Net primary productivity (NPP) is a basis of material and energy flows in terrestrial ecosystems, and it is also an important component in the research on carbon cycle and carbon budget. At present, studies on NPP on regional and global scales mainly depend on model simulation, among which process and remote sensing models are widely used. In this paper, we analyzed the published NPP for Chinese terrestrial ecosystem and its response to future climate change which were computed by process and remote sensing models. The results revealed that the averaged NPP in Chinese terrestrial ecosystem was (2.828?0.827) PgC穉^-1. Between 1982 and 1998, NPP tended to fluctuate but increased by 0.027 PgC穉^-1 with an annual rate of 1.07%. Among different vegetation types, NPP per unit area was the maximum in evergreen broadleaf forests, which varied in a wide range among different researches; the values had a small discrepancy among deciduous needleleaf forests, evergreen needleleaf forests and deciduous broadleaf forests, and the value of croplands was lower than that of broadleaf forests, but higher than that of needleleaf forests; both grasslands and deserts had relatively low values, with the former having a significantly higher value than the latter. Furthermore, the total amount of NPP was the maximum in croplands followed by grasslands. The sum of both accounted for 58.34% of the gross. Except shrublands and evergreen needleleaf forests, all the other vegetation types had less than 10% of the gross. In the future climate scenarios, the NPP of Chinese terrestrial ecosystem might increase firstly, and then decrease.

Urbanization may have affected the surface air temperature records at many stations in continents, especially in industrial regions like Europe, North America and East Asia. However, this issue is still under debate at present, especially at regional and global scales. Based on an overview of researches on urbanization effects on surface air temperature series mostly in the continents of northern Hemisphere, the nature and intensity of urbanization effects at different spatial scales are summarized and assessed. At city and local scales, most studies have found obvious urbanization effects, with big cities showing the most significant urban warming. At regional scale, the studies focused on mainland China and the United States also have showed significant urban warming in varied extents, in spite of the fact that a few studies have claimed an insignificant urban bias. It is obvious that the researches with robust methods to select reference stations have generally found significant urbanization effect on surface air temperature trends. For global or hemispheric average temperature series, researches are far from enough at present, but they have mostly indicated that the urbanization effect may be minor or insignificant, and it may have not exceeded 10% of the total warming observed. Studies have also found that the urbanization effect changes over time and regions. In East Asia, including China, Korea and Japan, urbanization has had very significant impact on surface temperature trend during the past half a century, but in Europe the significant urbanization effect might have occurred in the early 20th century and even the late 19th century. At present, there are still many problems and difficulties on the study of urbanization effect on temperature series, including the limited areas and time periods studied, radically different selection criteria of reference stations and imperfect methodology for urban bias adjustment. To solve these problems in the near future will help promote the progress of research.

This paper calculates the risk probability of strong wind by information diffusion theory, draws the risk zoning map by GIS technology, and then analyses the temporal and spatial distribution of strong winds in 78 counties or cities of Heilongjiang Province during 1971-2005. The results are shown as follows. (1) There were fluctuations of strong wind occurrence in Heilongjiang in the 1970s and 1980s. The occurrence of strong winds has been decreased noticeably from the 1990s to the early 21st century. Strong winds occurred mostly in spring, which was the main reason having drought and fire risks. (2) The high values of the number of strong wind days were mainly observed in Songnen plain and Sanjiang plain, and the low values appeared in Da Hinggan, Yichun and Mudanjiang. (3) The strong wind risk probabilities of 1d, 2d, 3d and 4d have been calculated by information diffusion theory. The areas with high risks were distributed in the central-southern parts of Heilongjiang as a zone from west to east, and those with low values were located in the northern, central-northern, western and southern parts. This paper takes the advantages of information diffusion theory, which requires less information and can evaluate the risks and loss risks.

The change of greenhouse gases and its contribution to climate change, as well as impact of climate change on geographical distribution of crops in China and in the world are analyzed in the paper. Temperature will increase notably when CO 2 concentration double the present and the trend will be more obvious in northern China. This paper reviewed the influence of climate change on paddy, wheat and maize in different part of China. Adaptive strategy for different types of agricultural production and agro ecosystem in China was given, and diminution strategy such as controlling the discharge of greenhouse gas was also discussed. They include: (1) the strategies and measures of slowing down greenhouse gases discharge, further divided into non industry and industry gases let out. For example, to increase the coverage of vegetation and to control grassland degradation and desertification are non industry methods. And retarding the industry gases let out or traffic vehicles gases discharge belongs to industry method. (2) The adaptive strategies after the greenhouse gases increase include adjusting land use and plant system, improving the agricultural ecological conditions and so on.

