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过刊目录

  • 2020年, 17卷, 第04期
    刊出日期：2024-06-19
      
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  • How do stream processes affect hazard exposure on alluvial fans? Insights from an experimental study
    Bruno MAZZORANA, Elisa GHIANDONI, Lorenzo PICCO
    2020, 17(04): 753-781.
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    Alluvial fans are among the most privileged settlement areas in many mountain regions. These landforms are particularly dynamic being episodically affected by distributary processes generated by extreme flood events. Addressing risk assessment entails determining hazard exposure and unravelling how it might be related to process loading and to process dynamics once the flow becomes unconfined on the surface of alluvial fans. By following a ‘similarity of process concept', rather than by attempting to scale a real-world prototype, we performed a set of 72 experimental runs on an alluvial fan model. Thereby, we considered two model layouts, one without a guiding channel and featuring a convex shape and the other one with a guiding channel, a bridge, and inclined but planar overland flow areas as to mirror an anthropic environment. Process magnitude and intensity parameters were systematically varied, and the associated biphasic distributary processes video recorded. For each experiment, the exposure was detected by mapping the exposed area in a GIS, thereby discerning between areas exposed to biphasic flows and the associated depositional phenomena or to the liquid flow phase only. Our results reveal that total event volume, sediment availability and stream power in the feeding channel, as well as depositional effects, avulsion, and channelization on the alluvial fan concur to determine the overall exposure. Stream process loading alone, even when rigorously defined in terms of its characterizing parameters, is not sufficient to exhaustively determine exposure. Hence, further developing reliable biphasic simulation models for hazard assessment on settled alluvial fans is pivotal.
  • Frequency–magnitude of landslides affected by the 27–29 November 2017 Tropical Cyclone Cempaka in Pacitan, East Java
    SAMODRA Guruh, NGADISIH Ngadisih, MALAWANI Mukhamad Ngainul, MARDIATNO Djati, CAHYADI Ahmad, NUGROHO Ferman Setia
    2020, 17(04): 773-786.
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    Tropical cyclone(TC) Cempaka which occurred on 27–29 November 2017 has caused floods, landslides, and strong winds in certain areas of Java Island. Pacitan Regency was the most severely affected by TC Cempaka. The landslide frequency–area distribution curve of event inventory i.e. TC Cempaka can help to understand landslide susceptibility, hazard, vulnerability, and risk. Landslides were identified by using a local government database and by comparing pre-and post-event high-resolution satellite imageries. Field investigation was carried out in March 2018 to November 2018 to verify the landslide location and update the information. Power law, inverse gamma, and double Pareto model were employed to describe the frequency–magnitude of landslide(mLS) triggered by TC Cempaka. The exponent β values of power law, inverse gamma, and double Pareto were 2.6±0.28(fitted for 8.5% of dataset), 2.2±0.08(fitted for 83% of dataset), and 2.3±0.09(best fitted for dataset), respectively. The P-values were 0.51, 0.67, and 0.91 for power law, inverse gamma, and double Pareto, respectively. This study revealed that rollover occurred at 200 and 300 m2 for double Pareto and inverse gamma, respectively. The cutoff points totaled 1096.49 ± 236.44 and 7235.4 ± 1896.7 m2 for double Pareto and power law, respectively. Rollover phenomenon was real and existed in the dataset because it was far from the minimum resolvable size of the landslide that the authors can delineate from the satellite images. mLS for Pacitan was distributed at around 2 to 4. The magnitude of large landslides was 3.2, that of medium landslides was less than 3, and that of small landslides was almost 4. Numerical estimation calculated a fixed mLS=3.01. Comparison analysis of β values obtained from several landslide inventories triggered by heavy rainfall suggests that the variability of β is related to the intensity and duration of rainfall. Triggering events, such as intensity and duration of rainfall, affect the proportion of large landslides that occur in an area. More complete landslide inventories and rainfall data or other landslide triggering factors from other areas are required for further relationship analysis between the β value and landslide triggering factors.
