In the area of Three Gorges,two slope types,namely the deep weathering slope and the colluvium-debris slope,are identified according to our field survey from Fengjie to Badong.Deposits on the deep weathering slope are mainly composed of eluvial materials,and the shallow layer landslide is probably one of the forms of deposit accumulation on the lower part of the slope.The colluvium-debris slope is characteristic of the occurrence of escarpment on the upper part of the slope.Deposits here can be treated as the assemblage of two end members,i.e.,the collapsed block mass and fine slopewash.The amount of the collapsed blocks decreases downslope,while the slopewash layer thickens gradually.The poor stability of deposits on these two types of slopes is revealed by the high rate of denudation and accumulation.The depositing rate can be roughly estimated by dividing total thickness by the deposition age.However,this approach is complicated by the lack of reliable dating of the slopewash.Since the thermoluminescence signals of the slopewash are not completely bleached when deposition,the measured ages can only be treated as the maximum ages in general.As a result,the activity period of the shallow layer landslide on the deep weathering slope is evaluated to be about 1.5ka,the corresponding deposition rate is about 33cm/ka.The main period of the collapse of escarpment is 40ka⁶0ka,and the deposition rate on the middle part of the colluvium-debris slope is approximately 4cm/ka.The distorted trees are often found on this type of slopes.The distortion is caused by deposit creeping,and the distortion extent is an indicator of the creeping rate.The considerable high creeping rate is the denudation rate on the middle part of the slope,as well as the rate of detritus supply to the lower part of the slope.This shows the denudation rate and the deposition rate vary greatly from one place to another place.Although the periodicity of earthy landslide based on the deposition rate cannot be directly derived from this study,we still believe the deposition process controls the occurrence of the earthy landslide to some extent.According to these findings,we assume that efforts of putting an earthy landslide under control should pay attention to the deposition rate in the areas of being prone to slide.These findings should also be taken into consideration when we attempt to prevent soil erosion.

To assess the human health risk posed by elevated concentrations of zinc in vegetables,and to identify pollution-tolerant vegetable varieties,a large scale survey of zinc levels in soils and vegetables planted or sold in Beijing was conducted.Fifty-two soil samples were collected from gardens and fields used to grow vegetable plants.In addition,97 varieties of 402 fresh vegetable samples were obtained from vegetable stalls,supermarkets and wholesale outlets.Zinc concentrations were measured using flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Zinc concentrations in soils ranged from 24.9 to 307.5 mg kg^-1,with arithmetic,median,geometric and Box-Cox means of 79.29,63.81,70.7 and 68.01 mg kg^-1,respectively.Compared with the background zinc concentrations of soils from Beijing,there appeared a significant accumulation of zinc in soils collected from fields that produced vegetables.Zinc concentrations in the edible plant portions ranged from 0.005 to 25.6 mg kg^-1 fresh weight, with arithmetic,median and Box-Cox means of 3.11,2.24 and 2.55 mg kg^-1 fresh weight,respectively.In all of the samples and vegetable varieties,zinc was less than the Tolerance Limit of Zinc in Foods（TLCF） of 100 mg kg^-1 fresh weight for pulse and 20 mg kg^-1 for other vegetables.The TLCF is the maximum permissible concentration of zinc in vegetables that will be consumed by people.The highest level of zinc detected in a vegetable plant was 25.6 mg kg^-1,which was measured in a green soybean sample.Statistical analysis showed that the zinc concentration in leaf vegetables was significant higher than that of gourd and fruit vegetable.And the zinc concentration in vegetables from other places of China was significantly higher than the concentration of local vegetables,but there was no significantly difference between field-grown vegetables and those planted in a greenhouse. Results of hierarchical cluster analysis on the zinc bioconcentration factor（BCF） in vegetables indicated that the plants sampled could be separated into three groups based on BCF.Beans round trellis（Vigna unguiculata）,the first group,had the highest BCFs,and the following is the second group,including Chinese cabbage（Brassica pekinensis）,Pakchoi（Brassica chinensis） and radish（Raphanus）,had higher zinc BCFs while Chinese green onion,chili（Capsicum annuum） cucumber（Cucumis sativus）,eggplant（Solanum sp.）,tomato（Lycopersicon esculentum） and wax gourd（Beninacasa hispida） had lower zinc BCFs. The average ingestion rate of zinc from vegetables was 4.04 mg/individual/day for people of Beijing,making up 22.4% of the quantity demanded（18 mg/individual/day） and 7.4% of No-Observed-Adverse Effect-Level（NOAEL）.Consuming vegetables with elevated zinc concentrations may not pose a health risk to local residents.

The Yuanyang terraced fields,famous for their large area,wide distribution,astonishing construction and rarity in world,were identified as the core area of the cultural landscape of Hani terraces by the government of Honghe district,Yunnan province,China.The terraces were the physical basis of Hani peoples' life and the symbolization of Hani peoples' spirit.And the cultural landscape of Hani terraces was the model of sustainable land use and harmonious human ecosystem between culture and nature.Thus,we took the Yuanyang terraced fields as objects,calculated the landscape metrics,such as shape,number,density and area using the landscape structure analysis software-FRAGSTATS at class and landscape levels.The patch granularity and the neighboring characteristics were counted using Geographic Information System ArcView,and the relationship between landscape pattern and aesthetic character istics was analyzed finally.The results indicated that: 1) The dry land,dense forest,shrubbery and paddy field constituted the most part of landscape.Both the farmland and the forest accounted for 40% of the total area of the landscape,forming a predominant pattern of the landscape.But however,water area and uncovered land or rock were lack as a landacake component in Yuanyang County.2) Patches of the housing area had the maximum numbers and small size.Dry land had the most complex shape and the most centralized distribution pattern.The natural grassland and other garden plots had the minimum numbers and the most dispersed distribution pattern.The huge-sized and medium-sized patches were distributed alternatively,forming a relatively fragmentized landscape pattern.3) The edge length and edge numbers of the neighboring types as well as the percentages differed evidently,and most of the types were adjacent to dry land which impacted on them intensively.4) In the landscape,the area of paddy terraced fields occupied a higher proportion,being 16%.There were 253 patches with an average patch area larger than many other types,further more,the nearest distance among the patches was only 469.4m.All of the aforementioned landscape patterns were contributive to the aesthetic characteristics of "scale".5) The vertical pattern of forest-village-terrace was important to the harmonious aesthetics of landscape structure.6) The neighboring and size characteristics of landscape were one of the landscape patterns.It was very significant to analyze the relationship between landscape pattern and aesthetic characteristics.

