In the 21st century, controls on contamination emission have transformed from the simple concentration control to the combination with concentration and total amount control. But tourism research on water ecological carrying capacity remains concentrated on the concentration control. Water is one of the most important environmental factors in Huangshan resort. Adding water supply can meet the need of an increasing number of visitors. However, concomitant wastewater put tremendous pressure on water ecological carrying capacity. Taking BOD₅ as an influencing factor of water quality, the paper calculates daily average and annual capacities in Xiaoyaoxi, Chengxiangyuan, Lianhuagou and Danxiaxi water bodies during high-flow period, normal water period and low-flow period. The conclusions are: (1) In general, under the premise of sewage discharge up to standard in the Huangshan resort, four major pollutant-holding water bodies can carry sewage discharge from now to 2010. However, after 2010, these four water bodies cannot satisfy sewage discharge the need of and the carrying capacity is saturated. (2) The spatial distribution is uneven in the water ecological carrying capacity. Xiaoyaoxi and Chengxiangyuan have relatively high waste load allocations than Lianhuagou and Danxiaxi. But the sites around Xiaoyaoxi and Danxiaxi have greater water demand, which lead to supersaturation of water ecological carrying capacity in the middle-long term. (3)The uneven temporal distribution is presented. Except individual stream, most of the water bodies can carry anticipative sewage discharge during high-flow and normal water periods in the long term. But during low-flow period, the water bodies except Lianhuagou are seriously overloading. Hereby, the paper builds the threshold model of "water quantity-water quality-water ecology system", and puts forward concrete measures to relieve the pressure on water ecological carrying capacity such as reducing water demand standard, advancing produced-water index, reusing wastewater, adopting efficient water-saving techniques and so on.

Based on a questionnaire answered by nearly 10000 people in Beijing, the general characteristics and the spatial auto-correlation of the Livable City Satisfaction Degree Index (LCSDI) were analyzed. In this paper, the way of spatial data analysis, such as spatial correlation analysis and spatial interpolation were used. The overall evaluation of LCSDI in Beijing is 63.8, which means that most of the residents are getting comfort from the livable conditions in Beijing. The spatial distribution of the LCSDI shows that residents in the inner city have a better degree than those living in the suburbs. Sub-districts in the suburbs have obvious difference in LCSDI. Those sub-districts that were planned to be huge residential areas have bad conditions on commute, and their LCSDI is lower than that of those sub-districts with comprehensive functions. To get a better understanding of the spatial pattern of the LCSDI, we used the Moran I to measure the spatial autocorrelation. The results also show that there is spatial autocorrelation in the LCSDI. Those indices related with the natural environment have stronger spatial autocorrelation than those indices related with human resources. The Moran I of LCSDI changes in different scales. The analysis of the spatial heterogeneity of LCSDI indicates that there is a decreasing trend in LCSDI from the center of Beijing to the suburban areas, which is the reflection of urban development in Beijing. As the administrative division is a limitation in the analysis of LCSDI, the Ordinary Kriging was used to model the spatial distribution of LCSDI in Beijing. Based on the spatial interpolation of LCSDI, we can find out some obvious spatial characteristics. The northern parts of Beijing have a better degree than the southern parts. Besides some "cool spots" have obviously lower degree of LCSDI than the neighboring areas, and these "cool spots" are mostly located near the nodes of the transportation. At the same time, some special areas, such as Xiangshan Mountain, make the spatial pattern of LCSDI more complicated.

Silt-trap dam is a type of projects used for intercepting and depositing sediment in channels with serious soil erosion. Its construction is of great significance to controling soil erosion, improving ecological environment quality, realizing regional sustainable development, and insuring ecological safety in the Loess Plateau. Although much progress has been made in silt-trap dam construction since the founding of P. R. China, until now, there are still many important theoretical problems that need further study. The systematic research of the effects of geographical factors on dam system construction is insufficient and needs special attention. This paper first selected the main geographic factors that may influence silt-trap dam construction and reviewed the related previous studies, employed a methodology that combined qualitative analysis and quantitative accumulation, macroscopic research and microscopic case analysis, analyzed the influences of soil erosion modulus, channel density and rural population density on silt-trap dams construction in small watersheds. Finally, this paper selected the case study area in the arenaceous and coarse sand region, mid-stream of the Yellow River, studied the main factors that resulted in the spatial variation and restriction of silt-trap dams construction using GIS technology. The main conclusions of this study are: (1) The density of silt-trap dam is not significantly related with physical geographic factors, although the physical geographic factors represented by soil erosion modulus and channel density are important factors that need to be considered during silt-trap dam plan and construction. (2) Human geographic factors represented by rural population density have significant influence on silt-trap dam construction.

