Problems and limitation of the gradient-diffusion theory have been revealed with experiments recently made,The validity of this theory has also been discussed,the length scale of eddies must be much less than the spatial scale of the variation of gradients In terms of the Eulerian integration method the length scales of eddies were estimated for several examples in the near-surface air layer,under which the gradient-diffusion theory failed to be effection

There are two kinds of sampling environments for dendrochronological study.At the typical environment,the tree growth may basically follow the regulation of progressive decrease with the increased age .The standardization could be adopted by the classical approach for tree-growth reduction in dendrochronology However,the tree-growth pattern seems more complex at the non-typical environment,where the climate is warmer and wetter The approach,including the application of polynomial and/or spline functions,could be con-sidered With different sampling environments,the applicabilities for various reduction functions have been analysed in this paper

During recent years,the occurrence of abrupt climatic changes during the earth's history has aroused much interest.Recent investigations have shown the occurrence of catastrophes in the behavior of radically simplified deterministic climate models,and the existence of Abrupt Climatic change in the past times.There might be various kinds of abrupt changes existed in the climatic system,but two types of abrupt climatic change were usefull.Type 1 was a simple state change,i.e.,a repid and statistically significant change in some observed measure of the climate system s regime that occured in the absence of any fundamental change in the system's structure,or any long-term change in its external boundary conditions,such as the first killing frost,and the onset of the monsoon.Type 2 is a rapid change of climate that reflects a long-term change in the system's bounmdary conditions.Such events must occur occasionally,for example,as slow tectonically driven changes in geography permit new nodes of atmospheric or oceanic circulation.

Thermal inertia is a useful tool for estimating soil moisture.Remote sensing of thermal inertia lias developed quickly in recent years.Based on our work for several years,using information of distribution in a thermal infrared image and calibration at a field point,parameterization of the sensible heat flux and latent heat flux were done,in which information of soil water content was taken and the thermal inertia model was improved.In the farm field of plain,we calculated the differences of sensible heat flux of each pixels in a thermal infrared image using the maximum temperature point to be as a basic calibrated point and using information of soil temperature between pixels.In the same thermal infrared image,the latent heat flux of the wettest point was also as a basic calibrated point.Based on the linear function between evaporation and evaporativity and soil moisture,we fed back the soil moisture to the thermal inertia model and took the information of thermal inertia and soil moisture.The thermal inertio model which use two approximate hypotheses was tested and verified by measured data in our remote sensing experimental site.When the soil moisture is more than 15% and the change of the horizontal wind speed is not too big,the calculated precision of soil moisture will be high.The mean error is less than 10%.

With different criteria,inland always selects a harbour which is considered as most suituble to export its goods.The resulting economic hinterland becomes the social and economic base to realize export trade and affected harbours development.The criteria may be least-distance,least-time,least-cost,or their combination,etc,Also because of the increase or decrease of harbour's handling capacity,the extension or interruption of traffic lines at sea or at land.,the technical innovation,the variation of traffic cost,etc.,the economic hinter land is varied and changed dynamicly.

Through analysis on the historical population data from 1954 to 1984,the paper illustrates the main changes of provincial population migration in China and the major causes of" those changes,The paper divided the data into 4 periods,1.1954-1959.It was a period when the first Five-year-planning program was carried out and the movement of "Great Leap Forward" took place in China.Most provinces in Northeast China,North China and Northwest Chin?got an unprecedented big number of net imigrants.But because the migration was mainly Rural-Urban one,so even the provinces with net out-migrants had increased its urbanization level,2.1960-1971.This was a period when the first economic adjustment policy was implemented and "Cultural Revolution" occurred in China,Migration direction was therefore more or less reverse to that of 1950's as the previous migrants return,and the urbanization degrees in most provinces dropped down,3.1972-1979.It was a period when political changes and economic development fluctuated very frequently in China,The urbanization degree in every province in the period changed quite small and the absolute change in most provinces were lower than 1%.4.1980-1987.It was a period when China issued and implemented a series of new policies.The provincial migration pattern was reversed to that of other periods at first time.In consequence,the urbanization degrees in most coastal provinces were greatly enhanced.Based on the data of China 1% Population Sample Survey of 1987,the paper,in the second part,projects the provincial population migration and its impact on urbanization degrees of every province by the year of 2000 using Markov Chain Model