Three typical study cases were analyzed based on rural socio-economic statistical data,land survey and remote sensing image interpretation and 136 household questionnaires since 1980.All the three study areas are situated in the interlock area of farming and pasturing along the Great Wall,including Yulin city of Shaanxi province,Jiuquan district of Gansu province in Hexi Corridor of arid Northwest China,and Deyang city in hilly areas of Sichuan Basin. The results showed that land use changes have characteristics of integrity and regionality,which are not only restricted by natural geo-bio-physical mechanisms but also affected by other factors such as society,economy,technology and history.Western China has a long history of land reclamation and varies in types of land cover patterns.Dramatic changes in land use of western China have taken place since the beginning of the 21st century due to unique physiographical characteristics,and some complicated social,economic and political factors.These factors are closely related with land resources utilization relative to agriculture,forestry,and animal husbandry as well as sustainable development relative to urbanization and land degradation.Among these,human factors constitute the main driving forces influencing the region's land use change,including population growth,urbanization,fixed assets investment,development of industry,mining and transportation,economic restructuring,development of science and technology,and policy management etc.

Water scarcity is one of the most challenging issues in natural resources at present and in future,especially in arid and semi-arid regions.In the Yellow River Basin,rapid growths of population,urbanization,and industrialization have caused ever-increasing competition for water.Any kind of changes in water resource caused by global climate change will have significant implications to such a water shortage basin.This study was conducted to evaluate the potential effects of global climate change on the mean natural annual runoff in the Yellow River Basin under different climatic scenarios of HadCM3 GCM based on the evaporation ratio function of the aridity index,which considers both climate and soil surface characteristics.Six sub-basins were divided based on the runoff producing properties.The mean precipitation and evaporation of 1961-1990 of each sub-basin were obtained based on 56 stations within and around the Yellow River Basin.The future changes in climate were the relative changes between baseline(1961-1990) and different periods(2006-2035,2036-2065,2066-2095) generated by GCM model.The delta change method was to get the climate change for each station.Simulations using HadCM3 A2 and B2 scenarios indicated that the changes in annual runoff varied from region to region within the range of-48.0% to more than 203%.In general,the potential changes in annual runoff decreased from east to west.For the Yellow River Basin,the mean annual runoff increased up to 5.0%,11.7%,and 8.1% for the A2 scenario,and the changes were 7.2%,-3.1%,and 2.6% for B2 scenario by the year of 2020,2050 and 2080,respectively.

Irrigation using reclaimed water would be the potentially effective approach to meet the large demand of agriculture. However,the environment risks of reclaimed-water irrigation still remain unknown.To obtain the knowledge of the impact on soil,crops and shallow groundwater,an investigation was undertaken in Tongzhou,Beijing.As one part of the research,soil column experiments（10 100 cm） were conducted to understand the heavy metal transport behaviors in soil profile under reclaimed water leaching condition and the concentrations of As,Cd,Cu,and Pb in the leachate.Soil columns were leached with artificial reclaimed water(As,2 mg kg^-1;Cd,0.2 mg kg^-1;Cu,20 mg kg^-1;Pb,20 mg kg^-1) and reclaimed water(As,0.83g kg^-1;Cd,0.01g kg^-1;Cu,1.73g kg^-1;Pb,2.01g kg^-1) in different water amount（4 L,12 L）.The results indicated that the maximum values of total As,Cd,Cu and Pb in the superficial horizons（0-20 cm） in soil columns are either artificial reclaimed water leaching or reclaimed water leaching.The trends of heavy metals downward movement were showed with the increase of leaching water amount and Cd demonstrated more mobile in soil columns than other heavy metals,while the mobility of As,Cu and Pb were weak.According to the leachate concentrations of As,Cd,Cu and Pb,which did not exceed the values of the Groundwater Quality Standards I,it could be concluded that irrigation with reclaimed water would not result in heavy metals（As,Cd,Cu and Pb） pollution on the shallow groundwater under reclaimed water leaching condition in this study,and As,Cu and Pb indicate a lower pollution risk to the shallow groundwater than Cd under long-term reclaimed water irrigation condition.

Vertical geomorphologic zoning on the Northwest Sichuan Plateau is obvious and elevations for different geomorphologic zones are: fluvial zone<3800m;glacial margin zone 3800-4200m;and glacial zone>4200m.Their correspondent principal geomorphologic processes are water erosion,thawing erosion and glacial erosion.The plateau terrain was formed as a result of the thawing erosion under the conditions of vast expanse tectonic uplift.Crystalline rocks of granite and limestone have higher strength against thawing erosion than Triassic epimetasediment rocks of sandstone and slate.Therefore,crystalline rocks are able to form high glacial mountains while Triassic epimetasediment rocks are not.However,Triassic epimetasediment rocks are prone to form hilly plateau terrain.The 1^st stage subproject of the West Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project is basically located along the boundary between the fluvial zone and the peri glacial zone,landslides,rock-falls and thawing solifluctions are major slope failure hazards and most of those hazards are of small-medium scales.There are a number of debris flow gullies where small-medium scale debris flows occur frequently in the project area,however,large scale debris flows may occur in the gullies of the fluvial zone.Thawing solifluctions are the main river sediment sources in the area and attentions should be paid to the effects of their sediment production on silting of the planned reservoirs.Geomorphologic processes are very sensitive to climate changes in the boundary area between the fluvial zone and the periglacial zone.