It is very important to extract various kinds of underlying surfaces for soil erosion model because of various contributions of soil, vegetation, desert and rock under the same natural condition. Currently, traditional classification and information extraction methods based on remote sensing data have been widely applied in eco-hydrologic process field. But due to similarity and complexity of spectrums of soil, rock and desert, it was hard to distinguish soil, desert and rock in the same area. Rock land mountain, desert and soil mountain are widely distributed in the middle and upper reaches of Yellow River basin. In this paper, real spectrums of rock, soil and desert measured in lab using ASD (Analysis Spectrum Device) are analyzed, the result indicates that they could be well distinguished. On account of complex topographic changes and underlying surface roughness, spectrums from Landsat TM 5 become more complex and uncertain, but characteristics of surface texture of the rock land mountain are obvious and could be well differentiated from that of soil mountain and desert. For problem-solving of spectral complexity, normalized spectral index (NSI) is presented: NSI=(R₄+R₃+R₂-3×R₁)/(R₅-R₁)(R₁,R₂,R₃,R₄ and R₅ individually refer to reflectance of the Langsat TM bands from 1 to 5). Then, the rock land mountain index (RMI) is presented according to the characteristics of normalized spectral index and texture: RMI=(R₄+R₃+R₂-3×R₁)/(R₅-R₁)+R_t(R_t refers to homogeneity index of texture), and the result indicates that information extraction precision of rock land mountain is 82.7% through set of threshold. Finally, we analyze spectral normalized spectral information of desert and soil and establish desert-exposed soil difference model (DS-Def): =DS-Def=(R₄-R₁)/(R₅-R₁)+R₁+R₂, and the result indicates that desert information extraction precision is 73.1%, and that of exposed soil is 72.8%. The above results indicate that the information extraction precision is higher than that by methods of traditional classification.

Since the reform and opening up, with the deepening reform of urban land and housing market, the process of rapid suburbanization and urban sprawl as well as the disintegration of danwei system, great changes have taken place on jobs-housing spatial origination of Beijing, which has already led to commuting problems and changes of urban commuting pattern. Based on the survey of 600 households in ten typical residential areas of Beijing, this paper describes basic features of commuting behavior of Beijing citizens, and focuses on the comparison of the disparity of commuting pattern by four types of residential areas, trying to reflect the micro process of jobs-housing relationship changes. Our study shows that, firstly, besides the obvious differences in different socio-economic groups, they also lie in different types of residential areas. Secondly, significant differentiation has existed between different danwei communities. The vicinity of home and work has gradually been broken with the non-danwei employees moved into danwei community and the moving out of danwei production function, which has made the commuting pattern more complicated. Thirdly, the facts that about one fourth surveyed residents in hutong community in central city who are experiencing long distance outward commuting, as well as a higher proportion of residents in commercial housing community and subsidized commercial housing community in suburbs experiencing long distance inward commuting, may show that the separation of home and work has already come into being.

Mountains in the Upper Yangtze River are characterized by marked variations in climate, landforms, biodiversity, and they occupy a prominent position in the study of global mountains. Diversiform mountain altitudinal belts (MABs) in this region are especially significant in the Eurasia and even in the world. To validate and refine the Quadratic Model for MABs, on the basis of digital mountain altitudinal belts (MABs) classification system, this paper collected and analyzed 50 typical altitudinal belt spectra in the Upper Yangtze River. MABs show quite different characteristics from the head-water source region, to the Hengduan Range, Qinling-Daba mountains and to the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. The structures of MABs in the head-water source region are very simple and normally they have 3 to 4 MABs, and there are no forest belts in this region. However, the structures in the Hengduan Range are very complex and the number of the belts ranges from 4~5 to 7~8. Forest belts especially coniferous belts are dominant in this region. Another characteristic of MABs in this region is that arid valley shrub belts below the base belt are very common; the structures of MABs in the Qinling-Daba mountains and the Guizhou Plateau are relatively simple and forest belts are also dominant. The height of the snowline is closely related to longitude and latitude and it drops firstly and then rises along longitude when moving eastwards in this region. Similarly, the snowline rises along latitude when moving northwards. The height of forest line drops along longitude or latitude when moving eastwards or northwards respectively. Spatial analysis of snowline, forest line, coniferous forest and broad-leaved forest also shows that the linear model or quadratic model could quantitatively describe the relation between the height and latitude or longitude of MABs; at the meantime, the models have scale effects, that is to say, on the middle or small scale, the influence of landform is marked and needs to be studied in the future.

Climate resource is one of the most important natural tourism resources in tourism development. The plentiful climate resources not only have the special landscape function, but also have impact on tourism demand. Climate comfort degree effectively responses the comfort of climate in tourism destination for tourist, it is the key factor to tourism development. It directly affects the length of tourism season and annual variation of tourist flows. The climate data of 30 years from nine meteorological stations and tourism data of 5 years from tourism administration of Hainan province were used in this paper. By adopting Comfort Index of W. H. Terjung, correlation and regression analysis, this article analyzed the relationship between climate and annual variation of tourist flows in Hainan province. The results suggested that the advantage of tourism in Hainan was winter and the most comfortable period of tourism began from current November to next March. According to the correlation analysis, climate influences tourist flows remarkably, and comfortable degree of climate is the main factor that influences annual variation of tourist flows and tourism decision to Hainan. Furthermore, air temperature correlates negatively to tourist flows. Compared to Haikou, tourism of Sanya is more sensitive to climate. In view of the importance of climate to tourism in Hainan, it will improve the attractiveness of tourism product when climate factor is integrated into tourism product for better advertisement. At the same time, for the negative correlation between tourist flows and climate, it is easier to forecast tourist flows so that we can make preparation ahead of schedule. Therefore, this study provides important references for tourism planning and investment.

