Evaluation of uranium metallogenic potential in Rössing mining area,Namibia
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First author:HE Debao,male,born in 1981,senior engineer,PhD,focusing on the research of hydrothermal uranium deposit and metallogenic prediction. E-mail:hedebao@126.com |
Received date: 2025-02-25
Revised date: 2025-03-15
Online published: 2025-10-24
Supported by
Supported by CNNC Self-Developed Project,Research on Resource Expansion in the Rössing Mine and its Peripheral Areas(地SD05)
The Rössing mine in Namibia is the earliest alaskite-type uranium mine,ranking the top 10 globe uranium mines. However,the backup resources are seriously insufficient,therefore it is urgent to carry out exploration to expand resources and ensure the sustainable development of the mine. Based on the secondary data development,the authors carried out field geological survey,large-scale geological mapping,and ground energy spectrum measurement on the main uranium deposits in the mining area,studied the typical uranium deposit and identified uranium mineralization characteristics and ore-controlling factors. It was considered that the alaskite-type uranium deposit was the products of regional tectonic-magmatic evolution,which was crystallized from granitic magma. The ore-forming material was derived from the anatexis of the ancient basement rocks. The diversity of source rocks and the heterogeneity of melting resulted in the capacity variations in the ore-bearing alaskite. The localization of the deposit is controlled by NNE-trending regional faults, dome (fold) turning ends and structural variation sites. Ore-bearing pluton intruded along the structural and weak stratigraphic planes,with post-mineralization hydrothermal alteration and supergene leaching and enrichment.On the basis of summarizing the geological background, metallogenic and ore-controlling pattern of uranium mineralization,this paper defined the prediction factors of uranium mineralization and extracted the prediction factors including uranium deposits buffer zones,alaskite distribution areas,regional tectonic buffer zones,marble exocontact zones,alteration development zones, aerial radiometric uranium anomaly zones and ground gamma spectrometry anomaly zones. Using the comprehensive information geological unit method,uranium metallogenic prediction was conducted and 14 new uranium prospective sectors were delineated in the Rössing mining licence area with approximately 140 000 tons potential resources. This achievement indicated significant uranium potential in the periphery of the Rössing deposit and worthy more exploration efforts. The 5 predicted level-A prospects are the focus for the next exploration. Among which,the A1(Z17-19)sector has been verified as a super-large uranium deposit through drilling,demonstrating remarkable prospecting achievements.
HE Debao , FAN Honghai , GENG Ruirui , CHEN Jinyong , WANG Yongjian , CHEN Donghuan , CHEN Xu . Evaluation of uranium metallogenic potential in Rössing mining area,Namibia[J]. World Nuclear Geoscience, 2025 , 42(2) : 291 -306 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-0636.2025.02.006
达马拉造山带地层组合及其特征(据参考文献[5]修改)Table 1 Stratigraphic assemblage and characteristics of the Damara orogenic belt(modified after reference [5]) |