Household is the unit of society, and its development is the basis for sustainable development of society. Food consumption is one of the most important parts of family life. This article, which is based on official data, analyses the differences in food consumptions and the input of energy, agrochemical and other materials between urban inhabitants and rural inhabitants. On this basis, the article quantifies the impact of carbon emission caused by food consumption. The results indicated that the impact on carbon emission by food consumption is increasing according to the economic development and urban inhabitants generate more food consumption carbon emission than the rural inhabitants. In the respect of direct carbon emission per capita, rural inhabitants generate more than city inhabitants, but the indirect carbon emission of urban inhabitants far outweighs the amount of rural inhabitants. City residents are inclined to eat more non-staple foods, processed foods or attractively-packaged foods and the increase in indirect energy and the input of other materials will increase markedly. The key to mitigating the impact on carbon emission by food consumption is to advocate low-carbon food habit and improve energy utilization of relevant industries.

The article expounds that the pattern of the world has been changed very completely after the cold war, and the large countries in the west have adjusted their geographical strategies. The stategies of resources are very important part in their national strategies. The principle of the limited resources is not outmoded; on the contrary, the shortage of resources is very obvious. Resources have great influence upon geographical pattern globally and regionally. With discussion of natural resources in Middle East, Middle Asia, and Southern China Sea, this paper puts forward that, as the largest developing country, China should utilize the foreign resources and defend the rights of economy and resources.

In this study, soil survey was conducted at Hecaogou village of Tongxin County, which is located at the area of Ningxia irrigated by lifting up water from the Yellow River. On the basis of soil survey, irrigation induced changes in soil salinity, soil texture, nutrient and trace element content and their impacts on soil sandification, salinization and soil environmental quality were analyzed and discussed. The results indicate that: (1) Irrigation can obviously reduce the salt content of surface soil, but there is a trend for salt to gather at the depth of 50~90 cm and soil salization is likely to emerge again if irrigation were ceased or irrigation water were reduced; (2) The sandification is mitigated, with a decreasing in sand fraction and an increasing in clay fraction; (3) Irrigation may slightly increase the nutrient content, with the organic matter content and the total P increased more than others, while increase of Copper, Chromium, Zinc, Nickel and Cadmium content will partly decrease the soil environment quality and the soil F leaching is a challenge for reducing F poisoning in this area.

By employing revised gravity model and O-D matrix of the shortest passing time among cities, this paper simulates communication situation of migration nodes, estimates affiliations of attractive centers, and then constructs the hierarchies of migration gravity system. The results show that, in 2005, there are five 1st level migration attractive centers, including Shanghai, Nanjing, Hangzhou, Ningbo and Wenzhou, two 2nd level attractive centers, which are Wuxi and Xuzhou, and nine 3rd level attractive centers, such as Lianyungang and Yangzhou. Consequently, the migration gravity system hierarchies are constructed based on the former attractive centers, which consist of five 1st level systems, seven 2nd level systems and 14 3rd level systems. Besides, the general mode of evolution of migration spatial structure is identified, which includes the following four processes : “single-core agglomeration”, “multi-core structure”, “mono-center system” and “multi-center network”. Furthermore, by the analysis of communicating scope, this paper points out that the layout of regional fast transportation system plays an important role in guiding and supporting migration spatial patterns. Finally, from the perspective of urban rail, local administrative barriers and the development of central cities, the corresponding suggestions are put forward for the different scales of planning in the Yangtze River Delta.