  • Displacement characteristic of landslides reinforced with flexible piles: field and physical model test
    ZHOU Chang, HU Xin-li, ZHENG Wen-bo, XU Chu, WANG Qiang
    2020, 17(04): 787-800.
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    A field monitoring system was established in an active river bank landslide in the Three Gorges area, China, and a consecutive monitoring for about 5 years were conducted to understand the displacement characteristics of flexible piles and the surrounding soil. It was found that piles deformed elastically under reservoir operation, and the soil in front of piles was gradually separated from piles. The movement of the pile heads exceeded that of the soil between and behind piles. This phenomenon was further studied by a large-scale physical model test to gain insights into the pile-soil interaction. The displacement relationship between pile heads and the surrounding soil is in good agreement with the field data. The physical model test shows that the deformation process of pile-reinforced landslides can be divided into two stages: firstly, when the piles head movement exceeds soil movement, the soil arching is mainly affected by the deflection of the piles, the arches between and behind piles bent upwards; but when the soil movement exceeds piles head movement, the arches near the upslope and downslope bent downwards and upwards, respectively. Furthermore, the different deformation of two adjacent piles and the pile stiffness influenced the arch's shape and formation; the flexible piles exhibit great coordinated deformation with the landslide, and caused the soil arch on the downslope.
  • Preliminary slope stability analysis and discontinuities driven susceptibility zonation along a crucial highway corridor in higher Himalaya, India
    Barsa ACHARYA, Kripamoy SARKAR, Ashok Kumar SINGH, Sowmiya CHAWLA
    2020, 17(04): 801-828.
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    Identification of failure susceptible slopes through different rock engineering approach is highly valuable in landslide risk management along crucial highway corridors in the high mountainous region. In this study, a critical highway(NH-5) segment in higher Himalaya has been investigated using the various rock mass characterization schemes based on detailed field observations. Since the highway corridor is highly susceptible to discontinuities-driven failures, consisting of jointed rock masses; Mean and Combined kinematic feasibility analysis has been performed for 20 highway slopes. Observed slope mass classes have been compared to the feasibility percentage of discontinuities driven failures(wedge, toppling, and planar) and accordingly the kinematic feasibility zonation along highway segment has been done for each as well as overall failure types. Based on the slope mass conditions and discontinuities driven failures probability(%), responsive remedial measures have been proposed for individual highway slopes to ensure safe and uninterrupted transportation.
  • Geomorphological processes and landforms of glacier forelands in the upper Aktru River basin(Gornyi Altai), Russia: evidence for rapid recent retreat and paraglacial adjustment
    David W.HEDDING, Aleksander A.EROFEEV, Christel D.HANSEN, Alexey V.KHON, Zamir R.ABBASOV
    2020, 17(04): 824-837.
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    The glaciers in the Aktru River basin of Gornyi Altai, Russia currently represent some of the fastest receding glaciers in the world. Formation of the morainic complexes closest to the contemporary glaciers in the Aktru River basin took place during the 17 th – 18 th centuries with recession commencing at the end of the 18 th century. Coupled with this glacial retreat, earth surface processes and vegetation succession are responding to shape the glacier forelands. This article presents the first geomorphological maps for the upper reaches of the Aktru River basin and focuses on the geomorphological landforms that occur in the rapidly changing glacier forelands. Geomorphological mapping is difficult in steep mountainous regions and, thus, mapping was completed using satellite imagery, field mapping and observations coupled with highresolution aerial photography obtained from Unmanned Aerial Vehicles(UAVs). Critical steps of the procedure used to process UAV imagery and difficulties encountered in this mountainous terrain are noted. The acquired spatial data enable the mapping and classification of small-scale transient geomorphological features such as talus, glacial and glaciofluvial landforms. Their dynamics provide insights into supraglacial and subglacial processes of the glaciers of the Aktru River basin and subsequent paraglacial adjustment. The presented highresolution spatial data, which can also be obtained at high temporal resolutions in the future, can act as a reference frame for geomorphologists and ecologists studying the temporal evolution of glacier forelands of the Aktru River basin during paraglacial adjustment and subsequent colonisation and stabilisation by biota.