| 群 | 组 | 代号 | 厚度/m | 主要岩性 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 斯瓦科普群 (Swakap) | 卡塞布组(Kuiseb) | NKs | >3 000 | 砂质、泥质片岩、片麻岩,混合岩、钙硅质岩及石英岩 |
| 卡里毕比组(Karibib) | NKb | 1 000 | 大理岩、钙硅质岩、泥质片岩和片麻岩 | |
| 楚斯组(Chuos) | NCh | 700 | 混积岩、钙硅质岩、含砾片岩、石英岩、冰碛岩 | |
| 罗辛组(Rössing) | NRs | 200 | 大理岩、黑云母堇青石片麻岩、云母角闪片岩、混合岩、长石质石英岩、变质砾岩 | |
| 诺西布群 (Nosib) | 可汗组(Khan) | NKn | 1 100 | 混合条带斑点石英长石辉石角闪片麻岩、云母片岩和片麻岩、混合岩、辉石石榴片麻岩、角闪岩、石英岩、变质砾岩 |
| 艾杜西斯组(Etusis) | NEt | 3 000 | 片麻状花岗岩、眼球状片麻岩、石英长石片麻岩、泥质片岩和片麻岩、石英岩、钙硅质岩、混合岩、大理岩 | |
| 阿巴比斯组(Abbabis) | 结晶基底,长英质眼球状片麻岩、片岩、斜长角闪岩、石英岩、大理岩、钙硅质岩杂岩体 | |||
图2 罗辛矿区地质简图1—第四系冲积物、坡积物;2—卡塞布组片岩、片麻岩;3—卡里毕比组大理岩、石英岩、片岩;4—楚斯组混积岩、钙硅质岩、石英岩、冰碛岩;5—罗辛组大理岩、泥质片岩、片麻岩、角闪岩、钙硅质岩、石英岩、混合岩;6—可汗组条带状、斑状片麻岩、角闪岩、变砾岩;7—艾杜西斯组片岩、石英岩、大理岩;8—阿巴比斯组变质杂岩;9—白岗岩;10—粗玄岩脉;11—铀矿床;12—铀矿点;13—罗辛矿权范围。 Fig.2 Geological sketch of Rössing mine 1-Quaternary alluvium;2-Kuiseb formation of Schist and gneiss;3-Karibib formation of marble,calc-silicate rock,pelitic and semi-pelitic schist and gneiss;4-Chuos formation of diamictite,calc-silicate rock,pebbly schist,quartzite,tillite;5-Rössing formation of marble,pelitic schist and gneiss,biotite hornblende schist,migmatite,calc-silicate rock,quartzite,metaconglomerate;6-Khan formation of banded and mottled amphibole gneiss,hornblende-biotite schist,biotite schist and gneiss,amphibolite,metaconglomerate;7-Etusis formation of schist and gneiss,quartzite,marble;8-Abbabis complex;9-Alaskite;10-Coarse basaltic dike;11-Uranium deposit;12-Uranium occurrence ;13-The boundary of Rössing mining licence. |
表2 白岗岩分类及其主要特征及成岩年龄Table 2 The classification, characteristic and ages of the alaskites |
| 类型 | 岩石特征 | 取样位置 | 成岩年龄/Ma |
|---|---|---|---|
| A | 呈不规则褶皱状,浅灰白色,细粒-中粒、糖粒状结构,以白色长石为主 | 欢乐谷 | 547.4±3.6(LA-ICP-MSU-Pb锆石)(据参考文献[14]) |
| B | 白色,不等粒结构(细粒至伟晶结构),常见石榴子石、黑云母、电气石 | 欢乐谷 | 537.8±4.3(LA-ICP-MSU-Pb锆石)(据参考文献[12]) |
| C | 淡红-乳白色,中粒-伟晶结构,含微斜长石和斜长石,副矿物为磁铁矿、褐铁矿和电气石 | 欢乐谷 | 525.4±2.6(LA-ICP-MSU-Pb锆石)(据参考文献[12]) |
| D | 呈不规则网状,白色,中-粗粒状结构,原生铀矿化的白岗岩主要由白色长石、烟灰色石英组成,见β硅钙铀矿和磷灰石 | 欢乐谷 | 506±8.1(SHRIMPU-Pb锆石)(据参考文献[15]);497±5.5(LA-ICP-MSU-Pb锆石)(据参考文献[12]) |
| 湖山 | 496.1±4.1Ma(EPMAU-Th-Pb晶质铀矿)(据参考文献[16]) | ||
| E | 红-粉红色,颜色及粒度多变,见浅红色长石,有氧化晕圈,矿物组成与D型相似,或者全部由烟灰色(黑色)石英和粉红色长石构成 | ||
| F | 红色,粗粒-伟晶结构,粉红色粗粒条纹长石,乳白色石英,副矿物为磁铁矿和褐铁矿 | 欢乐谷 | 511.4±4.3(LA-ICP-MSU-Pb锆石)(据参考文献[17]) |
表3 罗辛矿区铀成矿预测要素一览表Table 3 Lists of prediction elements in Rössing mining area |
| 区域预测要素 | 描述内容 | 分类 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 区域成矿地质环境 | 大地构造单元 | 达马拉造山带南部中央带 | 重要 |
| 区域构造 | 罗辛穹隆东南侧-西南侧褶皱转折端,NE向次级褶皱发育区;NE向奥玛鲁鲁断裂和千岁兰断裂夹持区 | 必要 | |
| 含铀白岗岩 | 区域发育多期白岗岩,呈脉状、透镜体状侵入罗辛组、可汗组及卡塞布组片岩、片麻岩中。其中D型、E型白岗岩中铀矿化明显 | 必要 | |
| 有利地层 | 罗辛组、可汗组及卡塞布组片岩、片麻岩中层理发育,为白岗岩侵入提供了良好的场所,此外,不同时代地层接触面、不整合面也是白岗岩侵入的有利空间 | 必要 | |
| 区域成矿特征 | 成矿类型 | 白岗岩型(表生淋滤叠加) | 重要 |
| 铀矿化信息 | 铀矿床、矿点、矿化点和异常点 | 必要 | |
| 控矿构造 | NE向褶皱、断裂带控制白岗岩体侵位,白岗岩体整体呈NE向,其产状与地层层理一致。研究区南部部分地段受褶皱转折扭动呈近EW向 | 必要 | |
| 岩脉 | 含矿白岗岩呈岩脉状顺层侵入片岩、片麻岩中 | 重要 | |
| 围岩蚀变 | 不同地段铀矿围岩蚀变差异明显。全区发育硅化、绿泥石化、绢云母化、高岭土化等,SJ矿床浅部次生铀矿化发育,SK碱交代强烈,Z19赤铁矿化强烈,Z25、Z23电气石化蚀变明显 | 重要 | |
| 物化遥及放射性综合信息特征 | 放射性特征 | 航空放射性测量值岩体中≥12×10-6的铀高场区 | 重要 |
| 地面γ铀异常区 | 重要 | ||
| 电磁异常特征 | 电磁测量推断白岗岩产状及深度 | 重要 | |
| 电磁测量解译推断的线型构造 | 次要 | ||
| 遥感特征 | 遥感解译推断的断裂、褶皱 | 重要 | |
| 遥感提取赤铁矿化、伊利石化和绿泥石化等热液蚀变信息 | 次要 | ||