Based on pan-evaporation data of past years and other meteorological element data of conventional surface meteorological measurement from 112 weather stations, orthogonal expansion method and canonical correlation are used to investigate the correlativity between monthly evaporation and conventional meteorological elements and to analyze and compare the capacity for each conventional meteorological element to explain potential evaporation, while regression analysis is applied to validate the foregoing analysis results and to seek the optimalizing element combination for conventional meteorological elements to simulate evaporation. As it turned out, there were 6 conventional meteorological elements which had notable effects on evaporation. The degrees of correlation between conventional meteorological elements and evaporation were as follow: average relative humidity(H)＞average temperature(T)＞average land surface temperature(Dt)＞sunshine duration(S)＞average speed of air(W)＞average vapor pressure(Vp)＞average atmospheric pressure(P)＞amount of precipitation(R). Among these essentials, essential H could explain 63.5% population variance of field variables for evaporation. T and Dt also had greater explanatory ability (more than 31% population variance interpreted). The explanatory ability of S, W, Vp and P to population variance of evaporation was relatively approximate about 20%. And precipitation had little effects on evaporation. All these were in accordance with the explanation of thermodynamics and dynamics in water evaporation.
　　According to correlation analysis and regressive simulation, average relative humidity took precedence over other conventional meteorological elements in simulating evaporation. The combination of relative humidity attached speed of air was probably the best two-essential combinatory simulating evaporation. Based on average relative humidity, average temperature, average speed of air, sunshine duration and average vapor pressure, the first three-essential combination and five-essential combination were respectively the optimum combination simulating evaporation by conventional meteorological elements under simply-universal requirement and high-precision requirement. The three-essential combination generated an average relative error of fitting, 2.77%, in this simulation while the five-essential combination made the identical error equal to 1.96%.
　　In the paper, mutuality of spatial distribution for essentials is analyzed by orthogonal expansion method and canonical correlation at the same time as correlativity of their temporal changes is investigated by regressive simulation (stepwise regression included). Both methods have validated and replenished opposite party reciprocally. So demonstration by reasoning is all-around and systematical here. The research has deepened the understanding related to potential evaporation, and is meaningful for reckoning evaporation and quantizing its spatial distribution.

Based on the analysis of the conception and connotation of urban green space system, this paper reviewed the structure and function of urban green space system. Two kinds of structures of urban green space system were summed up, which included the “point-line-surface” layout structure and the “patch-corridor-matrix”  landscape model. The relationship between structure and function and its application in practice were summarized, and some preferential aspects of urban green space system in the future research were proposed. We hope that it be helpful for urban green space system planning of the contemporary China.

旅游业发展综述阿尔泰（阿尔泰一词来自蒙语阿尔坦，意为黄金）边区位于俄罗斯西西伯利亚经济区,国土面积26.17×10⁴km²,西北-东南距离950 km,人口277.77万人,其中山地阿尔泰自治省面积9.26×10⁴km²,人口17.98万人。

On the basis of Chenery-Syrquin’s standard patterns of development and Kuznets’s national pattern of development based on per capita GDP and three industrial structures, by using grey correlational analysis method, this paper discusses the industrialization processes in Beijing region during the period of 1978-2005. The study results show during the period: 1) from 1978 to about 1984 the industrialization level in Beijing region was in the early half of middle stage of industrialization; 2) from about 1985 to about 1993 it was in the late half of middle stage of industrialization; 3) from about 1994 onward it was in the late industrialization stage; and 4) from 2001 on it has been characterized by a developed economy. The determination results are not only corresponding to the realistic development situations in Beijing region during the same periods, but also being validated by other relevant studies from different researches. This research also shows, on one hand, grey correlational analysis method demonstrates its advantages over the conventional direct comparison based on the per capita GDP and three industrial structures in the studied region and the Chenery-Syrquin’s standard pattern of development or Kuznets’s national pattern of development, and makes the determination results more reliable, acceptable and cogent. On the other hand, different from the conventional direct comparison method, the grey correlational analysis will make the determination almost not depend mainly on the judgement maker’s own experience, knowledge accumulation and even subjective consciousness. On all accounts, the determination by grey correlational analysis method is easier than that by the conventional direct comparison, and this method minimizes the disadvantages, and makes the determination process and results more scientific, objective, accurate and reliable.

