Based on time series mapping of land use in Hainan Island, the dynamic changes of the land use in the island have been monitored using remote sensing and GIS. The methods used in this paper include: land use transition matrixes, land use dynamic mapping, mathematical models and image interpretation. All these methods are used separately to explore the characters and laws of land use changes in Hainan from different aspects. In fact, transition matrixes are good for describing the general trends of land use changes and conversion amount among different land use types. Land use dynamic mapping is often used to discover the changes of land use in time and space. Mathematical models are utilized to calculate the extent and speed of change, including increase and decrease of land area for different purposes. The method of image interpretation is easy to monitor the land use changes,such as mangroves,shelter-belt and sandy land in the coastal zone directly and visually. Therefore, the results of the study in Hainan show that integration of multiple techniques and multiple methods could help people gain a deep understanding about land use dynamics and the driving forces of these changes.

Molecular size distribution of water soluble organic matter (WSOM) and fulvic acid (FA) of soils sampled from eastern China were determined by gel chromatography. The spatial variation in molecular size distribution of WSOM and FA was analyzed. There is a decreasing trend in molecular size distribution of WSOM and FA, average molecular size decreasing from north east to south west in the study area. Precipitation and temperature were thought to be basic factors for this.

Landscape ecology, resulted from the integration of modern Geography and Ecology, is discovering and broadening its application scope Its application to ecotourism is now underway On the basis of three kinds of definitions on ecotourism, this paper defines ecotourism from tourism planners and managers, tourists, and their integrated levels We also emphasize its spatial and ecological meaning, and initially discover the application of landscape ecology to ecotourism Landscape ecologic theory including structure and function, ecological holism and spatial heterogeneity, diversity and stability, and landscape change, can be one of the theoretical foundations of ecotourism planning and management

Liaoning Province,facing the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea,is not only a part of regional economy of Bohai Yellow Sea Rim, but also a part of national marine economic region Trough evaluating marine resources of Liaoning,and analyzing development of marine economy,composition of marine industries and distributional characteristics of marine economy,Liaoning is divided into Bohai Sea marine economic region and Yellow Sea marine economic region based on differences of marine resources and marine economy between the two Thereby we go further into the formation of regional marine economic region and distributional mechanism of regional marine economy In the study,we adopt the method of combining qualitative with quantitative,and from that of quantitative to that of qualitative The Analytical Hierarchy Process(AHP)is adopted to determine development orientation of every marine economic region and major marine industrial sectors According to the study of sustainable development of marine economy, strategries and measures facilitating a sustainable development of regional marine economy in Liaoning are thus put forward.

Distributing models along varies traffic lines for economic development are significant in regional development. economic zone along expressways(EZAE) is one of the most important models among them. Based on the observations of a number of cases and the investigations of authentic instances, this article systematically presents a preliminary study upon EZAE and planning methods of its economic distribution. (1) Although it shares the same features in many aspects with other Traffic Economic Belts (TEB), such as TEB of railways, TEB of rivers etc., it has some unique characteristics. They are TEB's major features attributed to expressway's transportation traits, such as the rapidity of EZAE's expansion, the original features of regions adjacent to expressways, evolution and formation features. As a combination of the previous studies about TEB and economic activities related to EZAE, its definition is delivered. It is supposed as the major contribution of this article. (2) The mechanism of formation and evolution of EZAE are dilated in this article in two facets: The spatial system and the economic system. During the growing process of its spatial system, it falls into three stages: germination period, expansion period and mature period. Each has distinctive characteristic and is supported by examples. As an economic system, its formulation and evolution follow the common laws of TEB's and has its distinctive characteristics as well. (3) The major application of these theories are included in EZAE's economic allocation planing. The characteristics and contents of the plan are emphasized. The characteristics are summarized in the following aspects: the scope,the spatial feature, the relationship between the EZAE and the expressway. The contents of the plan can be laid down upon such fields: the evaluation of physical and economic conditions; boundary division; directions and strategies of development etc. At last, planning of EZAE of Shenyang Shanhaiguan is presented as a supporting case.