Comparative study of LUCC between Fujian and Taiwan could be a good case for study because of their geographical proximities and historical,cultural similarities.Fujian and Taiwan had gone through and were in different economic development phases.Taiwan is in the stage of post-industrialization and Fujian is in the middle stage of industrialization. By using the official statistics,changes of construction land in Fujian and Taiwan were analyzed.The results showed that these two provinces seemed to have the same characteristics of constructionland changes,i.e.,accelerating development,and concentrated distribution on both sides of the Taiwan Straits,forming a pattern with the economic layout of two sides acting in cooperation with each other.From the contrast of different industrialized areas in Fujian with Taiwan industrialized stages,it is clear that these two provinces seemed to have the same characteristics of synthesized index of construction land change(Lc),i.e.,from stabilization or comparative stabilization at the initial stages of industrialization to high expansion at the middle stages of industrialization,then followed by low expansion at later stages of industrialization,but the Lc of the initial and the later stages of industrialization in Taiwan was slightly higher than that in Fujian.Relevant indexes are compared with the result of the study and shown: The industrial structure change rate of Fujian is faster than that of the construction land in Taiwan,but the construction land efficiency of the area is also obviously lower than Taiwan in the middle and later stages of industrialization in Fujian.The major driving forces of the constructionland changes in both provinces were analyzed in Causal Models of Path Analysis,the result indicates that the difference in construction land change of the two provinces is closely related to their economic development stage and industrial structure.Countermeasure for the realization of sustainable utilization of construction land in Fujian put forward in this article is to strengthen intension and tap the latent power.

The decline in sediment transferring function of the lower Yellow River has drawn attention from the scientific community,the government and the public.Hence,finding out the cause for it is an important and urgent issue in harnessing the Yellow River,both in theory and in engineering practice.An index of sediment transferring function(F_s),which is defined as the ratio of sediment output from a given river reach to the sediment input to this river reach,is applied in this study to reveal the temporal variation in sediment transferring function of the lower Yellow River.It is found that in the past 50 years,sediment transferring function index(F_s) of the lower Yellow River showed a decreasing trend.Due to the changing operation mode of the Sanmenxia Reservoir and the varying combinations of runoff and sediment load,the temporal variation of F_s can be divided into 6 stages.During the period from 1986 to 1997,due to the decrease in annual precipitation and increase in water diversion,the incoming flow of the lower Yellow River was significantly less than the average.As a result,channel shrinking occurred,and the index of sediment transferring function decreased to 0.62,the minimum in the hydro-metrical history.To elucidate the formative cause for the decrease in sediment for the sediment transferring function,the temporal variation in F_s has been compared with the temporal variations in a number of drainage basin factors,including drainage basin factors and river channel characteristics.The results show that the decreasing trend of F_s is basically synchronic with the decreasing trends in the area-averaged annual precipitation in the upper and middle drainage basin,the index of reservoir regulation（defined as the percentage of high-water season flow of the annual total） at Lanzhou and Sanmenxia stations,the bankfull cross sectional area of the typical braided reach and the water surface gradient of the Huanyuankou-Gaocun reach at a given discharge.The F_s index increased with the total area of all soil-water conservation measures,the quantity of water diversion and its proportion of the annual flow.Thus,it is demonstrated that the changing drainage basin factors and channel characteristics resulted in the decrease in the sediment transferring function of the lower Yellow River.

Methane and nitrous oxide are the very important greenhouse gases.Although CH₄ and N₂O concentrations are considerably lower than that of CO₂ in the atmosphere,however they are more effective on a molar basis than CO₂ in resulting in radiative heating.Increasing CH₄ and N₂O concentrations in the atmosphere have stimulated studies on CH₄ and N₂O emissions from terrestrial and aquatic environments.Wetlands are regarded as one of the major sources of CH₄,about 21% of global methane emission come from natural wetlands. The Sanjiang plain,the largest and most concentrated marsh-wetland region in China,is located in the northeast of Heilongjiang province.Its total marsh-wetland area is about 83.5×10⁴ hm²with rich carbon resources. There are many rivers and lakes in this region and wide flood plain were formed along the river.The study was carried out at the Ecological Experimental Station of Mire-Wetland in the Sanjiang Plain,Chinese Academy of Sciences（47°35′ N,133°31′ E;56 m above sea level）,center of the Sanjiang plain.The mean annual precipitation is 550-600 mm and the mean annual temperature 1.9 ℃.The vegetation types are marshes and wet meadows.The main soil types are marsh soil,meadow soil and lessive soil.Three typical types of wetlands of perennial waterlogged Carex lasiocarpa marsh,seasonal waterlogged Deyeuxia angustifolia wet meadow and perennial non waterlogged brushy wetland are selected as samples of study.The methane and nitrous oxide fluxes were measured by sealed stainless steel chamber and gas chromatography（Agilentilent 4890） system. The experiment lasted from June 2002 to August 2004,measurement was done twice a week in growth season,once a month in winter,and daily change observation was performed several times at the clear day during growth season and three repeats were practised at each sample site.Meanwhile,the inside and outside chamber air temperature,surface and 5 cm deep soil temperature were measured at the same time. The two year's experiments resulted in the following conclusion: There are obvious interannual and seasonal variations in methane and nitrous oxide emissions from the three typical wetlands in the Sanjiang plain,the greenhouse gases fluxes were mostly controlled by water regimes and temperature conditions.There are two methane fluxes peaks in the seasonal drought year,one is in June and the other is in August during growth season（from May to October）,but there is only one peak in the waterlogging year.We found there are still methane emissions from Carex lasiocarpa marsh and Deyeuxia angustifolia wet meadow during frozen season（from November to April）,and the brushy,wetland is a weak sink in winter.The three typical wetlands are all the source of atmospheric nitrous oxide and there are two nitrous oxide fluxes peaks during the plant growth season,the first peak appears in May and the second in July or August.The three typical wetlands are weak sink in snow covered time.The methane and nitrous oxide emissions are notably negative correlated.