Petrochemical industry occupies an important position in the national economy, and is related to national economic security, political security and national security. Spatial organization of petrochemical industry is one of the most important research fields of industrial sector geography, and it is necessary to review its developing history, appraise its research progress and discuss its future developing trends. After clarifying the basic contents and spatial organization of petrochemical industry, the paper narrated the research history and the latest research progress of petrochemical industry’s spatial organization from different studying field, including: (1)location factor and its mechanism, (2) spatial organization patterns of petrochemical industry, (3) spatial organization of transnational oil companies, and (4) spatial organization of petrochemical industry cluster. Then the paper summarized and evaluated its research progress. The study suggests that the future research of China's petrochemical industry’s spatial organization should be strengthened in the following aspects: Firstly, in terms of research scale, the future research should be based on global, national and regional spatial scales to study the spatial organization of petrochemical industry and its evolution mechanisms. Secondly, in terms of research perspectives, the future research should be based on the perspectives of multinational companies and industrial clusters to study the spatial organization pattern and the internal mechanism of transnational oil companies and major petrochemical industrial clusters. Thirdly, in terms of research contents, the future research should be based on the review of evolution history and judgments of evolution phase, combined with studies on the development and problems of China's petrochemical industry, to optimize the spatial organization of petrochemical industry in China.

The past five years is an important period for the development of human-economic geography in China. Led by the social demand of sound urbanization and regional sustainable development in China, human-economic geography has played a leading role in the important national regional planning and strategy consultation, a series of important research results have been adopted by the Central Government and had a favorable impact on the society. Human-economic geographers have made considerable progress in theory and methods construction. There have been great breakthroughs in the National Key Technology R&D Program and the key projects supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China and National Social Science Foundation of China. the quantity and quality of papers and academic books, the scientific reward, the construction of Provincial and Ministerial Key Laboratories and Key Disciplines. In recent years, the development of human-economic geography in China presents the following characteristics: the orientation of interdisciplinary sciences and the value of applied basic research hace been further clarified, the combination of“human geography + economic geography” as the framework of human-economic geography has been formed, the application field based on the man-earth system research has been expanding, the new subject direction and fields geared to the social and cultural development have been strengthened, and the technology of GIS has received more and more attention. Compared with that of foreign countries, human-economic geography in China is lack of a humanization tendency. Although Chinese scholars are good at providing scientific proposals for government decision-makers, they have not reached the required levels of international communication, frontier academic thought and the systemic theoretical originality. In the years to come, the human-economic geography research in China should concentrate on and make breakthroughs in the interdisciplinary research, the theoretical foundation construction and disciplinary framework optimization, and the methods of data acquisition and spatial simulation.

The annual irrigation benefit of water diverting from the Huanghe River is 49 1×10 8 kg for grain in the lower reaches of the river. The annual rate of yield increasing for grain is 6 5 per cent in the irrigation regions of water diverting from the river in Shandong Province. The annual amount of yield decreasing is at least 17 21×10 8 kg for grain by the absence of flow in Luokou Lijin reach, the frequency of which is 46 2 per cent. The daily direct economic lose by the absence of flow is 3930×10 4 RMB yuan. Therefore, researching and decreasing the absence of flow in the river, securing and developing the irrigation of water diverting from the river, are keys for the agricultural sustainable development in the area.

Topographic wetness index, which takes into account the integrated effects of topography and soil hydraulic characters on soil moisture, plays important theoretical and applied potentials in the studies of spatial distribution of soil moisture. Considering the spatial-temporal variation in upslope contributing area, topographic wetness indexes were divided into three types, e.g. static, quasi-dynamic and full dynamic. The effects of computing methods of topographic wetness index and resolution of DEMs as well as the universality of the index should be analyzed discreetly in application of topographic wetness index. At the same time, for the apparent differences between the current assumptions of topographic wetness index and actual water cycling process and runoff mechanism in arid/semi-arid region, the research approaches and the conceive of the application of topographic wetness index are proposed for the Losses Plateau to provide theoretical and practical foundation for the vegetation restoration and the conservation of soil and water in the region.

The emergence background, the study angles and methods of the new economic geography that has brought bigger effect on the fields of current economics and geography are studied and analyzed in this paper Based on these analyses, the following opinions are pointed outFirst, the development of the location theory, the traditional economic geography, the new international trade theory, the industrial organization theory and the non linear dynamic theory are thought to be the base of the production of the new economic geography Second, the interaction among the scale economics, the transportation costs, the non mobility of the key element of production, the historical contingency and the path dependence brought by the increasing income are the basic study angles when using the new economic geography to study the location selection of economic activity and development.

