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  • Analyzing Livelihood
    XU Shaohui, DONG Liping
    Journal of Resources and Ecology. 2022, 13(5): 851-859. https://doi.org/10.5814/j.issn.1674-764x.2022.05.009

    Using ArcGIS to analyze the spatial distribution of traditional villages in Yunnan Province in combination with the actual local conditions of traditional villages, the purpose of this study is to determine the development model suitable for their characteristics. The results show several important features of traditional village distribution. (1) The traditional villages in Yunnan Province have spatial structural characteristics of unbalanced cohesive distribution, and they are mainly distributed in the higher-level cities and prefectures such as northwest Yunnan, west Yunnan and south Yunnan. Among them, the traditional villages of Baoshan City have the highest distribution density of 66.33 per 10000 km2. This is followed by Dali Prefecture and Honghe Prefecture, where the densities of traditional villages are 44.13 per 10000 km2 and 37.66 per 10000 km2, respectively. (2) The factors affecting the spatial distribution structure of traditional villages in Yunnan Province are natural geographical factors, humanistic historical factors and transportation factors. Among them, the natural geographical conditions with a large vertical gap in Yunnan Province gave birth to the human settlement environment of traditional villages. The history of a farming civilization that has been passed down from generation to generation has laid a brilliant and splendid humanistic foundation for traditional villages, and the high-altitude areas are relatively primitive. The transportation conditions have delayed the destruction of traditional villages by urbanization and industrialization. In summary, these factors have affected the spatial distribution pattern of traditional villages in Yunnan Province to some extent. (3) According to the law of the spatial distribution of traditional villages in Yunnan Province, it is necessary to explore the activation path of traditional village tourism with regional characteristics and ethnic characteristics, and also to carry out differentiated development according to the different endowment characteristics of local resources, that is to develop a series of activation modes including agricultural tourism, cultural tourism and ecological tourism.

  • Research Articles
    ZHANG Li, LEI Jun, WANG Changjian, WANG Fei, GENG Zhifei, ZHOU Xiaoli
    Journal of Geographical Sciences. 2022, 32(10): 1886-1910. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11442-022-2028-z

    This essay combines the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program Operational Linescan System (DMSP-OLS) nighttime light data and the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) nighttime light data into a “synthetic DMSP” dataset, from 1992 to 2020, to retrieve the spatio-temporal variations in energy-related carbon emissions in Xinjiang, China. Then, this paper analyzes several influencing factors for spatial differentiation of carbon emissions in Xinjiang with the application of geographical detector technique. Results reveal that (1) total carbon emissions continued to grow, while the growth rate slowed down in the past five years. (2) Large regional differences exist in total carbon emissions across various regions. Total carbon emissions of these regions in descending order are the northern slope of the Tianshan (Mountains) > the southern slope of the Tianshan > the three prefectures in southern Xinjiang > the northern part of Xinjiang. (3) Economic growth, population size, and energy consumption intensity are the most important factors of spatial differentiation of carbon emissions. The interaction between economic growth and population size as well as between economic growth and energy consumption intensity also enhances the explanatory power of carbon emissions’ spatial differentiation. This paper aims to help formulate differentiated carbon reduction targets and strategies for cities in different economic development stages and those with different carbon intensities so as to achieve the carbon peak goals in different steps.

  • Reviews
    GAO Yang, SHEN Zhen, ZHANG Zhonghao, XIONG Juhua
    Acta Geographica Sinica. 2024, 79(1): 134-146. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlxb202401009

    Social-Ecological System (SES) is a collection of social subsystems, ecological subsystems, and the interactions between them. It is a common difficulty of cross-multidisciplinary fields to predict the changes in human-earth systems and support the relevant management decisions through clarifying the interaction between the ecological environment and human society. The framework of ecosystem service provides a new perspective for revealing the transmission and the role of various elements in SES. Taking ecosystem service as an entry point, this study follows the context of "Ecological System Supply-Ecological Coupling Human Intervention-Promoting Social Development". And the research progress and trends of existing coupling simulation methods related to SES are summarized. This article argues that in the conduction research of the ecosystem services cascade, the academic cognition has emphasized the "impact of natural ecosystem to social-economic system" rather than the "interaction and feedback mechanisms for ecosystems and social systems". In terms of research content, scholars have trsnsformed their focus from "changes in ecosystems and environmental effects" to "social-economic system and the effect on different groups". The focus of research has shifted from the theoretical inquiry of the "internal mechanism and power mechanism" to the applied practice of "optimization and regulation strategy" among the coupling systems. Future research of SES should strengthen the simulation of social-ecological coupling with equal emphasis on nature and humanities. It is the focus of breakthroughs to comprehensively understand the internal interactions and feedback of complex systems.

  • Junjun Zhou, Gang Li, Dandan Hong, Feng Xu, Jiahui Xu, Yue Yu, Xiliang Chen
    Tropical Geography. 2022, 42(9): 1430-1442. https://doi.org/10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.003542

    As a crime that threatens public safety and social stability, child trafficking has attracted widespread attention from all sectors of society. Few studies have been conducted on child trafficking, especially in the literature review conducted from the perspective of comparison between China and abroad, which makes it difficult to fully reveal the system and development of current research. This study clarifies the thematic structure and development of child trafficking in China and abroad, based on the "Web of ScienceTM Core Collection" and CNKI data sources, using CiteSpace software. Specifically, the study comparatively examines the progress of child trafficking studies in China and abroad since 2000 and analyzes future development trends from the time of publication, regional and subject distribution, research institutions, and keyword co-occurrence. We hope that this work provides a relatively complete and objective understanding for innovative future research. The results indicate that: (1) the research on child trafficking started earlier abroad, and the theoretical system and research methods are relatively mature. From 2000 to 2020, a total of 215 articles were published in Web of Science, showing two stages of fluctuating and rapid growth, and USA ranks first worldwide. There are 46 core articles published in CNKI, showing two stages of initial exploration and fluctuating growth overall, with a relatively slow growth rate in China. More studies are distributed in the fields of social studies, psychology, pediatrics, family studies and criminology in abroad, while domestic studies are mainly distributed in the field of law, criminology and sociology. In recent years, the research in the field of geography has risen rapidly, and there is ample room for development. (2) Due to the differences in regional environment and national conditions, international child trafficking is part of a study on human trafficking, which is mainly for the purpose of exploitation, including direct and indirect exploitation, involving various topics such as commercial sexual exploitation, labor exploitation, trafficking human organs, child marriage trafficking, and other types of trafficking. Commercial trafficking and sexual exploitation are the main research hotspots of child trafficking. Child trafficking in China is usually discussed in combination with the trafficking of women, focusing on the provincial trafficking for the purpose of adoption, and "family control" and "lured adoption" are common ways of committing crimes. The legal policy and social reasons surrounding child trafficking are hot topics of concern. (3) With the increase in interdisciplinary integration, child trafficking involves suicide risk and well-being, rehabilitation and return to society, child protection and trafficking prevention and control measures, which have become popular topics abroad. The theme of domestic child trafficking has extended from focusing on legal policies and social reasons to spatial-temporal patterns, influencing factors, resettlement, and social integration. In the future, how to integrate the relevant parties involved in child trafficking (criminals, victims or guardians, and other people) with the spatio-temporal environment (social environment, built environment, and surrounding people flow environment), and explore the evolution of geographical factors and the spatio-temporal activity trajectory of child trafficking from the perspective of criminal geography? It is important to deeply analyze the occurrence mechanism of child trafficking from the interactive perspective of time, space, and humans. How to make full use of the modern technological means to track and combat child trafficking in practice, to contribute to the prevention and management of this issue at home and abroad, constitutes a key question.