There are a huge number of small reservoirs and ponds with quite high deposition rates in the hilly Sichuan Basin and the Three Gorges Region.Four small catchments with a drainage area of less than 1km² each in Yanting and Nanchong of Sichuan Province and Kaixian of Chongqing were selected for this study.Incremental samples of sediment deposit profiles for ¹³⁷Cs dating were collected in the four ponds to estimate the deposition volumes since 1963,and to analyse the specific sediment yields and the average erosion rates of those catchments.The highest specific sediment yields for deposition in the ponds is 1869 t·km^-2·a^-1for the Chunqiu Gully in Kaixian,and 701 t·km^-2·a^-1 and 710 t·km²·a^-1for Wujia and Jiliu gullies in Yanting,respectively.The yield in the pond is about 566 t·km^-2·a^-1 for the Tianmawan Gully in Nanchong.Being small drainage areas,the four study catchments have little valley areas and relatively high channel gradients.The ¹³⁷Cs distribution depths are close to the plough depth of 25 cm in the paddy field of the Tianmawan Gully.As the original valley areas above the dam in the three catchments in Yanting and Kaixian were predominantly occupied by ponds,little sediment has accumulated in the upstream valley of the ponds since the dam construction in the 1950s.The small gullies on slopes above the valleys are steep and the bedrock bottoms of the gullies indicate no sediment accumulation occurring there.The sediment delivery ratio should be close to 1 for the slopes.By the above analyses of the topographic characteristics and the ¹³⁷Cs depth distribution in paddy fields of the valleys,no significant sediment accumulation occurs in the valley areas of the study catchments.So it is reasonable to use the specific sediment yields for deposition in ponds to represent the specific sediment yield and soil erosion rate of the study catchments excluding the Tianmawan Gully in Nanchong where the current water surface area of the pond used for estimating the yield is underestimated.Clearly,the annual precipitations and the land use conditions,especially the cropland ratios are the important erosion factors of the study catchments.On the other hand,the landform,soil erodibility,and bedrock bedding conditions are the significant erosion factors too.The Chunqiu Gully is underlain of the Jurassic Shaximiao Group with medium erosion resistance and high soil erosion rate.The Wujia and Jiliu gullies in Yanting are underlain of the Jurassic Penglaizhen Group with high proportion of sandstones so they have high erosion resistance and low soil erosion rate.

The extraction of drainage network,catchment properties information and the simulation of distributed hydrological process of catchment based on DEM have been a hot spot over the last ten years,the construction of digital drainage network model of catchment based on DEM and the extraction of drainage network of catchment are important premises of simulating catchment's distributed hydrological processes.The structure of digital drainage network model suitable for extracting catchment properties and simulating hydrological process of catchment is proposed.The methodology and algorithm suitable for the topography of complex catchment are designed to overcome the shortcomings in the efficiency,validity and effects of existing methods,such as classification of raster drainage,classification and amalgamation of depression area,valid fill-up of depression,classification of flat area,the method of out-flow cost of constructing direction and order of raster drainage in flat areas of river valley,which considers ambient terrain and astringency toward potential waterway.These methodologies and algorithms are applied and implemented in the software systems developed,and the systems are successfully used in constructing digital drainage network model and extracting catchment properties information including classified waterway,subbasins raster,the vector polygon borders and properties parameters of subbsins of Huangtuling catchment in Zhejiang province.The result of test shows the proposed methods in the paper can cope with and handle various catchments with complex terrain,the drainage network extracted matches well with the natural drainage network in Huangtuling catchment.The shortcoming of parallel,odd waterways and deformation waterways created in the existing methods can be effectively overcome and solved.The research result can provide a basis for the simulation of the distributed hydrological processes for catchment.

Urban forest generally refers to the trees and related vegetations in the urban area and its surroundings.Academically established concept of urban forest marks the great change of man's opinion on forest.The urban forest concept was introduced into China in the late（1980s.） Theoretical research on and case study of urban forest becomes more and more popular. Urban forest is a rising research area.Cultivation of urban forest has been an important part in urban planning and sustainable development.Continuous development of remote sensing and GIS facilitates more rapidly and accurately urban forest investigation.Information sources and methods for remote sensing classification are two crucial factors in terms of the quality of urban forest remote sensing investigation. Researches reveal that urban forest is highly fragmentized with a number of patches of different sizes and complex boundaries,hence remote sensing images of relatively high resolution of 8¹0 m are needed.It is difficult to make urban forest remote sensing classification by traditional visual interpretation.Remote sensing classification based on neural network model can well solve such problems as uncertainty of complex boundaries and mixed pixel resolution,much suitable to urban forest remote sensing investigation. Taking the recent high-resolution remote sensing images of Nanjing city as an information source,we have made remote sensing survey of forest landscape in the main part of Nanjing city by use of dARTMAP classification method.Image interpretation is made under Matlab environment and supervised classification is made by use of dARTMAP neural network model.The accuracy analysis function of ERDAS software is employed to make accuracy evaluation of classified data.According to the accurate test confusion matrix,the total classification accuracy reaches 89.0% and kappa coefficient is up to 0.7271.And the forest landscape distribution map of the main city of Nanjing is made and the spatial attribute data of the patches deduced under Arcmap environment.

The Wudinghe River watershed is located in the transitional zone between the hilly and gully area of the Loess Plateau and the Mu Us desert,and is a principal contributor of sediment to the Yellow River.Both water erosion and wind erosion are responsible for the heavy sediment yield from the watershed.The contribution of wind erosion to the sediment yield of the watershed is estimated using water-sediment relationships based on water and sediment discharge records at hydrological stations in the watershed and a wind erosion climatic factor calculated from meteorological measurements recorded at meteorological stations in and around the watershed.The results reveal that the role of wind erosion in sediment yield was different in areas with different surface materials during the period from 1958 to 1970 when the water-sediment relationships in the watershed had not been noticeably interfered by practices of water and soil conservation.In the areas with loess hills and gullies water erosion was intensive,and a comparatively low proportion of sediment yield was related with wind erosion.The proportion of wind erosion derived sediment yield of a tributary draining the northern margin of the loess hills and gullies which is near the deserts and covered with sporadic patches of sands was also below 10%.In desert,sediment transport by water played a main role in sediment yield,and the sediment yield associated with wind erosion was only about 1/4 of the total for a tributary draining this area.The highest proportion,over 1/3,of sediment yield due to wind erosion occurred in the area where the river flows between sands and loess areas.The coexistence of both intensive wind erosion in the sands and strong water erosion in the loess areas results in the best collaboration of water and wind in eroding and transporting sediment.For the whole Wudinghe watershed,wind erosion increased by about 1/6 of the total sediment yield through transporting sand and dust from deserts to the river and through promoting water erosion.

