As an emerging integrated economic system, the ice and snow economy holds significant importance for promoting high-quality regional economic development. This study first employs data visualization techniques to illustrate the current status of China's ice and snow economy. On this basis, it uses the LSTM neural network model to conduct a predictive analysis of its future development trends. Furthermore, by analyzing the industrial convergence mechanism and operational mechanisms of the ice and snow industry, the study explores the underlying logic driving the development of China's ice and snow economy. Finally, it identifies the challenges in its development and proposes relevant policy recommendations to promote the high-quality development of the ice and snow economy in the Chinese context. The findings show that since China was awarded the right to host the 2022 Winter Olympics in 2015, its ice and snow economy has entered a period of rapid growth. The total market scale expanded from 270 billion yuan in 2015 to 980 billion yuan in 2024, with a compound annual growth rate of 15.4%. However, the ice and snow economy still faces challenges such as homogeneous consumption structures, incomplete industrial chains, unbalanced regional development, and constraints on sustainable development. It is therefore urgent to formulate targeted solutions based on China's actual conditions, gradually establishing a well-structured ice and snow industry system characterized by clear government-market collaboration, supply-demand alignment, dynamic cost-benefit equilibrium and balanced development and protection-ultimately propelling the high-quality development of China's ice and snow economy.

Based on the rescaling theory and the practice of the cross-boundary governance, this paper constructs a framework for the coordinated governance of cross-boundary regions (CBRs) in line with national strategies. Taking the Yangtze River Delta Ecological and Green Integration Development Demonstration Zone as a typical case, it further summarizes the logic and paths of central-local joint governance in CBRs. The study reveals that: First, the collaborative governance of CBRs adopts a flexible approach, with the central government providing guidance and supervision and local governments implementing, By reconstructing the discourse system, the state redefines governance principles and policy frameworks, there by reserving ample implementation flexibility for local governments. This, in turn, enables multi-level government cooperation to exhibit gradualness and stability, effectively breaking through development barriers caused by administrative divisions through coordinated resource allocation and strategic alignment. Second, in the process of cross-boundary regional governance, the central government attempts to reconcile local relations and optimize the distribution of local interests by reconstructing the spatial governance system, ultimately solving problems such as the lack of attention from local governments on cross-boundary governance affairs, fierce competition among regions, and fragmented governance power in cross-boundary regions. During this process, cross-boundary regions have not only become strategic arrangements for the central government to promote the adjustment of the powers and responsibilities of local governments, but also transformed into spatial expressions for the joint promotion of governance reconstruction by the national and local authorities. Third, the state builds a multi-level cross-boundary governance network through, specifically, adjusting the discourse system, restructuring governance leadership mechanisms, and optimizing power relations to enhance regional cooperation of CBRs. Focusing on the vertical reorganization of administrative subject power, the horizontal reconstruction of local competitive and cooperative relations, and the adjustment of responsibility and authority relations among regions, it specifically addresses the issue of fragmented development in CBRs. Under the mobilization of the central government and the active response of local governments, CBRs have achieved vertical hierarchical leapfrogging and horizontal cross-boundary integration in CBRs, thereby ensuring the reasonable distribution of interests among regions while realizing the intentions of the central government.

The development of characteristic agriculture is an important approach to achieving rural revitalization and promoting county-level economic development by stimulating industrial vitality. How to combine resource advantages and transform them into industrial strengths is the key to build a high-quality characteristic agriculture industry. This paper selects 31 county-level characteristic agriculture cases as research objects, constructs a TOE and dual-dimensional theoretical indicator system, and uses fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) to extract element combinations and examine the influencing factors and differentiated paths of characteristic agricultural development in China's county-level areas. The study shows that: (1) "organizational resources" and "crop varieties" are the core factors for achieving high-quality development in county-level characteristic agriculture. (2) The high-quality development of county-level characteristic agriculture presents mixed development models, including market-oriented, organization-oriented, and technology-oriented models, as well as outward development models embedded in elements and inward development models relying on endowments. (3) Non-high-quality development of county-level characteristic agriculture exists in outward deficiency models constrained by organizations and mixed deficiency models constrained by organizations-environment and technology-environment. (4) The integration of multiple resource paths from both internal and external drivers is more effective than relying on a single internal or external driver in constructing action mechanisms for high-quality characteristic agriculture development. Based on the above research results, this paper proposes diversified, complementary, and integrated development path suggestions for county-level characteristic agriculture in China, providing a reference for achieving agricultural and rural modernization.

Traditional village tourism symbiosis system is based on the symbiosis unit formed by the interdependence of elements between villages, in the symbiosis environment, with the help of a variety of interactive synergistic relationships and symbiosis modes of construction of the organic whole. It aims to integrate village tourism resources, promote village symbiosis linkage, and enhance the effect of regional tourism development. Based on the symbiosis theory, the article clarifies the three elements of the symbiosis system, such as symbiosis unit, symbiosis mode and symbiosis environment. Along the path of "tourism source-resistance surface-tourism corridor", the traditional village tourism symbiosis system is constructed. We analyze the characteristics of traditional villages' tourism resources, clarify the spatial patterns of different types of symbiotic systems, and propose a tourism development model. The results show that: (1) There are 33 symbiotic units of traditional villages in Chongqing, with large spatial differences in the value of ecological and cultural resources in different places. There are 21 high-value symbiotic units, accounting for 63.63% of the total, which are mainly distributed in the southeastern mountains where minorities gather. (2) There are 83 traditional village tourism corridors in Chongqing, and the average value of symbiotic environment maturity score is 0.068, showing the spatial pattern of "West Chongqing>Northeast Chongqing>Southeast Chongqing". (3) The symbiotic systems of traditional village tourism in Chongqing are categorized into cultural heritage type, ecological landscape type, and ecological and cultural comprehensive development type, accounting for 59.04%, 14.46%, and 26.51%, respectively. Each type of system makes full use of the interaction between natural landscape and minority culture, farming culture, etc. to enhance the development capacity of traditional village tourism and promote common prosperity. The innovative contribution of this study lies in constructing a symbiotic system for traditional village tourism based on symbiosis theory. It successfully solves the problem of isolated tourism development among traditional villages. It provides an important reference and methodology for comprehensively integrating traditional village tourism resources, constructing a new pattern of tourism development, and promoting diversified and high-quality development of traditional villages.