  • FANG Chuanglin, LIAO Xia, SUN Biao
    Economic geograph. 2024, 44(9): 1-11. https://doi.org/10.15957/j.cnki.jjdl.2024.09.001

    The urban-rural integrated development model represents a comprehensive paradigm. It is shaped by market forces and policy instruments, designed to facilitate bidirectional flows of production factors, ensuring equal exchange, fair resource sharing, and fostering mutual prosperity between urban and rural regions. The pursuit of innovative models of urban-rural integrated development is pivotal to achieve urban-rural integration in China. Based on a systematical review of global urban-rural integrated development practice models and extensive fieldworks, this study focuses on typical cases from national urban-rural integration pilot areas and proposes six typical practical models: the Extended-Chain and Strengthened-Chain Model for urban-rural industrial integration, the Equal Legal Price and Equal Market Rights Model for urban-rural construction land integration,the Unified Construction and Distribution for urban-rural infrastructure integration, the Same Standards, Equal Benefit Model for urban-rural public services integration, the Village Super League Model for integrating urban-rural cultural, tourism and sports,and the Delimitation of Property Rights Model for rural homestead land reform. These models offer successful paradigms applicable to nationwide urban-rural integration practices. However, there is no one-size-fits-all model for urban-rural integrated development, as these models display regional and developmental stage heterogeneity. These experience should be learned from but not rigidly replicated.

  • Jianwu Qi, Wei Li, Lucang Wang, Kai Zhang
    Tropical Geography. 2023, 43(5): 913-928. https://doi.org/10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.003559

    Cultural memory is a spiritual, inner, and middle world composed of self-consciousness, memory, and behavior that expresses the cultural phenomenon, local emotions, and identity generated by human practice in the present world space. Geography pays more attention to the human-land relationship and spatial perception in the formation of cultural memory and constructs a unique cultural memory space. This space is the agglomeration of figurative cultural relics in space, as well as the spiritual representation of non-figurative places, such as art, text, and folklore in space. By systematically analyzing the theory of cultural memory, this study summarizes the process of evolution and development context of cultural memory. Based on 1,527 key domestic and international studies on geography, this study analyzes the main content and progress of global cultural memory space research from the perspective of keyword co-occurrence clustering, theme path evolution, and research trend, with the assistance of CiteSpace—the bibliometrics and visualization tool. By reviewing the frontier hot spots of cultural memory space research at home and abroad, this study aims to construct a research paradigm of cultural memory from the perspective of geography, improve the research methods of cultural memory, and provide a reference for the local application and multidisciplinary integration of cultural memory theory. The analysis results focus the research topics of foreign cultural memory space primarily on: 1) the memory representation of the landscape of daily life; and 2) political and ritual studies in memory. Domestic research topics primarily include: 1) cultural and local studies in collective and social memory; 2) research on urban and rural memory carried by space; and 3) research on heritage memory reproduction, promoted by cultural tourism. The literature on cultural memory space at home and abroad has gradually increased in recent years, as has the attention paid to memorial landscape, heritage buildings, ritual celebrations, war trauma, and national memory; however, the research on cultural memory space has not formed a specific theoretical paradigm. Most of the literature only focuses on the integration of cultural memory and other fields, and relatively few studies address the connotation of cultural memory space, media conversion mechanisms, and spatial identification methods. The perspective of the content and trends in domestic and foreign research indicates that Western scholars pay more attention to the study of migration, rights, free will, women, power politics, and war trauma. The focus on space is mainly on cities, emotions, and rights. Domestic geographers focus on deconstructing regionalized and China-seized cultural memory and local identity from the intangible carrier of memory. Most studies are based on obvious policy orientations. War sites, red tourist sites, traditional villages, characteristic folk customs, and festival ceremonies have become important themes in the study of cultural memory space. In the future, geography research should depict the practical process of text, ritual, and language through non-representational means and re-introduce memory into human research in a materialized way. Simultaneously, the connotation of urban and rural cultural memory should be clearly defined, and heritage, immigration, and tourism should be adopted as the new themes of cultural memory space research through digital images.

  • Regional Development
    ZHENG Yuhan, LONG Hualou
    Acta Geographica Sinica. 2023, 78(8): 1869-1887. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlxb202308002

    Urban-rural integrated development is an advanced stage in the evolution of the urban-rural relationship, and it is also the basic path and main goal for the implementation of rural revitalization. Scientifically understanding and identifying the integration stage and its current level of urban-rural development in China is the prerequisite basis for promoting urban-rural integrated development and rural revitalization. Based on the concept connotation, this paper constructed a multi-dimensional evaluation system of urban-rural integrated development at the prefecture level. The process status and spatiotemporal divergent characteristics of urban-rural integrated development in 336 prefecture-level regions in China from 2000-2018 were portrayed and revealed. The results show that: (1) The current state of urban-rural integrated development in China is generally at a low-to-middle level, showing a heterogeneous spatiotemporal pattern with apparent gradient divergence. The integrated development level of the Pearl River Delta, Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, and the Shandong Peninsula is high, but the regions distributed to the west of the "Hu Line" develops slowly. (2) According to the level and characteristics of integrated development, the 366 prefecture-level regions can be divided into four types: integrated development, tending integration, imbalanced development, and lagging development, with a more active transformation between the latter three types. (3) The development level of urban-rural economic integration is higher than that of demographic and social integration, while the development process of urban-rural spatial and ecological integration shows some natural zonal divergent characteristics. Finally, we identified the problem areas for different types of integrated development and explored the regional promotion path of urban-rural integrated development, which could provide scientific references for the strategies of regional urban-rural development and rural revitalization.