China's national medical system is being reformed, while floating workers are excluded outside the system. Current research shows that the general health situation of floating workers is rather miserable, such as poor working and living conditions, low health capacity, lack of health care awareness and so on. Due to inadequate health awareness and low economic status, they seldom make full use of public health care infrastructures to fulfil their medical needs, of which health guidance and regular body check top the priority. Their health care behaviors, health care seeking strategies and accessibility to medical services are almost ignored in recent years. Based on quantitative and qualitative survey, field investigation, as well as mapping of health facilities, we chose one of the typical urban villages-Xinfenghuang Village as a case study and conducted further research. The main purpose of this paper is to evaluate the health situation of floating workers, accessibility of different kinds of health facilities and to clarify the characteristics of their health care behaviors, in order to bring about practical suggestions on improvement of life quality of floating workers in urban villages. Although the geographical accessibility of health facilities is quite high, their real use is affected by several negative factors, including long waiting time, being unable to afford the direct expenses and medicine, inconvenient time and having difficulty asking for leave and so on. Thus they try to meet their medical needs in different ways, which can be divided into three groups in terms of characteristics: self-reliance, social capital reliance, and economic reliance. The most outstanding characteristics of self-reliance group are to cope with the diseases by themselves, like taking medicine without action. The group of social capital reliance can get help from social network consisting of relatives, countrymen and neighborhoods. The group of economic reliance, which is very small, positively responds to health problems because of their better economic status than the others. From spatial perspective, the health care behavior of floating workers accords with the disciplinarian of distance-decay, which forms a five-ringed structure. The medical needs of floating population should be considered into the planning of health care infrastructures and promotion of national medical system.

In this paper, MODWT multi-scale decomposition methods are used to decompose the monthly average tidal records of eight tidal gauge stations in northwest Pacific Ocean marginal seas during 1965~2005. Furthermore, multi-scale fluctuation and spatial differentiation characteristics in these areas are discussed. The results indicate that all the stations are identified with annual fluctuating periods, and their change scopes in south of Zhapo, China coast and north of Kanmen are 50 mm, 70~90 mm and 65 mm, respectively. The change scopes of semiannual periods in three China coast tide gauges vary from 50 to 60 mm, which is larger than those of other gauges. When the change scopes of the inter-annual oscillations decrease from low latitude to high latitude, the scopes in Cube, Legaspi and Inchon are about 65 mm, while it decreases to about 45 mm in other stations. Mode mixing, which is mainly manifested as series configuration and phase difference at different time spans, is predominantly combined with ENSO signal and quasi-periodic oscillations of 1~2 years. The mode mixing signals can be clearly extracted by using ICA method, and the ENSO signal extracted by ICA filtering can be compared well with MEI index. The responses of sea level to ENSO in different stations decrease from low to high latitude, which are manifested by the amplitude of ENSO signal. Wavelet semblance analysis is introduced to analyze the correlation between ENSO signal and MEI index. The results show that sea levels of low latitude zone are mainly negatively correlated with ENSO at each scale, while sea levels of high latitude zone are mainly positively correlated. In mid-high latitude zone, the responses of sea level to ENSO are significantly different before 1980 and hereafter, which might be related to the frequency change of ENSO. The responses of sea level to ENSO show remarkable particularity at about 80-month scale during 1982~1983 and 1997~1998, which are identified as the two strongest ENSO events during the 20th century. The comprehensive analysis of this relative long-time scale may be helpful to the further understanding of the mechanism and process of these two strongest ENSO events.

Urban thermal environment effect is one of the hotspots of the research on the eco-environmental effects of landscape changes. Research on urban thermal environment effect dynamics can help to get a better understanding the influence of landscape changes in a specific phase. The objectives of this study are: (1) to analyze spatial and dynamics characteristics of urban thermal environment effect based on thermal environment effect index and change index; (2) to assess the influences of landscape change on thermal environment effect by distribution index. Based on Landsat Thematic Mapper images acquired on January 6, 1987, December 30, 1995, and November 23, 2005, the landscape classifications of Shenzhen were conducted on supervised classification. The surface temperature was derived from TM thermal infrared data by mono-window algorithm. Urban thermal environment effect index was defined to describe the spatial characteristics of thermal environment effect. Dynamics of thermal environment effect was characterized by change index based on urban thermal environment effect index. To assess the influences of landscape changes on thermal environment effect, this paper used distribution index. Urban thermal environment effect index demonstrates that thermal spatial characteristic is changed from congregating distribution to fragment. The dynamics of thermal environment effect in different urbanization phases display different spatial characteristics, and are influenced by different landscape change impact factors. In the rapid urbanization phase (1987-1995), landscape changes are intense. In this phase, thermal centers expanded to the edge of the city. Thermal environment effect of natural landscape increases in this phase. It indicates that natural landscape has changed in its composition and quality in rapid urbanization phase. Then, the city comes to a relatively steady urbanization phase (1995-2005). The rate of landscape changes slows down. In this phase, the importance of thermal spatial expansion is weaker than in the first phase. The increasing thermal environment effect in urban landscape is prominent.