The optimal allocation of land use not only include the macroscopic optimization of the structural pattern of quantity and space, but also include the reasonable matching of productive factors in microcosmic scale. Thus, it is a multi objective and hierarchic sustainability process of fitted measure. Taking Yueqin city as an example, the new method to study the optimal allocation of land use in county region using family model is put forward in this paper. The family model are composed of three patterns, namely, spatial zone, structural optimization and microcosmic design model according to the internal relation of optimal allocation objectives of land use, which can give play to itself single action and synthetic advantage to coordinate relation between quantity and space, macroscopic and microcosmic in the light of their identity and complementary in the allocation and measure. Therefore it has wide application prospect. Although there are different visual angles among three models, they own common center to seek for the topgallant structural effects of land use. Their combinative way is to build harmonious mechanism between the suitable expansion of non agricultural constructive land and efficient preservation of cultivated land and microcosmic stimulant mechanism of intensive use of various lands. Its essence is that the optimal combination of two powers, expanding out of constructive land in town and the regulative constraint of basic farm, will be put into together. The optimal allocation of land use is a unity between land productivity organization and land production relation coordination. Therefore, its tasks are not only to promote regional industrial structure upgrade and optimal layout by carrying out the plan of optimal allocation of land use, but also to actuate the reasonable matching of microcosmic productive factors in land use depends on the progress of science and technique and the perfection of market mechanism.

This article reviews the theories and progress of farmer land utility and protection, and analyzes the scientific basis and developing process of farmer land protection. This article pointed out that land productivity study is the scientific basis to ascertain the amount of the protected farmer land, that land evaluation and assessment is the basis of farmer land protection planning, and that the land plan and regulations is the shield of practice of farmer land protection. At the same time, this article further analyzes several theoretical and practical problems with farmer land use and protection in China, and some suggestions are given based on the practices of farmer land protection in foreign countries.

Chinese economy has experienced fast growth in the period from 1991 to 1996, and both state macro control and market mechanism has played an important role in such a process. In this paper the regional pattern of the provincial economic growth is analyzed systematically, with focus on promulgating the effect of state policy, summarizing the rules of changing pattern of provincial economy and classifying the models of provincial economic growth with insight discussion on related mechanism.

Urban- rural interaction development refers to the two- way flowing and optimial allocation of capital, labor, material, information and other socio- economic factors in urban- rural space. Urban- rural interaction development has changed one- way flowing pattern of urban- rural socio- economic factors under urban- rural segregation system, promoting urban- rural common development and overall optimization of regional spatial structure. Meanwhile, in the cross- research field of urban geography and rural geography, urban- rural interaction development will also help to widen research system of geography and provide new research framework for constituting a new round of regional planning and urban- rural planning. Therefore, in the process of building new socialism rural areas and harmonious society, it is necessary to carry out theoretic and practical study on urban- rural interaction development. This article summarized the domestic and foreign research achievements on connotation, mechanism, pattern and way of urban- rural interaction development during the last 15 years, and pointed out that the current researches might mostly favor qualitative and static aspects, while lacking quantitative and dynamic analysis from perspective of the different spatio- temporal dimensions. Therefore, there are three principal issues urgently needed to be solved in the future: (1) Strengthening the research on basic principles of urban- rural interaction development. Spatial economics theory, system science theory and coordination symbiotic theory may be used to analyze the form, content, structure, function and mechanism of urban- rural interaction development. (2) Strengthening the research on mechanism and rule of spatio - temporal evolvement of urban - rural interaction development. Some mathematical methods may be used: firstly, the Two- stage Nested Theil Decomposition method and Exploring Spatial Data Analysis method may be used to reveal the spatial difference of urban- rural interaction development. Secondly, Wavelet Analysis method may be used to reveal temporal variation characteristic of urban- rural interaction development. Thirdly, Grey Association Analysis method and Granger Cause and Effect Analysis method may be used to reveal the relations between urban- rural interaction development and their driving factors. (3) Strengthening the research on the pattern and optimization countermeasure of urban- rural interaction development in different types of regions. Questionnaire and interview methods may be used.