  • JIANG Zhengyun, LIU Qingfang, SONG Jinping
    Economic geograph. 2023, 43(6): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.15957/j.cnki.jjdl.2023.06.001
    Improving the ability of the economic system to respond to internal and external shocks is of great significance to the high-quality development of the regional economy. The spatiotemporal correlation characteristics and dynamic evolution mechanism of China's regional economic resilience from 1997 to 2020 were systematically observed in this study by constructing an economic resilience index and using Theil index, spatial analysis, geographic detectors and other methods. The results showed that: 1) During the study period,China's regional economic resilience generally showed a W-shaped dynamic fluctuation and upward trajectory, about 65% of the provinces were in a state of moderate resilience, and the disequilibrium characteristics at the regional level were gradually strengthened. Inter-provincial differences were the main components of spatial differences in economic resilience. 2) The spatial correlation of regional economic resilience had a typical evolutionary trend in stages, and economic resilience in space gradually showed a positive agglomeration correlation. The locally-related cold and hot spots patterns were directly affected by the type and scope of the shock,showing significant inter-provincial heterogeneity. 3) The spatiotemporal evolution of economic resilience was driven by the common interactive complex factors, and the evolution pattern of resilience collaborative dominated by effective market and competent government was gradually established. The guiding role of innate factors such as geographic location was becoming more and more diverse. Financial support and technological innovation were effective drivers for the improvement of the regional economic system's risk adaptability. Urban development and government management were the main paths and played an important role in the occurrence of multi-dimensional linkage effects.
  • Global Change Impact and Adaptation
    ZHANG Jing, HAO Fanghua, WU Zhaofei, LI Mingwei, ZHANG Xuan, FU Yongshuo
    Acta Geographica Sinica. 2023, 78(9): 2241-2255. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlxb202309008

    Global climate change caused by human activities results in frequent extreme climate events, and shifts the physiological processes of plants, and the carbon, water cycle and energy balance of terrestrial ecosystems. Vegetation phenology is the most sensitive biological indicator to climate change. In recent years, the responses of vegetation phenology to climate change mainly focus on the mean state of the climate, while the response mechanisms of vegetation phenology to extreme climate are still unclear. In this paper, the response of vegetation spring and autumn phenology to various extreme climatic events and their mechanisms were reviewed. We found that extreme low temperature and extreme precipitation directly delayed the vegetation green-up date and advanced the leaf senescence, while extreme high temperature and extreme drought led to stomatal closure, inhibited photosynthesis and transpiration, and thus advanced leaf senescence at middle and high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. Currently, the studies on the response of vegetation phenology to extreme climate events pay less attention to compound extreme climate events, and there are only few studies on the lag effect of vegetation phenology response to extreme climate events and the recovery process of vegetation after the occurrence of extreme events. Under future climate change scenarios, it is necessary to modify the vegetation phenological models by considering the impact of extreme climate events and couple it into the dynamic global vegetation models to improve the simulation accuracy of the carbon cycle in terrestrial ecosystems.

  • Regional Development
    GE Dazhuan
    Acta Geographica Sinica. 2023, 78(8): 1849-1868. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlxb202308001

    Deconstructing rural spatial characteristics is the precondition for building rural spatial governance system in the new era, and multi-scale rural spatial characteristics and its governance path would effectively support the modernization of the national governance system. Based on the comprehensive, regional and mobile thinking paradigm of geography, this paper deconstructs the multi-scale rural spatial characteristics, identifies its internal operating logics, summarizes its governance dilemmas, constructs a multi-scale rural spatial governance framework that is based on geographical analysis paradigm, explores feasible governance paths, and constructs a multi-scale rural spatial governance system research plan, namely, "characteristics identification-dilemma analysis-governance framework-governance path". The paper finds that: (1) to analyze the operating logics of the multi-scale rural space through the comprehensive, regional and mobile analytical thinking of geography, it is necessary to understand the mechanism of action of scale synthesis, scale differentiation and scale flow to the multi-scale rural spatial characteristics, highlighting the comprehensive characteristics of rural space, strengthening rural spatial heterogeneity, and integrating rural spatial mobility. (2) The lacking urban-rural spatial overall planning, unsmooth spatial mobile network and not-reflected different types of rural spatial value are the key dilemmas in the rural spatial governance, which need to be addressed. (3) The multi-scale rural spatial governance framework of "comprehensive spatial governance-spatial zoning governance-spatial mobile governance" could effectively solve the problems of urban-rural spatial integration, regional spatial coordination and spatial network blockage. (4) Integrating urban-rural comprehensive governance, innovating regulation control to improve regional governance and balancing the configuration of spatial development right to achieve mobile spatial governance are feasible paths for multi-scale rural space governance. In conclusion, clarifying the multi-scale rural spatial characteristics in the new era and constructing a scientific governance system could provide theoretical support to promote integrated urban-rural development and rural vitalization strategy.

  • HOU Xiaoli, XU Wenjing, JIA Ruoxiang, DOU Hongtao
    Economic geograph. 2024, 44(8): 25-30. https://doi.org/10.15957/j.cnki.jjdl.2024.08.004

    Urban and rural areas have the relationship of mutual promotion and mutual symbiosis. Whether the urban-rural relationship can be handled well is related to the overall socialist modernization construction. Accelerating the integrative development of urban and rural areas and promoting the common prosperity of urban and rural areas are not only the inherent requirements of Chinese path to modernization,but also a major measure to organically combine the new type of urbanization with the overall rural revitalization. Based on the analysis of the current imbalance of urban-rural development in China,this article proposes to improve the system and mechanism for promoting the new type of urbanization,consolidate and improve the basic rural operation system,improve the support system for strengthening agriculture,benefiting farmers and bringing prosperity to farmers,deepen land system reform,accelerate the establishment of the system and mechanism for integrative development of urban and rural areas,comprehensively improve the integration level of urban-rural planning,construction and governance,promote the equal exchange and two-way flow of urban and rural elements,constantly narrow the gap between urban and rural development. It will accelerate the formation of a new type of relationship between industry and agriculture,which includes mutual promotion of industry and agriculture,urban-rural complementarity,comprehensive integration,and common prosperity. It puts forward some policy suggestions that are gradually achieving the equality of basic rights and interests between urban and rural residents,the equalization of urban and rural public services,the balance of income between urban and rural residents,the rationalization of urban and rural factor allocation,and the integration of urban and rural industrial development.