The exploration of homestead withdrawal can provide an important decision-making reference and theoretical support for deepening the reform of rural land system and accelerating the process of urban-rural integration and development. This paper takes Qingshui county in Gansu province as the research area, and based on the perceived value theory, combined with the hierarchical regression model, analyses the mechanism of risk perception and comprehensive satisfaction on the willingness of farmers to withdraw from homesteads by using 1025 micro-survey data, and further classifies the types of willingness of farmers to withdraw from homesteads. The results show that: (1) Risk perception negatively affects homestead withdrawal, with cognitive risk perception having the strongest effect and the facility risk perception being the weakest. (2) Comprehensive satisfaction has a negative effect on homestead withdrawal, with life satisfaction having the most significant effect and the satisfaction with public services and facilities being the weakest. (3) In the analysis of the contribution of independent variables, in terms of risk perception, the risk perception of the homestead withdrawal is the highest, and the perception of owning multiple homesteads is the lowest. In terms of comprehensive satisfaction, the water and electricity facilities receive the highest ratings, while cultural and entertainment amenities are rated the lowest. (4) Based on the two-dimensional analysis framework of 'psychological perception-emotional cognition', the willingness of farmers to withdraw from homesteads can be classified into four types: high-risk avoidance, high-satisfaction trade-off, medium-risk guidance, and low-risk drive. This paper proposes categorized governance strategies to address the characteristics of different types of farm households, aiming to provide a decision-making basis for sustainable rural land use.

Historic and cultural districts serve as vital carriers for the inheritance of urban and rural cultural heritage, and their sustainable renewal urgently requires deep resident participation. This study integrates value co-creation theory and sense of place theory to develop a driving model of participatory renewal: "perceived value-place attachment-value co-creation", examining how multidimensional value perceptions and place attachment shape residents' engagement mechanisms. Using structural equation modeling analysis of 338 valid questionnaires from Nanjing's Old South district, the findings reveal three critical pathways. First, residents' perceived functional value and economic value significantly enhance participation behavior and civic behavioral intentions through the full mediation of place dependence, indicating that instrumental dependence serves as a direct mechanism transforming material needs into actions. Second, perceived emotional value derived from cultural continuity exerts dual effects, directly driving both types of value co-creation intentions and also uniquely activating civic behaviors through the "place identity" pathway. This demonstrates that local emotions rooted in collective memory can bypass institutional constraints to generate spontaneous cultural stewardship. Third, community support exhibits paradoxical moderating effects: while it amplifies the economic value-place dependence linkage, excessive administrative intervention weakens emotional value's impact on place dependence, revealing tensions between institutional empowerment and grassroots cultural agency. These findings challenge traditional economic incentive paradigms by highlighting the catalytic role of cultural identity and emotional capital. Accordingly, a governance framework is proposed: (1) establishing cultural identity reproduction mechanisms through resident-led heritage interpretation, (2) implementing demand-tiered resource allocation that prioritizes functional necessities like sanitation, (3) developing adaptive community support systems that delineate administrative boundaries in cultural practices. This research contributes to urban governance literature by uncovering the psychosocial process from spatial perception to collective action, while offering practical strategies to reconcile preservation and renovation through value symbiosis.

In 2022, Chinese policymakers emphasized the importance of leveraging the country’s domestic energy resource endowments and implementing a phased and well-planned carbon peaking strategy by following the principle of “establishing the new before phasing out the old”. To explore the carbon reduction potential and path optimization in resource-based regions undergoing energy structure adjustments, this study employed the Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning System (LEAP) to simulate and analyze both a baseline scenario and a comprehensive policy intervention scenario from 2021 to 2050. This study focused on the typical resource-based region of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and developed a customized “LEAP-Inner Mongolia” model. The findings reveal that: (1) Under the comprehensive scenario, energy demand is notably reduced by 2050, with total carbon emissions cut by 70.96% compared to the baseline scenario; (2) The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) analysis suggests a persistent rise in emissions under the baseline scenario, while a carbon peak is achieved as early as 2029 under the integrated scenario; and (3) There are limitations of isolated policy instruments so a synergistic approach that integrates power generation structure optimization with improvements in energy efficiency is necessary. Accordingly, we propose a multi-pronged policy portfolio that includes the synchronized development of clean energy and efficient end-use systems, industrial low-carbon transformation, accelerated adoption of new energy vehicles, and improved inter-regional coordination. These recommendations can offer systemic insights for guiding low-carbon transitions in resource-based areas.