Based on the hydrologic and area precipitation data during the period of 1962 to 1989, the seasonal and annual changes of runoff and sediment were analyzed, and the influence of precipitation and human activities on the runoff and sediment were estimated. The results showed that the seasonal distribution of runoff and sediment yield was quite uneven. The runoff between July and October accounted for 61.6 percents of the year, and sediment yield from June to September made up 87.9% of the year. The annual distribution of runoff and sediment yield was quite different and the variation coefficients of annual sediment and runoff reached 0.725 and 0.573 respectively. The inter-annual changes of sediment were greater than that of runoff. The trend of runoff and sediment yield in the Jihe watershed declined evidently first and then remained steady during the research period. Soil and water conservation has played an important role in the descending of runoff and sediment discharge since the 1970s.

The consensus of atmospheric scientists is that climate change is occurring and affecting agricultural system increasingly. To maintain food security at a regional scale, we should recognize the key adjustable factors in agriculture management and design an optimized plan for agricultural landscape under climate change. This paper aimed at future soil erosion changes and tried to construct a research scheme for adaptation in agricultural landscape by combing related environmental factors. Firstly, to provide a scientific basis for prediction of soil erosion trends at various spatio- temporal scales, we summarized related studies about the influences of climate and land use change on soil erosion. Secondly, from the point of strengthening the adaptation ability to soil erosion, the relationships between landscape characteristics (landscape types, spatial patterns and crop management conditions) and soil erosion were fully discussed to improve the adaptation of optimized configuration in agricultural landscape. Finally, for evaluating the adaptation degree of agricultural landscape, soil loss and runoff were then predicted with an agent - based erosion model under future climate scenarios, which can help management of valuable cropland and suggest the need for continually changing soil conservation strategies.

The comparison of archaeological records with that of sea-level changes in the Zhejiang-Shanghai-Jiangsu region shows that there is a close connection between the Liangzhu culture development and sea-level changes during 5.5-4 ka BP. During 5.5-4.9 ka BP, the sea-level of the Zhejiang-Shanghai-Jiangsu area declined by about 3.9 m, providing more space for humankind. Together with warm climate, the space boosted the initial development of Liangzhu culture. The sparse archaeological sites with stilt houses were mostly found on the higher land and the people at that time were engaged in rice planting. During 4.9-4.3 ka BP, the sea level was low and Liangzhu culture was in a period of peak prosperity. The amount of archaeological sites increased significantly, of which the distribution was centralized and in a much larger area. The climate was dry-cool then, and lots of wells were found. People built their houses on land surface. The agriculture and handicraft industries had been developed, and different classes emerged in the society. These indicate that the low sea-level greatly accelerated the prosperity of Liangzhu culture. In 4.3-4 ka BP, the sea level rose again, which reduced the Liangzhu people’s living space, thus relatively narrowed the distribution extent of the culture. In addition, it resulted in fatal floods during the cold event at about 4 ka B.P. People mainly lived in platforms and slope fields. The number of sites was reduced and the environment was worse because of the rising sea-level. As a result, the sea-level changes during 5.3-4.0 ka BP had a significant influence on the Liangzhu culture development.

Land desertification has been a worldwide environmental problem. It is also a serious eco-environmental problem in China. Because of the advantage of large amount of information, short cycle and broad scope of data, less restrictions on the human and material resources and so on, remote sensing has become an important technology to monitor land desertification in the past 30 years. Firstly, we summarize the research progress in monitoring land desertification using remote sensing data, including different satellite remote sensing imageries, how to choose the time and bands of the imageries and how to choose the vegetation indexes. Then, we discuss about the methods to extract information of land desertification from remote sensing imageries, which includes artificial visual interpretation, supervised classification, unsupervised classification, hierarchical decision tree classification and neural network classification. Also we comprehensively compare the strength and weaknesses of each method. Furthermore, we analyze the reasons why both computer automatic classification and artificial classification are widely used in monitoring land desertification. We identify the problems in the remote sensing technology application to land desertification monitoring. Finally, we put forward the development prospects in the application of remote sensing to monitoring land desertification, such as the integration of aggregative indicators and methods and so on.

In a broad sense, spatial interpolation includes point interpolation and areal interpolation. In this article these two types of interpolation methods were reviewed and the areal interpolation which was not very popular to major people was especially introduced according to whether the interpolation methods use ancillary data or not. In the areal interpolation methods without using ancillary data, the algorithm and its characteristic of the following methods were introduced: point-based areal interpolation, areal-weighted interpolation, areal-weighted interpolation using control zones and pycnophylactic method. In the areal interpolation methods using ancillary data, the EM algorithm and the method using remote sensing data as ancillary data were introduced. And the special case of areal interpolation - statistics variables spatialization-was also introduced. In the end, these two types of interpolation methods were compared and the main research trend of areal interpolation was foreseen.