  • ZHANG Wei, LI Hangyu, ZHANG Ting
    Economic geograph. 2023, 43(4): 134-143. https://doi.org/10.15957/j.cnki.jjdl.2023.04.014
    This paper constructs an index system for measuring the resilience of industrial chains from the four aspects which are resistance,recovery,evolution and government power,and builds a model for measuring the resilience of industrial chains based on the dynamic combination-TOPSIS method. On this basis,this paper measures the resilience of 14 manufacturing industry chains in China as a whole and in the eastern,central and western regions in 2011-2020 using data from listed companies,and analyzes the spatial differences and evolution patterns of the resilience of manufacturing industry chains using the methods of Kernel density estimation,Dagum Gini coefficient decomposition and σ convergence. The results show that: 1) there are differences in the resilience level,driving factors and weak links of each manufacturing industry chain in China,among which the resilience is relatively large in terms of the energy,transportation equipment manufacturing and metal products industry chains,while the resilience is smaller in terms of the textile,clothing and apparel,papermaking,education and sporting goods and other manufacturing industry chains. 2) According to the change of the resilience of the industry chains,China's manufacturing industry chains can be divided into three types: benign fluctuation type,fluctuation-reversion type and fluctuating decline type,while the development of most manufacturing industry chains belongs to the benign fluctuation type. 3) The toughness of China's manufacturing industry chains shows obvious spatial and temporal divergence. The toughness of manufacturing industry chains in the eastern and western regions both have an upward trend,while the central region has a downward trend. The gap between regions in the resilience of manufacturing industry chains has a tendency to expand. In order to enhance the resilience of China's manufacturing industry chain and alleviate the regional disparity,this paper puts forward policy suggestions for consolidating and strengthening the chain as well as promoting coordinated development among regions.
  • Fang Hu, Yubo Li
    Tropical Geography. 2023, 43(6): 1160-1171. https://doi.org/10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.003686

    The Belt and Road Initiative aims to achieve common development and prosperity for all countries. Building a scientific and reasonable geopolitical risk assessment system is an important prerequisite for participating countries to prevent and resolve geopolitical risk. Taking 64 countries in the six economic corridors of the Belt and Road Initiative as the assessment object, this study builds a geopolitical risk assessment system based on post-transaction costs. It analyzes the geopolitical risk level, spatial and temporal distribution characteristics, and influencing factors using the full array polygon graphical indicator method, Global Moran's I, and the spatial Durbin model. The research results show that: 1) From the time dimension, the geopolitical risks of participating countries show a trend of first rising and then falling, reaching a peak in 2015. 2) From the perspective of spatial distribution, high-risk areas are mainly concentrated in the Middle East and South Asia, while medium to high risk areas are concentrated in Indochina and the Arabian Peninsula. Most of the low to medium risk countries are Western Pacific island countries, while low-risk countries are mainly in Central Europe. The clustering characteristics of geopolitical risks are obvious. The results of Global Moran's I show that from 2011-2020, the geopolitical risk concentration area was initially located in the Middle East and South Asia, and then in 2015, Europe and East Asia also experienced high geopolitical risks. By 2020, it was still mainly concentrated in the Middle East and Eastern Europe, however, generally, the regions with high geopolitical risk will still be mainly concentrated in the Middle East and Eastern Europe. 3) The research results on the factors influencing geopolitical risks indicate that political stability, economic freedom, economic growth, increased education expenditure, and better natural resources have a significant inhibitory effect on geopolitical risk, while increases in the unemployment rate, population size, and oil resources, will to some extent, promote the generation of geopolitical risks. The indirect effect results show that political stability, economic freedom, and the unemployment rate of the host country have a significant impact on surrounding countries. Based on this, we believe that countries participating in the Belt and Road Initiative need to improve their government governance capabilities, accelerate their modernization transformation, effectively utilize the resources, funds, and technologies brought about by the Belt and Road Initiative. Furthermore, actively integrate into the regional economic cooperation framework of the Belt and Road Initiative and improve their ability to manage geopolitical risks. This study enriched the evaluation system of geopolitical risks. During the construction of the evaluation indicators, the results emphasized the sudden and violent characteristics of geopolitical risks, further explained the violent confrontation and economic game existing in geopolitical risks, and effectively enriched the literature on the spatial characteristics and influencing factors of geopolitical risks of countries participating in the Belt and Road Initiative. It should be pointed out that there are still some limitations in this study. This study is based on countries participating in the Belt and Road Initiative and there are deficiencies in the discussion of geopolitical risk for countries not in the region. Future research can be based on a global perspective, further enriching the evaluation index system of geopolitical risk, and conducting more in-depth research on the spatial transmission path and geopolitical risk avoidance measures.

  • Lingling Zhao, Changming Liu, Ziyin Wang, Xinhui Zhang, Xing Yang
    Tropical Geography. 2023, 43(11): 2119-2134. https://doi.org/10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.003763

    The prediction of rainstorms and floods in small and medium-sized watersheds, as well as the synthesis of related parameters, plays a pivotal role in preventing flood disasters. Environmental changes have led to an increase in hydrological extremes such as rainstorms and floods, presenting unprecedented challenges for small and medium-sized river basins. In this review, we systematically categorize, and summarize the processes involved in predicting rainstorms and floods in these watersheds, along with advancements in correlated parameter synthesis research. Furthermore, we analyze and discuss the most commonly employed runoff and confluence estimation methods and their associated parameters in practical applications, as well as their limitations. First, we establish the concept of small- and medium-sized watersheds across various academic disciplines. From a hydrological perspective, these watersheds typically exhibit slope confluence and have relatively small catchment areas. In terms of eco-hydrology, the ecological water demand of the basin must be calculated based on the different communities occupying the river basin and divided by area according to the ecological samples from each district after the investigation. Thereafter, we summarized the methods and types of runoff calculation and parameter synthesis in small- and medium-sized basins, and the methods and principles of runoff analysis, such as rainfall–runoff correlation diagram, infiltration curve method, deduction method, runoff coefficient method, and hydrological model method as well as the methods of parameter synthesis, such as rainfall-runoff correlation diagrams and loss methods are introduced. Second, we summarize and discuss the assessment of confluence and its associated parameters in small- and medium-sized river basins. This encompasses background information and various calculation methods, such as the instantaneous unit line, comprehensive unit line, inference formula method, and empirical formula method. We also examine how the three major elements of parameter synthesis convergence influence confluence parameters. We emphasize that combining radar rainfall measurements, high-resolution remote sensing, high-performance computing, and deep learning can facilitate research on simulating and forecasting rainstorms and flood processes in small- and medium-sized basins. However, a significant portion of these basins lacks data, limiting the application of simulation and flood forecasting. To address this, integration with geographical parameters specific to small- and medium-sized basins is necessary to enhance regional reliability and forecasting accuracy. Additionally, when applying deep learning to simulate basins with limited or no data, the significance of parameter synthesis becomes even more pronounced. Finally, we discuss the problems and challenges associated with storm flood calculations and parameter synthesis methods in small- and medium-sized basins and offer predictions regarding future research and technical developments. We recommend strengthening the use of emerging technologies for watershed runoff and runoff parameter calculations and advocate for their application in storm flood design.