Huang-Huai-Hai region is the most important agricultural area in China.There exists the following advantages.vast plain land,large agricultural population,good economic basis of agriculture and great production potentiality.But,there also exists the following defects,shortage of water resources,serious disasters of draught,waterlogging,salinization and sand blown by the wind.Therefore its agricultural production level is low and unsteady.According to its resource advantages and defects,we hold that the following things are very important for the future development of rural economy,strengtheningthe basic undertaking——agriculture,developing the leading undertaking——theprocessing industry of agricultural products.So,we can rely on the developed agriculture and processing industry to enhance the development of the whole rural economy,and to realize the combination of planting,raising,processing undertakings and the organization of agriculture,industry and commerce,The main methods are.1) Deepening the rural reform,improving the responsibility system of family contract,gradually pursuing moderate scale management.2) Increasing input,improving agricultural production conditions of water,fertitilizer,soil,and seed; transf ormating middle and low output field; increasing agricultural productivity,3) Strengthening the construction of rural basic facilities and service system-making production,supplement and sale become one continous line; strengthening the training and popularity of agricultural technology; developing cultural education communication,credit,hygiene,traffic and county fair trade,4)Reasonable planning)making good use of rural resources,adjusting the structure of undertaking; enlarging the employment of agricultural population; improving the quality of rural population.,keeping the coordinate development of population and resources.

由中国科学院学部委员、中国科学院地理研究所名誉所长黄秉维及著名农业地理学家邓静中为顾问,地理研究所所长左大康教授主编的《现代地理学辞典》,是一部全面、系统地介绍当代地理学及其分支学科的研究内容,理论、方法,基本概念、基础知识及最新研究成就的工具书。全书共收辞2726条,分为地理学总论,自然地理学,人文地理与经济地理学、地图学及遥感与地理信息四大部分。共中包括理论地理学、系统地理学、实验地理学、应用地理学、数量地理学、综合自然地理学、气候学、地貌学、水文地理学、

What is geography? In the author's opinion, the geographical ideas, as a historical product, advance and evolve with the progress of epoch. Therefore, geographers should keep a dynamic view in recognizing the discipline they devoted to. As different countries have various historical, physical, social and economic conditions, their geographies are developed according to different models and tackle different problems. So, the development of geography also has areal differentiation among countries. Actually there is no one geography the world over. The author tries to verify his views by analysing the changes of the ancient, the modern and the contemporary geographies and the variances between the W. European, the N. American and the Soviet geographies. The ideas of "quantitative revolution", "theoretical revolution", regional science, Marxist geography, unified geography and the rejuvenation of regional geography are introduced in the paper.

The systematic analysis of glacial remains reveals the snowline changes and glaciation process in Mt.Taibai of the Qinling Mountains, By comparing it with the climatic changes of late pleistocene in the Loess plateau, we expose that.35,000-10,500 year B.P., cirque-mountain valley glacier formed in Mt, Taibai, snow-line was on 3,400m,10,500-8,500 year B. P, snow-line was on 3,500m.glacier tongue retreated and changed into cirque glacier.8,50C-6,800 year B, P., snow-line rose above the top of Mt.Taibai,snow disappeared in the summer,6,800-5,000 year B, P.,snow-line lowered on 3,600m,parasitical cirque glacier formed,5,000-3,120 year B.P., sonw-line rose again above the top of Mt.Taibai, snow disappeared in summer,3,120-1,400 year B,P.,snow line lowered periglacial rockfield formed on the top of Mt,Taibai.Last 1,100 year, snow-line has risen to 4,500 m,no snow can be kept in summer on the top of Mt.Taibai.