Mn oxide minerals are very reactive components of soils. They could control the availability and toxicity of many life-relative elements. Meanwhile, Mn oxide minerals influence the fates of formation and transformation of organic materials, including humic substances, organic pollutants and humic acids, and affect the quantity and quality of crops. Ultimately, they make a notable impact on human health. As products of certain period of soil-forming processes, soil iron-manganese nodules are the main rich forms of Mn oxides. Studying on the mineral composition and geochemical characteristics of soil iron-manganese nodules can help us not only know the properties of soil iron-manganese nodules and Mn oxide minerals but also comprehend the soil-forming process and the ecological environmental conditions. The types and amounts of manganese minerals in several iron-manganese nodules in subtopical and warm-temperate zones were studied by means of X-ray diffraction and selective chemical dissolution. Their geochemical processes and characteristics were also investigated. The amounts and types of manganese mineral in different soils were distinct. Lithiophorite is a common mineral in all tested iron-manganese nodules with high degree of crystallinity. Compared with corresponding soils, Si, Al and Fe were still the main chemical elements in nodules. However, the increasing extent of iron content was higher than that of Al, and increasing extent of Mn content was higher than that of Mg and Ca. The enrichment order of some heavy metals was Pb>Co>Ni>Cu>Zn>Cr. During the processes of nodules formation, there exist nucleation and enrichment, mineral formation, specific adsorption and slight calcification.

Integrated evaluation on land use degree for each county in western China was made by using factor analysis. Based on the integrated score of each evaluated unit (county or county-level city), which reflected the structure of land use, and taken the eco-geographical system of China as a controlling framework, evaluated units were united with the GIS technique; thus, the combined division method of From-top-to-bottom (TB) and From-bottom-to-top (BT) was tested. Western China, which included 12 provinces, autonomous regions and municipality, were divided into three large regions of East monsoon region, Northwest arid region and Tibetan alpine region and further divided into 30 subregions. The various types of indices commonlyused to illuminateland use degreejust reflect the situation of land usefrom a few on the sides. Therefore, the simply using of these indicesto proceed mathematical analyses and to dodivision research would usually deviate from the right direction. Taken the eco-geographical system of China as a controlling framework, the combined division method of TB and BT can be used with hierarchical structure and suggestivedirection. Using the factor analysis, information provided by many indices can be purified and synthesized. The result of data deduction also keeps the structure of samples in high dimension, especiallythe structure related to ordering. Thus, the comparisonand union of the evaluated units have one directly referenced index rather than lots of indices. The application of GIS technique makes the orderingof integrated score closely related to the space attributes among samples, and avoid the irrational union of evaluated units which have almost the same integrated score but have very different land use structure. Also the GIS technique makes the division methods combined between that of TB and that of BT. Many attributes of the divided regions are gradually changing;therefore, the result of division is opposite. County boundary must be consideredfor maneuverability; however, some countieshave large areas, resulting in rather differentecogeographic conditions. With more detailed inquisition information about land use and perfecting study method, the division result would be more reasonable.

The Taibai Mountain, with an altitude of 3 767 m, is the highest peak of the Qinling Mountain Chain. There are many kinds of climates, abundant vegetation resources, and typical altitudinal belts of soils on the slopes of the Taibai Mountain. The variations in temperature, precipitation and vegetation type are caused by the descending altitude on the northern slope of the Taibai Mountain. In the middle zone, the vegetation type varies from the pure conifer forest to the mixed conifer and broad leaved forests. The climate on the middle zone of northern slope is frigid temperate monsoonal climate and temperate monsoonal climate. With the descending of altitude, vegetation varies from pure conifer forest zonation to conifer and broad leaved forest zonation. Great changes have taken place in the soil properties of this area. Abundent organic matter is contented in the Acid Udic Cambisols generated in the higher area. Compared with it, the Hap Udic Luvisols generated in the lower zone has less organic matter, but the structure of the organic matter is more complex. The claying horizon has formed in the Hap Udic Luvisols. The dissolution of the silicate mineral was accelerated because of the higher content and special composition of the organic matter under the conifer forest, then iron oxide was liberated and cheluviated to B horizon for enrichment. Environmental factors, such as temperature and precipitation influnce not only the formation and illuviation of clay, but also the content of Free and Amorphous Iron Oxides, the free degree, and activation degree. Judged from conformation of the iron oxides, combining the genetic characteristics, the tested soils are in the process of desalinization and silica alumina enrichment.