  • ZHU Xiwei, ZHU Huzhou
    Economic geograph. 2022, 42(12): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.15957/j.cnki.jjdl.2022.12.001
    Quantitative spatial economics using structural estimation to closely integrate “big models” and “big data” has great theoretical contribution and extensive application prospects, and has become a new trend in studies of spatial economics. This paper explores the internal unity of gravity equations and equilibrium equations in quantitative models of trade, migration and commuting. reviews the frontier progress in identifying the network effects of exogenous shocks from the perspective of spatial general equilibrium and quantifying the aggregate and differential effects of exogenous shocks through counterfactual simulation. Lastly, it summarizes the academic innovation values of quantitative spatial economics from the heteromorphism and isomorphism of several mainstream models to quantitative methods including structural estimation and counterfactual simulation, prospects its future development directions, and emphasizes the significance of general equilibrium for the analysis of spatial economic issues so as to provide reference for Chinese scholars to narrate compelling China stories about spatial economic development in the new era.
  • JIA Yaoyan, HU Jing, LIU Dajun, XU Xin
    Economic geograph. 2022, 42(8): 194-204. https://doi.org/10.15957/j.cnki.jjdl.2022.08.021
    The resilience assessment of rural settlements in tourism areas is an important path to quantify the resilience level,identify internal differences,reveal potential risks,and promote the cultivation of resilient villages and sustainable development of rural tourism. Based on the analysis of resilience concept,this study constructs the "absorption-adaptation-transformation" framework of rural settlement resilience assessment in tourist destinations. Taking Enshi as an example,the comprehensive index method and geographic detector are used to measure and identify the resilience level and risk factors of rural settlements at the community and farmer scales. The scale correlation is explored from four aspects: overall trend,index distribution,rank correspondence and risk factors. The results show that: 1) At the community scale,the overall resilience of rural settlements in Enshu is moderate,and the higher the maturity of rural tourism development,the higher the resilience level. 2) At the household scale,the proportion of farmers with medium resilience level is the highest (43%),the proportion of farmers belonging to the type of part-time livelihood has the highest resilience level,and the proportion of farmers belonging to the types of labour/agricultural livelihoods is the lowest. 3) Different risk factors have different effect on the resilience of rural settlements,common factors and difference factors co-exist between scales,and resilience risk barriers are focused with scale refinement. 4) The overall resilience pattern has some continuity and consistency across multiple scales,the distribution of index values gradually shifts towards concentration as the scales are refined,and there is a clear correspondence between scales in terms of resilience index levels,and as the maturity of community tourism development increases,the resilience of farmers' livelihoods also increases significantly.
  • Review and Theoretical Exploration
    WANG Yafei, FAN Jie
    Acta Geographica Sinica. 2023, 78(11): 2676-2693. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlxb202311003

    Carrying capacity, a concept entrenched in the natural resources and environmental field for nearly two centuries, has continually evolved to address the conflicts and sustainability of the human-nature relationship. This paper introduces an analytical framework for understanding carrying capacity within the context of the human-nature relationship. It systematically reviews the progression of international carrying capacity studies, analyzes global research trends, and compares these with Chinese studies, highlighting key research directions in China. Historically, carrying capacity traces its roots to (neo)Malthusian theories. Its evolution spans four distinct stages: resource carrying capacity (since the 1800s), environmental carrying capacity (since the 1970s), ecosystem carrying capacity (since the 1990s), and natural system carrying capacity (since the 2010s). The concept of carrying capacity varies widely across global disciplines and even within the same discipline, showcasing diverse applications. Carrying capacity has sparked controversy due to its connection to political economy theories and factors such as technological progress, market mechanisms, and spatial and temporal constraints. Therefore, it is imperative to engage in a restrained and explicit discussion and application of carrying capacity. Presently, China's carrying capacity studies align closely with the international community, capitalizing on regional-scale studies employing a holistic and systematic human-nature relationship approach. However, there is an opportunity for enhancement in terms of global-scale perspectives and the integration of natural and social sciences theories and methodologies. This paper proposes fostering innovation and application in carrying capacity research within the Chinese context. This entails integrating various disciplines and theories, exploring scale effects and mechanisms, utilizing model-data fusion and integration, applying case studies in various spatial units and typical zone types, and improving policy systems and institutions.

  • Reviews
    CHENG Yi, LIU Hui, SONG Tao, ZHANG Fangfang
    PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY. 2022, 41(10): 1940-1955. https://doi.org/10.18306/dlkxjz.2022.10.013

    Border areas are important national security buffer zones and vulnerable areas under the influence of multiple power spaces. Scientifically summarizing the development process of border research will help clarify the context of border research and provide scientific support for realizing a stable border with security and sustainable development. This study was based on data of academic publications on border research in the fields of human geography in China from the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and Web of Science (WoS). With the help of the scientific knowledge map method, the basic characteristics of China's border research process, trends, and hotspots since 1990 were analyzed. The study found that China's border research has experienced an "open exploration-social construction-strategic guidance" development process. The research hotspots have gradually shifted from the northeast to the southwest, and "border trade", "border tourism", "border port", and "Belt and Road" are the four main keyword clusters. The main contents of border research include border trade and development and opening-up, border tourism resource development, social construction and harmonious development, border ports and urban functions, as well as geographical environment and border security. At present, China's border research is still insufficient in terms of exploring the patterns and quantitative analysis. On the basis of constructing a framework of border geographic research integrating multi-subjects, multi-elements, and multi-scales, we propose to strengthen the research on border risk and security, cross-border cooperation mechanism, "border effect" theory, and sustainable border development, which may provide a support for China's border security and modern governance.