On the basic of on-the-spot investigation and a large sum of first-hand maiericals obtained thereby the article analyse the geological features of the mountain and its landform. holding that Mt.Maza-Tageh is a monocline mountain formed after hold and uplift.Back to the early Tertiary Period this region was still a bay,After the start of the Himalayar Movement, especially during the new structural movement in the Quaternary Period, this block uplifted, confronting with sand accumulation in the Taklamagan Desert, and eve-tually becomes an insular mountain in the hinterland of the desert.Its topographical effect produces great influence on devision of the geographical environment-geological structure, hydrology, sand form, vegetation and climate And the mountain itself is a division line.

In this paper, the tracks of moisture transportation on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau are discussed. It is found that the warm wet current in Tibet from Indian Ocean. There Are two tracks of moisture transportation, the one is east way, from Bay of Bengal, along the Brahmaputra, Yar-lungzangbo River northward into the northern region of the plateau and its tributaries are represent the form of "wet tongue"; the other is the west way, but it varies with the seasons, or from India direct leap over the Himalaya monutains into the plateau, or from Pakistan, Afghanistan through the Pamir plateau and gets into Ngari Region in Tibet.The relationship between the moisture transportation tracks and the distribution of modern mountain glaciers in Tibet are discussed too.

Selenium delficiency in human body is one of the reasons causing Keshan disease and Kaschin-Beck disease. Study on atmospheric affects on leaves is conductive to our overall understanding on transportation of Se in environment-living beings system. Since fuel combustion is the dominant source of Se in air, Se content in air can reflect air quality. Therefore this study is significant for air pollution either,Canadian Poplar leave samples were collected at both polluted urban and clean suburb in Beijing during period of leave sprout to fall In addition poplar and salix old-leave samples were collected from sites distributed from coast to inland representing urban, suburb and countryside. For Se content determination samples were analyzed by DAN fluorescence spectrophotometry after digested by HNO₃-HClO₄.Conclusions could be drawn as follows.1. These is a marked drop in leave Se content of poplar in the first twenty days, Afterwards, the Se content remains stable untill two months later when Se content rises gradually. There is a much higher increase in polluted urban than in clean suburb.2. In clean area, leave Se content generally ranges from 0.02-0.2 PPm in populus canadensis, 0.05-0.2PPm in salix. In polluted area, leave Se content can rise to 0.8 PPm in populus Canadensis and 1 PPm in sallix,3. poplar Se content is always lower in stem than in leaves. The stem Se content ranges from 0.01-0.07PPm.

The contemporary colony of town names in the north China Plain is the continuation and progress on its historical foundations, the town names had the form of characters at least in the Shang Dynasty (17th-11th century B.C.) In the Qin and Han Dynasty (22lB, C.-A. D220), the primary geographical pattern of the colony and some principles of naming were found.d, A lot of county names were established during the Sui and Tang Dynast (A.D, 581-907). By the zin Dynasty (A.D 1115-1234), the colony had been enriched and perfected over the past. Dividing, merging, changing and removing of the place names continue from the founding of New China up to now,The growth of economic power and population is the foundation of the development of towns, therefore it is the main factor that influences the capacity and stability of the town names inside the colony. Not only the stability was strenthened, but also some of historical place names reappeared along with the economic development. Replacements of political power and military operations are immediate powers of speeding up the change in the place names. The effect of history and culture on people's minds, hence a lot of place nemes have born emotional colouring.The colony has clear features of district in distribution for it is restricted by the geograprical factors (especially the condition, of communicatiou). At present, along the railway from Beijing to Guangzhou, the Grand Canal and the highway from Beijing to Kaifeng to Huangchuan, the three lengthwise Chains which are formed of the town names have been takeng shape. The two crosswise chains are along the railways from Beijing to Qinhuangado and the other from lanzhou to Lianyungang. They are the important lines to control the geographical distribution of the town names inside the uhole region. By the citilization the towns would be crowded together on the former lines and put the new compositions into the colony. We must pay attention to it at laying down the long-term programme of towns distribution for this region.