As a result of metropolitan suburbanization and rural urbanization, the formation and evolution of urban fringe in China are deeply affected by policies on urban land use, migration, investment and spatial distribution of industries. However, endogenous interactions between industrial structure and spatial patterns of non-agricultural activities are the core driving forces of their inter-evolution. Studies on urban fringe in China have long been restricted by the lack of micro-level data since the 1980s. Based on systematic firm-level data gathered from the National Censuses of Basic Units in 1996 and 2001, this paper, taking the case of Beijing, inspects the spatial expansion of the urban fringe. Then, it analyzes industrial development and spatial pattern evolution of non-agricultural activities in the context of interaction between them. Results show that urban fringe is the best location for manufacturing, especially heavy manufacturing, as well as traditional producer services and living services. However, industries with spatial stickiness such as tourism and sports will not move with the fringe. At the same time, advanced services still concentrate mostly in the city center. The diversity of distribution patterns across sectors has induced the results that industrial structure adjustment promotes the expansion and spatial evolution of urban fringe, and that, on the other hand, the stability and dynamics of industrial structure coexist in the moving urban fringe. This paper carries out a quantitative research on the "annual ring" style expansion of urban fringe and summarizes the expansion patterns as enclave, axial, filling-up and spread modes at the micro-level. Urban planning, suburban highway construction, industrial zone development, lower land price and integrated environment are important exogenous driving forces for the expansion and spatial evolution of Beijing urban fringe. It is shown that the combined action of spatial optimization and industrial restructuring is an effective solution to economic, spatial and social problems in urban fringes.

Land use/land cover change (LUCC) has a significant impact on the eco-environment. This article studied LUCC of the Chaohu Lake Basin based on multi-year TM image data, and the theory of ecosystem services values. The economic values of ecosystem services of the Chaohu Lake Basin in 1979, 1988, 1995, 2000, 2005 and 2008 were estimated, and changes caused by LUCC in the past 30 years were analyzed. According to the spatial distribution of ecosystems and land types of the heterogeneity of the natural and economic characteristics, the ecosystem services values of different regions have great difference. Based on the geographical classification of grassland of Xie Gaodi and others, and combined with the local actual status, the article amended the ecosystem service value of unit area. As the Chaohu Lake Basin is mainly composed of paddy fields, the ecological services value is relatively high. Considering that paddy fields are featured by two crops a year in the region, the ecological services value of farmland is twice as much as the value of the national average. The ecosystem services value of grassland and forests is equal to 1.45 times of the national average value. The results showed that the ecosystem services value in the study area has decreased by 831.68 × 10⁶ Yuan in the past 30 years, or 27.7 × 10⁶ Yuan every year. The changing speed is increasing with the time. In addition, the loss of the ecosystem services value is also very uneven in space, for example, the loss of the ecosystem services value of unit area in Hefei is 5 times more than the average in the Chaohu Basin each year. This shows that the expansion of large cities in the Chaohu Lake Basin has a significant influence on the gains and losses of ecosystem service value.

Undoubtedly, the rise of modern logistics will be great and particular significance to the development of our world. Modern logistics, as one of the new productive service industries, creates time value and the spatial value in every link of production, transportation and sale. At present, related research on regional logistics and logistics network mainly concentrate in the scope of small regions, and most studies focus on traditional transport manners and the impact of transport in the nationwide scope. In view of this, this paper attempts to construct a theory frame of logistics network from the scope of macroscopic scale. Taking the Yangtze River Delta as the examples, the authors try to give some advice to regional logistics and construct a logistics network in the Yangtze River Delta. Because of the current situation in the Yangtze River Delta that grade system is chaos, foundation of logistics is not constructed, the authors analyze the conception of regional logistics, and discuss its competitive advantage. On account of the confusion of the concept and network distribution of logistics in the Yangtze River Delta, the authors choose the estimation indexes to appraise hub cities in this region. Considering the intention between the cities was difficult to evaluate, the authors point out the effective region of the hub cities based on road traffic cost. Finally, the hub-and-spoke network is constructed in the Yangtze River Delta, and a concrete analysis is done on the main logistics cities about their orientation.

Based on the RBF neural network and the method of relative price, this paper constructs an index for the measurement of integration degree of China's inter-provincial market and analyzes its changing trend, and then analyzes its spatial characteristics by using Theil index and Moran index, and finally determines the significant factors influencing its change by using ECM-GMM panel econometric models. This paper draws three conclusions. First, the nationwide integration degree of inter-provincial market in China during 1992-2007 presents a trend of fluctuating moderate increase, a trend of steady improvement is experienced in the eastern region, a trend of gradual decrease is experienced in the central region, while a trend of first increasing and then decreasing is experienced in the western region of China. Secondly, a nationwide increasing tendency which reflects regional difference of integration degree of China's inter-provincial market is presented, among them, internal difference in the eastern and western regions is significant, internal difference in the central region is stable, while the difference among regions is increasing. Meanwhile, its spatial correlation changes from negative to significantly positive, the region of Shanghai, Jiangsu and Zhejiang has currently become the significant clustering zone of provinces which have a relatively high integration degree of inter-provincial market in China. Thirdly, the integration degree of inter-provincial market can be significantly explained by the level of economic development, the proportion of state-owned economy, the financial capital market and the scale of domestic market. In addition, a significantly positive effect is caused by the foreign economy in the eastern region, the transportation infrastructure and foreign economy in the central region, and the capacity consumption in the western region. However, there is a negative effect on the government scale in the eastern region, furthermore, a mechanism of divergence is existing between the expansion of international market and integration of domestic market in all the regions.