In this paper, the Sand Hill of Nebraska, a typical semi arid area located in mid west part of US and recognized as the largest 'sand sea' in the western hemisphere, is selected as the study area The study is focused on extraction of thematic information referring to sands, wetlands, waters, and grassland, which relatvely inicate e?vironmetal changes in the region Four temporal Landsat TM and MSS data from 1972 to 1993 are collected for analysis In the study, LSMM (Linear Spectral Mixture Model) is applied to pixel decomposition for classification of sands, and TC transformation is used for separation of vegetation and soil Besides, thematic information on sands, wetlands, waters, and grassland with different coverages is extracted through synthetic analysis of NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), NDWI (Normalized Difference Water Index) and NDMI (Normalized Difference Moisture Index) Remote sensing images in 1972, 1979, 1987 and 1993 are classified respectively and compared to obtain the changes in corresponding land types The features of environmental changes for the last 20 years in the study area are finally discussed The result shows that there has been the trend towards increasing in the areal extent of sands and towards decreasing in coverage and green degree of grassland in the study area and that, changes of areal extent of wetlands and waters are controlled by annual precipitation Through analysis on temperature and precipitation of summer for more than 40 years, which is understood as the most important season for energy exchange and changes of ecological environment in a year of this region, we can infer that the upwards trend of temperature, the downwards trend of precipitation and the desiccation trend of climate are the main causes for the increase of sandy area and decrease of vegetation coverage and green degree For the study area, which belongs to the sparcsely populated prairie landscape, even there is less human interference and slight environmental change, the impact of climatic factor on environmental change should not be ignored The relation between climate and environmental change will be further studied

Tongwan city is a focus of Mu Us for discussion. For many years, some experts have tried to prove that Mu Us Sandy Land was once a beautiful place by citing the fact that Haolian Bobo set up his capital in Tongwan city at the beginning of the fifth century. The reason why he gave up Gaoping city where he rose to power and position and established his capital in Tongwan city was that he intended to compete with Northem Wei dynasty in Hedong (East of Yellow River) , at least to keep a balanced position with it, and than conquer Later Qin dynasty in the central part of Shaanxi, and finally unify China. When Haolian Bobo set up his capital there, sand was already in existence. We found fine sand under the ruins of the Palace to the west of Tongwan city when we explored the place in May, 2000. The base of the city wall 13 meters under the ground was built on sand directly, which tallies with the descriptions in book "Shui Jing Zhu" by Li Daoyuan, a famous historical geographer who wrote it after. his inspection tour to Ordos Plateau himself. It proved that there was sand surrounding the Tongwan city, but not desert. The sand has no influence on the decision made by Haolian Bobo to set up a capital city there. Changes in natural environment were contributed to natural forces as well as human activities. The latter had a greater influence on it. A good case in point is that, the scale of both farming and grazing exceeded the land and vegetation carrying capacity because of agricultural and husbandry development, and frequently erupted large scale battles. In addition, the dry weather led to the drying up of lakes. The sand dunes expanded and connected together. Consequently the natural environment took a turn for the worse . Till Tang and Song dynasties, Mu Us had formed sandy environment. After Ming and Qing dynasties, farming scale was further expanded and the areas covered by plants became smaller, which accelerated the formation of desert. Therefore the changes of Tongwan city were resulted from political and military activities as well as natural evolution. We concluded that the city is the reflection of human and social activities in Mu Us area and its rise and fall have little to do with sandy land in Mu Us Sandy Land.

To initiate the study on consumers'behaviors in China, the authors, based upon quantities of questionnaires and field surveysin Tianjin, analyze the urban residents' shopping trip space. An aggregated ring shape of shopping trip space of Tianjin's residents, which also reflects the hierarchy of urban region, shows a decay in shopping space (distance) from the higher level merchandises to the lower ones, and prove that the 400 to 500 meters'radius of the trip space for convenient merchandises is applicable and boasts its common meanings throughout the world. More creatively, to describe and analyze the hierarchy of shopping trip space in detail and mathematically, a new mode, which is based upon Central Place Theory, is introduced, upon which some new details are found and analyzed. For the market segment, the authors cluster the residential cases into four groups by income levels, and bring out three kinds of hierarchical distribution of shopping trip space, which differentiates the income groups in shopping trip distance and the preference to the hierarchical central places and with some possible accounts for the structures followed.