  • Neotectonics of the Avaj region(NW Iran): left-lateral strike-slip and range-parallel reverse faults
    Reza ALIPOOR, Amir Hossein SADR, Sahar GHAMARIAN
    2020, 17(04): 838-850.
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    The aim of this study is the geomorphological analysis of neotectonic deformation in the Avaj region in the NW part of the Iranian Plateau. We use observations from detailed field surveys and the analysis of digital elevation model(DEM) and satellite images(Landsat-7 ETM+, 30-m resolution) to explore a new E-W trending strike-slip fault system in the study area. The major active faults of the Avaj region are the NW-SE trending Avaj and Hassanabad fault zones. The Avaj Fault is a SWdipping reverse fault with a transport toward NE and the Hassanabad Fault is a NE-dipping reverse fault that has moved Paleozoic rocks over Cenozoic sedimentary units. Moreover, there are some E-W trending left-lateral strike-slip faults which cut Late Quaternary deposits. The relationship between the NW-SE and E-W faults indicates that the slip at the termination of the NW-SE faults changes from reverse to left-lateral strike-slip faults. The activity of the left-lateral faults has formed a series of offsets and displacements in drainage paths. These left-lateral faults probably initiated in 5±2 Ma because of the convergence between the Central Iran and the South Caspian blocks.
  • Lake inventory and potentially dangerous glacial lakes in the Nyang Qu Basin of China between 1970 and 2016
    QI Miao-miao, LIU Shi-yin, YAO Xiao-jun, Richard Grünwald, GAO Yong-peng, DUAN Hong-yu, LIU Juan
    2020, 17(04): 851-870.
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    There are a large number of glaciers and lakes developed in the Nyang Qu Basin of China. Recent climate change has significant impacted on the high-mountain glacial environment. Rapid melting of glaciers contributes to the formation and expansion of moraine-dammed lakes which increase the probability of glacial lake outburst floods(GLOFs). We calculated a multi-temporal lake inventory based on(1) topographic maps in the 1970 s,(2) satellite imageries from 1990 to 2016,(3) First Chinese Glacier Inventory(FCGI),(4) Glacier Inventory of Southeastern Tibet(GIST) and(5) meteorological data. A total of 880 lakes(>0.01 km~2) have been mapped in 2016, with 318 being glacial lakes(GLs) and 462 non-glacier lakes(NGLs). Most of the lakes were mainly located at 4500 m a.s.l. and the lakes dominated by small lakes(<0.1 km~2) where the change of their actual sizes are more significant compared to the larger ones. Meanwhile, we found that there were 178 newly formed GLs and 51 of them had disappeared between 1970 and 2016. During the same period, there can be identified 157 newly formed GLs and 226 had disappeared. We additionally performed a hazard and risk assessment for GL in 2016 and exposed 14 potentially dangerous morainedammed lakes(PDMDLs), covering a total area of 5.88 km2 in the Nyang Qu Basin. There can be found 4 GLs with very high risk, 3 GLs with high risk, 4 GLs with medium risk and 4 GLs with low risk of GLOFs susceptibility. The findings of this study can be used for the future policy of risk management and also be adapted for promoting water resources management.
  • Response of slope surface roughness to wave-induced erosion during water level fluctuating
    GU Ju, LIU Gang, ABD ELBASIT Mohamed Ahmed Mohamed, SHI Hong-qiang
    2020, 17(04): 871-883.
