论文对我国制糖工业发展及布局进行了系统的、区域的、综合研究。食糖消费需求及糖料供给量影响制糖工业发展及布局的两个重要因素。本文第一节研究了我国居民到2000年的食糖消费需求及其动态过程,分析了城乡之间消费需求及差异。首次划分了我国十大食糖消费类型区域,研究了区域消费差异及动态过程。第二节对甘蔗及甜菜糖料供给进行区域分析,针对糖料分布的南北两大型构造,对二十多个糖料生产基地生产潜力,2000年可望达到的生产规模上限进行了评估。在消费短缺态视下,食糖外贸进口政策及战略对我国制糖工业发展和布局影响较大。第三节分析了今后我国汇收支结构的趋势及进口食糖比较成本,提出了我国制糖工业的战略方向、重点步骤。以上述三节研究作为基础,第四节和第五节研究了2000年我国制糖工业发展的总体规模和区域规划。并对制糖工业发展及布局中应注意的几个问题进行分析,提出今后制特工业发展及布局应充分注意制糖工业规模经济、污染、综合利用,商品流通及新型甜味剂替代品的发展及布局问题。

本文论述了我国传统区域工业结构不合理现象的宏观-微观经济机制。借鉴区域工业结构演化规律,认为工业化初期,区域具有发展资源密集和劳动密集产业的优势;工业化中期,区域具有发展资本密集产业的优势;后期,区域具有发展技术密集产业的优势。各区域根据工业化不同阶段(或不同经济发展水平)建立不同层次的工业结构,同一工业化阶段(或相同经济发展水平)的区域,在同一层次工业结构基础上,根据各自自然资源和自然条件的差异,选择不同的主导产业,达样就会形成层次分明、纵横交错的区域工业结构网络体系。为了深化以上一般理论问题,作者将云南作为一个案例进行了突证研究。作者认为目前云南具有发展以烟、糖、茶为主的食品工业优势,现状工业结构极不合理,超越了经济发展水平,区域经济优势没有得到充分发挥。最后作者采用多目标线性规划方法定量地研究了云南工业结构合理化问题,其结果与定性研究相吻合。

边远地区城市的发展,必须从经济发展入下。实现城乡一体化,要走一条合理的城市发展道路须遵循下述四项原则:①立足区域,加强城市影响区内大农业的建设,组织城镇网络体系,以求区域整体发展。②面向脱贫,从加强基础产生入手,建立城乡间统一的经济运行流程,以区域振兴和脱贫救灾为目标。③合理规划,调整布局,新老城区分离,突出风貌特色。④制定相应政策,保证城市发展。贵州兴义市为一新建市,其发展具有多方良好的条件基础,并为一“飞地式多核组团”城市,其平面形态为“品字”型,滇、黔、桂三省区接壤地区应以兴义市为一中心,发挥边界效应和沿着三条轴线进行开发。论文附本《城市发展问题及共思考》中作者分别对城市发展战略、中小城市地位、工业化与城市化、城乡关系问题以及边远地区城市发展研究意义等几方面进行了综述与评价,并提出自己的看法。从此,可以加深对正文的理解,所提问题耐人寻味。

本文是对我国暖温带山地条件下,表土中花粉与植物关系的试验研究。文中通过百分比图谱和浓度图谱的分析,得出了中条山林区表土花粉谱基本上反映了植被的基本特征,而浓度图在反映植被特征要比百分图显著,得出了几种主要树种的花粉百分含量的代表性顺序。对花粉散布规律进行了讨论,认为影响花粉散布的决定性的因素是气流运动和花粉源。本文还提出了在孢粉工作中,野外工作,实验室分析、鉴定、资料处理等过程严格系统化、规范化具有重要意义。

新时期拓展的经济区划应包括三方面的内容:1.对一定的区域经济内容进行分析,达是经济区划的认识型功能。2.区划管理控制方案,是区划的控制型功能。3.根据控制方案确定控制主题-管理机构,也是经济区划的控制型功能。本文在认识型部分提出六种分析方法,并以云南为例做了一些实例研究。文章重点放于建立具有中国特色的区域经济控制体系上,对此从微观(企业布局)、中观(地方政府)及宏观上进行了阐述,得出对区域经济进行二级控制的结论。对管理机构设置,文章从合理性和可能性出发,提出常设与非常设两种理想模式。

