This study is based on data of daity depth and density of snow cover and snow days recorded at 28 meteorological observing stations from 1951 to 1988 in Qilian Mt. region and snow cover parameters retrievals from ANHRR during October 1986 to June 1988. The space distributions, seasonal and annual variations of days, Maen depth, cumulative daily depth and density of snow cover have been analyzed and snow water resources have been estimated. In all of Qilian Mt. region the mean annual amount of snowfall is 160.5×10⁸m³, whereas the mean spring(April to May) snow water storage and snowmelt runoff (late-March to early-June)are estimated to be 17.5×18⁸m³ and 12.5×18⁸m³, respectively. They account for 10.9% and 7.8% of the mean annual snowfall, respectively. It is indicated that consumptions of evaporations and infiltrations make up 92% of the annual amount of snowfall.

The determination of drafting unit, the diuision of grades of drawing in background maps and some other problems in the statistic map of the division of grades of background contents in nine natural areas of econmics of China have been discussed and saummed up in the paper. The determinative principle of drafting units is based on the main and comprehensive factors which affect regional distribution of elements contents in soils; significant test ia used to divide grades of background contents.

Supposing the geographical diffusion of population is Brown movement, the mechanics spacial interaction is explained to be a macro image of diffusion of population, the population is idenitcal particle which life is limited with: N=A√texp^(-bt) Where N: Number of particle, t: life time, A and B are parameters. The population-particles of two region alternate each other, it will produce a image showing potential characteristics under stable condition, a alternative force will produce because of the potential, it is spacial interaction.

The 286 grid data of monthly mean SST from 1949 to 1987 in North Pacific are analysed by the prinicipal component analysis.Based on the analysis, there are twelve patterns of annual variation of the North Pacific SST. This paper gives a disussion on characteristics of the first three annual variation patterns which account for 95 percent of the total variance.Contributive percentages of these first three patterns at each grid point are also calculated respectively.Thus the North Pacific SST cans be divided into eight regions, as a result of inspecting the special distribution of the percentages.Finally, the different SST statistical feature within each region has been explained.

The present meandering streams in Hebei Plain, with I.28-I.79 sinuosity, are mixing loaded rivers.Usually, there is an erosional surface and a fluvial stagnant phase sediment of pebbles and muddy nodules at the base of the point-bar. Above it, sediment developed fining upward trend of the grainsize, and became silt with plant roots at the top. The depositional structures were mainly made up of trough-cross beddings, accompanied with parallel、horizontal、climbing and ripple beddings, occasionally tabular beddings, Sametimes, different deformational structures were also found.The basic units of point-bars in meandering streams are inclined bodies, One point-bar is probably composed of several diagonal sedimentary bodies. Every body had the fundamental characters of the point-bar. Every two adjacent bodies bordered each other with an inclined erosion surface. It is often situated in the upper-middle part, sometimes reached to the base of the sediment, A mark of mud or muddy silt cover on the sedimentary body is usually found, which shows significant change of the streamflow.

The tourism resources of the Jinshitan Scenery Area is recently being surveyed and planned. This research is combined with geo-science study and ae sthetical assessment by artists.The scenery structure of this area possesses five featuies.The main sceneries of this area are marine abrasion marvellous spectacles, which mainty include two kinds of natural work of art. (1) sculptural parks sculptured by god", so called by a great sculptural master, i.e.various plastic landforms; (2) no-programme natural abstract frescoes painted by colour superhuman conjuror.This area, based on its scenery structure, should be among the best of coestal scenery areas in china.. In addition, its transportation position is advantageous and near Dalian City, its locational condition is good. Therefore, if its development and construction are promoted, especially when the coastal zone is afforested, this area can be gradually develojed into a first-rate tourism area.

Zhu Keshen, being an eminent geographer, he concerned with the problem of population for a long time. The problem he studied may be fallen into three catalogues. (1)The population density of Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, (2) Comparison of the population thought of HongLiangji (1746-1809), a Qing scholar and of T.R.Malthus(1766-1834), and (3)Zhu considered that the rapid expansion of popnlation of Qing Dynasty between 1741-1851 A.D. was a result of the introducing these crops of high productivity, such as corns and sweet potatoes abroad. The former was an article published, and the latter two were found in his diary between 1936-1949, the last view was also supported by J.K.Fairbank, who expounded this view in his work entitled,《The United States and China》.These three topics are the most important problems of population researches of China until present.