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    The bank slopes in hydro-fluctuation areas of reservoirs or lakes suffer from severe erosion due to an absence of protection. Waves are one of the important external forces that cause bank erosion and slope failures. However, the processes and quantified impacts of wave-induced erosion on slopes remain unclear under different water level-fluctuation conditions. This paper focuses on the characteristics of wave-induced slope erosion under three conditions: water level dropping(WLD), fixed(WLF) and rising(WLR). A steel tank with glass pane was used to simulate the wave-induced slope erosion in the three treatments. The slope elevation data were collected by using the method of the pin meter for every 15 minutes from the beginning to the end, a total of 5 times during all treatments. These data were processed by using software(SURFER 9.0) to get the slope micro-topography and the erosion volume. Then the temporal and spatial change of slope erosion was analysed according to the erosion amount or erosion rate calculated based on bulk density of slope soil. The results demonstrated that the soil erosion rates for different water level changing treatments are in the following order: WLR>WLD>WLF. For the erosion spatial variation, the middle part of the slope was the major source of sediment in the WLD. The upper part of the slope was the major source of the sediment for the other two treatments. Compared with the standard deviation(SD), the coefficient of variation(CV) based on the SD is more representative of variations in the soil surface roughness(SSR). Furthermore, the good fit between the SSR and soil erosion rate have the potential to be used to predict soil erosion. Above all, the injection angle of the wave determined the rate of erosion to some extent, and the fall-back flow of the wave could also influence the extent of erosion, deposition, and bank morphology. It is vital to choose the appropriate index(SD or CV) in the three water levels to improve the prediction accuracy. This paper could provide scientific knowledge to manage reservoirs or river banks.
  • Snow cover estimation from MODIS and Sentinel-1 SAR data using machine learning algorithms in the western part of the Tianshan Mountains
    LIU Yang, CHEN Xi, HAO Jian-Sheng, LI Lan-hai
    2020, 17(04): 884-897.
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    Obtaining the spatial distribution of snow cover in mountainous areas using the optical image of remote sensing technology is difficult because of cloud and fog. In this study, the object-based principle component analysis–support vector machine(PCA–SVM) method is proposed for snow cover mapping through the integration of moderateresolution imaging spectroradiometer(MODIS) snow cover products and the Sentinel-1 synthetic aperture radar(SAR) scattering characteristics. First, derived from the Sentinel-1 A SAR images, the feature parameters, including VV/VH backscatter, scattering entropy, and scattering alpha, were used to describe the variations of snow and non-snow covers. Second, the optimum feature combinations of snow cover were formed from the feature parameters using the principle component analysis(PCA) algorithm. Finally, using the optimum feature combinations, a snow cover map with a 20 m spatial resolution was extracted by means of an object-based SVM classifier. This method was applied in the study area of the Xinyuan County, which is located in the western part of the Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang, China. The accuracies in this method were analyzed according to the data observed at different experimental sites. Results showed that the snow cover pixels of the extraction were less than those in the actual situation(FB_1=93.86, FB_2=59.78). The evaluation of the threat score(TS), probability of detection(POD), and false alarm ratio(FAR) for the snow-covered pixels obtained from the two-stage SAR images were different(TS_1=86.84, POD_1=90.10, FAR_1=4.01; TS_2=56.40, POD_2=57.62, FAR_2=3.62). False and misclassifications of the snow cover and non-snow cover pixels were found. Although the classifications were not highly accurate, the approach showed potential for integrating different sources to retrieve the spatial distribution of snow covers during a stable period.
  • Litter decay in rangeland sites with varying history of human disturbance: a study with Hazargangi Chiltan mountain
    Imran KHAN, Shamim GUL, Sarfraz AHMAD, Gul Bano REHMAN, Agha Waqar YUNUS, Iram GUL, Imran ALI, Ali AKBAR, Muhammad ISLAM
    2020, 17(04): 898-913.