The Yellow River Delta（YRD） is rich in land resource which has a great potential of development.However,soil salinization is serious in the coastal salinized land which accounts for 63.6% of the region′s total land area.Soil salinization has become the main factors restricting the regional economic development.In order to utilize the salinized soil resources and realize the sustainable development of agriculture in the YRD,it is important to clarify the distribution of salinized soil and the reasons for the formation and development of salinization. Based on the multi-scale samples,this paper determined the spatial variation of soil salinity at two depths using both statistical and geostatistical methods,comparing the correlation coefficients between soil salinity and three geomorphic factors（e.g.micro-geomorphologic type,slope gradient and elevation）,and finally generating the distribution maps of soil salinity using ordinary kriging at multi-scales and two depths.The analysis revealed that there is higher soil salt content in the embanked former back swamps,salt marshes and tidal flats than in the contemporary flood plains,abandoned river channels and isolated depressions.The variations of soil salinity have three scales.At the small scale（sampling intervals are 0.04⁰.2km）,the soil has a higher value of salinity in the north east and the south west.At medium scale（1km）,it is high in F1 in the north west,while in F2 it is higher in the east than in the west.At large scale（6km）,the distribution of soil salinity is characterized by a low value in the central part,where the Yellow River flows through,but it rises gradually toward north and southeast in the upper and lower layers.By analyzing the parameter of spatial dependence（the ratio of spatial variance and sill） of soil salinity in the multi-scales,we found the spatial structure of soil salinity became obvious with the increase of sampling intervals and expanded areas.The paper demonstrates that all geomorphic variables have comparatively high spatial dependence.The distribution of soil total salt shows a clear structure when it is significantly impacted by factors which have high spatial dependence;contrarily,soil salinity has small spatial dependence,then it may be influenced by other environmental variables which have weak structure（e.g.human activities）.Finally,reasonable soil sampling plan and research directions in the future were put forward.

Water is scarce in North China and the contradiction between water supply and water demand is increasingly distinct.Industrial water use is only less than agriculture's and is listed in the second.The scale,manner and efficiency of water use of industrial enterprises directly influence the total water demand in North China.Based on the questionnaire surveys on industrial enterprises,this article analyzes many questions,such as the main factors which influence enterprises' benefits,the influences of water plan on water use of enterprises,the proportion of water fees to the total costs,the enterprises' views on the present and future water prices,the enterprises' wills on rise of water price,the enterprises' strategies to deal with rise of water price,enterprises' attitudes to water-saving and measures to watersaving,etc.It shows that water plan has an obvious role in restricting water use of enterprises,and that the rise of water price has also obvious effects on promoting enterprises to save more water.We choose two typical enterprises,whose water consumptions of ten thousand yuan production value are discriminated comparatively,and analyze their water use,and validate the influences of water plan and water price on enterprises' behavior of water use.

The Changjiang estuary located in the coastal area of East China is the largest estuary of the country.The offshore area is the main place where sediments spread and pile up in the Changjiang estuary,and is also the remarkable area of land-ocean interaction.This paper takes the offshore area of the Changjiang estuary as a study area,utilizes the abundant in-situ data to study the characteristic of suspended sediment under the different water conditions and calculates the vertical diffusion coefficients. The difference of suspended sediment concentration is very remarkable in this area,the transient suspended sediment concentration is low,ranging from less than 0.1kg/m³ to over 8 kg/m³,the different runoff,tidal current,salinity and topography determine the complexity of the spatio-temporal distribution of the sediment concentration.The study result shows that the main features of the suspended sediment are in an asymmetric distribution which presents high concentration in the west and south and low in the east and north.This pattern of the suspended sediment concentration distribution proves that the suspended sediment spreading course is obviously influenced by the runoff and ocean dynamics,the topography of relative function and restriction in the study area. The difference in longitudinal distribution is very remarkable in the offshore area of the Changjiang estuary,the sediment concentration reduces gradually from the west to the east,and it is obviously higher in the spring tide than in the neap tide.Salinity is greater than the density of the silt-contained water,as the diluted water from the upper reaches float above the high-density salt water,and fine sediment deposits in the mouth of the salt wedging. Generally,the suspended sediment concentration increases gradually from surface to bed,because of asymmetric distribution and fluctuation of tidal current velocity,the vertical instantaneous velocity is always changing.So it is very difficult to divide various kinds of vertical distribution.The vertical diffusion coefficient is relatively huge in the west and middle water area,and is irregularly distributed in the vertical mixing,so the suspended sediment concentrations increase from the surface to the bottom equably in the area.Along with the strengthening of the degree of the vertical mixing,the suspended sediment concentrations also increase remarkably.As a result,two high suspended sediment concentration zones come into being in the south and the north of the offshore area of the Changjiang estuary.

With the powerful technologies to acquire geographical data or its time-series,geographical research focuses on geographical process or dynamic phenomena instead of static geographical structure.At the same time,as a general powerful method to store,manage,distribute,analyze,display and apply the data with location information or as a powerful tool to analyze the spatial data,Geographical Information System(GIS) has attracted more and more attention of researchers in other fields,such as oceanography or meteorology,in which the dynamic phenomenon is the core research object.Some study applications on the dynamic phenomena were based on GIS platforms in market.However these presenting GIS platforms are all developed from terrestrial applications which lay stress on the status of space.Once GIS into the dynamic fields,it is necessary to develop a new type of theory or technology of GIS according to the process characteristics.That means the GIS theory or technology will develop based on the dynamic process instead of the static space.In order to overcome some disadvantages of traditional GIS,the presentation promotes the concept of Process Geographical Information System(PGIS) and describes its basic theoretical framework.This paper analyzes the definition of the space-time,and spatiotemporal process in the PGIS.Based on these definitions,the space base frame,the logic structure and the process warehouse in PGIS are constructed.Furthermore,it defines the spatiotemporal functions of PGIS,such as process management,process visualization,spatiotemporal navigation with the interpolation and aggregation in the space-time,process characterization,process objectization,process logic reasoning,and process symbolization.With the theory above,a new type of GIS based on marine process has been set up as MaXplorer.