During 1978 and 1980, the author investigated into Loulan two times to and discovered on ancient river channel in the city, and did some measurement on the depth of wind-erosion inside and out side the ancient city.The ancient river channel has been seriously winderoed.It can be discerned that its strike is NS-SE. Once the river flowed into the city from NW and out of the city towords SE, finally contributing to the Lop lake.The width of the remains of the "V"formed river bottom is about 8 m The width of the bank is 2m. The depth of the original river channel was about 2-2.6m. On both sides of the river channel, there is apparent bedding with the inclined angle of 15-20° At the bendings of the channel, the inclined angle of the bedding inside the bank is greater than that out side the bank. Some remains of spiral shells have been'found in the channel. Some carbornised boughs have been found buried under the bottom of the river. Various kinds of pottery fragments, boughs, and tree trunks have been found distributed on both banks. The discovery of the ancient river channel has provided scientific evidence for the study of the life of residents in Loulan at that time, of the arrangement of the city, and of the prosperity and recession of Loulan.To measure and estimate the wind-erosion landform, G poitts have been chosen and 14 azimuths have been measured. The regulation found is. the winb erosion depth on the side against wind is greater than that on the opposite side, outside city greater than inside city,in the direction of NE greater than in the direction of SW.The wind erosion chiefly resnlts from NE wind and SW wind, in addition to low level jet-stream and the sinking energy of high level NK wind.From the measurement, the average wind-erosion rate is 3.5mm/year, with the minimum of 2.4mm/year nd the maximum of 4.7mm/year.The measurement of the wind-erosion depth and the estimate of wind-erosion rate can provide new scientific dasis ror sand-desert control,ecological dalance,and oasicprotection.

This paper analyses the influences of urban geomorphological environment on the urban road system and holds that the relief volume and dis seeted degree of surface and geomorphological processes change the construction cost of urban roads, and they control the layout of the urban road syste m in a certain extent.Taking several cities in Sichuan province as examples, the author analyses characters of urban road system in mountains, in hills and in plains, and approaches to the effects of various types of urban geomorphological environment in the forming and evolvement of the urban road system.Generally speaking, in mountains and in hills, urban geomorphological environment has a great relief, more dissected surface and more active processes, so it gives clearly effects to the urban road system.In plains, urban geomorphological environment if favourable to the construction of roads, so the urban road system mainly reflects needs of urban traffic, transport and layout.

这是本刊《1988～1989年地理学新书》的续集。到目前为止,这个小小的栏目已经有五年了,五年只是地理学发展历史长河中短短的一瞬,然而它所走过的道路,却很值得我们骄傲,地理科学的繁荣与发展,在这里留下了值得纪念的一页,也为广大地理工作者提供了一定的方便。由于没有经验,虽然得到了地理所图书室同志大力支持,但我们还是战战竞竞怀着一种不安的心情渡过了五个年头,而每看到地理学在所走过道路上留下的“足迹”,又使我们得到一点安慰。遗诚的是一些综合性的工作,一些评介工作没有跟上去。否则或许对读者的帮助更大一些。值得我们高兴的是,由河南地理所等有关地理研究单位联合编辑出版了《中国地理著作要览》(1949~1988年)该书的出版,和我们地理学新书己经不单纯是一种情报检索性题录,而是把我们带进了地理学历史的回顾与发展中,我们广大地理学工作者,也将带着它迈向90年代,跨入一个新的世纪。再次地感谢地理研究所图书室同志们的帮助,我们也更希望广大读者和图书工作者能参与这一工作,为地理学的发展作出我们微薄的贡献。这一期地理学新书是由地理研究所图书室文仓生同志辑录的。

以历史人文地理作为讨论中心的国际中国历史地理讨论会于1990年11月12日～18日在上海由复旦大学历史地理研究所主持召开。参加会议的有国内学者110多人、日本学者6人、香港学者1人。谭其骧先生在大会开幕式上作了“积极开展历史人文地理研究”的大会主题报告。提交大会的论文也以历史人文地理为主。此次大会,对于推动中国历史人文地理研究具有重要意义。

1990年11月5日至9日,来自地理、地质、建筑、风景、园林、经济、文化、地图、政府、新闻等多个部门61家单位81名代表云集黄山市屯溪镇,围绕区域旅游开发专题进行了广泛而热烈的讨论,取得了单有成效的多方面成果。中国旅游协会为本次会议发来贺信。与会代表首先注意到我国旅游开发正处于十分重要的转轨变型时期。不少学者认为,我国经过十年左右的大规模旅游开发,各地旅游资源的普查与低层次的开发阶段已基本结束。

国家教委理科地理教材编审委员会第五次会议于1990年11月15—17日在南京大学召开。编委会主任著名地理学家任美锷教授、付主任委员王恩涌教授及其它地理著名教授周淑贞、程潞、金祖孟、赵济、包浩生、陈传康、夏邦栋等20位委员出席了大会。这次会议的主要议题是,对十年来的编委会工作进行总结,对今后教材工作提出建议。