  • Regional Development
    XIA Tian, XIA Ying, LIU Xiaoyu, SUN Jiuwen
    Acta Geographica Sinica. 2023, 78(8): 1904-1919. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlxb202308004

    Despite the initial development goals achieved, China's macro-economy is still deeply affected by the external environment and stuck in its own structure at the same time. In retrospect, not until 1949 with the founding of the People's Republic of China did China's budding regional economy witness the prominence of a fixed development pattern shifting from a spontaneous to an actuating one. After comparing the three regional economic practices, this paper finds that each development stage has its corresponding development strategy. At the same time, several development patterns, namely, the coastal and inland areas, the three regions, and four plates were formed accordingly. Furthermore, through combing the literature and historical facts, this paper determines the historical starting point, division criteria and division scheme of China's regional economic development before summarizing three main lines and also contradictions therein: the government-market relations against the background of market reform, the coastal-inland relations against the tide of economic zonation, and the urban-rural relations against the trend of urbanization. Based on the above, the paper constructs a three-dimensional model out of the spatio-termporal process of China's regional development before proposing new historical stages from the perspective of economic system modernization. These historical stages are: industrial economy, special zone economy, district economy, regional economy and urban network economy. Finally, from the urbanization angle, this paper concludes that for different urbanization stages, regional policies should be industrial policies, factor policies, fiscal and tax policies sequentially.

  • LI Ruzi, HUANG Xiaoling, LIU Yaobin
    Acta Geographica Sinica. 2023, 78(4): 777-791. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlxb202304001

    As China's urbanization has entered the middle and later stage and the improvement of well-being of residents has become a core goal, the transformation from "top-down" system goals optimization on the supply side to "bottom-up" multi-dimensional goals coordination on the demand side has become a new perspective to understand the connotation of urbanization. Based on the perspective of the human living conditions, the humanities environment, and human-city relationship, this paper constructs a connotation framework and index system of urbanization. Furthermore, Theil index is employed to analyze the spatio-temporal differentiation characteristics of China's urbanization before and after the implementation of the new-type urbanization strategy. Finally, in terms of both direct and indirect effect mechanisms, the mechanism framework of urbanization differentiation is constructed, and its evolution pattern is revealed by using Variance Decomposition and Geodetector. The results show that: since the implementation of the new-type urbanization strategy in 2014, China's urbanization has made remarkable achievements, with a steady improvement in human living conditions and human-city relationship, and there is still much room for improvement in the humanities environment. The high-level areas of urbanization are mainly distributed in coastal areas, and expanding to inland areas along the Yangtze River Basin and Yellow River Basin. The regional differences of urbanization gradually decrease, but the contribution rate of inner-regional differences shows an expanding trend. Differences in human living conditions and human-city relationship are the main factors of urbanization differentiation, but the contribution of differences in humanities environment is gradually expanding after 2014. Opening up and scientific & technological innovation are the main influencing factors of the difference in human living conditions. With the implementation of the new-type urbanization strategy, the impact on differences in humanities environment of the government finance gradually diminishes. Resource endowments have a relatively strong influence on differences in human-city relationship. This study can provide theoretical and empirical support for promoting the development of urbanization in China.

  • Theoretical and Methodological Exploration
    LIU Yu, WANG Keli, XING Xiaoyue, GUO Hao, ZHANG Weiyu, LUO Qinyao, GAO Song, HUANG Zhou, LI Haifeng, LI Xin, WANG Jiaoe, WANG Jinfeng, ZHU Di
    Acta Geographica Sinica. 2023, 78(3): 517-531. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlxb202303001

    GIScience inherits the spatial analysis tradition of geography. Given that "spatial is special", GIScience needs to highlight spatial effects when constructing methods for geographical analysis. The research presents an explicit definition of spatial effect. By formalizing core GIScience concepts including space, location, field, distance, and region, we identify four types of spatial effects, namely spatial heterogeneity effect, neighbor effect in spatial dependence, distance decay effect in spatial interactions, and scale effect in spatial zoning. A unified framework is constructed to cover the four spatial effects based on the inherent linkages among them. We argue that spatial heterogeneity effect is the most fundamental one. While spatial dependence and spatial interaction are two basic geographical processes that represent the second-order relationships between two locations, neighbor effect and distance decay effect reflect the impacts of space. Scale effect is raised when aggregating attributes using regional units. Hence, the four types of effects form a hierarchical system. From a methodological perspective, this paper summaries related GIScience tools that implement different effects, and emphasizes the value of geospatial artificial intelligence for revealing and quantifying spatial effects.

  • Review and Theoretical Exploration
    HUA Feifei, BAI Kai, Mike CRANG, HU Xianyang
    Acta Geographica Sinica. 2023, 78(11): 2694-2717. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlxb202311004

    The rise of global neoliberalism and reflexive governance has driven the political flows at the global level. Policy movements thus have shown new dynamics and characteristics. Political science, within the sphere of rational formalism, whose dependence on traditional frameworks, as well as the neglect of geographic mobility in sociology, have limited the explanatory power of existing concepts. The geographical orientation and spatial correlation of policy mobility offer the possibility of a theoretical breakthrough by introducing human geography in the policy research. Based on the literature in geography, this study traces the process of resembling rolling conversation through transdisciplinary research on policy mobility, and further clarifies the conceptual connotations, commitments, and research starting points of policy mobility. As an effective conceptual tool for understanding how policymaking operates, how policy knowledge and models flow, and how these mobilities shape places in the context of neoliberal globalization, policy mobility seeks to clarify the geographic positions, power relations, spatial characteristics, and social and geographical formation processes that are involved in the movements of policies. Policy mobility thus becomes a core field in the social sciences exploring "ideas in motion" and "production of mobilities". In addition, the theoretical orientation and research elements in the study of policy mobility also enhance the explanatory powers of literature from other disciplines to this subject. To a certain extent, this study compensates for the lack of empirical analyses of ideas and knowledge in mobility studies and insufficient research on power theory in human geography. It provides an important research field for applying geography in transdisciplinary research.

  • Vegetation Geography and Surface Process
    DONG Miao, YAN Ping, WANG Xiaoxu, WU Wei, WANG Yong, MENG Xiaonan, WANG Yijiao, JI Xinran
    Acta Geographica Sinica. 2023, 78(7): 1825-1846. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlxb202307019

    Climbing dunes are important barrier dunes that are widely distributed in highland mountain regions, and their formation is mainly controlled by topography, sand sources and wind regime. Existing researches mainly focus on simulation experiments, distribution patterns, field observations, and morphological characteristics. From a regional scale, there is a lack of research to analyze the variations in sediment characteristics and environmental significance of climbing dunes in different climatic regions. In this study, the wind regime, near-surface airflow, sediment characteristics and material sources of climbing dunes on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau were comprehensively analyzed from the aspects of aeolian geomorphology, grain-size sedimentology, and geochemistry. The results show that: (1) Due to differences in material sources, the grain-size composition of climbing dunes sediments in different climatic areas varies, primarily fine and medium sands, with good sorting in the semi-humid areas and poor sorting in arid areas. The grain-size difference of sediments in different geomorphic parts is small, and it responds well to near-surface airflow, and in-situ sand accumulation is the basic formation form, with fine sand having the strongest climbing ability. (2) The chemical element content of sediments is influenced by the parent rock characteristics and the climatic environment, and the particle size is also important to its spatial variation, and trace elements are primarily concentrated in river floodplains, with little variation between geomorphic sites. (3) Except for SiO2 enrichment, all macronutrients in the sediment show varying degrees of leaching or enrichment, and the majority of trace elements are deficient, as leaching and enrichment are closely related to particle size. (4) Climbing dunes sediments are in the early stage of continental weathering, with higher weathering levels in the semi-humid zone. The weathering of sediments in different geomorphic sites varies substantially, which is related to the parent rock, climatic environment, and grain size.

