper reviews the relevant research about 'prevention, early warning, emergency dispatching, and post-disaster recovery'. On this basis, the framework of content, technical methods and support system of public security spatial planning is constructed. First, the content system should be consistent to the multi-level spatial planning system and the national emergency response mechanism. It is necessary to implement special planning and comprehensive planning, focusing on the problems of the planning and management of space, facilities and emergence response in terms of natural disasters, accident disasters, public health events and social security events. In terms of the technical method system, it is necessary to build and improve the methodological and technical support system of space-time elements identification and analysis, space-time process simulation and early warning of public security events. Last, for the support system, it is necessary to improve the space-time accessibility of the public security facilities system and strengthen the public security oriented social governance, based on the new infrastructure construction such as the space-time big data management system.

The direct pollution generation coefficient and complete generation coefficient of wastewater, air pollutants and solid waste were analyzed, based on the China's green input-output table. Furthermore, the pollutant control cost and its economic impact were simulated. Some results are shown as follows. (1) The complete generation coefficient of certain industries, such as production and supply of electric power and heat power, manufacture of raw chemical materials and chemical products, smelting and pressing of ferrous metals, processing of petroleum and coking, extraction of petroleum and natural gas, was higher than that of other industries, and the industries should be taken as main regulatory targets. (2) The simulated control cost of wastewater was 6.4 yuan/t, the control cost of air pollutants was 2136 yuan/t, and the control cost of solid waste was 101 yuan/t. In comparison, the actual cost of wastewater was 3 yuan/t, the actual control cost of air pollutants was 305 yuan/t, and the actual control cost of solid waste was 30 yuan/t in 2007. The simulated control cost was 2.1 times, 2.4 times and 2 times the actual cost. (3) If simulated pollutant control costs were imposed, the prices of certain industries would be impacted heavily and the prices change of certain industries were higher than 10%, such as production and supply of electric power and heat power, mining and processing of non-ferrous metal ores, mining and processing of ferrous metal ores, manufacture of paper and paper products, smelting and pressing of non-ferrous metals, smelting and pressing of ferrous metals, manufacture of non-metallic mineral products. (4) It is not feasible that the cost of environmental pollution control entirely was undertaken by the enterprises from the simulation results. On one hand, government controls environmental pollution through collection of sewage charges or emissions trading. On the other hand, environmental pollution should be treated by intensive treatment to play investment benefit and scale economic effect. Thus, "Those that make pollution should pay for its cost" could bring more benefits than "Those who make pollution should control it".

In the era of the knowledge economy, the primary emphasis of technological innovation is shifting towards networked, open, and multi-agent interactive collaborative innovation. However, there are numerous debates surrounding network structure and performance, primarily stemming from the neglect of the crucial role of the knowledge base. Currently, the research focus on the knowledge base of industries is to understand the relationship between analytical knowledge base, synthetic knowledge base, and regional innovation systems. Scholars have explored the multi-scale spatial patterns in analytical industries. But the attention to the innovation networks of synthetic industries is limited to smaller spatial scales, which has certain limitations. With the expansion of enterprise scale and the rise of multinational company platforms, as well as the need to overcome the negative effects of excessive localization, the characteristics of cross-border innovation networks in synthetic industries have become increasingly prominent. Nevertheless, there is limited research conducted from a global perspective on long-term time series analysis of innovation networks in synthetic industries. Because of it, taking the energy conservation and environmental protection industry as a case of synthetic industry, and industrial innovation network among 193 countries from 2000 to 2020 was constructed. We studied the topological structure, spatial pattern evolution characteristics and its proximity mechanism in synthetic industry. The results show that: Firstly, the scale of the global innovation network for energy conservation and environmental protection industry continues to expand, but the development level is low. The technical cooperation between countries has the characteristics of preferential attachment, which shows a core-edge structure of strong core and radial. The disequilibrium characteristics of the network are obvious but have a reduced trend. Secondly, in the development process of global cooperation in energy conservation and environmental protection industry, a clear regionalization trend is evident, with a stable spatial orientation. This situation has led to the formation of multiple clusters of industry and technology cooperation that continuously diverge and integrate. Thirdly, the promoting effects of geographic proximity, technological proximity, and institutional proximity on cross-border cooperation in energy conservation and environmental protection industry continue to strengthen. The positive influence of social proximity remains at a high level throughout the three stages, while the impact of cultural proximity remains insignificant. Lastly, the relations between geographical proximity and technological/institutional proximity are complementary. The interaction effect between geographical proximity and cultural proximity is not significant. Geographical proximity and institutional proximity have significant complementary effects only in the third stage.