The Alpine Treeline Ecotone (ATE) indicates the characteristics of the complicated ecosystems in the mountainous environment. It can also reflect the transition of the lower vegetations to the alpine vegetations. The location of the treeline is the result of a combination of a great number of unfavorable conditions for tree regeneration, seedling establishment and tree growth. For the sensitivity of the ATE to the climate change, ATE has become a hot topic in the alpine environmental and global change research. Recently, the landscape patterns and ecological processes of the ATE are mainly two aspects of the researches in the ATE. The researches majored in the landscape patterns of the ATE focus mainly on the landscape pattern of the ATE. And the researches majored in ecological processes of the ATE focus mainly on the formation mechanisms of the treeline. The development of GIS enhances the integration of the pattern and process of the ATE, and provides a useful tool to evaluate the relative importance of the biotic and abiotic factors in the research of the ATE.

Ecological vulnerability has become a hot issue of the research on the global change and sustainable development. The hilly area of southern China is a typical ecologically fragile area. The paper takes Hengyang Basin as an example, and adopts principal component analysis to study the driving forces of the agricultural eco-environmental vulnerability. First, we define the concept of the agricultural ecology vulnerability (AEV), and analyze the contents of the AEV. Then, based on the characteristics of agricultural eco-environment, we establish the AEV indexes for the Hengyang Basin in the southern China hilly areas, which include natural factors, social factors and economic factors, and take county as the evaluation unit. Principal component analysis is an important method in multivariate statistical analysis. Hence, we adopt this method to study the driving forces of the AEV in this paper, and explore the mechanism that causes the vulnerability. The results show that there are four principal driving forces affecting the vulnerability of agricultural eco-environment of this area. The natural environment and economic development background are the primary driving forces, and living standards and agricultural water facilities are the secondary forces. From the view of driving force type, the stress-type driving force is dominant, and the structure-type driving force is minor. Backward mode of production is a powerful driving force of the AEV.

 The optimal allocation of land use has been one of the important ways to achieve sustainable land use, to promote regional economic development and harmonious environment. More people and less land is the basic situation in China, and more and more farmland conversion to construction land will be a reality in the present phase as China is speeding up industrialization and urbanization process. It is a significant problem which needs to be studied immanently that how to achieve sustainable land use in the process of speedy development of economy. A scientific optimization allocation of land resource can unleash capability of land use, improve concentration effect of land resource and also can maintain a balance of land ecosystems. The traditional optimization allocation of land use study focuses on the optimal structure of the amount of land use, but the study on the spatial optimization of land use is ignored. Obviously, the structure of the amount of land use is the basis for a rational allocation of land use, if we have designed an improper distribution of land use in geographical space, which would restrict the improvement efficiency of land use and affect the scientificness and precision of optimization allocation of land resource, finally we can not achieve the ultimate goal of the optimization allocation of land resources. We must think that how to locate the predictable amount of land use for all types, so the study on spatial optimization allocation of land use is especially important. This paper explained the comprehensive concept of spatial optimization allocation of land use, systemically introduced the related theories and methods of the structure of land use and spatial allocation at home and abroad. From the point of views such as the principle of geography, landscape ecology, system engineering and management, technology such as GIS or RS and application of mathematical model, and sociology and policy, some prospects on land use spatial allocation were made, which aimed to innovate and intensify the study on spatial optimization allocation of land use.

Researches on the pattern, process and mechanism of urban system become the focus and hotspots under the background of rapid urbanization, regional integration and global environmental change. The urban system researches from the perspective of geo-ecological processes are reviewed, including urban spatial and human processes, system metabolism and efficiency and competition-cooperation situation. The article indicatestthat the most important future direction focuses on deep analyses of geo-spatial processes, micro-object behaviors, spatial environmental responses, human-driving mechanism by comprehensive macro- and micro-means. The review will contribute to understanding the emphases and direction of future urban researches, and grasping the pattern, processes and mechanism of urban evolution, and thus be beneficial to guiding urban spatial management and responding to rapid urbanization and global warming.