The exploitajon and recondition of area land must be carried out in order to obtain thorough understouding of land resources, Not only the evaluation of the individual resources but also that of the three great systems of resources of nature, society and economy is highly necessary.In order to have a further understanding of the features of macroscopic combination, it is also necessary to have a more comprehensive evaluation of land resources by dividing land separate areas, which, regarding the three great systems of natuer, society and economy as a whole, is carrieed out by using a comrehensive survey method.The thesis established the gwota system of the comprehensive evaluation on the basis of the division of areas of land resources and applied "Triangle Method" to eveluate the charocteristics of space combination of land resources within the areas,This provides a theoretical foundation for an overall clistribation of area production.

1990年3月18日8时30分,邢嘉明同志的心脏停止了跳动。告别了他热爱、并为之奋斗了一生的地理科学事业。此时他正担负着减灾工程项日之一——“莱州湾海水入侵灾害综合防治”工程立项的重大科研任务,并已开始动手撰写酝酿已久,也是他努力开拓的研究领域《全新世环境变迁》一书的第一章,此时才刚刚渡过他的55周岁。

Religion hase close relation with geography. Researches about religious geography have important significance for economical construction in China.Physical geographical environment is an important factor where religion is born.Because Human Knowledge in primitive society is in low level and difference of physical geographical environment, primitive gods religion is formed. Physical geographical environment influence on religious doctrine. Greed about heaven and hell, for example, is just like the winding mirror reflecting natural environment around human. Natural environmeot influences on the spread, development and existence of religion, religion reacts physical geographical environment too.Religion hase close relation with human geography.(1) religion influlnce on cultural landscape. In Christianity region, dominant landscape is Christian church; in region where prevails islam, mosque is important landscape, and in Buddhism region, temple and pagoda prevail. (2) Religion influence on regional distribution of human economical activities. It influences on regional distribution of corps and on composition of animal husbandry,promote development of tourism. (3)Religion influences on form and function of cities. Aatican, for example, hase only religious function, (4)Religion influences on changing of political map. Because of religion, India isdivided into India and Pakistan after world war II.Religion and development of geography, as believers go on a pilgrimage for Buddhist scriptures and religion be disseminated in vast extent by missionary and religious war,people knew geographical environment of other religion, religion stimulates development of geography.There are many religiones in our country. Economical significance of research of religious geography is as follow. (1) in some famous religious mountains and religious shrine,we develp religious tourism to promote development of regional service; (2) research of religious geography can provide a basis for adminstrative division and strategy of economical development in minority nationality regions; (3) study of religious difference can provide basis for making population policy in minority nationality regions. (4) study of religious difference in minority nationality regions fav our stability and unity to promote economical construction.

From the viewpoint of soil genesis,some natures existing in the process of soil formation are discussed after expounding the important functions of organisms, especially plants in the process of soil formation, development and evolution. Thus it is proved that mobile sand dunes are only non-soil materials affected, by geological function or parent materials, but not soils. Onthe basis of above analysis, the formation, development and evolution direction of the soil on mobile sand dunes and its position and naming in soil classification are approached.

The theories of growth pole and growth center are recently often debated in research of regional planning theory and practical work in China. The author discussesit in a systematic way and mainly on the four issues of the theories in this paper,(1) The basic concepts and the background of evolution of the theories,(2) The research of the effect of the growth pole and growth center. In this section the author introduces Mr, H,R.Richardson, J,Friedmann,G, Robinson and K.B.Salih's contribution on the mechanism of backwash effect and spread effect,(3) The result of the backwash effect and the spread effect; a spatial pattern.(4) The testification of the spatial effect of the growth pole and growth center. In this section, the author outlines the main view and methodogy of Mr, M, J,Moseley's work on the issue and points out that the inadequate positive effect to establish the growth pole and growth center is due to the limited influence of government's power in distributing industry in regional level in free market society.At last, the author discusses the theories application in typically centrally planned Countries, Such as the People's Republic of China.