Wetlands are one of the most important ecosystems on Earth and the major feature of the landscape in almost all parts of the world, which is very important to the sustainable development of anthropogenic society at a regional or global scale. Taking Dongting Lake as a study region, this paper firstly established evaluation indicators of wetland health concerning hydrology, ecology and environment according to the feature of wetlands and principle of PSR (Pressure-State-Response) model. Secondly, multi-temporal remote sensing data were acquired by TM (Thematic Mapper) sensor onboard of American Landsat satellite system, geographical data, land use/cover data, field detection data and social statistic data. Thirdly, special information of each evaluation indicator was extracted from different data sources and analyzed. Finally, a PSR model supported by GIS was used to evaluate and analyze wetland ecosystem health. The results show that the areas with better, generic and worse health conditions account for 19%, 75% and 6% of the total area respectively, and that there are no areas with best and worst health conditions. The wetland ecosystem health condition is better in Xiangyin County, Yuanjiang County and Yueyang County. The health condition of Yiyang County is worse. The other counties belong to the average grade of health.

In this paper, the UrbanSwarm, a computational environment, is developed for a better understanding of urbanization by agent-based modeling. UrbanSwarm contains multiple economic interactions between urban and rural agents that are crucial in urbanization process and mechanism because the basic force driving the urbanization is inherently microscopic. This paper gives a detailed discussion on the influencing factors such as migration policy, domestic demand, and negative effect of agglomeration on urbanization process in mono-centric scenario. (1) The segmentation policy not only limited the urban-rural migration but enlarged urban-rural income disparity as well. It simulates the household registration system (hukou) before 1978, which confined most Chinese citizens to their places of birth. (2) Raising urban-rural propensity to consumer contributes to both urban-rural income level and urbanization level. Meanwhile, it can narrow the urban-rural gap. (3) With the increase of the negative effect of agglomeration on urbanization, urbanization level drops gradually. The urbanization process loses its sustainability if the negative effect of agglomeration on urbanization exceeds some thresholds in mono-centric pattern. (4) The industrialization and urbanization level has a close relationship if the technology and preference are never changed. The process of industrialization is faster than the process of urbanization in simulation. This parallel processing agent-based approach has various advantages over existing economic approaches such as neoclassical model and equilibrium analysis. UrbanSwarm can be used for both simulation and computation purposes. MAS provides an exploratory platform to test hypotheses behind the space-time dynamics as well as to experiment with 'what-if' games within complex urbanization process, i.e. using the computer as an artificial laboratory for the study of urban and regional systems. Besides, it can be used to achieve some computational intensive tasks through the collective work of individual agents such as rural and urban households, local government, firms and so on. Future work should focus on removing the limitations of reactive agents, implementing the use of cognitive or deliberate agents and achieving their full integration into GIS environment.

The development of Chinese petrochemical industry in the past decades can be divided into four stages, and each stage has exhibited its unique characteristics. Since 1998, Chinese petrochemical industry has been growing rapidly. The spatial pattern of Chinese petrochemical industry has evolved into an unbalanced state with the rapid development. In general, the majority of Chinese petrochemical industry is located in eastern and northwestern China as well as coastal areas on a macro scale. Besides, eight bases such as Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, central-southern Liaoning and Shanghai-Nanjing-Hangzhou regions have developed into the fundamental part of Chinese petrochemical industry. On a micro scale, petrochemical enterprises have tended to be re-located in the neighborhood of ports because of convenient transport. More and more enterprises are concentrated in industrial parks which specialize in petrochemical and some related industries. Based on the above analysis and research, this paper can offer some suggestions to the future development and spatial pattern of Chinese petrochemical industry.

The net CO₂exchange between the atmosphere and alpine meadow ecosystem (NEE) and standard meteorological parameters were measured by Eddy covariance technique in Damxung County, Tibet from 2004 to 2006. Based on the data, net CO₂exchange response characteristic of alpine meadow ecosystem on Tibet Plateau to diffuse radiation was analyzed. The ground conditions can be separated into three types: cloud-gap sky condition, clear-sky condition and overcast-sky condition by the clearness index as a criterion. Although in cloud-gap and overcast situations the diffuse radiation can be enhanced, the ground surface under a cloud-gap sky receives the same amount of direct beam radiation as under a clear sky, while under overcast sky, the direct beam radiation is reduced. We compared the enhanced NEE from three sky conditions for 5° interval of solar elevation angles and 5℃ interval of soil temperature. The results show that the scatterplots between the net ecosystem CO₂ exchange and clear index present a different pattern in three ground conditions. It is shown that, no matter whether the site is under a clear sky, a cloud-gap sky or an overcast sky, the carbon uptake does not tend to be enhanced. That is to say, the trend of change on the net ecosystem CO₂ exchange with the clear index was not affected by diffuse radiation, but affected by coupling effect of the solar radiation intensity and the soil temperature. During the daytime, photosynthetically active radiation dominated the carbon absorption, and soil temperature dominated the carbon emission. Generally speaking, the maximal NEE occurs under three skies with the soil temperature at 15℃, and the clearness index between 0.7 and 0.8.