The spatial interpolation of some physical geographical elements is becoming increasingly important nowadays in resources management, disaster control, environment improvement and the research of global change. The core of the spatial interpolation of those elements is to seek the functions that can reveal their characteristics of spatial distribution. But, as for specified regions and sample data, there are many functions in the list for choice. And the best choice is difficult to make because of the complex effects from theoretical foundation, algorithm, temporal spatial scale, and attributes of sample data. By referring to the major achievements in the interpolation research field, this paper comes to the point that the accuracy of certain spatial interpolation depends on its capability of reflecting the element's spatial variance and spatial correlation. Models using other elements as variables, when regression variable has high correlation with interpolation variable, will give more accurate results than others, because they have better reflection of spatial variance. Models without other element variables change in accuracy according to their consideration of the anisotropic characteristics or not. With spatial temporal scales' variance, the disposed spatial variance and correlations will be different, which affects the interpolation accuracy. The density, spatial distribution, data extent of sample points also makes the interpolation results different for the same reason. As for applications, the optimal interpolation method should be picked out after the analysis of those spatial characteristics embedded in the sample dataset.

The research on the LOICZ and the buffer area in the eastern coast,Laizhou Bay,three points were obtained.1 Buffer area of coastal zone The main idea of buffer area layout is to actualize effective projecting and controlling in the region of acute LOICZ,in order to harmonize the relations among population,resources and environment.The possibilities and feasibilities of coast zone programme are summed up in the following: ①The multi-environment in the Holocene（such as lagoon,billabong etc.） is the base of the coastal zone system stability. ② Sea water intrusion,coastal zone erosion and land degradation occurrence since the 1960s need to be prevented and controlled.③ The start of the Chinese Nature Foundation Item,"coastal zone eco-recovery research",marks the initiation of eco-recovery and rehabilitation.④ The intense LOICZ,concentrating in coastal zone,forms the core of buffer area which should be the focus of study and planning.2 The frames and functions of coastal zone There are archaic lagoons sandy coast,sandy coast of gentle deposits,artificial coast and estuarine coast which are generalized into three basic types: confined type of geomorphology in archaic lagoons,opened type and artificial coastal type.The opened type includes estuarine coast and deposit coast.The cross section of the coast is divided into three buffer belts.The belt Ⅰ lies between the low tidal line where only the greatest tide could arrive.Its function is to prevent the marine hydraulic action.The belt Ⅱ is from high tidal line to the farthest land affected most seriously by tide-storm in the history.This belt could mitigate the destruction caused by tide-storm and flood.And the belt Ⅲ extends to the distributing parts of the alluvium and diluvium of the mid Holocene and was mainly affected by hails,so relevant measures should be taken to reduce the loss of hail disaster.3 The boundary and dynamic process of buffer area It is the most important modality which interacts between fresh water and sea water.As a matter of fact,the transitional zone between fresh water and sea water was very wide in Chinese coast.Within the transitional zone,the main cations-exchange among water and rock occurred between Na⁺ and Ca²⁺,but K⁺is strongly adsorbed in mixed water.From coast into land,the Na⁺ and Mg²⁺were reducing and the Ca²⁺ was enriching and reached its extreme by the margin of the transition zone.The extent of the transition zone varied from 2 km to 4 km in Laizhou area,from 1.5 km to 3.5 km in Longkou area and from 1.5 km to 6.0 km as a whole.

海南岛位于祖国南端,面积仅次于台湾,是我国第二大岛.地处热带北缘,具有热带和亚热带自然条件的过渡特征.岛上气候温暖,四季气温相差不大,雨量充沛.植物生长繁茂,终年花果不断,为食草兽类提供了极为有利的自然条件.总面积虽只有32,200方公里,但兽类的种类约占我省兽类的70%以上(已知有71种),而且种群的数量也很多.