Since the discovery of fossils of Dingcun Culture in 1954, many scholars have been studying the age of Dingcun Formation in different ways. But there is still no certain answer to it by now. Some researchers think it was formed in the late of middle-Pleistocene, and the others think it was in the early of late-Pleistocene. Their researches normally focused on the changes of the fossils of Mammal in Dingcun Formation and determined its age according to these changes. Because some animals had lived for a long time during middle-late Pleistocene, this made it difficult to do so. As a terrace of Fenhe River, the deposition of Dingcun Formation was strongly controlled by the development of Linfen Basin during middle-late Pleistocene. By studying the landforms in Linfen Basin, we find: 1) there occurred an extensive withdrawal of lake resulting from a regionally structural uplift; while S₁ began to develop; 2) when L 1SS began to develop, the strong down dissection of Fenhe River led to the formation of the terrace(T3). The existence of an erosion surface in Dingcun section and the characteristics of Dingcun Formation indicated that there was a remarkable increase in hydrodynamics when Dingcun Formation began to accumulate. Taking all the above-discussed into account, we draw the following conclusions: 1)Dingcun Formation began to accumulate about 0.13MaBP when S₁ began to form, while a structural uplift took place there. 2)The deposition of Dingcun Formation ended about 52kaBP. The wet and warm climate then caused a strong down dissection and the end of the deposition of Dingcun Formation when L₁SS began to develop. 3)The accumulation of Dingcun Formation was in correspondence with the formation of S₁ and the lower part of L₁ in time.

The multiple-linear regression models with more readily observed environmental variables (land use and topography) were developed to spatially predict soil moisture content using six methods and their performances and cost-benefit were evaluated using 13 indices in Danangou catchment (3.5 km²) in the loess area of China. Soil moisture measurements were performed biweekly at five depths in soil profile (0～5 cm, 10～15 cm, 20～25 cm, 40～45 cm and 70～75 cm) on 81 plots from May to September 1999 using time domain reflectometry (TDR). It is indicated that the 13 measured indices almost exhibit the similar conclusions. In terms of fitness, optimum, precision, outlier and cost-benefit, the with-attributes group models, including generalized multiple-linear regression models with environmental attributes (GMLRMs) and stepwise multiple-linear regression models with environmental variables (SMLRMs), were shown to be superior to those multiple-linear regressions models with linear transformation on environmental attributes by principal component analysis (PCA-based group models) and those regression models with nonlinear transformation by detrended correspondence analysis (DCA-based group models). Within each group models, the models using generalized-method or enter-method are better than those using stepwise-method are. However, such within-group differences are not so evident as that of inter-group. Among the six methods, the GMLRMs are the best in terms of fitness, optimum, precision and outlier based on the 11 performance indices, while the SMLRMs are most effective and economical according to the Akaike information criterion (AIC) and Schwarz or Bayesian information criterion (SIC) that can evaluate the cost-benefit of models.

Based on the pollen analyses of Niya section which is located at southern margin of the Tarim Basin, this paper probes into the paleoenvironmental evolution during historical times （since about 4 000 a BP） in this district. The paleoenvironmental information stored in pollen assemblage coincides with that revealed by other geological indices, such as the ratio of geo chemical element, low frequency susceptibility and δ¹³C. The results show three relative humid periodes has been identified, i.e., about 3 600 a BP （1 650 BC）, 2 500～1 900 a BP （550 BC～50 AD） and 1 400～1 000 a BP （550～950 AD）, although the macro background of drought consecutively existed. This paper also reflects that （1） studies of pollen assemblage of arid area provide useful information on paleoenvironmental changes; （2） the two abnormal high values of Gramineae appeared at 1 70～1 60 m （100 BC～50 AD） in this section imply intensified human agricultural activities during this period; （3） what's more interesting is this period incarnates apparent relative humidity reflected by pollen data and other indices.