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    Hazarganji Chiltan National Park in Balochistan, Pakistan was established in 1980 and the protected area was further extended in 1998. Large area of this mountain is still open for unmanaged human disturbances such as collection of wood for fuel purpose and livestock grazing. Removal of vegetation of rangelands has a significant negative impact on soil organic matter(SOM). This research evaluates litter decomposition in three sites of Hazarganji Chiltan mountain with varying history of human disturbances(unprotected site, young protected site and old protected site). Twigs of Pistacia khinjuk with approximately equal weight and length were placed in litter bags of mesh size 2 mm and were buried in 0-5 cm depth in three sites in January. Half of the twigs of each site received rain simulation in April, August, October, November and January while the other half of the twigs were subjected under natural conditions for 15 months. Twigs from each plot of each treatment of each site were collected from soil after every rain simulation in the previous month of experiment and were processed for weight loss assessment. Results showed that weight loss of twigs by decomposition was significantly higher in the soil of unprotected site as compared to other two sites and there was no difference between rain simulation and control treatments except that loss of weight of twigs of unprotected site was higher under control than rain simulation condition. To confirm that SOM was the major controlling factor for the decomposition of litter decay, soils of each site were collected and burned to remove SOM; thereafter, burned soil samples were mixed with homogenous powder of oven-dried native plants, incubated for 6 months and were provided with dissolved organic matter of the soils of each site. Results showed that there was no difference in the decomposition of litter between soils under controlled laboratory condition, which confirmed that SOM was a major controlling factor for the litter decay in soil under field conditions. The pyrosequencing analysis of the DNA of soils collected from three sites revealed the presence of bacterial species Thermovum composti.
  • Species richness and biodiversity significance of alpine micro-waterbody systems in Gaoligong Mountain, Northwest Yunnan, China
    LIU Shuo-Ran, Davide FORNACCA, YANG Dao-De, TAN Lu, LI Xian-Fu, REN Guo-Peng, SUN Jun, HE Xiao-Yang, YANG Wen-Shu, CAI Qing-Hua, XIAO Wen
    2020, 17(04): 907-921.
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    Water quality, size, connectivity and other physical properties of hydrological systems might have different functions in the formation and maintenance of biodiversity, but this remains mostly unclear due to the lack of undisturbed sites for experimental modelling. Alpine freshwater habitats such as micro-waterbodies(MWB) represent a kind of natural system suitable for biodiversity research. In order to assess potential linkages between environmental factors, connectivity of MWBs and aquatic species richness, we conducted a pilot study in two separated MWB systems located in Gaoligong Mountain, northwest Yunnan province, China. A total of 27 MWBs have been analyzed, including 22 connected and 5 isolated bodies. 13 conventional environmental factors were tested while all kinds of aquatic macro-organisms were collected and classified. Results showed a high environmental heterogeneity among MWBs and significant differences between the two systems but only a few environmental variables such as the depth of soil bottom, total Nitrogen and altitude were related to species richness and the formation of the community structure. As a benefit from the high environmental heterogeneity, the cascaded MWB systems provided divergent habitats able to support species richness at a higher level than the same number of randomly selected MWBs. This finding supports the idea that habitat connectivity matters also in extremely small aquatic ecosystems. Moreover, although still a preliminary result, a polarization effect within connected chains where edge MWBs host higher taxa and endemic taxa richness as well as larger populations, was detectable. This study gives interesting insights on the spatial processes driving community structure and a new prospective for biodiversity conservation. Since alpine MWBs have significant effects on the maintenance of watershed biodiversity, further research on such small and crucial ecosystems is encouraged.
  • Plantation transformation alternatives determine carbon sequestration capacity – a case study with Pinus massoniana in southern China
    RUAN Lu-ping, LU Yuan-chang, MENG Jing-hui
    2020, 17(04): 919-930.