Mining activities seriously interfere with the regional land use, which lead to a strong influence in ecosystem. After collecting many studies related to ecosystem service values (ESVs) in resource-based cities in China, this paper extracts a series of variables with Meta-analysis to establish benefit transfer models for assessing ESVs of cultivated land, forest land, grassland and waters especially in mining cities, then examines the feasibility of these models in Wu’an City to evaluate the ESVs of Wu’an in 1987, 2001 and 2014. The results show that: 1) the benefit transfer method can effectively assess the ESVs in mining cities; 2) there is a declining trend after the increase in the total ESVs of Wu’an, and a significant decrease occurred after 2001; 3) from the aspect of land area, the degree that the mining activities interfere with the land use type is cultivated land>grassland>waters>forest land from 1987 to 2014; from the aspect of the ESVs, the degree that the mining activities interfere with the land use type is cultivated land>waters>grassland>forest land; and 4) when the total area of ecological land reduces, a reasonable optimization of ecological land structure can improve the total ESVs rather.

Resilience is an important basis for formulating urban sustainable development policies. Shrinkage, a new phenomenon in the process of urban development that contrasts with growth, presents comprehensive characteristics of a reduction in total volume and its effects due to the outflow of development elements such as population. Whether and how shrinkage affects urban resilience has become one of the core scientific issues to be addressed in the construction of urban resilience. This paper, based on comparative inductive analysis, conducts an empirical analysis taking Northeast China, where shrinking cities are most concentrated, as an example. The results show that: (1) There is a clear "shrinkage effect" on the resilience of shrinking cities in the Northeast, characterized by the resilience level of non-shrinking cities being significantly higher than that of shrinking cities, resilience declining with the evolution of the shrinkage stage, and a spatial pattern of higher resilience in the south and lower in the north. (2) The impact of shrinkage on urban resilience exhibits dimension heterogeneity and path transmissibility: it has a positive shrinkage effect on social resilience, ecological environment resilience, and infrastructure resilience, affecting them through the mechanism of "population outflow leading to an increase in per capita occupancy level of resilience indicators→resulting in the improvement of subsystem resilience of social-ecological environment, and infrastructure based on stock indicators"; it has a negative shrinkage effect on economic resilience, which is most sensitive and significant, affecting it through the mechanism of "loss of development elements such as population, capital, factories, and enterprises and other coupling effects→leading to limited urban development capacity, reduced development efficiency, constrained local finances→resulting in the decline of urban economic resilience based on incremental indicators". The former represents a quantitative increase, while the latter represents a qualitative decline. (3) The impact of shrinkage on urban resilience is essentially the dynamic changes and overlapping effects of shrinkage-induced urban GDP, urban permanent population, intermediate variables such as local fiscal tax revenue, etc., presenting feedback results that affect the city's comprehensive competitiveness and guarantee capability. Therefore, in revealing the shrinkage effect of urban development, the essence of "shrinkage and shrinking cities" should be deeply explored. This study is a useful expansion and extension of existing research on urban resilience, shrinking cities, and their coupling, and is expected to provide a universal research paradigm for other related shrinkage effect studies, as well as theoretical basis and reference for the construction of resilience in shrinking cities.

Neolithic culture series in the Yishu River Basin developed in the order of Beixin culture–Dawenkou culture–Longshan culture–Yueshi culture. During the early and middle stage of Longshan culture (4600–4300 cal. yr BP), the climate in the Yishu River Basin was warm and wet. Paddy-oriented agriculture planted paddy was very developed. The society was flourishing with great amount of archaeological sites. The cooling starting in 4200 cal. yr BP made the paddies shortfall in output or even no seeds were gathered. This situation in-tensified the discrepancy between population and resource. The scarcity in natural resource led to substantial decrease in population and subsequent drop in archaeological sites. About 4000 cal. yr BP Longshan culture was displaced by Yueshi culture which was relatively un-derdeveloped, simple and unsophisticated.