Electronic map is the main method of visualizing geographical information. Following the popularization of all kinks of digital maps and web maps products, the design of the electronic map has become more and more important and constituted one of the key study fields in geo science and modern cartography. In study on design of electronic map, “design of user interface”, “presentation of three dimension land sight”, “application of multiple media”, “conflict of figure”, “dynamic annotation”, “interactive function of screen map” are important and unavoidable problems. Even though the electronic map is becoming more and more popular, these problems still need to be further studied. The paper summarizes and analyses the issues concerning electronic map design, discusses the theory of electronic map design, puts forward suitable method of data organization and technique of “multiple presentation”, and thus realizes “dynamic annotation” and efficient “space index” method. It provides basic services for better viewing: zooming and panning, rotation, virtual movement of the observer over 3D graphics, enlarging selected elements of graphics, etc. This system realizes the integration of graphic data and attribute data, so graphical presentation reflects the results of querying a database and is immediately updated when the user changes the query conditions. There are several linked displays of the same data set. The user selects some objects or data subsets in one of the displays, and the corresponding objects or data are highlighted in all the displays. The dynamic manipulation techniques available in this atlas are illustrated not only with pictures but also with “live” maps. In the end, based on the practice of the “Electronic Atlas of Beijing”, the paper discusses the design of interface and map function of the electronic atlas and several important issues on design of electronic maps are discussed in detail..

Southeast Asia is a region where ethnic Chinese society has the longest history, the largest population and the prominent economic role in the world. In general, overseas ethnic Chinese lives in harmony with the indigenous people where they live. They have gradually integrated themselves with the mainstream society and have made contribution to the progress of the local society. But there are big differences in the integration of ethnic Chinese with the indigenous people in various countries because of the difference of the history in political, economic, social and cultural development. A comparison of Indonesia and Thailand in this aspect and its background is studied in this paper. Historically, the Dutch colonialists ruled Indonesia for more than 300 years, but Siam maintained the continuity of independence. This was the source of the contrast in the integration of ethnic Chinese with the mainstream society in Indonesia and Thailand. The analysis in this paper is made in two aspects. The first aspect covers the political and economic factors;the second aspect includes the social and cultural factors. This paper comes to the conclnsion that the contrast between the integration of ethnic Chinese with the mainstream society of Thailand and Indonesia was the result of the historical development of the two countries. In Southeast Asia the relation between ethnic Chinese and the native people is a part of the general problems of the society. The resolution of this part of the problem depends on the progress of the whole nation. The improvement of the relation between ethnic Chinese and indigenous people in Indonesia will mostly depend on whether the Indonesian economy is able to regain the high growth rates of the 1970s and whether the trend towards corporatization generated by such a growth has the effect of breaking down the lines of demarcation in economic live between ethnic Chinese and the native people there. Only if the social and political contradictions of Indonesia have been mitigated, economy growth has been achieved continuously,social stability has been brought about, great improvement has been made in living and education of native people, harmonious development can just be made between Chinese and native people.

Poverty problem is very common and serious in the west of China where human development level is very low, and poverty of income, poverty of knowledge and poverty of human ability coexist After solving the problem of adequate food and clothing at the end of the last century, there are still some new problems in poverty alleviation in the west of China, such as how to eliminate poverty steadily, how to overcome backward human resources development problem, and overload tax and fees on farmers, etc On the basis of studying the poverty characteristics and some new problems in poverty mitigation in western China, this paper raises some new policies and suggestions for shaking off poverty strategy in the 21st century The basic tentative plan for poverty stricken area's development objectives implemented at three stages was proposed too, i e , 2001～2005, achieving stable poverty elimination,2005～2010,creating various conditions for achieving comparatively well off and 2010～2030, making most of the poverty stricken farmers's living standards to approach to or achieve comparatively well-off It also suggested that poverty alleviation measures should be taken to turn human resources investment as the dominant factor from material investment gradually As the central government has put forward a series of policies for the great development of the western areas, it needs to combine eliminating poverty plan with these polices closely, which will be much effective in implementing poverty ridding of plans in China

The central-southern part of Inner Mongolia which lies in the edge of monsoon area of northern China is sensitive to the climatic change. It is important to research the relationship between the environmental change and the changes of pre-historical cultures in the region.The archaeological research in the central-southern part of Inner Mongolia indicates that the development of pre-historical cultures in the study area is divided into two phases.The first one is the period of primitive agricultural culture from ca1.7ka BP to ca1.3.5ka BP. The second is the period of farming-grazing transitional culture from cal.3.5ka BP to present. The change of the land use from farming to grazing happened in ca1.4-3.5ka BP.Environmental change is the major driving force for the development of archaeological cultures, such as land use patterns, the growth or decline of agriculture comparing to the pasturage culture in this area. The primitive agricultural cultures were developed and flourished during the warm and humid Holocene Megathermal Period. The sub-phases or interruption of the culture during the primitive agriculturalphase are responded to the phases of climatic change during the Holocene MegathermalPeriod. The transition of land use from farming to grazing duringcal.4ka BPto 3.5ka BP was a result of theabrupt cold-dry event that ended the Holocene MegathermalPeriod.