Baseflow plays an important role in water security,food security,water resource assessment and investigation,and water allocation.Baseflow is mainly the recharges from groundwater.The characteristics of recharge and discharge of groundwater are very important to efficient groundwater management and sustainable development,and are vital to the control of pollution.Runoff of the source regions of the Yellow River accounts for more than 35% of the total ruhoff of the Yellow River basin.Baseflow is a very important water supply source in the low flow season and also an important supply cource in the headwaters,hence,it's essential to estimate baseflow in this area.There are numerous baseflow separation methods such as analytic methods and graphic methods,but they have their own shortcomings and can't be applied extensively.In this study,two physically based and two parameters based baseflow separation methods-Kalinin method and digital filiter method-were selected.First the Kalinin baseflow separation method was improved based on the climate condition of the study area and a new procedure was developed and then the sensitivity analysis was conducted for the two methods.The results show that the baseflow separated by digital filter baseflow separation method is very sensitive to the parameter's variation,and the filter parameter β is the control factors of the baseflow.With the increase of β the separated baseflow decreases and vice versa.The sensitivity(analysis) curves are very alike as to the runoff of different years.The baseflow separated by the modified Kalinin method is strongly affected by the runoff hydrograph,generally,the baseflow increases with the increase of recession coefficient and is not sensitive to the variation of parameters.

With the acceleration of the urbanization process in China,in the highly developed areas such as Yangtze River Delta; Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region;Pearl River Delta Region and the central and southern Liaoning province,the regional spatial organization of metropolises began to turn from a simple pattern with a single city to a complicated pattern with the central city as a core and developing mutally with many other cities and regions.The rudiment of Shanghai metropolitan region,Beijing metropolitan region,Guangzhou metropolitan region,and Shenyang metropolitan region have taken shape.At the same time,some regional metropolitan regions and local metropolitan regions have been formed around some big and medium-sized cities with relatively high economic development.The formation and development of the metropolitan regions with these cities as a core have played a more important and supporting role to the regional social and economic progess.The actualization of development strategy of a metropolitan region has become the common view by consulting the experience of developed countries.The correct induction of metropolitan regional construction and development has become a key issue in the new situation of urban development in China.However,there are still some misunderstandings in the theoretical research of our metropolitan regions,for example,the knowledge of some issues like the geographical nature,formation mechanism,spatial structure,models and scales of such regions is not very scientific,which has led to the blind expansion in the size and scale of the metropolitan regions in our planning and practice.As a result,the planning of internal transportation,land utilization and construction of urban infrastructure within the metropolitan regions lacked feasiblity and scientific support.This paper points out some long-standing mistaken ideas in the theoratical studies and planning practices of the metropolitan regions and analyzes the basic concept,geographic hypostasis,formation mechanism,geographic structure and spatial form,types and size of the metropolitan regions.The author attempts to offer a scientific theoretical guidance to the construction and development of Chinese metropolitan regions in the 21st century.

Spatial and temporal variability of soil basic properties in typical areas of southern Jiangsu province is studied.The following conclusions are obtained.（1） Compared to the second soil survey of China（1980）,soil acidification is severe;soil average pH value of the upper layer declines from 7.20 to 6.42,pH value of 36.51% of the samples is less than 6.0,and that of 6.35% is even less than 5.0.Soil organism is in a declining trend,the average content of the upper soil organism declines from 31.4mg/kg to 28.3mg/kg,soil samples with an organism content less than 20g/kg increase from 0.56% to 11.11%.The available phosphorus shows an obvious increasing trend with average value increasing from 6.4mg/kg to 89.1mg/kg,soil samples with the available phosphorus content over than 20mg/kg increase from 0.74% to 56.66%,and coefficient of variation reaches a high value of 164.6%.CEC decreases from 19.3cmol/kg to 17.8cmol/kg.（2） In different function areas,the contents of organism and the clay（<0.01mm%） have no significant variations in all kinds of function areas,pH of else area（mainly vegetable field） is significantly lower than the others,the available phosphorus of else area is higher than the other function area with an extremely significant level,the content of NH₄-N of else area is higher than the others with a significant level,and gets an extremely significant level in areas related to chemical factories and aquiculture,CEC of the area of chemical factory is lower than the others with a significant level.（3） In different physiognomic areas,the contents of organism,available phosphorous and NH₄-N have no significant variations in all kinds of physiognomic areas,pH of soil upper layer is significant in all kinds of physiognomic area,and pH of lake area in the south is the smallest（5.51）,lower than the low area in the north and the plain area in the middle with an extremely significant level,the lower layer pH of lake area in the south is significantly lower than the other two,CEC of lake area in the south（22.2cmol/kg） is higher than the other two with a significant level,the content of soil clay <0.01mm（%） is significant in different physiognomy,that of lake area in the south is higher both in upper layer and under layer,and higher than low area in the north and the plain area in the middle with an extremely significant level.（4） In different profile layers,soil basic properties vary much,pH-value increases with the increase of depth,and the contents of organism,available phosphorus,NH₄-N and CEC decrease with the increase of depth.

The cultural landscape of settlement is the most effective approach to the cultural landscape studies.Owing to the factors of its geographical location,local culture and architectural materials and methods,the traditional settlement landscape in southern China has presented many rich characteristics of cultural diversity in regions,and a variety of communities in the settlement landscape has taken shape.These communities of settlement landscape are significant when taking the conservation and the utilization values into consideration. This article presents the following viewpoints: (1)Being settlement landscape resulting from an integration of human activity and the natural landscape,human settlements and architectural styles appear to be most sustainable,symbolic and representative.Therefore,taking the settlement landscape as a point of contact for cultural landscape studies still remains as an important approach and content of study of cultural geagraphy. (2) Starting from a social-psychological concept of "Image",the authors are trying to explore the structure and the features of the traditional settlement landscapes in southern China.A new form of cultural landscape analysis and exhibition will be represented,which provides a fresh perspective for the studies of traditional cultural landscape. (3) The leading factor of Landscape Identity is architectural feature when dividing settlement landscape communities,i.e.zones of settlement landscape.The second is the local cultural factor,and local building materials and methods follow.The architecture features reflect a combination of these factors. (4) This article proposes to divide the traditional settlement landscape in southern China into eight basic communities(i.e.landscape zones),regarding the internal similarity of landscape "Image" as a precondition,and the relative consistency characteristics as the primary distinction.The architectural landscape demonstrates strong features such as "visibility "and "imageability". (5) Multiple values of conservation and utilization lie in the communities of traditional settlement landscape in southern China.The main values include heritage value,scientific value,aesthetical value and "destination" value,which have received greater and greater social attention.