All kinds of resistance model of evaporation, from the simple single-layer to complicated multilayer-models, have been widely applied. There is an argument in literature that single-layer models are incorrect but useful, whereas multilayer models are correct but useless. Discussion and judgement on these two kinds of model were made in this paper, both models have sound physical basis, but they are best suited for somewhat different tasks. Both types of model are therefore correct and useful within their respective sphere of approximation and applicability. Single-1 yer models are appropriate where one is concerned with vegetation essentially as a permeable lower boundary to the atmosphere (or upper boundary to the soil) in system with a length scale much larger than that of the vegetation itself; for example, in studies of the atmospheric planetary boundary layer and the atmospheric general circulation, or in hydrological modelling of medium-scale or large-scale catchments. On the other hand, multilayer models are appropriate when it is necessary to resolve detail within the canopy, either because the detail is important in its own right or because the height scale of the vegetation is comparable to that of the system under study, for example, the interaction between microclimate and physiology, or the hydrology of small forested catchments.

Based on geomorphology, chronology, sedimentology and historic geography, the range of East River delta was studied and the top of the delta was believed to be at the mouth of Chilinxia gorge which stretches upstream about 23 km. The circumjacent and delta geomorphic characteristics were studied, the former is characterized by a mountain circumference, multitudinous streams which converge into the delta and an irregular circumference, the latter is characterized by a low and smooth plain, a crisscross network of streams and prosperous deposition. Some factors which influence the geomorphological development of East River delta were also studied. 1. the fault block basin controls, the geomrphological development. 2. big amount of water and silt with the south subtropic monsoon climate is the sources of delta sedimentation; 3. the stream flows are the main external forces in the process of geomorphological development in this area. 4, transgression, tidal current and saltwater encroachment are the main marine forces to mould the present delta.According to the drill holes and their analyses of chronology, sedimentology, paleontology, the process of geomorphological development of East River delta can be divided into 5 periods. (1) Q₃^2-1 period of alluvial deposition.(2) Q₃^2-2 period of old delta in which the top of delta was near Zhongtan.(3) Q₃³ period of weathering and alluvial fans. (4) Q₄¹-Q₄² period of new delta in which the top of delta reached near the mouth of Chilinxia gorge.(5) ₄³ period of deposition and stretching of the present delta plain.

A state-space model is presented for analysing and formulating groundwater system in this paper.From several models of groundwater system, such as ideal analytical model, numerical model, statistical model, response function model, and based on the principle of water balance and Darcy's Law, a general dynamic equation of groundwater system is deduced and established. Physical and test approaches are summarized as two main identification means of groundwater system and their advantages are analysed respectively.Taking 3 groundwater sites in Taiyuan, Shannxi province as an example, the model parameters of the groundwater system have been identified with long-series observed data of input and output.

Fluctuations of closed lake level results from the relative changes of lake water and volume of lake basin. For the closed-lake was constructed by drainage input lake and evaporation of lakesurface at the thousand years scale. So it was very sensitive that the fluctuations of closed-lake level respond to the changes of climate.It has provided trustworthy and easy comparison evidence to analyse the geomorphology of lake basins, lacustrine deposits, geochemical information and orgnisms ecological character reserved in the lacustrine deposits. Since 17000 a.B.P. the closed-lake level was shrinking, but appeared three stages of high lake level in the Middle kunlun Mountains. Recently, the closed-lake lever is shrinking. In future, the closed-lake level will shrink continually.

Landscape sensitivity is a measure of the probability of a landscape being noticed. It is a function mainly of the following factors, slope relative to the observer, distance from the view point, probability that the landscape could be seen and visual contrast level of the landscape with its surroundings, A landscape as a visual system and an ecosystem has some capacity to absorb, assimilate, and recover from, visual and ecological .mpact caused especially by human activity, and this capacity of landscape is measured by impact resista-bility which can be effectively assessed according to slope, aspect and other landform characteristics. The assessment of landscape sensitivity and impact resistability, together with the assessment of landscape quality, are the bases of landscape preservation planning.

The research profile is situated at Liushuwan of southern Maowushu sandy land at about 25 km morth of the Jingbian City of Shannxi Province, 37°46'N, 108°50'E.The profile with a thickness of 6.24 m is fluvial and lacustrine deposits with many layers of sandy-peats. The age of the sediments belongs to Holocene period according to ¹⁴C dating.Since 13000 years B. P., herbaceous Artemisia has been dominated in vegetation, and the climate has een always drier in the temperate zcne, during which period the vegetation and the climate changed as follows. In 13000-9000 years B.P.,the climate was dry and cold.In 9000-4000 years B.P., the climate was warm and relatively humid.Since 4000 years B.P., the climate was dry and lukewarm, and it was wet at about 1500 years B.P..The accumulation of sand in the locality existed before 13000 years B.P. and continued until present. In 4000 yeras B.P., the dryness of climate began obvious. During the recent 1000 years, the tendency of the dry climate and the accumulation of sand have been accelerated by human activities.