Heterogeneity in land use is shaped as a result of complex interactions between climate, terrain, soil, water availability, and various human activities. Different land use spatial patterns have different geographic causative mechanisms, and the ecological functions and their spatial graphics also vary. The key problem of this study is the quantiative representation of different land use patches, and description of actual patches with graphics. In this article, landscape ecology and geographical graphic information theory are used to discuss this problem by taking Qianguo county of Jilin province in Northeast China as a case. Based on studies of numerous land use patches, we discuss the quantitative description and graphic presentation method of patch shapes of various principal land use types,obtain characteristic graphics of different land use ty pes and law of spatial distribution.The results indicate that the interior rate of residential patch is the lowest, which decreases with the increase of patch area at the scale of 0 1km², while grassland is the highest which increases with the increase of area. The form index of residential patch and grassland changes slightly with patch area, and forest increases with patch area.The fractal dimension of grassland is high and increases with the patch area, while residential patch patch changes a little. The circularity of residential patch remains unchanged with the patch area changes. The patch shape of forest is mostly similar to rectangleas the patch area is less than 0.1 km². The grassland patches shape as rectangle with curvatures at the edges.The patch shape of water area is similar to ellipse. The shapes of residential patch and farmland are simple, and farmland presents as echelon composed by several rectangles when the area is larger than 1km². These two land-use types are reflected intensively by human activities and the patch shapes often have right angles. The other patch shapes are irregular graphics with curvatures at the edges. The result of VCM analysis shows patches of forest are scatteredly distributed with patch distance mostly exceeding 2000 m. The patch distance of grassland is small, mostly less than 1000 m as patches are mostly distributed in concentration. Almost all residential patches are distributed regularly with patch intervals of 3000 m. This study provides basis for further analysis of the geographic causative mechanism and ecological function of different land use spatial patterns.

This paper focuses on stochastic parameter optimization for water quality model with simulated annealing algorithm (SA) which is discussed in detail. For comparison, genetic algorithm (GA) and steepest decent algorithm (SD) are also discussed. Simultaneously, the typical S P water quality model is adopted in a case study. Result of the case study shows that the stochastic optimization methods (SA and GA) are more effective than the other methods such as the steepest decent method. What are testified include not only in the aspect of theory but also in the case study, both SA and GA are able to reach the global optimal results. However, concerning SA and GA, GA is weaker in local optimization and spends more time in parameter optimization.

Previous studies on pungent flavour districts in China are fully on the basis of perceptual knowledge, for example, it was simply thought that taste of food in southen China was hot but less pungent in northern China. Opinions differ greatly on pungent degrees of food in different districts This paper holds that there are three flavour districts on food and drink in China:1)Strong pungent flavour district in the middle amd upper reaches of the Yangtze River,includeing Sichuan, Chongqing, Hunan, Hubei, Guizhouand southern Shaanxi with pungent index being 151-25.2)Pungent flavour district in northern China, including Beijing,Shandong, Shanxi,Guanzhong in northern Shaanxi and greater part of Gansu, Qinghai and Xinjiang with pungent index being 26-15 3)Light flavour district along the southeast coast, including Jiangsu, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Fujian and Guangdong with pungent index being 17-8 Previous veiw held that the reason for eating pungent food was to disperse damp vapours and keep warm in light with statistics and analyses as well as on the spot investigations and document records Present study holds that the principal environmental factors for the formation of heavy pungent flavour district are inadequate sunshine, mosit and cold in winter. Social reasons such as migration are also analyzed in the paper

GIS application in government agencies opens up a specialized research field and the General Provincial Situation GIS is one of the important research contents. Organization and management of billions of data with multi-scaled and multi-temporal characteristics, composed of vector data, image data and DEM data, is the key issue in giving the field a push to develop rapidly and be applied practically. And the system must make the strict demand on security of data. In order to provide consultation service for leaders to immediately make a strategic decision, the data organization in this paper breaks away from the constraint of the traditional map management, which has some evidently shortcomings that are unfavorable for querying and indexing information of some administrative units. As a result, the seamless spatial data organization scheme based on administrative units is put forward to organize the vector data and the snapshot model is used to process the temporal data. So all data are stored according to administrative units. And data of different scales are stored in different databases and the image data and DEM data are stored separately in line with blocks. Consequently, querying and indexing to all data can be done according to different administrative units, different scales, time (temporal resolution), different object classifications,image or DEM blocks,etc. and the speed to query and index is improved distinctly.