Based on the unique geographical and historical background, red brick has become a distinctive urban characteristic in the Fujian-Taiwan region, with its complex cultural background endowing it with rich potential value. However, the current inheritance and continuation of red brick cultural genes face significant challenges. In this study, we apply scene theory to Quanzhou West Street historical and cultural district, which is the most representative red brick area in Quanzhou. This study adopts the framework of the five elements of a scene to analyze the evaluation process of carrier characteristics, behavioral perception, and amenity value. Through a combination of field research, in-depth interviews, surveys, and big data statistical analysis, we investigate the evaluation indicator system for scene amenities at two levels: the macro-level of the entire district and the micro-level of red brick buildings. Our research findings reveal: (1) The scene elements of the red brick historical district include spatial environment, functional medium, diverse groups, activity combinations, and value attraction. (2) The scene functions of the overall district environment include: historical artifacts, cultural displays, and consumption experiences. These three aspects are interrelated, but the overall satisfaction of Quanzhou West Street still needs improvement. (3) The amenities of red brick architecture can be categorized into four types: color aesthetics, texture, decorative details, and regional characteristics. These categories include 12 traditional architectural features such as red bricks, white stones, wood, windows, balconies, external structures, beam decorations, columns, bricklaying methods, internal spaces, main structures, and roofs. Finally, we propose principles for protection and renewal, specific measures, and strategies for controlling the architectural style of red brick buildings. Our research extends the empirical application of scene theory in China, and provides effective approaches for the protection and renewal of historical and cultural districts.

Different from the previous water rights management at the meso regional level and micro water user level, this article puts the initial water rights of the river basin in the macro common wealth framework, systematically optimizes the initial water rights allocation of the basin from the perspective of fairness and efficiency, constructs a traditional, weighted, sequential bankruptcy game model to clarify the initial water rights allocation scheme, evaluates the overall welfare of the basin using the Kaldor-Hicks criterion, and applies it to the Tarim River Basin, and the Yellow River Basin is used as a substitute basin for testing. The results indicate that: (1) The initial water rights allocation principle is in line with the connotation and value orientation of common prosperity, but the quantitative measurement of fairness and efficiency needs to be improved. The traditional bankruptcy game model has defects such as multidimensional preferences and data distortion, which can be corrected by weighting and other methods. (2) The weight factors of fair negotiation, labor remuneration, and river order make the initial water rights allocation more balanced and fair, with a greater degree of adjustment in labor remuneration. The weight factors of efficiency based water conservancy investment and water resource utilization efficiency make the initial water rights allocation plan more focused on the competitiveness of water resource utilization. After incorporating the river sequence factor into the bankruptcy game model, this research can reflect the information asymmetry of the geographical location of multiple subjects in the basin and the resulting heterogeneity of negotiation status. (3) The Kaldo-Hicks criterion focuses more on improving the overall social benefits when evaluating initial water rights allocation schemes, allowing for individual benefits to decrease while overall benefits increase. It improves the rigorous optimization conditions of the Pareto criterion and is more applicable in practical applications. We should integrate initial water rights allocation into the common prosperity framework, examining how fairness, efficiency, and river sequence factors influence priority-setting among multiple stakeholders in river basins. This approach offers new perspectives for initial water rights allocation and provides a policy foundation for establishing basin-wide allocation systems that advance common prosperity.

Agricultural productive services, as a critical solution to alleviate the "high-carbon lock-in" dilemma in smallholder-dominated agricultural systems, reshape production modes through specialized divisions of labor. However, their emission reduction potential risks are being distorted into a "solution-to-paradox" scenario as a result of policy interventions. Employing panel data from 30 Chinese provincial-level regions (2011-2022), this study systematically deciphers the mechanisms and policy intricacies of agricultural productive services in driving carbon mitigation through integrated fixed-effects, mediation-effects, and threshold regression modeling. Core revelations emerge as follows: (1) The development of agricultural productive services exerts significant inhibitory effects on agricultural carbon emissions. Specifically, a 1% improvement in the implementation level of agricultural productive services corresponds to a 0.160% reduction in agricultural carbon emissions. However, the emission reduction efficacy is subject to bidirectional moderation by aging rural labor forces and fiscal agricultural support policies. (2) The regulatory effects manifest a dynamic tension between "demographic amplification" and "subsidy suppression" and rural labor aging elevates emission reduction elasticity through intensified demand for factor substitution, whereas fiscal agricultural support exceeding the 0.1386 threshold triggers a fertilizer rebound effect under yield-centric subsidy schemes, diminishing mitigation efficiency. (3) The carbon mitigation effects of agricultural productive services exhibit tripartite heterogeneity: policy dependency, east-west efficacy disparity, and basin-specific divergence. Specifically, the emission suppression capacity intensifies remarkably following the implementation of sectoral guidance policies, verifying their institutional catalytic role. Geographically, west regions of the Hu Huanyong Line constrained by underdeveloped service markets and the Pearl River Basin plagued by carbon lock-in effects from cash crop specialization, achieved less than one-third of the decarbonization efficacy observed in the eastern regions and the Yellow River Basin. This study unveils the nonlinear "emission reduction-policy" nexus inherent to agricultural productive services, establishing theoretical foundations to resolve institutional conflicts between service efficiency enhancement and fiscal interventions while informing the construction of differentiated low-carbon agricultural policy frameworks. These insights hold significant practical value for synchronizing agricultural green transformation with rural revitalization strategies, offering a coherent pathway to reconcile ecological modernization with socioeconomic development imperatives.