Heterogeneity is an important characteristic of geographical system, which is receiving more and more attention because of its determining role in geographical pattern and process. Based on the theory of data heterogeneity measurement, the paper put forward a Gini index of population distribution (GPD), which can be used to measure the heterogeneity of population distribution. Taking advantage of a GIS data set of county-level administrative regions census data in 2005 in Jiangsu, this research uses the GPD index to analyze the heterogeneity of population distribution in Jiangsu. By computing the GPD index of Jiangsu in 2005 at county and city levels, the conclusions can be drawn as follows. Heterogeneity of population distribution at city level is small, while that at county level is big. Heterogeneity of population distribution in southern Jiangsu is bigger than that in northeastern Jiangsu. Moran scatter plot and local Moran's I are employed to study local spatial autocorrelation of population density distribution in Jiangsu based at county level. The results indicate that the heterogeneity of population distribution in low-high and high-low spots is big, while that in high-high and low-low spots is small. The above results are consistent with the actual conditions, indicating that the GPD index is effective.

Based on the characteristics of railway passenger transport, choosing the spatial distance, temporal distance, connectivity and selectivity as the indicators, with the province capitals and the train timetable as the object, the accessibility pattern of railway passenger transport network is elaborated in this paper. The dominant factors affecting the indicators are different, which lead to the difference of accessibility pattern denoted by each indicator. The core-periphery pattern are showed in both the spatial and temporal distance, and Zhengzhou is the center with the best accessibility in both two indicators, but the attenuation of accessibility takes on different rules from the core to the periphery. The former is isotropic in the decrease of accessibility, but the later is anisotropic, and those nodes along the main railways are slower in the decrease of accessibility. The central and eastern China is superior to the western area, and the central area is superior to the marginal area in the connectivity index. As far as the selectivity is concerned, the difference between the east and the west is apparent, the area east of the Beijing-Guangzhou Railway is superior to the west area, and those nodes with the worst selectivity level spread at the marginal area of western China. In equilibrium, the spatial distance, temporal distance and the connectivity, which reflect mainly the basic service of railway passenger transport, are better than the selectivity that focuses on the senior service. Beijing, Shanghai, Zhengzhou, and Wuhan are railway hubs in the whole network, and Beijing and Zhengzhou are better than Shanghai and Wuhan in accessibility. According to the formational reasons, Beijing and Shanghai are the functional hubs, while Zhengzhou and Wuhan belong to the location hubs. There are four regional railway hubs, Shenyang, Guangzhou, Chengdu and Lanzhou, which play important roles in sub-railway network. In accessibility, Shenyang and Guangzhou are better than Chengdu and Lanzhou.

In this study, pot experiments using the Beijing alluvial soils were conducted to examine the effects of hexavalent chromium (Cr), concentrations ranging from 0 to 50 mg·kg^-1, on the biomass and Cr concentrations of pakchoi (Brassica chinensis L.), soil microbial biomass carbon, soil microbial biomass nitrogen and soil microbial respiration. The results showed that in the high Cr concentration treatments (with addition ≥25 mg·kg^-1), the Cr concentrations in pakchoi leaves increased significantly compared with the control treatment (P<0.01). The total Cr concentrations in pakchoi roots were much greater than those in leaves. Compared with the control treatment, the biomass of pakchoi leaf increased significantly in the 1 mg·kg^-1 Cr treatment, while its biomass decreased significantly in the high Cr concentration treatments (≥10 mg·kg^-1) (P<0.01) and the highest decreasing extent was up to 78.2%. In the 50 mg·kg^-1 Cr treatment, the soil microbial biomass carbon, microbial biomass nitrogen and respiration rate were significantly lower than these indicators of control treatments. The biomass and total Cr concentration of pakchoi leaves, soil microbial biomass carbon, soil microbial biomass nitrogen and soil microbial respiration rate could all be sensitively served as biological indicators to reflect the pollution extent of soil Cr. By using these indicators and the corresponding total Cr concentrations of soil, we could obtain the fitting equations. Based on the conceptions of crop yield reduction, food safety and ecological dose, we could calculate the Cr mild pollution critical concentration of Beijing alluvial soil ED₁₀ (70.8 mg·kg^-1) and the Cr moderate pollution critical concentration of Beijing alluvial soil ED₅₀ (111.6 mg·kg^-1). The results would be helpful to the revision and rebuilding of soil environmental criteria.