The publication of David Harvey's Explanation in geography symbolized the successes of the so called quantitative revolution in geography. This book has commomly and correctly been seen as a milestone in geographical thought. However, it was still strange for most Chinese geographers. In order to avoid the detours experienced by the quantitative movement in overseas geography, and in order to promote the theoretical construction of Chinese geography, it is necessary to introduce the book to Chinese geographers.This article analyses the philosophical and methodological context of Explanation in geography, describes its main contents and frameworks, evaluates its contributions to geographical methodology and criticizes a few of its shortcomings and mistakes.

地理研究所:在庆祝地理所建立50周年之际,谨向地理所全体同志表示热烈的祝贺!地理所自创建以来走过了50年光荣的历程,经过几代人的艰苦奋斗,已由创建初期的约40名职工、仅从事地理调查等少数几项工作发展到今天拥有640多人、几乎囊括地理学主要学科的综合性大所,为创建和发展祖国的地理科学、为国家的经济建设和国防建设,都做出了历史性的贡献。

地理研究所1940年8月创建,到现在整整50年了。50年来,地理所经历了曲折的不断发展的历程。今天,我们在这里庆祝建所50周年,首先向为地理所的创建和发展作出贡献的人们表示崇高的敬意,对关心和支持地理所工作的各级领导和各界人士表示真挚的感谢!

中国科学院国家计委地理研究所为纪念建所五十周年,于1990年8月17日、18日举行了隆重,热烈的庆祝大会和学术报告会。整个所庆活动贯穿了以学术交流为主的精神,目的在于回顾50年来,特别是新中国成立以来,地理所在我国地理学发展中所作出的成绩和贡献,总结经验,加强与国内外同行的联系与交流,探讨地理学未来的研究方向和任务,激励全所同志奋发和进取的精神。

The paper deals with the problem of provincial industrial structure in China,The resemblance of industrial structure among provinces is recently the main characteristic of industrial development in China, The departments of constitutional resemblance are usually the major departments while the departments of dissimilarity are the minor ones in the industrial structure of provinces,The departments of constitutional resemblance includes the following. (1) Raw materials distribute extensively, (2) Products are not suitable for transportation distantly, (3) Products are demanded by the local consumption, (4) Labour force intensive industries, such as food products, textile mill products, machinery, chemical products, construction materials. The departments of constitutional dissimilarity includes the following. (1) Raw materials concentrates locally, (2) investment intensive industries, (3) advanced technique industries, such as metal mining, oil and gas extraction, petroleum refining, chemical fiber, electronic and communication equipment. The resemblance is rational because the decentralization is decided by its location factors, The departments of dissimilarity should be developed in. order to improve specialization among provinces.The main difference of industrial structure among provinces exists in the inner-department, that is, the comprehensive capacity of specialization which represents the scale of the department,the connexion of inner-department and products constitution, the economic efficiemcy of every department.The foundation of rational industrial structure is decided by the rational policy of national industrial location, including. (1) substituting the pattern of province-wide polarization and diffusion for nation-wide pattern of economic development,(2) expanding the production-consumption, cycle of raw material industry in the region of province or neighouring provinces, (3) locating the manufacturing industries along cities and main transportation lines, (4) improving the adjustment of innerdepartment in the less developed provinces.

The experimental procedure to separate different species of soil selenium was proposed according to Jackson,Relationships between contents of 7 selenium species, distribution and availability to plants was studied in major soil in China,The results revealed that the concentration of water soluble selenium in alkaline soils are significantly higher than that in acid soils. Amount of unenveloped selenium form is correlated with total soil selenium. And amount of unavailable enveloped selenium form is interrelated with iron and aluminium in soil, which demonstrate that the unavailable enveloped selenium is mostly fixed by Fe oxides and Al oxides. The percentages of residue selenium vary slightly in different soils. The availabilities of selenium in soils in low selenium belt are similar to those in normal area. Therefore, low selenium content in plants results from low level of total soil selenium.