Exploring the integrated development of culture, technology and tourism is a significant contemporary topic in cultural and tourism studies within the context of Chinese path to modernization. This paper defines the concept of the integration of culture, technology and tourism, proposing that their integration exhibits triple ternary relationships. It dynamically evolves through a cyclical feedback mechanism of "intelligent digital technology embedding—industrial ecosystem reconstruction—multi-dimensional integration and symbiosis". The integrated development promotes economic growth, constructs spiritual homelands, serves better life, showcases China's image, and enhances cross-civilization mutual learning. Building on this foundation, the study constructs a discourse system for the integrated development of culture, technology and tourism, characterized by the key concept of a "digital-intelligent cultural tourism symbiosis", new categories such as "new quality productive forces for cultural tourism" and "digital cultural tourism" and the expression framework of "audiovisual symbolization, flexible narrative strategies, audience-centered perspectives, and segmented storytelling". Finally, this paper proposes a "policy-industry-resource-ecosystem" realization pathway to facilitate high-quality development of culture, technology and tourism integration.

As the scarcity of global water intensifies, accurate assessments of water resource carrying capacity (WRCC) have become essential for sustainably managing regional water resources and combating the adverse effects of climate change. However, the water resources-ecology-society system is highly complex, involving multidimensional interactions anddynamic internal changes that cannot be fully captured by a single evaluation method. This paper reviews the application status and research progress of coupled-model methods for WRCC evaluation. A systematic comparative analysis reveals the strengths and limitations of the major evaluation methods—systems analysis, comprehensive evaluation, and machine learning—in WRCC evaluation. Particular attention is devoted to the challenges of these methods in arid regions. The dynamic feedback mechanisms, nonlinear modeling capabilities, data-driven characteristics, and applicabilities of different methods are analyzed through a horizontal comparison study. The review also analyzes the suitabilities and limitations of each method in arid regions and explores the feasibility of coupled models, providing new insights for resolving WRCC issues in these areas. Multimodel integration and data-driven optimization will enhance the generalizability and applicability of models in future, facilitating the transition of water resource management from static evaluation to dynamic simulation and precise prediction. These developments will offer scientific support for sustainable water resource utilization in arid regions and worldwide.

Industrial heritage is an important resource and cultural carrier of industrial tourism. How to realize the organic integration between industrial heritage and tourism utilization has become an urgent problem for the sustainable development of industrial heritage. In this paper, industrial heritage in northeast China is selected as the research object, and ArcGIS spatial analysis, concentration index and resource dominance are used to analyze its spatial distribution characteristics, and the relationship between industrial heritage resources and tourism utilization is discussed. The following conclusions are drawn: Industrial heritage in northeast China is dominated by heavy industry and less light industry, and the type distribution is significantly different among provinces. The spatial distribution type of industrial heritage in northeast China is clustered, and it shows an obvious unbalanced structure at city scale. The superiority degree of industrial heritage resources in northeast China is quite different, which mainly has the distribution characteristics of polar core area, highly dense area, sub-dense area and sparse area. Based on this, the author puts forward the utilization methods of industrial heritage tourism from the aspects of promoting the overall balanced development of industrial heritage resources, accelerating the transformation of industrial heritage resources into products, and promoting the brand building of industrial heritage resources products, so as to provide reference for the sustainable development and utilization of industrial heritage.The industrial heritage resources in northeast China exhibit spatial distribution differences, low levels of resource to product conversion, and weak brand effects. Based on this, promote the overall balanced development of industrial heritage resources in the region, form an effective connection and interaction of regional industries with “industrial culture+”, and enhance the potential and efficiency of linkage; Accelerate the transformation of industrial heritage resources into products, and in the process of preserving, changing, and restructuring the functions of various industrial heritage resources, adapt to the needs of urban functional development, and promote the cross-border integration of cultural and tourism resources; Promote the branding of industrial heritage resource products, fully explore industrial cultural elements in the branding of various industrial heritage resources, and propose industrial heritage tourism utilization methods in terms of creating themed, diverse, and experiential industrial tourism products, providing reference for the sustainable development and utilization of industrial heritage.

The sustainability of rural sports-themed Internet-famous tourism destinations has become a major issue in both sports and tourism. Taking the "Village Super League" in Guizhou as a case study, this paper explores the long-term popularity mechanism of the "Village Super League" based on the modified diamond model theoretical framework, and conducts an empirical analysis using the methods of structural equation modeling (SEM) and importance-performance analysis (IPA). The findings reveal that: 1) The overall sustainability level of "Village Super League" in Guizhou is relatively high. Scores of three indexes are prominently high, which are the active public participation, the potential for continued popularity, and the organizing committee's capacity for sustained operations. 2) The government, production factors, demand conditions, related and supporting industries, and strategy are all core factors in the modified diamond model. These factors interact positively with each other and are significantly related to the sustainability of the "Village Super League", jointly forming a dynamic mechanism for the long-term popularity of the "Village Super League" in Guizhou. 3) The sustainable development advantages of the "Village Super League" in Guizhou are concentrated in 14 factors such as live atmosphere, local villagers' participation, and government support. Six factors requiring urgent improvement include sufficient volunteers, local transportation convenience, tourists' access to public tourism information, local accommodation experience, the completeness and adequacy of local public facilities, and unified management by the organizing committee. Six factors that need to be gradually promoted for the sustainability of the "Village Super League" include "the network traffic and popularity brought by celebrity participation, local cultural tourism products, local tourism specialty goods, and competition venue conditions". The participation of "various food teams" among people from all walks of life in the maintenance area has potential value. Finally, it provides corresponding policy recommendations.