The theoretically spatial distributions of urban capital density of Market Economic Pattern, Command Economic Pattern, and (Chinese) Transforming Economic Pattern from command economy to market economy have been studied and compared. Then, using building cubage rate index, the demonstration of Lanzhou from its districts and different uses of buildings has been done by applying the data based on the high precision satellite image and methods of massive fieldwork lasting more than six months and of GIS technology and maths statistics lasting about 18 months. The conclusions below have been summarized. Firstly, the urban capital density of Market Economic Pattern goes down spatially from their centers to peripheries but one of Command Economic Pattern is balancing or descending slowly or even ascending. However, the trend of urban capital density of (Chinese) Transforming Economic Pattern from command economy to market economy is in the midst of them. Secondly, the urban spatial use of command economy in China presents commerce-residence-industry-agriculture from center to periphery that is greatly different from market economy. Whereas the same pattern still occurs in the period of Chinese Transforming Economic Pattern. Thirdly, the phenomena that high and lower building cubage rates coexist at small space scale widely in Lanzhou are related with difficult changes of land use and lower operation of market economy mechanism and so on. Finally, the trend of spatial distribution pattern of residential and commercial building cubage rates is now close to that of market economy owing to high marketing behavior of both residential building and commercial building where cubage rates are higher than the others.

Based on the large-sample database of the second economic unit census in Beijing, employing the methods of Factor Analysis and Cluster Analysis, the paper studies the characteristics, model, process and mechanism of territorial structure of producer services in Beijing metropolitan area. The results show that (1) there are seven different territorial districts in Beijing metropolitan area. (2) The central area of the city is a mixed zone of various types of producer services with poor homogeneity. The inner margin of suburban areas has stronger homogeneity, and four regional types are identified. In the outer margin of suburban areas and the exurb, except for individual independent heterogeneous points, there are mostly scattered areas with traditional state-owned producer services. (3) Territorial structure in the transition period is the outcome of the dual strength from the government and markets, and the dynamic process is an interaction between organization and spontaneity. From the microcosmic view, the enterprises' location choice is a key factor shaping the territorial structure of producer services. Seven factors can affect the location choice of the producer service enterprises fundamentally. From the macroscopic view, four external forces play a guiding and regulatory role in forming and changing the territorial structures of producers services. Finally it is found that there is much uniqueness compared with the western theory, and western location theory was applied to a certain extent. However, the theory should be appropriately amended in specific location decisions for different industries because of the influence from the governmental forces.

Waste is not only an important influencing factor on the tourism eco-environment, but also the focus of tourism environment research. This paper reviews the related literatures on the research of tourism wastes published in recent years. It is found that the issue of tourist wastes has aroused wide concern in the world. The relative studies covered a wide range regarding their contents and study areas, including tourism development, tourist activity, and composition of the tourism industries as well as all spaces that may be involved. But in China, the studies on the tourist wastes are still on the initial stage and mainly descriptive. Most of the studies about the methods and measurements on the management of tourism wastes focus on theoretical discussion and have no practical value. The suitable management system for handling the tourism wastes in the scenic spots and areas has not been established in China. This paper put forward some suggestions as follows. (1) Great importance should be attached to the studies on the management of the tourism wastes, which is the foundation of the sustainable development of the tourism industry of China; (2) The research methods should be improved; (3) The waste disposal technology should be upgraded; (4) Waste management should be strengthened. In addition, the study on the harmless processing of the wastes from the increasing wilderness regions recreation is still in the primary stage. Further studies on the tourist wastes are still needed.

The river hierarchical classification is the basic work for the research of river rules, which is meaningful to the river regulation and management. The existing river hierarchical classification cannot reflect the space-time characteristics of rivers. Some is is greatly affected by mankind, some do not have the geomorphic feature, some has only physical property, and some is only convenient for administrative management. Based on river continuum concept, the definition of the river hierarchical classification based on ecological function from North America is referenced in this paper, with both the physical property and biologic character being integrated. The meaning of river hierarchical classification on ecological function in Zhejiang Province is discussed in this paper. Not only the framework of river hierarchical classification with water basin scale for rivers in Zhejiang Province is completed, but also the commonness and difference between the physical property and ecological character in each hierarchical framework are analyzed in this paper. The goal and suggestion of ecological protection for each hierarchical framework in river are put forward. Then the Qiantang River as an example is constructed with the river hierarchical framework in details. Furthermore, the discussion is shown about the effect and foreground of the river hierarchical classification based on ecological function for ecological water demand of rivers. The area and content of management of the water resource administrative department in Zhejiang Province is confined for each hierarchical framework due to human activity.

Taking Shanghai, Hangzhou and Suzhou, which are in great demand for leisure travel, as examples, the paper makes an in-depth analysis of the impacts of holiday revision on the residents' leisure travel behavior. Factor Analysis was used to study the potential influence of a new holiday system in three aspects, i.e., the adding of the traditional festivals as statutory holiday, the implementation of five short holidays, and Paid Leave. The authors selected nine public factors of the new system and used Variance Analysis to examine whether there are significant differences in perception of the adoption of new holiday system and the abolition of one of the three "golden week" holidays for different demographic groups. The results show that: (1) The shortening of May Day holiday has little impact on the residents' leisure travel behavior; (2) Residents' supportive attitude to the implementation of five short holidays shows that residents' demand for short-term leisure travel and cultural leisure travel is increasing and developing from primary to advanced level. (3) Residents' are in favor of the right to Paid Leave, which facilitates a flexible holiday system. This enables residents to enjoy high quality vacation travel, so it is important to strengthen supervision and protection mechanism so as to ensure its implementation. (4) The new holiday system is conducive to China's further development of the tourism industry.