图3 罗辛矿区白岗岩与矿床分布叠合图1—白岗岩;2—细脉状白岗岩缓冲区(10 m);3—铀矿床;4—铀矿点、矿化点;5—罗辛矿区范围。 Fig. 3 Overlayer map of the alaskite and uranium deposits in the Rössing mine 1-Alaskite;2-The buffer of alaskite vein(10 m);3-Uranium deposits;4-Uranium occurrences,prospectivs;5-The boundary of Rössing mining licence. |
图4 罗辛矿区构造缓冲区分布及铀矿床位置叠合图1—区域性构造缓冲区(1 000 m);2—小型构造缓冲区(100 m);3—铀矿床;4—铀矿点、矿化点;5—罗辛矿区范围。 Fig. 4 Overlayer map of structural buffers and uranium deposits in the Rössing mine 1-The buffers of regional structures (1 000 m);2-The buffers of normal faults (100 m);3-Uranium deposits;4-Uranium occurrences,prospectives;5-The boundary of Rössing mining licence. |
图5 罗辛矿区大理岩外接触带缓冲区与矿床位置叠加图1—大理岩外接触带缓冲区(200 m);2—铀矿床;3—铀矿点、矿化点;4—罗辛矿区范围。 Fig. 5 Overlayer map of contact zones of marble and uranium deposits in the Rössing mine 1-Contact zones(200 m) of marble;2-Uranium deposits;3-Uranium occurrences,prospectives;4-The boundary of Rössing mining licence. |
图6 罗辛矿区赤铁矿化、伊利石化和绿泥石化蚀变与铀矿床位置叠合图1—赤铁矿化蚀变范围;2—绿泥石化蚀变范围;3—伊利石化蚀变范围;4—铀矿床;5—铀矿点、矿化点;6—罗辛矿区范围。 Fig. 6 Distribution of zones of hematitization,illitization,chloritization and uranium deposits in the Rössing mine 1-Zones of hematitization;2-Zones of illitization;3-Zones of chloritization;4-Uranium deposits;5-Uranium occurrences,prospectives;6-The boundary of Rössing mining licence. |
图7 罗辛地区航空放射性U异常区与矿床位置叠合图(航空放射性数据据罗辛矿山资料修改)1—航空放射性U异常范围(U≥12×10-6);2—铀矿床;3—铀矿点、矿化点;4—罗辛铀矿权区。 Fig. 7 Overlayer map of airborne radioactive uranium anormaly and uranium deposits in the Rössing mine(Modified after the information provided by Rössing mine) 1-Abnormal range of airborne uranium(U≥12×10-6);2-Uranium deposits;3-Uranium occurrences,prospectives;4-The boundary of Rössing mining licence |
图8 地面γ能谱异常范围与矿床矿点及矿区范围叠合图1—地面γ能谱U异常区;2—铀矿床;3—铀矿点、矿化点;4—罗辛铀矿权区。 Fig. 8 Overlayer map of ground gamma spectrometry and uranium deposits in the Rössing mine 1-Uranium abnormal range of ground gamma spectrometry;2- Uranium deposits;3-Uranium occurrences,prospectives;4-The boundary of Rössing mining licence. |
图9 罗辛地区成矿预测区及其分类1—第四系;2—卡塞布组片岩、片麻岩;3—卡里毕比组大理岩、石英岩、片岩;4—楚斯组混积岩;5—罗辛组大理岩、片麻岩、石英岩;6—可汗组片麻岩、角闪岩;7—艾杜西斯组片岩、石英岩、大理岩;8—阿巴比斯组变质杂岩;9—白岗岩;10—粗玄岩脉;11—铀矿床;12—铀矿点、矿化点;13—罗辛矿权范围;14—A类预测区;15—B类预测区;16—C类预测区;17—已知矿床及矿权外预测区。 Fig. 9 The predicted prospecting area and its classification in the Rössing mine 1-Quaternary:alluvium;2-Kuiseb formation:Schist and gneiss;3-Karibib formation:marble,calc- silicate rock,pelitic and semi-peliticschist and gneiss;4-Chuos formation:diamictite,calc-silicate rock,pebbly schist,quartzite,tillite;5-Rössing formation:marble,pelitic schist and gneiss,biotite hornblende schist,migmatite,calc-silicate rock,quartzite,metaconglomerate;6-Khan formation:banded and mottled amphibole gneiss,hornblende-biotite schist,biotite schist and gneiss,amphibolite, metaconglomerate;7-Etusis formation:schist and gneiss,quartzite,marble;8-Abbabis complex;9-Alaskite;10-Coarse basaltic dike;11-Uranium deposit;12-Uranium ore occurrence,mineralized point;13-The boundary of Rössing mining licence;14-Level A prospecting area;15-Level B prospecting area;16-Level C prospecting area;17-Known deposit or prospecting area outside the boundary of Rössing mining licence. |
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