This study utilizes the entropy method to measure the high-quality development level of the digital economy and circulation industry in 30 provincial-level regions of China from 2012 to 2021. It empirically examines the impact mechanisms and spatial spillover effects of digital economy on the regional high-quality development of circulation industry using the methods of fixed effects model and spatial Durbin model. The main findings are as follows: 1) The development of the digital economy exerts a significantly positive impact on the high-quality development of the circulation industry, exhibiting a spatial pattern that weakens gradually from the western region to the eastern region and the central region. 2) The digital economy promotes the high-quality development of the circulation industry through the transmission channels of human capital, industrial upgrading, and innovation output. Enhancing human capital and innovation output is the long-term pathways for the digital economy to empower the high-quality development of the circulation industry. 3) The circulation industry demonstrates overall spatial agglomeration patterns of "high-high" and "low-low", presenting a tendency toward regional equilibrium or broader spatial diffusion. 4) The digital economy's enabling effects on the high-quality development of the circulation industry reveal significant polarization-trickle-down effects, accompanied by a tendency toward spatial spillover.

Based on the research samples of 30 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) in China from 2010 to 2022, this paper uses the entropy weight method, comprehensive adaptation and Spatial econometric model to conduct an empirical analysis on the temporal and spatial evolution and influencing factors of rural three-industry integration and agricultural green transformation. The results show that: (1) On the comprehensive evaluation, during the inspection period, the level of China's rural three-industry integration and agricultural green transformation is rising, but the average annual growth rate of rural three-industry integration is significantly faster than that of agricultural green transformation. In terms of spatial differentiation, the integration level of the three rural industries is bounded by the planting animal husbandry boundary, and the level of the southern area is higher than that of the northern area. The agricultural green transformation is characterized by the spatial pattern of "high in the southeast and northeast, while low in the northwest". (2) In terms of the degree of adaptation, China's rural three-industry integration and agricultural green transformation adaptation show a good development trend of steady progress, roughly experience three stages of "growth-stability-shock", but the annual average is only 0.61, still in a relatively adaptive level. In terms of regional differences, the average fitness of China's eight comprehensive economic zones is ranked as "northern coastal zones>eastern coastal zones>southwest>middle reaches of the Yangtze River>middle reaches of Yellow River>southern coastal zones>northeast>northwest". (3) In terms of influencing factors, digital penetration, economic development level, scientific and technological innovation level, and higher education level have a significant positive impact on adaptation. On this basis, the paper puts forward countermeasures and suggestions to promote the adaptive development of the two elements.

Under the backdrop of ecological civilization and regional coordinated development, research on watershed settlements holds significant importance. Currently, the field of historical geography has established a localized knowledge framework for understanding the evolution of settlements in irrigation areas from the perspective of social transformation. This foundation supports the present study's value orientation, which centers on the symbiotic relationship among "water, society, people, and ecology" in irrigation area settlements conceptualized as water community. However, the evolution and spatial patterns of these settlements, rooted in the cultural core of water community, remain poorly understood. This study examines settlements of the Hetao Irrigation Area with a focus on water-related dynamics as the core research theme. It seeks to develop an explanatory model for the formation of irrigation area settlements based on the conceptual framework of water community, while analyzing their evolutionary patterns to achieve a scientific understanding of human-land relationships in these areas. The study posits that the essence of water community lies in the flexible and interactive organic structure formed by watershed irrigation settlements under specific ecological environments and productivity conditions, representing a universal developmental model for such settlements. The core value evolution trajectory of irrigation area settlements progresses from military-agricultural colonization→fragmented small-scale farming→garden-style large-scale agriculture→high-standard eco-economic agriculture across the entire irrigation area. Concurrently, the water management order of settlements shifts from the traditional "contextual production order" of irrigation-based farming to the modern "performance-based production order" of irrigated agriculture, driving the sustainable development of irrigation area settlements.

Intangible cultural heritage (ICH) is a crucial cultural resource and an integral part of China's excellent traditional culture. Protecting, inheriting, and promoting ICH is significant for preserving historical context, strengthening cultural confidence, fostering civilizational exchanges, and building a socialist cultural power. After over two decades of efforts, China has achieved remarkable progress in ICH protection and accumulated valuable experience. Currently, ICH preservation is transitioning from "rescue-oriented protection" to "systematic protection", marked by new characteristics. This special discussion invites experts and scholars from ICH and related fields to explore topics such as ICH protection system construction, innovative protection models, and inheritance pathways. Based on their insights, the following priorities emerge for innovative protection and inheritance in the New Era: (1) Promote systematic ICH protection by emphasizing the relationship between ICH and its environment, implementing regional holistic conservation through cultural ecological reserves, and building a people-centered protection system. (2) As a crystallization of ethnic wisdom and a key bond for consolidating the Chinese national community, ICH must connect with contemporary life. Multi-stakeholder collaboration should facilitate its integration into modern society to achieve creative transformation and innovative development. (3) Technology and tourism can empower ICH protection and inheritance across multiple dimensions. However, the core objective of heritage preservation must remain paramount. Strategic integration of technological tools can deepen ICH-tourism synergies, improve heritage experience infrastructure, facilitate ICH preservation and adaptive reuse, and effectively support both rural revitalization and urban renewal initiatives.