  • Land Use and Carbon Peak & Carbon Neutrality
    TONG Rongxin, LIANG Xun, GUAN Qingfeng, SONG Yu, CHEN Yuling, WANG Qinyi, ZHENG Lina, JIN Qun, YU Yanping, HE Jie, XIONG Xuehui, LIAO Weilin
    Acta Geographica Sinica. 2023, 78(9): 2209-2222. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlxb202309006

    Soil organic carbon (SOC) storage and soil carbon sinks play a crucial role in the global carbon cycle of terrestrial ecosystem. However, many previous studies of soil carbon storage and sinks utilized low-resolution land use dataset, with limited focus on soil carbon sinks from farmland and grassland management. To address this issue, this study employed a series of accounting models to estimate the carbon sink from farmland and grassland management, the carbon sink from forest management, changes in soil carbon storage, changes in carbon storage due to land use conversion from 2000 to 2020, as well as the soil carbon storage in China in 2000 and 2020 using a 30 m-resolution land use dataset. The results showed that the national carbon sink from farmland management in China was approximately 17.918 Tg C a-1 and the carbon sink from grassland management was approximately 20.171 Tg C a-1 during 2000-2020. The carbon sink from forest management in China was approximately 81.622 Tg C a-1 during 2000-2020. The soil carbon storage (0-100 cm) in China increased from 86.074 Pg C in 2000 to 86.771 Pg C in 2020. The soil carbon storage increased by approximately 34.850 Tg C a-1 from 2000 to 2020. The land use transformation during the study period resulted in a decrease of approximately 17.621 Tg C a-1 in soil carbon storage. The findings of this study can help researchers understand China's carbon storage and provide scientific data to China's 2060 Carbon Neutrality Target.

  • Population and Urban Studies
    KE Wenqian, XIAO Baoyu, LIN Liyue, ZHU Yu, WANG Yan
    Acta Geographica Sinica. 2023, 78(8): 2041-2057. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlxb202308012

    There are important changes in urban-rural structure of population mobility at the late-intermediate stage of urbanization in China, which will have a significant impact on population redistribution, urbanization and regional development. This paper divides the interprovincial urban and rural floating population into four mobility types by using the 2010 and 2020 censuses data, and on the basis of identifying the mainstream types, their spatial patterns evolution and the relationship with regional economic development are investigated through the mobility ratio indexes and regression models. The study results can be summarized as follows. (1) The urban and rural floating population is large and grows rapidly. Meanwhile, rural-urban mobility keeps the dominant position, and urban-urban mobility rises rapidly, these two population mobility types have become the mainstream ones of interprovincial urban and rural floating population in China. (2) In terms of the net mobility pattern of urban-urban floating population, the net-inflow areas are further concentrated in the three major coastal centers of Beijing, Shanghai and Guangdong, and Liaoning, Xinjiang and Yunnan are also maintained at a certain net-inflow rate, but most of the provincial-level regions are in the net-outflow areas. The major changes of the net mobility pattern of urban-urban floating population have shaped a spatial connection network. The main features of this network can be described as three cross-regional flow circles of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Yangtze River Delta, and Pearl River Delta in coastal China. At the same time, the space connections within the regions are strengthening in northeast China, northwest China and southwest China. (3) The net mobility pattern of rural-urban floating population shows that in coastal areas, the net-inflow rate rises or decreases during the study period, while in inland areas, the increase in the net-inflow rate of Liaoning and Xinjiang leads to the decline in the net-outflow rate of their neighboring provinces. The changes of the net mobility pattern of rural-urban floating population depict the dual characteristics of continuous formation and different changes of the coastal flow circle, and the development of the inland flow circle in Xinjiang and Liaoning. (4) There is a mutual relationship between urban-urban and rural-urban population mobility and regional economic development. For regional economic development of both population mobility types, the impact is significantly positive and has been increasing. When we add the floating stock into the models, the positive effect of this variable has decreased in urban-urban mobility's model, while it still plays the first-place positive effect in rural-urban mobility's model. The two population mobility types have a positive effect on the national economic development and the inflow areas' economic development.

  • Population Geography
    XING Zuge, HUANG Gengzhi, XUE Desheng
    Acta Geographica Sinica. 2022, 77(10): 2474-2493. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlxb202210005

    The social integration of urban floating population is the key task of the new-type urbanization in China. In view of the deficiencies of existing studies on the spatial characteristics of social integration and the role of destination city (place of inflow) factors, based on the China Migrants Dynamic Survey in 2017, this paper employs spatial analysis and hierarchical linear model to reveal the spatial pattern and influencing mechanism of social integration of migrants in cities above prefecture level in China. The results show that: (1) the overall social integration index of China's urban migrants is 0.43, which has the dimensional characteristics of behavioral integration (0.71) > psychological integration (0.61) > economic integration (0.33). (2) The social integration of migrants has spatial autocorrelation and agglomeration. The high-level social integration areas are mainly distributed in Northeast China, Shandong Peninsula, and Sichuan and Chongqing, and the low-level social integration areas are mainly found in the southeast coastal areas, Guanzhong Plain and North China Plain. These regions have the basic characteristics that the social integration level of migrants in small cities with a population of less than 0.5 million is higher than that in large cities. (3) Both the destination city and migrant individual factors jointly affect and shape the level and spatial pattern of migrants' social integration. Moreover, it is found that the population size, house price level and public services in the destination city regulate the impact of individual factors by four regulatory mechanisms: positive polarization, negative polarization, positive homogenization and negative homogenization. This paper calls for the research on the social integration of migrants from the human-land interaction perspective highlighting the relation of destination-individual factors to reveal the effect of destination factors on individual factors. This approach can provide a place-based policy implication for promoting the construction of new-type urbanization in China.