The acquisition grassland snow information has important significance for the determination of grassland snow disaster influence scope and disaster grade. On the basis of the advantages and disadvantages of optical remote sensing and microwave remote sensing applied to monitor grass snow, this paper presents the business process monitoring real-time grassland snow in China based on effective cooperation between optical MODIS data and passive microwave AMSR-E data, which describes the correlated algorithms and implementation steps. Then, according to the Ministry of Agriculture requirement, we carried out an all-weather real-time monitoring of the snowstorm situation of grassland in Inner Mongolia, one of the worst snowstorm-stricken regions in China, from December 1, 2007 to January 2008, and finally, we obtained the actual result, based on 51 days of continuous monitoring data, from which we can learn the space-time state during the monitoring period of the grassland in Inner Mongolia. This paper presents that the multi-source remote sensing data for the fusion application algorithm and technical route in monitoring grassland snow, and implements all-weather real-time monitoring for grassland snow. This can be applied in vocational operation of grassland snow monitoring to promote the snow disaster and disaster reduction emergency response associatecl with advanced remote sensing application level and monitoring accuracy. This can satisfy the emergency needs of the national snowstorm disaster reduction.

Based on the assessment framework of Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA), considering the shaping forming mechanism of ecosystem services in Poyang Lake area, we constructed the evaluation index system for ecosystem services in Poyang Lake area. By using the 1km grid percentage data model, we carried out the principal component analysis to extract the principal factors characterizing the core ecosystem services of the Poyang Lake area. On this basis, the spatial clustering analysis was done to identify and delimitate the zoning boundary of ecosystem services in the Poyang Lake area and the ecosystem services of each district was spatially identified. The research results show that the core ecosystem services in the Poyang Lake area include supporting function, provisioning function, regulating function and cultural function in 1km by 1 km grid pixels. And then ten functional zones of ecosystem services are generated, and the spatial heterogeneity of the core ecosystem services on different administrative divisions in the Poyang Lake area was identified and presented. The application of the spatial zoning scheme of the core ecosystem and its spatial identification can provide both spatially and temporally valuable information for ecosystem management in the Poyang Lake area.

Traditional operas are an important component in the Chinese traditional culture. The research on its spatial diffusion and on the evolution of cultural region is conducive to China's intangible cultural heritage protection. Based on the theory of cultural geography, this paper uses the traditional qualitative method combined quantitative method to analyze the traditional Huai Opera culture. Firstly, the spreading and developing of Huai Opera can be divided into four stages. The first and second stages are mainly expansion diffusion; the third stage is mainly relocation diffusion combined with stimulus diffusion; and the fourth shows the effect of contagious diffusion. The spatial structure of the diffusion of Huai Opera displays a point-axis structure which diffuses along various transportation lines (waterway of canal to the north of the Yangtze River and railway to the south) from the culture origin, and gradually develops into a double-center structure composed of northern Jiangsu and Shanghai. Secondly, based on current research, a qualitative model for the spatial diffusion of Huai Opera is presented, which indicates that the main reasons for the diffusion is the large-scale migration caused by disasters. Besides, geomorphy, environments of culture and art, regional gravitation, and spatial accessibility in different periods also have an influence on the diffusing process and spreading channel of Huai Opera in different degrees. Third, taking the county as the basic spatial units, the cultural region of Huai Opera is divided into three types, i,e. core region, periphery region and transition region. And a summary has been made on the spatial differential feature associated with the cultural region of Huai Opera, which shows that in the region there are two cultural sub-regions of north and south, and the latter can still be further divided into eastern, central and western parts. Finally, through the observation on the evolution orbit of the cultural region of Huai Opera by selecting the qualitative variation of professional Huai Opera troupes at four typical time points: 1955, 1965, 1984 and 2006. It is discovered that the core region stably centralizes in the two cities of Huai'an and Yancheng, while the periphery region and transition region display the spatial tendency from expansion to contraction, which are closely connected with the cultural root, spatial decay as well as the grand atmosphere of culture and art.

This paper takes three main wetland distributing counties of Dongtai, Dafeng and Sheyang of Yancheng as study areas. With the processing of four-period (every six years from 1988 to 2006) remote sensing (RS) images, a dynamic change analysis of the Yancheng wetland types was illuminated at first. Then, according to the results of the RS images interpretation, the change prediction of the wetland types was analyzed by using cellular automata (CA) model based on extension matter-element model and Markov model. The results are shown as follows: (1) It is a feasible method in wetland types prediction according to the comparability (70%) after the comparison between the results calculated by CA model based on extension matter-element model and the remote sensing classification. (2) The results of CA model based on extension matter-element model is greatly consistent with the results of the results of Markov model, that is, the aquaculture farm is the main wetland type covering areas of 750.06 km² and 740.20 km² in 2006, respectively. Generally, the area of cropland, residential land, aquaculture farm, Spartina patens and seepweed has an increasing tendency, while the area of mudflat, reed and brine pan tends to decrease sharply. Spartina patens will become the dominant species gradually due to its evolution trend. The most important reason for these changes is the current policy of large-scale coastal exploitation.