In recent years, agricultural heritage sites have gradually become a key focus area within academic circles. As the primary stakeholders within these areas, a comprehensive understanding of farmers' perceptions, intentions, and emotional well-being is essential for promoting the sustainable development of agricultural heritage sites and addressing livelihood-related challenges. However, the emotional state of farmers in agricultural heritage sites under tourism intervention, as well as the issue of village-level differences, remain to be further explored. Taking four administrative villages in the Ziquejie Terraces Region area as case studies, this article employs questionnaire surveys and in-depth interviews. Utilizing factor analysis and nonparametric tests, it examines the overall characteristics and village-level variations in farmers' emotions under tourism intervention across three dimensions: sense of fulfillment, happiness, and security. The findings reveal that: (1) The "three senses of livelihood" among farmers in the four villages generally exhibit positive states, with scores across all dimensions falling within the high range [3.5, 5]. Significant village-level differences exist within specific sub-items of each dimension. (2) Village-level differences in happiness are manifested in two aspects: quality of life and infrastructure. (3) Village-level differences in sense of gain are primarily reflected in three aspects: employment opportunities, income levels, and cultural and sports activities. (4) Village-level variations in security are primarily reflected in cultural security, labor safety, and traffic safety. Based on these findings, a multi-stakeholder co-construction and co-governance pathway for emotional adaptation among farmers in agricultural heritage sites is proposed. This study offers new insights into understanding and addressing village-level variations in farmers' emotions within agricultural heritage sites under tourism intervention, aiming to provide references for their sustainable development.

[Objective] China’s urbanization has entered a new phase of connotative development. The concept of “People’s City” is driving the transformation of urban recreational green space (URGS) planning towards “human-oriented demands”. In the post-pandemic era, residents’ leisure behaviors have shown characteristics such as proximity, healthiness, and diversity. AI technology has further given rise to differentiated recreational demands. The current URGS layout is confronted with shortcomings such as emphasizing indicators over demand response in planning, insufficient functional integration, structural imbalance in services, and low system integration. This research, through systematic review and theoretical prospect, innovatively constructs a “theoretical framework for URGS planning that responds to human-oriented demands”, breaking through the limitations of traditional static adaptation, promoting the dynamic coupling of URGS with people’s lifestyle, and supporting the modern governance goals of precision, refinement, depth, intelligence, and excellence. This research may provide theoretical support for resolving the structural mismatch contradiction between URGS layout and diversified demands.

[Methods] The China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and Web of Science Core Collection are taken as data sources, journal article is determined as literature type, and the retrieval time is set from January 1st 2000 to December 31th 2024 based on the characteristics of the publication period. The advanced search formula for the subject terms of Chinese AND English literature is TS=(“recreation*” OR “leisure” OR “tour*” OR “entertain*”) AND (“green space*” OR “park*”) AND (“layout” OR “planning” OR “design*”). After eliminating the items irrelevant to the research topic, 687 Chinese and 345 English literature articles are ultimately selected as the research object. CiteSpace 6.2.R6 is utilized to conduct visual analysis of the selected articles, supplemented by traditional literature review methods and inductive comparative analysis. This approach systematically examines the evolutionary stages, research hotspots, and trend characteristics of URGS layout research, aiming to advance a forward-looking layout framework.

[Results] 1) Evolutionary stages: Research on URGS layout in China has progressed from planning control to spatial governance. From 2000 to 2009, it was the period of rough demand identification – initial exploration, with more attention paid to the configuration of recreational functions and scale estimation around the supply side. From 2010 to 2016, it was the period of coarse demand response – fluctuating growth, promoting the transformation of China’s URGS layout towards “social equity – demand response”. From 2017 to 2024, it was the period of refined and rapid development in demand, catering to diverse recreational demands. 2) Research hotspots: Common dimensions encompass human-oriented planning and governance, demand-differentiated green space provision, and recreational experience – health co-benefits. However, Chinese literature research prioritizes macro-level planning and supply-side refinement, while English literature emphasizes meso & micro-scale empirical studies and demand-side drivers. 3) Development trends: While both Chinese and English research converge on green space layout based on socio-spatial and spatiotemporal behavioral differentiation for demand identification, their divergences persist in primary research focus, depth of interdisciplinary integration, and intensity of policy-coupling. 4) Theoretical system: A “theoretical system framework for URGS layout that responds to human-oriented demands” has been constructed, covering a multi-dimensional hierarchical classification system based on the “time – space – demand” principle; based on the principle of “differential justice”, the traditional classification of green spaces has been broken and a “recreational circle” layout system adapting to urban functional spaces has been constructed; an evaluation-optimization system employing digital intelligence technologies for supply-demand matching has been constructed to advance optimally regulated connotative development.

[Conclusion] This research aims to address systemic issues — including extensive URGS system development, insufficient functional integration, low supply – demand matching efficiency, and inadequate open sharing mechanisms — by proposing holistic solutions with reference value for future urban recreational space planning, policy-making, and research. 1) Spatial planning dimension: Promote the statutory institutionalization and systematization of URGS-specific planning, clarify its position within the territorial spatial planning framework, strengthen horizontal coordination and vertical implementation, and guide high-quality development of diversified recreational green spaces. 2) Policy orientation dimension: Focus on diverse public needs to deepen the connotation of “human-oriented demands”. Establish a precision-tailored methodological framework for supply – demand matching, creating a synergistic governance model combining “top-down guidance” and “bottom-up participation” to operationalize differential justice in spatial allocation. 3) Academic research dimension: Construct a three-dimensional theoretical framework integrating recreational systems with resource distribution patterns, spatial ring characteristics and urban functional layouts. This research significantly enhances the precision and depth of population demand identification, considers behavioral traits and visitation preferences, and develops a demand-driven URGS layout adaptation model responsive to distinct urban functional spatial requirements. The accuracy and depth of crowd demand identification have been enhanced, taking into account behavioral characteristics and access preferences. Furthermore, an URGS layout adaptation mode driven by the demands of different urban functional spaces is proposed. This research responds to the people’s demand for a better life and is of great significance for promoting the transformation of URGS layout to a refined supply that responds to the differences in group demands, resolving the structural mismatch contradiction between URGS layout and diverse recreational demands, and ultimately achieving the dual goals of a sense of gain and happiness in green well-being.