  • Theoretical and Research Frontiers
    MAO Xiyan, HE Canfei
    Acta Geographica Sinica. 2023, 78(12): 2905-2921. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlxb202312001

    Economic globalization has reshaped the world economy's spatial pattern while simultaneously changing the context for developing economic geography theories. This study revisited the changing features of economic globalization and investigated its geographical implications. Next, it summarized the new trends in economic geography studies in response to the changing economic globalization. Lastly, this study proposed a research agenda for domestic economic geography studies by combining the requirements of global trends and national strategies. The main findings include the following: The scale of geographical integration during economic globalization keeps shrinking, leading to a pattern of regionalization. The driving forces of economic globalization have gradually shifted from cost-saving to innovation. Accordingly, the benefits of economic globalization will be reallocated between developed and developing countries. The trade-offs between efficiency and resilience alter the global value chain, shifting outsourcing from off-shoring to re-shoring or near-shoring. The changing economic globalization has witnessed the rising effects of geographical distances, institutions, and resilience on increasing the inequality of the global economic geography. In economic geography, the scalar structures shifted from the global-local to the global-national-local. The relational networks evolved toward a multi-level, multi-agent, and multi-scale one. The role of the nation has been revisited. More attention has been paid to geopolitical hotspots. Overall, economic geography's institutional, cultural, relational, and evolutionary turns exhibit an emerging trend to convergence. In such a setting, domestic economic geography should find a new balance between global trends and national strategies. This study proposed seven research issues, including: (1) the practice of the Belt and Road and the pattern of inclusive globalization; (2) the economic geography of dual circulation; (3) the paths and resilience of regional development in response to the global production network restructuring; (4) the evolution and competitiveness of industrial clusters; (5) the building of multi-level innovation systems; (6) the regional sustainable development within the global environmental governance system; and (7) the impact of geo-economics on national economic security and interests.

  • Hydrographic Research
    YANG Shengtian, YU Jingshan, LOU Hezhen, SUN Wenchao, ZHAO Changsen, WANG Xuelei, SONG Wenlong, CAI Mingyong, DAI Yunmeng
    Acta Geographica Sinica. 2023, 78(7): 1691-1702. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlxb202307010

    Remote sensing in hydrology is a crossing field of hydrology and remote sensing. It not only includes remote sensing retrieval models for water cycle factors, but also covers remote sensing hydrological models which serve for calculating the process of hydrology. This review focuses on the past, present and future development of remote sensing hydrological model by using the meta-analysis method and collecting related research in the past 40 years. The results show that remote sensing hydrological model has played a key role in remote sensing hydrology since the 1970s in the world. In China, the researchers of remote sensing in hydrology keep pace with global scientists, and prominent achievements include the concept generation about the remote sensing hydrology, promotion of the combination between remote sensing and hydrology and development of remote sensing hydrological models. In the future, by the help of enhanced information technology, the remote sensing hydrological models will pay more attention to the runoff monitoring by using remote sensing, the intelligent web of hydrological sensors, hydrological analysis in the data scarce watersheds, and the precise simulation of the water flow, water quality as well as the water ecology.

  • Transportation and Tourism Geography
    ZHOU Rong, SHI Lei, ZHUANG Rulong
    Acta Geographica Sinica. 2023, 78(6): 1553-1572. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlxb202306014

    Senior residential tourism is the product of upgrading demand for elderly care, and thus effectively fits the national development strategy of rural revitalization. Based on grasping the connotation of senior residential tourism, the paper constructs a framework to analyze the development of senior residential tourism with the push-pull theory. This paper uses various analytical methods to discuss senior rural residential tourism's spatial and temporal evolution pattern and formation mechanism, and further reveals and analyzes the typical development mode. The findings are as follows: (1) Senior residential tourism is a lifestyle in which the elderly live continuously in the sojourning place for the dual purpose of deep experience and living. To grasp its connotation, it is necessary to clarify the key issues, such as the subject of action, the motive of action, the time limit, and the moving distance. (2) In terms of temporal dimension, China's senior rural residential tourism has experienced three stages, namely, the budding stage, the slow development stage, and the high-speed development stage, which show a trend of structure type optimization, increased participation of social capital, and market development segmentation. (3) In terms of spatial dimension, senior rural residential tourism development strongly correlates with the "Hu Huanyong Line." During the study period, the high-density core area evolved from the "single-level core" of the Yangtze River Delta to the "three-pillar" situation of the Yangtze River Delta, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, and Pearl River Delta. (4) Under the framework of "push, pull, and intermediate barrier", the development of China takes the pulling force as the dominant driving force, which mainly includes the number of intangible cultural heritages, the number of tourist resorts, and other factors. (5) Finally, based on the comprehensive analysis of regional development factors, this paper classifies senior rural residential tourism into four typical development modes: natural support, cultural tourism support, health support, and mixed type, and thus puts forward a development path according to local conditions and classification.

  • WANG Weijun, ZHAO Xueyan, LI Hua
    Economic geograph. 2022, 42(5): 165-174. https://doi.org/10.15957/j.cnki.jjdl.2022.05.017
    Livelihood space is an important carrier for farmers' livelihood practices. Promoting the optimization and reconstruction of livelihood space for relocated farmers is not only the key to achieve their sustainable livelihoods,but also an inevitable requirement for promoting rural revitalization. This paper constructs the evaluation index system of livelihood space quality of relocated farmers from the four dimensions of life,production,society and institution. Based on the data of household survey and in-depth interview in the Longnan mountainous area,this paper evaluates the improvement effect of poverty alleviation relocation on farmers' livelihood space,identifies the key obstacles affecting the quality of livelihood space,and reveals the impact mechanism of poverty alleviation relocation on farmers' livelihood space. The results show that: 1) In the initial stage of resettlement,the effect of poverty alleviation relocation on farmers' livelihood space is general,and only about 35% of farmers believe that the improvement effect of livelihood space is better. 2) From different dimensions,the improvement effect of poverty alleviation relocation on living space is the best,followed by social space,while the improvement effect on production space and institutional space is relatively poor. 3) The expansion of farmland area,compression of housing area,reduction of community participation and insufficient non-agricultural employment opportunities are the main obstacle factors affecting the improvement of livelihood space quality of relocated farmers. 4) Poverty alleviation relocation has a double-edged sword effect on farmers' livelihood space. It can not only promote the development of livelihood space in the direction of urbanization and intensification,but also lead to the development of livelihood space in the direction of disorder,marginalization and atomization. Finally,it puts forward the optimized path and countermeasures for constructing sustainable livelihood space.