从时间与空间的双重角度,从人类与环境互相作用、互相反馈的机理中,提出文化圈的基本理论,包括文化圈的主要特征、结构形态以及文化圈形成的主要机制;并对云南文化圈的演化进行了整体性的和内部区域性的实证性研究。在此基础上,提出了云南文化圈“坝子文化”的概念,把云南文化圈的进化程序同地理环境的关系直接联系起来,初步揭示出云南文化圈的人地关系;通过系统分析方法,得出云南文化圈进化的三个主要症结:①文化物质的复杂与多元及其地域割据所导致的内聚力降低;②“坝子文化”的封闭与高山峻岭的阻隔所导致的文化流线的不畅;③主要腹地的缺少所导致的文化传播与辐射缓慢,并为云南文化圈的高层次化提供了具体措施。

从深入探讨土地分类的理论和方法开始,实地研究了贵州省的土地类型及其大农业评价和合理利用方向;在土地分类中还设计了一个三维判别图以使各种土地类型既排列有序又详尽无遗。接着应用“自下而下”演绎区域分异规律方法划分贵州省的自然区划系统,并应用“自下而上”归纳土地类型结构的方法确定自然区划单元的界线。提出了每个自然区划单元今后的开发方向和战略重点及土地资源开发的战略日标、方针及相应的措施。在定量的系统分析基础上,寻求出最优开发方案。在主题展开过程中还讨论了其它如土地类型与土地评价的关系、土地结构的概念、自然资源转换型区域开发战略的特点,等等。

本文从自然地理特征入手,在分析土地类型形成、分异与演替基础上,结合编制1:5万,1:10万和1:20万土地类型系列图的实践,探讨了上地分级与分类的理论,将该区域分为11个土地型(一黄级),82个土地类(二级),它们分别属于土石山地、土台地和倾斜平地、黄土沟间地和沟谷地等土地演替系列,具有不同的演替过程、演替方向和演替速率。上地类型在空间有规律地组合成土地类型结构,并在此基础上,计算了土地生产潜力和用模糊评判方法进行土地评价。文章在上述讨论基础上,将晋西与晋西北土地类型组合成12个自然小区,5个自然亚区,2个自然区。然后,从资源、环境和区位三个方面进行分析,提出自然亚区的国土整治方向和治理措施。论文8万余字,附图21幅,表格31张。

川中丘陵是丘陵错综起伏、沟谷纵横交错的地区。作者以这个地区的五个沟道小流域为基础,探讨了沟谷地貌的几个问题。运用数理统计的方法,揭示了川中丘陵区沟谷系的分布方向具有系统性特征;受外营力和共它随机因素影响,在分布方向上又具有随机性特征。在沟道数目、沟道比降,主沟长度和流域面积与级别之间又有着良好的几何级数关系,在结构分析的基基上,本文提出沟道上凹度、平均落差此,以及河源面积率可以作为确定沟谷系统演化阶段的定量指标。利用野外调查和形态测量资料,将川中丘陵区的沟谷划分为浅沟、切沟、冲沟、冲谷和溪谷五类,从形态数量特征揭示了沟谷发育过程的连续性和阶段性特征,并建立了沟谷演变过程的数学模型。四川盆地成为外流盆地以来,地壳运动和气候波动在该区引起了数次侵蚀旋回,产生了七期沟谷系统。沟谷和丘体的形态之间存在着高度相关,达种相关性既是沟谷、丘体地貌长期演化的结果,又是地貌形态和动力过程相互平衡的结果。运用聚类分析,认为相对高度20米、60米和100米作为划分丘陵类型的数量指标比较适宜。此外,对川中丘陵区侵蚀,搬运的基本特征以及影响流域侵蚀的诸因素作了讨论,确定了引起流域加速侵蚀的主导因素。最后,利用几个小流域的泥沙资料,建立了侵蚀模型。