As the regional problems are usually regarded as a result of'market failure', traditional regional economic policies are basically based on the assumed rationality of 'government intervention'and concerned mainly the benefit of objective area. Considering the fact that many regional policies aiming at enhancing the benefit of the objective area have resulted in the negative effect on the benefit of non objective area at the same time, we attempt to study the regional policy issue with application of game theory. Firstly, we analyze the driving forces for regional division. Based on the hypothesis that the motivation for a region to take part in the regional cooperation and division is the increased benefits, we compare the ratio of benefits to cost, and find that the exchange ratio of specialized products of two regions is the main decisive element. Then, we probe into the effect of economic policy on the dynamics of regional competition and regional division. Different regional policies will change the game model of regional competition and division through changes of regional benefits. Also, we find that the reasonable exchange ratio of specialized products in division should be based on the ratio of product cost before division. At last, we give a game theory analysis of the effect of China's regional policy. Many regional problems in the development of China's regional economy were largely the result of playing games at regional level in order to maximize each region's own benefits. Especially, unreasonable price system gave limitations to the development of regional cooperation and division.As a whole, some conclusions have been achieved as follows: (1)It is the economic benefit that motivates a region to take part in regional division. (2)The price ratio on of the specialized products is the main element that works on the process and result of regional competition and division. (3)The regional policy particularly set out for one area will influence all areas that have economic relations with it.

Spatial structural patterns are very important reformation inflecting regional characteristics. However, they are seldom explicitly expressed in geo-data bases. In order to express them in generalized maps derived from geo-data set, spatial structural units need to be identified beforehand. This involves in the classification, identification, description and generalization of spatial structural patterns. This paper includes three sections. The first two parts discuss the classification and identification of spatial structure patterns. Spatial distribution can be subdivided into three categories, i.e., point, linear, and areal phenomena, which can be further divided into uniform, agglomerate, or random point/areal patterns, and isolated, grouped, nested, dendriform, or netlike linear patterns. Spatial structural units can be identified by means of comparison between digital model and theoretic model, which are derived from geographical entity. Theoretic models of structural patterns are usually described by a group of parameters, such as polarity, linearity, and symmetry. The third section studies the method to generalize spatial structure of point, linear, and areal phenomena. Among point and areal distribution, clusters are the most important structural units. Clusters can be generalized by means of boundary adjustment and inner structure simplification. As for linear distribution, dendriform and netlike patterns are the most important units. The generalization of both of them involves in trunk lines selection and typification of characteristic patterns, which need to be dealt with different methods according to concrete situation.

Land-use and land-cover change (LUCC) has become a key field for the research of global environmental change since the 1990s. More attention is paid to the identification and description of the driving forces of LUCC. For all kinds of limitations, it is difficult to incorporate different influencing factors into a whole model to carry out such an analysis. Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA) is a kind of traditional statistical model to show the relationship between two multiple stochastic variables. It is widely applied in different research fields to describe the relationship between the set of criterion measures and the set of explanatory factors. This paper introduces the connotations, characteristics and procedures of this multivariate analysis. It is combined with one of the analyses on geographic problems, to identify the relationship between the land-use patterns and its influencing factors. Taking the Bohai Rim in China as an example, through the preparation of the data, operation procedures and statistical checks, the application of CCA in a practical study is given comprehensively. It is shown that CCA could be widely applicable to the geographic analysis, especially to the identification of the relationship between land-use structure and its influencing factors. Through the canonical loadings analysis, the influencing extension of different factors to the dependant variables or the contribution extension of explanatory variables to the explained variables could be described quantitatively. As CCA is carried out in combination with a series of data checks and precision tests, it makes the specific analysis more rational and scientific.