Rural homestays are a vital component of rural tourism development. With the deep implementation of the rural revitalization strategy, rural homestays have increasingly become a focal point for young urban tourists. Based on the Stimulus-Organism-Response (S-O-R) model, this study systematically explores the impacts of the brand experience, information quality, and tourism atmosphere of rural homestays on the emotions and satisfaction of young urban tourists through an empirical analysis. The data for the study came from a questionnaire survey of various rural lodgings in the city of Beijing, resulting in 428 valid samples. Using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), this study revealed that brand experience, information quality, and tourism atmosphere are external stimuli that significantly influence tourist emotions. Specifically, these three factors both enhance positive emotions and reduce or alleviate negative emotions. Furthermore, the positive emotions have a significant positive effect on tourist satisfaction, while negative emotions have a significant negative impact. Specific recommendations for rural homestay operations based on these findings are given. These recommendations will not only help to improve the market competitiveness of rural homestays but also provide valuable theoretical and practical insights for the sustainable development of rural tourism.

Based on the two-stage least squares (2SLS) method and drawing on data from 1166 households and 5041 plots in Sichuan province, this study investigates the impact of high-standard farmland construction on farmland transfer from the dual perspectives of plot governance and household decision-making. The findings are as follows: (1) At the plot level, high-standard farmland construction significantly promotes land transfer, with field consolidation, infrastructure development, and post-construction management playing notable roles. Larger plots with convenient locations and flat terrain are more likely to be transferred. (2) At the household level, high-standard farmland construction also significantly facilitates land transfer, with field consolidation and infrastructure development being particularly influential. This positive effect is significant across households of different operational scales and degrees of off-farm employment. (3) Interaction analysis reveals that large-scale farmers show stronger transfer effects for large plots, nearby plots and non-plain plots, while highly off-farm-employed households prefer small and nearby plots but exhibit weaker effects; in contrast, households with low off-farm employment generally benefit. The study suggests that high-standard farmland construction should be steadily advanced, along with improvements to the matching support system between households and land plots, in order to revitalize the farmland transfer market.

The ongoing decline in biodiversity adversely effects ecosystem services. Investigating spatiotemporal changes in land use and habitat quality in the Three River Source Region is crucial for ecological protection and restoration. This study, based on the PLUS model and the InVEST model’s habitat quality module, conducts multi-scenario simulations to predict land use changes and estimate habitat quality. The results are as follows: (1) During the historical period, 9663.53 km² of grassland converted to unused land, represented the largest proportion of total land conversion, whereas unused land converted to grassland only covered 3659.27 km², the grassland degraded into unused land to a relatively serious extent in the Three River Source Region. (2) Multi-scenario predictions for 2030 reveal that the biodiversity conservation scenario performs best, followed by the grassland protection scenario, then the water resources protection scenario, and finally the natural development scenario. (3) Among conversion types, the contribution rate of converting unused land to grassland in enhancing habitat quality is highest at 0.7167, followed by that of converting unused land to water bodies, at 0.2603. Implementing biodiversity protection strategies, resolving the grass-livestock conflict, and enhancing management of unused land, while reducing grassland-to-unused land conversion will help mitigate the decline in habitat quality.