本文从不发达地区非均衡经济理论的讨论开始,分析了区域X效率理论,建立了区域经济结构与发展战略对策理论。并以青岛市为案例进行了实证研究。1)非均衡经济理论主要分析了不发达地区合理的赤字与通货膨胀的计算方程。2)区域X效率理论则主要分析了区域软资源合理配鼹的问题,并且认为区域X效率决定了区域Y效率从而决定了区域发展,因此,区域开发与管理必须重视区域X效率的提高。3)区域经济结构理论:本文认为区域经济结构可分区域产业结构、区域地域布局结构、区域市场开发结构、区域组织结构与调控结构五大部分,并提出了合理的区域经济结构设计原理。4)发展战略对策理论:是研究经济系统中升迁运动的变化规律,根据耗散结构理论、协同学理论,本文建立了发展战略对策理论。5)案例研究:本文以青岛市为案例,进行了较详细地研究,有些建议已被或正在被采纳。

在以细颗粒泥沙为主的椒江河口,悬沙中存在着具有两种不同沉降机理的颗粒,即单颗粒沉降和絮凝沉降。文章认为,在上游迳流不大的条件下,涨潮流以冲刷作用为主,而落潮流则表现为淤积作用。通过有关资料的分析及计算,本文确认在椒江河口区下游存在一定强度的横向水流,造成了净向南的横向输沙,达直接影响到河口含沙量的南北分布。河口高含沙区与浮泥体系的形成及其消长变化,是一个引人注目的问题。椒江河口与大多数河口高含沙区一样,存住着涨落潮、大小潮及洪枯季的变化规律。高含沙区的成因归结于河口流速场的分布以及细颗粒泥沙的絮凝作用。椒江河床自动调整幅度大,速度快,冲淤过程具有一定的变化周期,冲淤数在空间上的分布十分不均匀。

说明:这是本刊《1985—1986年地理学新书》的续集,我们希望这个栏目对了解地理学和大家的研究工作有所帮助。术期由地理研究所图书室蔡弋波同志辑录。

城市地貌研究,是由中国科学院成都地理研究所与西南师范大学地理系合作进行的国家自然科学基金项目。城市地貌学是一门新兴学科。它研究城市与地貌环境的相互作用规律、探索不同地貌环境中城市化的最佳途径,具有很强的理论性与实践性。

全国高校人文地理学教学研究会第二次会议于1988年6月25日——6月29日在南京师范大学召开,这次会议共有37个单位,48位代表参加。

1988年7月12日到19日,经中国地理学会同意,由青年地理学家编辑与工作委员会主持的首届全国理论地理学青年讨论会在昆明云南地理所召开,得到了云南地理所,中科院地理所理论地理室、华东师大地理系、华东师大区域与城市规划研究所的具体指导和支持,他们的关心与扶植新人的做法,得到了会议代表的高度赞扬。

《中华人民共和国地方病与环境图集》是继《中华人民共和国恶性肿瘤地图集》之后出版的一部反映医学地理研究成果的专题图集。它是从事地方病调查和防治研究的许多专家进行广泛的资料收集、统计、分析和编图设计及多次校核完成的一部内容新颖、形式多样、论据可靠、实用性强的医学地理图集,预计1989年春可出版发行。

中国科学技术史学会地学史专业委员会召集的第四届全国地学史学术讨论会于1988年11月5至9日在福州市举行。全国地学史学术讨论会每两年举行一届年会:第一届年会于1982年12月19日至24日在广州召开,75人到会,提交论文75篇;第二届年会于1984年11月19日至23日在桂林举行,90人出席了会议,提交论文86篇;第三届年会于1986年8月15至22日在西宁召开,56人到会,提交论文43篇。

This paper describes the distribution of the suspended sediment concentration (SSC) in coastal regions of China based on a great number of field observation data on suspended sediments.The SSC decreases gradually southward and northward, respectively, from the Huanghe River mouth and the Changjiang Estuary-Hangzhou Bay, and alternates higher concentration with the lower.This paper also analyzes various factors, such as sediment discharges by runoff and from the sea, tidal currents, waves, coastal types, etc., affecting the SSC in time and space.From the analysis, it is found that sediment discharges by runoff and from the sea are the main factor for the characteristics of the distribution of the suspended sediments in the coastal regions of China, tidal current is the important factor for the daily variation and the monthly variation of the SSC, and the wave is the controlling factor for the seasonal variation of the SSC in the coastal regions, and the seasonal variation of the SSC in the coastal regions, and the seasonal variation of the SSC in the estuarine regions depends on the sediment discharges which are larger during the flood seasons and smaller during the dry seasons.Coastal types also affect the SSC in the local coastal regions.The regions with the higher SSC are mainly situated in the estuarine deltaic areas and the regions with lower SSC are basically located in the rocky and gravel coasts.