Low flow is a main pattern in surface runoff,subsurface runoff and base flow in arid and semi-arid region.It's most important to keep the stability of regional eco-environment.However,it's hard to measure precisely this kind of low flow using the available instruments. The difference of low flow less than 15l/min between tipping bucket rain gauge and automatic water level recorders immerging into triangle weir box with outlets of 20 degrees and 30 degrees were discussed by the outdoor experiments at runoff plot with rainfall simulator and the indoor supplement experiments.Indoor experiments results showed that,when water level at outlet of weir box was lower than 10 mm,the mean measured discharge by tipping bucket rain gauge was 2% higher than the real amount measured by cylinder.The discharge coefficients for 20 degree and 30 degree weir box could be expressed with individual piecewise function at 10 mm and 15 mm headwater,respectively.The discharge coefficient of 20 degree weir box tended to be a constant by 0.289 if headwater was up to 55 mm.That of 30 degree weir box tended to be a constant by 0.449 at headwater up to 15 mm.Compared the calculating results with parameters from indoor experiments to the real amount,the error of simulating method increased with the decline of headwater and with the enlargement of weir box degree.Field experiments showed that the measuring result of automatic water level recorder was 15% lower than the real（amount） in low flow.When the headwater was lower than 0.5 mm,the variation of flow was so weak that the data for automatic water level recorder failed to be measured.Therefore,the recession process could not be recorded entirely.With the experiments,a low flow measurement system integrated the tipping bucket flow meter and automatic water level recorder was presented.It will provide a precise approach for low flow and various flows with sediment concentration up to 1 kg/m³ for catchment hydrologic experiments.

Suburbanization in Beijing region appeared in the early 1980s and has been accelerated since the 1990s because of rapid growth of both its socio-economy and its traffic.In an approach of combining microscopic analysis with macroscopic analysis,this paper examines spatial distribution,dynamisms and future trends of suburbanization in Beijing based on the questionnaires of random-selected residents in newly developed residential areas.The locational characteristics of the residential expansions are such as gradual extensions around the city core,arterial roads outwards,and the modern industrial parks.Most of the residential neighbourhoods are dormitory towns that have simple functions although they vary in types and sizes.Many factors collectively lead to residential areas expansions.For example,high land prices and the relatively scarcity of land,industrial development and distribution,development of the city road systems are primary forces of suburbanization in Beijing region.The eastern and southern suburbs that are around the No 5 loop and the No 6 loop within Beijing region are primary locational choices besides suburban towns such as Shunyi,Tongzhou,Yizhuang,and Liangxiang. Overdispered settlements resulted from suburbanization contribute to land waste and energy waste and environmental pollution,and unfavor public transportation construction and operation as well as other supporting facilities construction.So the following measures are proposed to manage and gradually control urban sprawl in Beijing region.First,relative policies and plans must be made and implemented to minimize over-decentralization of suburban residential neighbourhoods.Secondly,more mixed-use land must be practised in suburban settlements to add more functions there and sub-centers must be planned and built to serve suburban residents.Finally,the city's ecological environment must be protected and highlighted and the city greenbelts must be built to hold up the urban sprawl.

With the booming of stockbreeding,the production of poultry manure has been increasing continually,which was 2750 million tons in 2002.The production of poultry manure in Sichuan Province was the highest,and then Henan Province and Shandong Province.The average load of cultivated land for poultry manure was 4.19 t/ha in China.The amount of TN,TP,BOD and COD released from poultry manure to water body were 870,345,6000 and 6740 thousand tons per year,respectively.Large amount of poultry manure has been one of the main pollutants to water,threatening the health of soil and atmosphere.Based on the result of clustering analysis,the environmental risks of poultry manure to Chinese cultivated land were divided into four grades: the pollution risk of Shanghai was the highest;the risk of Henan,Tianjin and Shandong was in the second grade;the risk of Beijing,Jiangsu,Hebei,Anhui and Hunan was in the third grade,and the pollution risk of the cultivated land of the other provinces was relatively low.For solving the pollution problem of poultry manure,management should be reinforced,farming-pasturing combined eco-type stock raising should be developed energetically,and economical and practical synthetic utilization technologies for dealing with poultry manure should be developed and popularized,so as to promote the transformation of paultry manure into resources for land use.

As a space form of cultural existence, regional culture complex is made up of cultural landscape structure,cultural regional structure and cultural centre.Guangdong,Hong Kong and Macao,being originally an integrated one,have been divided into three political regions due to historical reasons.Western cultural policy hasn't been carried out completely by Portuguese and British governments in Hong Kong and Macao.Therefore,there remain common cultural features in Guangdong,Hong Kong and Macao,which are interrelated by innumerable ways.On this basis of analyzing the relationship of their terrain,history and clan and the function of their cultural blending,the paper,using the concept in cultural grade and the theory and methods of cultural space evolution,expounds the historical evolvement process and their respective features of Guangfu cultural core region of the Pearl River Delta,Hong Kong regional culture and Macao regional culture.Through their long period of mutual historical cultural function caused by differences of cultural potential energy,that is,cultural grade force in Guangdong,Hong Kong and Macao,including the intercommunion,collision and innovation of the following cultural factors as urban buildings,styles,language,literature arts,ideology,religion and value,etc.,forms a feature of co-existence,intergrowth,mutual supplement and mutual transformation of Chinese culture and Western culture,a blend of western and Chinese culture,and the space of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao forms an organic integration in about more than one hundred years.The three cultural centers of Guangdong,Hong Kong and Macao construct a regional culture complex which occupies an important place in the regional cultural system of Lingnan. It is also a favorable form of space organization in promoting regional culture development.More attention is supposed to be paid to the space form of cultural existence to promote the theoretical construction of cultural geography and the development of regional culture.The relationship of this complex has become closer in the trend of their economics and the space become an integral whole in Guangdong,Hong Kong and Macao.But due to historical causes and the enforcement of the policy of "One Country,Two Systems",further researches are needed on the differences and integration of inner layer cultural structure of the three regions with outward features in common.