By using the data of air temperature from 1951 to 1988, the processes of letnperature variation and its distribution of time and space are analysed, especially for the variational trend and warming of the decade span. The results show that the decade average temperature increases from 1950's to the present and is higher 0.2℃ in 1980's, which processes and trend have good agreement with the north hemisphere. The trend and intensity of the decade span temperature variation have quite great difference among zones and seasons. Generally, warming amplifies with the latitudes from south to north. Comparing 80's with 50's the most obvious warming is in Northeast China, Average temperature increases 0.7℃ there and 0.5℃ both in Xinjiang and North China, In the area south to the Yangtze River, the average temperature decreases. In winter, the temperature generally increases over the whole country and intensifies heavily, such as the January average temperature increases 2.9℃ in Xinjiang,1.8℃ in Northwest China and 1.3℃ in North China for recent 40 years. However, temperature generally decreases or increases slightly in summer.The recent 40 years' variational processes of temperature in China may be divided into the following stages, in the beginning of 50's, the trend of temperature is stable, from the middle to the end of 50's, temperature decreases, from the end of 50's to the middle of 60's temperature increases, from the middle of 60's to the middle of 70's, temperature decreases; from 70's up to now temperature increases persistently and the amptitude of temperature increase is comparable to the values of the warm period in 40's, For area distribution, the varialional trend of temperature in the areas of north to 32, is accordant with the average conditions of the whole country, but in the areas of south to 32°N, especially in Southwest China, the variational trend is quite different from the average conditions of the whole country For the seasonal distribution, the variational trend of temperature in the most areas of China increases in winter and decreases in summer.

By adopting hydro-morphology theory and methods and combining with experiment in the laboratory as well, this paper deals with the following 3 aspects of problems.1) Longitudinal degradationDepending upon boundary conditions that is characterized by nonuniform distribution in 3 dimensional space, the development of longitudinal degradation, besides a general tendency, is getting weaker and weaker along the course with time and is also nonuniform. The degraded magnitude and the scouring distance, in general, can be determined by some experimental formulas established with measured data based on hydro-morphology theory,2) Lateral deformationIt is depended in a nice bit of degree upon relative erodibility of the bank to the bed. Just the same as longitudinal degradation, experimental formulas are also established, by which relationship between deformation intensity of the bank and controling factors, including boundary conditions can be represented well. Due to complex response phenomenon in adjusting process, relative erodibility of the bank to the bed decreases with time, consequently, the relationship between longitudinal and lateral deformation changes with time,too,3) Change of river patternIt is a very complex problem. Adjusted magnitude for width,depth, slope, relief of the bed and roughness and ways taken in adjusting process are different from each other in different river pattern. We establish a comprehensive assessment model, in which factors influencing on formation and development of river pattern are fully considered. It may be used for predicting of changes of river patterns after the reservior is constructed.

The ralationships between the monsoon rainfall and the sea-surface temperature (SST) in the Equatorial Eastern Pacific are examined based on the thirty-eight-year (1951-1988) data set of sea level pressure maps in the Northern Hemisphere and the rainfall of 160 stations over China in summer (June-August) and winter (Dec.-Feb.).The study shows predominance of the years, in which the monsoon rainfall does not in accordance with the SST year to year. However, the SST anomaly takes a role which can not be ignored in examining the interannual variability of monsoon pressure field over East Asia and the monsoon rainfall in China.

Horton's empirical laws of network composition is studied and applied to six catchments in North Shaanxi Province of China, The relationships between Horton parameters are discussed.Based upon the Horson's laws, a geomorphologic instantaneous unit hydrograph (GUH) model is proposed, in which, the waiting time distribution in each path is supposed to be a Gamma distribution. General expressions for the inital state probability anb the transition probability in GUH are derived. All the parameters but one in the GUH are calculated from Horton parameters and stream flow velocity of each flood event. The unknown parameter is decided by optimization.The proposed model is applied to ten rainfall-runoff events in two catchments, the results are encouraging.