Both the W8 and W7 drilling cores in the Weinan area, with 52 to 92 layers in all can be divided into two parts.the upper one is stratum alternating several fossil soil layers; the lower stratum is a set of layers consisting alternately of sand, gravel, clay and silty clay of the river or lake facies.With stratigraphic correlation and comprehensive comparison between the W8 and W7 drilling cores, they have quite similar characters in the stratigraphy and paleontology, such as the features of strata, sporo-pollen and microfossils.But the difference between the altitudes above sea of the well-matched layers in both the W8 and W7 holes can be well over 100m.Consequently, the layers of different ages have been contacted at the same altitude in the holes while the same layers have been fractured.The fracture extends from the stratum of the later age of the Middle Pleistocene down through the stratum of the Neogene system at the bottoms of the holes perhaps into the bedrock.According to those mentioned above,the authors identify that the characteristics of the fracture belong to tensile normal fault, rataer then the result of exogenic force.The underground water-bearing beds in the loess-plateau area and its surrounding areas have been cut off from each other by the structural fault.Therefore, with the decreasing of the rainfall and the rapid increasing of the extraction of the groundwater, the problems of the environmental geology.including the widespread and big descending of the groundwater level, the worsening of the water quality and the occurring of the man-made funnels of the groundwater, have been presented in the loess-plateau area.If the groundwater is extracted continuously and indiscriminately, ground sinking may occur in a large number in the loess-plateau area.The tremendous losses caused by the sinking will be difficult to estimate.For this reason, the authors suggest that the effective measures to exploit and to rationally use new sources of water and to stop extracting the groundwater at the loess-plateau should be taken immediately in order to protect the groundwater resource in this area.

This article approaches to the origin of the silkworm and silk-knit industry in China.From some traditions on historical records, and some archaeological finds, it is proved that the original place of the silkworm and silk-knit in dustry was not only one, but multicentres and multiorigins.Original places were mainly distributed in the regions along the lower reaches of the Changjiang River and the middle and lowerr eaches of the Huanghe Rive.They originated from the Huangdi age in the Neolithic age about 5000 years B.P..By analysing the geographical conditions in the lower reaches of the Changjiang River and the middle and lower reaches of the Huanghe River, it is not accidental that the silkworm and silk-knit industry originated there.

There are varied kinds of the active tectonic landforms in the Changma Fault Zone,including tension fault scarp,pressure fault scarp,landslid, drumlin, earthquake fissure, disintegration deformation of terrace and left slip displacement deformation of mountain ridge and water system and so on.Through analyzing the features of these landforms and comparing with each other, the active kind of Changma Fault Zone can be determined to be left strike slip accompanying with dip slip movement and there have been at least three times of sudden faulting or earthquake events since the later period of the late pleistocene.Those 3 earthquakes resulted in the formation of 3 stages of active tectonic landforms in Changma Fanlt Zone.According to the trench material and the ¹⁴C data, the geolgical dates for the 3 stages of active tectonic land forms are follows.Ⅰ<24450±310yr, 5095±85yr<Ⅱ<Ⅰ, and Ⅲ was produced by the earthquake of 1932.

In this paper, the rainfall data in the late 30 years in East China is analysed.It is found that the variation trend of precipitation between North and South China is marked contrary in the early summer.The trend of North China is above normal in 50's, below normal from 60's to 70's, and with an opposite tendency in the South of Changjiang Valley.By analysing the variation of the sunner monsoon systems in East Asia, a long period of oscillation about 3 to 4 years is also obtained.The interaction between the monsoon oscillation and the variation of sea surfare temperature in east equatorial pacific produce a.feedback couple oscillation.According to the above results, a possible long range weather process model of the sea surface temperature effect on the rainfall distribution in East China through the variation of the summer monsoon systems has been proposed as follows.When the sea surface temperature in East equatorial pacific is higher that normal, the sea surface pressure in the easi equatorial Pacific is lower and the Australian anticycle is stronger, while the walker cell is weakened, the cross equatorial air currents and subtropical anticylones are also strengthened.So the summer monsoon circulation and the middle latitude westerlies in the East Asia are intensified.The precipitation is above normal in North China and below in South China.On the contrary, when the sea surface temperature in east equatorial pacific is cold, the walker cell is intensified and other monsoon systems are all weakened.Then the rainfall is below normal in North China and above normal in South China.