[Objective] As urban design faces increasing demands for contextual responsiveness, iterative optimization, and data-informed reasoning, integrating artificial intelligence into the design process has gained renewed relevance. Among emerging technologies, generative artificial intelligence (GAI) shows strong potential for automating content creation and simulating spatial configurations. This research provides a comprehensive review of recent developments in the application of GAI to urban design. The research identifies representative technical pathways, their respective intervention stages, and the functional mechanisms by which generative models are reshaping the design workflow. This research presents a structured, theory-informed synthesis of how different generative models contribute to tasks such as intention modeling, spatial reasoning, and performance-driven design. Building on design thinking and a descriptive lens informed by the technology acceptance model (TAM), the research examines how model type, data modality, and task characteristics affect GAI’s functional role, usability, and acceptance. Particular attention is given to mapping deployment forms, from isolated tools to coordinated multi-model workflows, and to characterizing cross-cutting challenges of controllability, transparency, and contextual adaptability in urban design settings.
[Methods] Following the PRISMA protocol, the research conducts a multi-stage literature review combining automated search and expert screening. A total of 125 peer-reviewed articles and high-impact preprints are selected from Web of Science, CNKI, arXiv, and selected industry sources, covering the period from 2014 to July 2025. Search terms such as “generative AI”, “AIGC”, “GAN”, “diffusion model”, “variational autoencoder”, “autoregressive model”, “large language model”, and urban-related keywords are used in various combinations. Based on the collected literature, four types of generative models are summarized as image-driven, language-driven, structure-driven, and feedback-optimized models, according to their application characteristics in urban design tasks. These types are aligned with four stages of the design process: preliminary analysis, scheme generation, evaluation and decision-making, and outcome expression. On this basis, a two-dimensional framework to examine how different GAI pathways intervene across tasks is formed. To refine the mapping, each design stage is further broken down into three representative sub-tasks. Preliminary analysis includes public demand analysis, urban data enhancement, case/task framing, and spatial element recognition. Scheme generation covers design intention modeling, spatial layout generation, and 3D form construction. The evaluation and decision-making stage includes multi-objective optimization, scheme evaluation, and scenario prediction. The final expression stage involves textual documentation, 2D representation, and visual rendering. A quantitative analysis is also conducted to show the distribution of model types over design stages, identify common combinations, and trace the evolution of research focus over time. TAM informs a descriptive synthesis of perceived usefulness (PU) and perceived ease of use (PEU) across model types to illuminate adoption patterns.
[Results] The findings reveal that GAI models are increasingly integrated into urban design workflows but exhibit uneven adoption across task types and modalities. Image-driven models dominate in both early-stage analysis and final visual representation due to their high interpretability, usability, and compatibility with existing design practices. Language-driven models are commonly used in public demand analysis, participatory planning, and scenario scripting, enabled by the rise of large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT and DeepSeek. Structure-driven models, though less prevalent, show promise in generating street networks, land-parcel layouts, and spatial typologies using graph-based logic. Feedback-optimized models, which rely on reinforcement learning, evolutionary algorithms, and performance simulation are the least adopted, but demonstrate strong potential in multi-objective optimization and iterative decision-making. Recent research indicates an increasing use of multi-model workflows, such as text-to-image pipelines integrated with urban simulation or feedback loops. While GAI applications increasingly support design iteration, their adoption is heavily influenced by the controllability, explainability, and contextual adaptability of models. PU and PEU vary significantly by model type, with image-driven models rated highest and structure-driven and feedback-optimized models facing usability challenges due to complexity and low transparency.
[Conclusion] Although GAI has demonstrated broad applicability across the urban design process, current implementations are largely procedural and auxiliary in nature. Most models recombine existing inputs rather than construct original logic, and few possess autonomous reasoning or normative awareness. This limits their role to content augmentation rather than conceptual guidance in design development. Moreover, issues such as opaque decision logic, lack of domain-specific knowledge embedding, and poor adaptability to local planning norms hinder practical adoption. Addressing these challenges requires multi-level efforts: 1) Construct structured, regionally grounded urban design datasets; 2) improve model interpretability, controllability, and responsiveness to professional input; and 3) develop modular, multi-model systems that support seamless interaction across design stages. Human – AI collaboration mechanisms — especially those based on iterative prompts and semantic feedback-must be enhanced to enable AI not just as a tool, but as an active design partner. This review offers a comprehensive reference for scholars and practitioners seeking to understand how GAI is reshaping the logic, structure, and agency of urban design.

Ecosystem service flows (ESF) serve as a crucial bridge connecting the supply of ecosystem services to human demand. However, there are still deficiencies in the framework research on driving mechanisms and practical applications. In this research, we took the freshwater yield ecosystem service in the Henan section of the Yellow River Basin as a case study. We developed a comprehensive framework focusing on "supply-demand quantification-attribute evaluation-driving analysis-pattern optimization" utilizing methods such as network model, random forest, and Bayesian belief network. The key findings are as follows: (1) There was a spatial mismatch between the freshwater yield ecosystem service supply and demand, with demand exceeding supply in the study area. (2) Three flow directions and 35 sub-boundaries were identified throughout the flow process, with flow quantity ranging from 0 to 188×10⁶ m³. (3) Evapotranspiration and human activities were the primary factors affecting the changes in supply-demand, with the contribution of 0.47 and 0.14, respectively. (4) Key optimization areas included Southern Luoyang, Central and Southern Sanmenxia, and Central Jiyuan. The comprehensive framework developed in this study analyzes ecosystem service supply and demand from four dimensions, enhancing the organization and depth of "flow" research. Furthermore, the framework demonstrates strong practical applicability, specifically in addressing the supply-demand imbalance of ecosystem services, providing robust support for water resource management and government decision-making in the Henan section of the Yellow River through effective water resource optimization.

Innovating the multi-stakeholder collaborative governance model is essential for addressing the China's urban renewal and developmental obstacles. It would also assist in promoting high-quality urban development. This study analyzes the practical pathways and internal mechanisms of collaborative governance in urban renewal. With Hangzhou as an example, the study adopts a case study and inductive analysis methods to explore these dynamics. The results indicate that: (1) Hangzhou's urban renewal has developed four governance paths. The first path is building a governance environment through an integrated management system and diverse policy tools. The second path is establishing a governance structure that coordinates the efforts of government, market, residents, and society. The third path is applying governance tools that combine knowledge-based discourse and physical technology. Finally, the fourth path is achieving governance outcomes that balance development, livelihood, and preservation. (2) Multi-stakeholder collaborative governance of urban renewal should encompass an integrated framework of 'synergistic environment-structure-means-outcomes.' This includes an environmental synergy through self-consistent management and coordinated policy innovation, a structural synergy via diversified interest coordination and differentiated power allocation, a means synergy through normative procedures and incentive controls, and a results synergy focused on balancing conflicting goals with universal sharing. These integrated mechanisms are designed to facilitate high-quality urban renewal through coordinated development strategies. Therefore, this study offers four key governance insights. Firstly, it highlights the principles of responsibility-rights coordination and dynamic adjustment to innovate management systems and policy tools. Secondly, it calls for allocating stakeholder power based on roles to build an inclusive urban renewal governance community. Thirdly, it proposes combining regulation and incentives for flexible yet effective governance approaches. Finally, it stresses balancing efficiency and equity to achieve coordinated economic, social, and environmental development. These insights provide valuable lessons for advancing urban renewal governance in the New Era.