The slopes are the basic Runoff Generation cells of the catchment.The study on the slope-scale runoff generation model can give references and proofs to the advanced research on the catchment-scale hydrological models.Thirteen Field Simulated Rainfall Experiments with different rainfall intensities and durations have been taken in a 5m×10m experimental plot of Dongtaigou valley in the mountainous area in North China,and the process of rainfall,surface and subsurface flow and soil water moisture during the experiments have been automatically observed with intervals of 1min.Based on the analysis of the observed data,we constructed a simple and physically based layered combinatorial model,which uses the Horton Infiltration Model for the infiltration and surface flow simulation,and uses the Tank Model for the subsurface flow,to simulate the runoff generation and soil moisture changing.The results simulated by the model have been compared with the measured rainfall-runoff course.The result shows that the layered combinatorial model is practicable in lithoid mountainous areas,where the runoff includes excess infiltration surface flow and excess storage subsurface flow.This model can simulate the surface and subsurface flow and soil moisture simultaneously,but the simulated routing curves some differences with the observed ones.These differences may be produced principally by(1) the predigestion and supposition in the model building phase,(2) the built-in limitation of the mathematical simulation,and(3) the complexity caused by the fluctuating rainfall intensity.It is an attempt on the Slope Runoff-generation Module of the distributed hydrological model in the lithoid mountainous areas in North China.

The urban crime,one of the most serious urban problems,has a strong spatial color,the urban spatial anticrime is an important constituent in the urban anticrime system.The anticrime designing of urban building-space,or said,the full displaying the effect of designing urban building-space,is an important work both having the scientific significance and practical significance,also having foundational,preventive and persistent effect.The designing of urban building-space includes the designing of outward building-space and the designing of internal building-space,the former designs the spatial combination shape among single buildings,and the latter designs the spatial combination shape in a building.The reasonable building-space designing is an effective method for creating the anticrime space,is a powerful measure for eliminating building spatial blind areas and also an important way for implementing urban spatial anticrime.The designing of outward building-space,a leading restriction behavior of molding city partial environment and meso-micro construction landscapes,is a concrete way for realizing and deepening a plot plan,provides the basis for the construction designing of single buildings,and,plays a vital role to create the construction space environment for anticrime.The full displaying the anticrime effect of the outward building-space designing has two work stratification planes,the one is to combine single buildings into a building group,and the other is to combine building groups into a building cluster.The designing of internal building-space includes the spatial combination of units in a building,the spatial physique designing for a building,and also the spatial relation designing of a building with its close neighbor exterior space.Its designing effect is the most centralized and the main manifestation of building utility function,thus is also the essential link of displaying the anticrime effect.Regarding the residential buildings,the public buildings,the high-rise buildings and the intelligent buildings,the anticrime effect displayed through the designing of internal space should have their respective stress.

Population movement is a regular population phenomenon of population system development,and also the social and economic phenomenon in substance,which is bound to spark off the chain reaction of social and economic system.Since the last one hundred and more years,many scholars who were in the fields of demography,geography,economics,sociology and so on have studied the reason,regularity and mechanism of population movement.They brought forward many theoretical models with far-reaching influence,whose emphases were laid on different aspects of population movement.Unfortunately,the achievement in the research on floating population prediction was relatively less. The available data of floating population in Beijing is characterized by its small amount and discontinuity.In view of this situation,the author predicted the amount of floating population in Beijing during the National "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" with the aid of both Logistic model and isodimensionally fill-vacancies-in-the-proper-order grey theory.Firstly,by means of the curve fitting and prediction of Logistic model,we got the general tendency of floating population increase.Secondly,the different-dimensional population time-series were used to construct several isodimensionally fill-vacancies-in-the-proper-order grey system models,then the rationality and deficiencies of predicted results were tested and analyzed.Finally,taking into account of the analysis,three schemes of low,middle and high levels are formulated. On the one hand,the floating population has turned to be an organic part and been actively thrown themselves to Beijing's economic development.On the other hand,with sharp increase of the floating population,urban management faces up to a new test,such as the constant increase in the pressure of urban infrastructure and the frequent occurrence of social problems.Therefore,it is very necessary to predict the amount of floating population in future for various government departments such as urban management,urban planning or urban contruction,etc.But the limited data often impedes us from accurately forecasting the changing amount of the floating population.As the above practice demonstrates,with the help of fill-vacancies-in-the-proper-order grey system models,it is feasible to forecast the change of population which is characterized by small amount of data and limited interrelated information.

There are many reports about the characteristics of spatial distribution of chemical elements in different soils and the interactions between macrofaunas and litter or soil,especially,about the horizontal distribution.However,researches on the vertical distribution are limited.And there are few researches into the relationships among forest littermacrofaunas-soil.This paper tends to combine them into the whole and studies the nutritional elements through forest litter,macro faunas and soil.The study area is a shady slope on a low hill located in the Zuojia Natural Reserve(126°～126°2′E,44°03′～44°04′N) in Jilin province.The mean altitude is 300m.The region belongs to the temperate continental monsoon climate.The zonal soil is dark brown soil.The vegetation is mainly secondary mixed deciduous broadleaf forests with Quercus mongolica and Tilia mandshurica as the dominant species.Four sampling sites are located on the same slope surface but different habtats,such as the valley,foot hill,the middle section and the peak.Forests litter,macrofaunas and soil samples were sampled in each habitat,every 20 apart along the slope.The contents of nutritional elements N,P,K,Ca,Mg,and Fe of litter-macrofaunas-soil were measured in laboratory.The relation and difference of nutritional elements in litter-macrofaunas-soil and the vertical difference in nutritional elements of the same slope surface were studied.The result indicated that the vertical difference of six elements was not quite remarkable on the hill slope surface.The contents of N,P and Ca in macrofaunas were higher than those of litter and soil,but the contents of K,Mg and Fe in soil were more than those of macrofaunas and litter.The changes of N in litter,macrofaunas and soil are consentaneous,that is the content of N in the middle position of the slope surface was higher than in the valley and the peak.This is consistent with the surface soil organic matter.On the upper part of the slope,the contents of P and K were the maximum.The vertical variational trend of Mg and P was level,but the content of Ca fluctuated within a great range.The linear relation of the element content in litter-macrofaunas-soil was better.The variations of elements in litter and macrofaunas contributed to the variations of elements in soil to a greater extent.The variations of N,P,K,Ca and Fe in litter influenced more on the soil than on the macrofaunas.