From mathematical model, this paper deals with the characters of sediments transport and deposits of the Lower Yellow River on the average of water and sediments of multiple years and obtains the quantities of sediments reduced when the equilibrium of scour and deposit of sediments is reached in the Lower Yellow River.The results are got as follows.1.It is Possible to use the movable-bed mathematical model of nonequilibrium transport of nonuniform sediment in order to inquire into the characters of sediments transport in the Lower Yellow River.The numerical results conform with the field investigations fundamentally.2.The nonuniformity of longitudinal deposits of sediment in the Lower Yellow River is caused by the nonuniformity of longitudinal deposits of coarse and middle sediments.This conclusion shows that the relationship of contrast of sediments and capacity of sediments transport is different in the sections of river.Generally, sediments conform with the capacity of sediments transport better nearer to the mouth of river.3.The policy of primary and secondary may be taken to bring the Lower Yellow River under control according to the character of sediments deposit.The Coarse and middle sediments are 79.5% in all the sediment deposits, but only 43.3% in the sediments.The river channel has lower ability to transport the coarse and middle sediments.So the coarse and middle sediment must be reduced in the sediments.4.The numerical results show that if the quantities of sediments can be reduced to 42.6%, the equilibrium of scour and deposit of sediments will be readied in the Lower Yellow River.

According to the analyses and studies of the grain-size, sporopollen, vertebrate fossils and stratum sedimentary facies in the upper pleistocene strata of the Salawusu River area, this paper discusses the palaeogeographic environment and its evolution during the late pleistocene.1.The palaeogeographic environment of the fluviolacustrine facies strata of the Salawusu Formation formed in the early stage of the upper pleistocene is warm-hummid forest steppe.2.In the late stage of the late pleistocene, the Chengchuan Formation which mainly consists of aeolian sandy deposits chiefly forms under dry-cold desert, desert steppe and in the meantime, it underwent a series of alternating evolution processes of temperate-cool's shrub steppe,sparse woods steppe and forest steppe with this environment.3.The Malan loess in the area has the same geological age as that of dry cold desert steppe.4.The Salawusu Formation is assigned to the Riss/Wurm intcrglacial age, dating back to 1.1×10⁵-7×10⁴ yrs B.P.,thereas the Chengchuan Formation andthe Malan loess are in the Wurm glacial age with an assumed date of 7×10⁴-1×10⁴ yrs B.P..

In recent years, although the sediment yield from source areas ranged from Hekouzhen to Longmen in flood seasons is less than before, but the mean sediment concentration of floods is continuously increased.The causes of such a fact are as follows.(1) Exploitage of water resources in clear water region takes precedence over all the other areas in the upper Yellow River.(2) Those tributaries in primary sediment yield areas of the middle Yellow River almost all carry heavy sediment load; (3) The harness and conservation of these in tributaries basins have no ohvious effect on sediment yield reduction.Especially the total runoff passing through the Hekeuzhen Station in flood season will be reduced greatly once again when the Longyangxia project.a large reservoir with long-term regulating capacity, will put into operation.or even the river flow will he cutoff for a long time during the irrigation sea-son.As a result, the basic flow in lower Yellow River may he reduced and the sediment concentration may be increased.Thus the occurrence opportunity for hyper-concentrated flood may he increased.The lower Yellow River will face an unfavourable situation with larger amount of sediment and less water in flood seasons.Therefore the problem how to remould the wide-shallow river channel of the lower Yellow River and fully utilize the narrow-deep river channel for transporting hyper-concentrated flow into the sea should he positively researched.