Great complementarity exists between remote sensing image data and geographical knowledge. This paper tries to unify the image classification and geographical knowledge discovery through ground classes data, i.e.,to discover geographical knowledge with remote sensing data drive, to confirm, explain and evaluate image classification result with geographical knowledge, and to represent geographical knowledge with statistic value and distribution atlas. All these come to be an incorporated Remote Sensing and Geographic Classification System. The steps of this method are as follows: firstly, to divide the image into relative big number(>20) of classes using the unsupervised classification; then overlay these unknown classes with the DEM data and get some statistic values and distribution atlas for each class; finally use these values and atlases to name,explain and evaluate each class of the classification result. Meanwhile the correlation between the ground object type and the topographical data is acquired and expressed as well. The example shows that this method makes the classification more efficient and reliable, and it is useful to express and discover the geographical knowledge. The conclusion is that, we can use other data to interpret the result of unsurpervised classification, name and check each class, and at the same time, acquire the geographical knowledge from the pattern in the image data.

Land property right is the kernel of land cadastral management Cadastral information is dynamic because land property right and land use often change It is the pivot and difficultical of cadastral information system about how to manage history cadastral information In this essay, the cadastral entities variation rule in cadastral information system are analyzed based on Object-Oriented method and Time-GIS technology Land parcels, land certificates and obliges are the fundamental entities of Cadastral Information System Land parcel is the principal part of a land certificate while the oblige is the object part The lifecycle of land parcels is the time-span when the spatial and topologic relationship keep changeless The lifecycle of land certificate is the time-span when the principal part and the object part don't change The state succession in the lifecycle of a land parcel can be divided into basic properties variation and apportion properties variation Then the relationship between old entities and newborn entities in the evolution of Cadastral Entities is analyzed Based on the discussion of cadastral entities variation rule, the solution about how to use GIS and Database Technology to record and query the cadastral entities is brought out Two aspects are emphasized when recording history cadastral information:(1) State time successions in lifecycle of cadastral entities;(2) inheritance relationship between old entities and newborn entities Two ways can be applied when querying historical cadastral information:(1) parent entities tracing of a cadastral entity;(2)parcels distribution resume in a specified area and time Thus the academic and the technologic groundwork are provided for the cadastral information system to manage historical cadastral information

Basing on statistical data, the author reviewed the differences between the north and the south in economic rate and level and analysed regional unbalanced development in China Through quantitative calculation, the conclusions are drawn: 1)it was obvious that the south was faster than the north; contrast of economic level has reversed since reform and opening 2)The reasons accountable for these changes consist of politics, export strength,economic system (structure of possession system),input intensity (special foreign direct investment), industrial structure and so on 3)Social cultural elements have certain influence by all means 4)To turn the north tardy, we should quicken the pace of reform and opening in the north, make efforts in restructuring big and middle state owned enterprises, vigorously carry out the strategy of making the country strong through science and education 5)The north must grasp opportunity, build new economic growth pole, retransfer and upgrade industrial structure as soon as possible

This paper develops a new framework of RMP for regional tourism development and planning. The model RMP framework consists of three key elements for regional tourism planning, which are Resource, Market, and Product, strongly emphasize that a tourism planner should have a comprehensive understanding these three determinants. The framework suggests that planners should research the resource basis of the region at first, then examine the characteristic of the market, and construct attractions, facilities and service for product spectrum building at last. The framework has been developed as an adaptation to current situation of China's tourism industry and has been implicated in the process of regional tourism planning in Luoyang city, one of the most famous Chinese ancient capital cities.

This paper carries out a systematical literature survey and critical review on the research progress of urban land use theories in the West, which are classified into historical morphological, locational economics, social behavior, and political economics by their research approaches. The historical morphological approach is good at exploring the spatial differentiation laws and the evolutionary models of urban land use, but its simple circular models are inconsistent with actual situation. The locational economics approach provides strong quantified economic explanation on the spatial structure of urban land use through deep decomposing the price components of urban land, but it pays more attention to “why” than to “what”. The behavior analysis approach becomes more comprehensive and practical because it additionally takes social driving forces into account, but it is based on the two concepts of “uncertainty” and “stochastity” of individual decision makers of land use, thus its theoretical explanation power is rather limited. The political economics approach focuses on the impact of the social production system and “power” on the process of urban land development, and greatly extends and enhances our understanding on inner dynamic mechanics of urban land development. Finally, this paper emphasizes that China should adopt and strengthen the application of locational economics and political economics approaches in its researches on urban land use in the future.