On the basis of the analysis of the relationship between the subtropical high over the Northwest Pacific and sea surface temperature over the East Equatorial Pacific, we have developed a new method for long-term forecasting of the intensity and location of subtropical high. On the ground of this, the location of the rain-belt and distribution of precipitation during rainy season may be also estimated. We have gained good results of forecasting from 1976-now and also analysed mechanism of influence. This paper is a review on making long-term forecasting of subtropical high by using sea surface temperature.

The relationships (including both the similarities and the differences) between the meandering river and anabranched one have been discussed with some relevant experimental results. The analysis shows that anabranched pattern is one that belongs to the realm of the meandering river, but the former needs more additional limited conditions than the latter for its development.

Referring to papers presented to the International Conference on Aral crisis and relative literature on journals of Soviet Union and by the author's field work, the causes, consequences and ways of solution of Aral crisis are described in this article. It is argu'd that the unbalance of economic and social development with population, resources, ecology and environment in regional development is the main cause of Aral crisis. The ways of solution of Aral crisis would be as follows:1) Saving water, including restructuring of agricultural land use and crop cultivation, improving of irrigation system and irrigation technique and optimal controlling of agriculture drain off w.ter:2) Exploiting new water resource; water transferring from otherdralnage basin, artificial precipitation and transferring-oriented of water gas. Finally, the trends of Aral crisis development are discussed.

According to each thermal index of the northern boundary of subtropical zone, the formulation of the thermal synthetic index has been constructed in this paper: The thermal synthetic index of 117 stations has been calculated.The concrete geographic location of.northern boundary of subtropical zone was determined by using quantitative analysis. It reflects the boundary of the moisture-dry far-mis.g and the double cropping of rice and the economic forest of subtropical zone at present, which has significant agricultural sense. Calculating the guaranteed and mean value of water-thermal variable and combining geography, landscape and cropping system, the feature and breadth of the transitional zone between subtropical zone and warm-temperate have been advanced. The spatial and temporal internal relations of climatic variable in the transitional zone have been analyzed. That will lay the foundation for further analysis of agroclimatic resources.

The first part of this paper is an analysis of urban geographical environment in Hangzhou city proper,The second part, a three-level scheme of land-type classification for the city of Hangzhou has been adopted. The first-order landtypes are"Land system", the second-order landtypes are "Sections", and the third-order landtypes are "Yards". Land system, Section and Yard approximate to the Местностб, Урочцще and Фадпя of U.S.S.R. Yards are the major mapping units at a scale of 1:10,000. Besides, some problems about principles and methods of urban physical geography are discussed in this paper.Three maps of landtypes in Hangzhou city proper are made.There are the map of land system at a scale of 1:50, 000, the map of land section at a scale of 1:10,000, and the map of yard at a scale of 1:10,000.

90年代地理学将如何发展,这是每一个地理工作者关心的问题。世界是发展的,我们不可能准确地描绘一幅90年代的图像,但是根据学科性质和社会经济和政治发展的需要,我们可以而且也必须估计基本方向。90年代地理学将在正确处理人地关系这一科学原则引导下,积极响应人口、资源、环境和发展四大问题的挑战,为此需要渗透到国民经济建设和国际政治关系的更多领域中去,发挥自己的综合性、地域性功能去解决实际问题和发展自己的理论。为了迎接90年代的挑战,我们必须有一个对地理学问题的新思考,回答地理学发展的若干基本问题。

地理学的传统研究对象是作为人类之家的地球表面,是人类赖以生存和发展的地理环境。长期以来,地理学是研究人类活动与地理环境的相互关系,即人地关系地域系统的科学。它的任务在于深入揭示其结构功能、物能流通、动态演变、地域分异及优化调控等。自然地理和人文地理是地理学的两大分支,作为整体的地理学具有跨越自然科学和社会科学的性质,这在传统学科中是独具一格的。

80年代中国地理学取得了令人瞩目的成就。毋庸讳言,也潜伏了不少问题,如基础理论研究削弱,传统研究领域被兄弟学科取代,重复研究过多,拓展新领域不足,尤其是关系国计民生的研究领域开拓深广度不够。所以90年代的地理学,必须走巩固提高、拓展创新的道路。所谓巩固提高,就是巩固传统的研究领域,不断革新研究方法,提高研究工作精度和为国民经济建设服务的质量;所谓拓展创新,就是适应社会发展的新形势,在强化地理科学综。

中国科学院有关水的29个研究单位的40余名代表于3月12—13日在北京召开会议,正式成立“中国科学院水问题联合研究中心”。孙鸿烈副院长到会讲了话。会议讨论了“中心”的章程、中心任务、活动内容与方式及组织建设等问题。