Applying the concept of complex response in systems to the study of river channel adjustment upstream from a reservoir, this paper has deals with the river channel changes of the lower Weihe River after the construction of the Sanmeaxia Reservoir.The dam divided the river channel system into twosubsystems, namely, upstream and downstream reservoir subsystems.For the former, the most remarkable change in the inputs was a rise in base level, which led to the aggradation in the river channel.As a result, the river adjusted its channel geometry to accommodate the altered input conditions, in order to get a new equilibrium.Plotting the river channel sinuosity, the width-depth ratio and channel slope against time respectively, we can see that the process of adjustment was very complex.At the beginning, because the aggradation mainly concentrated within the channel other than on the floodplain, the height difference between the bed bottom and the surface of the floodplain reduced gradually.This made the river bed shallower and wider than it was before Consequently, the opportunities for occurrence of over-bank flow was increased, leading to a more frequent occurrence of neck-cutoff of river bends.This gave rise to a decrease in river channel sinuosity.As the adjustment went forth, an inverse tendency appeared.The increased frequency of over-Lank flood tended to speed up the aggradation on the floodplain, which resulted in a rise in the height of floodplain, and also a smaller width-depth ratio Then the frequency of overbank flood was reduced gradually, and the opportunities for occurrence of bend cutoffs became less frequent, leading to an increasing river channel sinuositytlf the duration of adjustment was sufficiently long, a new equilbrium in the subsystem would be achieved, and both the sinuosity and the width-depth ratio would tend to be a constant.In the process of complex response mentioned above,the changes in boundary material composition also played an important role, which has been explained in this paper.Hassed on the description and explanation of river adjustment of the lower Weihe River, a descriptive model was established to generalize the complex response in river channel adjustment after a dam is constructed downstream.

This paper summarizes the research progresses in the field of radiation incident on slopes.The global distributional rules of the solar irradiation on inclined planes at the earth's surface without the atmosphere are reviewed.The computing models for estimating the direct, diffuse, reflecting and net radiation on various tilted surfaces are briefly introduced.The significance of the aforesaid studies to physical geography and its potential developneat in future are discussed.

Recently, study on sediment production by erosion and matter migration is carried out in catchment, as a unit, with which eroded sediment production, transportation and deposition processes have been researched.Therefore, the catchment is taken as an open system with input, transfer and output of energy and matter.Erosion is one of the external cause to produce surface matter transfer, through which soil and bedrock will be damaged, and thus, it is a main focus on processes of erosion, transportation and deposition in drainage basin.Mechanics and' characters of migrating material were neglected in early study on sediment production processes in the United States, and lately, it was focused on rainsplash erosion and transport processes by runoff, and spatial differences for slope erosion processes in the belt between rills.Russian scientists have recongnized that erosion intensity is constrained by many hydraulic figures, from which therefore the erosion processes are classified.By using soil erosion prospect equation, the local erosion can be estimated, but it is necessary to combine with sediment delivery ratio.Aecording to investigation, the sediment delivery ratio of the loess plateau is larger than that of other countries, in addition, in this paper, a sediment load method to estimate rillgully erosion intensity is also introduced.For the transport of river sediment, two methods are explained, first, one-two dimension matematical model to compute river sediment load, and mathematical model of sediment transportation effected by base level vibration, second statisticl analysis of sediment transport in natural river, and finally, the purpose of study on erosion.sediment production and transportation are briefly dealt with.

沙漠化是干旱地区面临的严重问题.目前地球上受其影响的面积已达3843×10⁴km²余,涉及近百个国家和地区.1977年8-9月联合国在内罗毕召开了世界沙漠化会议,商讨沙漠化现象及其成因和可能采取的防治途径.正值此时,国内第一部阐述风沙运动和风沙地貌的专著——《风沙地貌学》由科学出版社于1987年10月出版发行.

中国科学院天山积雪雪崩研究站(以下称天山积雪站)是1967年11月建立的我国目前唯一的山地积雪及其灾害治理观测实验站.1978年归属中国科学院新疆地理研究所. 1966年12月,新疆焉耆-伊宁公路海拔3000m的天山艾肯达坂和巩乃斯沟地段,发生罕见的暴风雪和雪崩灾害,造成公路阻塞、交通通讯中断达半年之久;同时,数万头牧畜遭受严重伤亡,山区千余名林业牧业和养路工人及人民战士的生命受到威胁;山地自然生态环境遭到毁灭性的破坏.严酷的现实向人们提出了对山区积雪及其灾害(含雪崩及风吹雪)进行科学治理的任务.