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    It is widely accepted that global warming, which results from the increase of carbon dioxide(CO2) in the atmosphere, has a negative impact on human beings. Forests are the largest terrestrial ecosystem and play an important role in carbon sequestration. Many studies have documented that a mixed-species forest can sequester more carbon than single species forests, depending on the site conditions. Therefore, uneven-aged mixed-species forest management has been receiving more and more attention. In 2008, an experiment with five silvicultural models for Pinus massoniana(Chinese red pine) plantation, i.e., four transformation treatments(A1-A4) and one control treatment(A5) was conducted in the Experimental Center of Tropical Forestry of Chinese Academy of Forestry in Pingxiang City, in southwestern Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, southern China. The four transformation treatments(A1-A4) enriched Castanopsis hystrix, Manglietia glance, Erythrophleum fordii and Quercus griffithii with differed richness and composition after thinning(removed 70% of trees), while no silvicultural treatment was used in the control treatment A5. In this study, we compared the carbon sequestration capacity of these five silvicultural models based on periodic annual increment and growth rate. Our results indicated that all the transformation treatments performed significantly better in carbon sequestration than the control treatment. A significant difference was also observed amongst the transformation treatments. Moreover, the transformation treatment A1 with enrichment species Castanopsis hystrix(350 trees?ha-1) and Manglietia glance(350 trees?ha-1) was determined to be the optimal model for maximum carbon sequestration because of its high tree-level growth rate and high economic value of enriched plantings, which could be popularized in other places. Our results further confirmed that management using mixed-species forests is a better approach to combat climate change than using monoculture forests.
  • Using fuzzy-AHP and parametric technique to assess soil fertility status in Northeast of Iran
    Ali KESHAVARZI, Henry Oppong TUFFOUR, Ali BAGHERZADEH, Leo Paapa TATTRAH, Vinod KUMAR, Amin GHOLIZADEH, Jesús RODRIGO-COMINO
    2020, 17(04): 931-948.
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    A good understanding of the levels and distribution patterns of soil properties and/or quality indicators is a prerequisite for developing sustainable agricultural land management programs. Traditional assessments of these parameters of soil fertility status are somewhat costly, in both economics and time aspects. Different modelling techniques have been proposed as a useful tool for determination of soil quality indicators and development of soil fertility maps, but to what extent these results are reliable remains under-quantified in many regions worldwide. To address this uncertainty, Fuzzy-Analytical Hierarchy Process(Fuzzy-AHP) and Parametric analyses were conducted to ascertain the soil fertility status of a semiarid region in the Northeast of Iran for some selected crops: alfalfa, corn silage, potato, sugar beet, tomato and wheat. The Fuzzy-AHP and Parametric techniques using soil suitability indices were estimated for each crop and each soil delineation was achieved by Ordinary Kriging. The Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution(TOPSIS) was used as a compensatory method to allow tradeoffs among the selected criteria. Our results demonstrated that from the Fuzzy-AHP analysis, the soil fertility indices ranged from moderate to high for production of alfalfa; from low to high for production of corn silage and sugar beet; moderate to high for production of potato and tomato; and from low to moderate for production of wheat. However, the parametric analysis showed soil fertility classes ranging from very low to high for production of all the selected crops. High correlations were also observed between soil fertility indices predicted by both models. Similarly, the capacities of both models to predict soil fertility status for production of the selected crops were also highly correlated. The preference for the cultivation of the selected crops based on the Fuzzy-AHP analysis was sugar beet > corn silage > wheat > alfalfa > tomato > potato. On the other hand, using Parametric techniques, the crops preferences for cultivation ranked as corn silage > wheat > alfalfa > sugar beet > tomato > potato. We concluded that the findings would help to develop sustainable plans of cultivation based on patterns related to soil fertility classes depending on each crop's requirement.
  • Changes in the network of tourist trails in the border zones of the Czech Republic after entering the Schengen area
    Krzysztof KO?ODZIEJCZYK
    2020, 17(04): 949-972.
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    Among the factors influencing tourist trail network development are political issues, including the presence of state borders, the possibility of crossing them and the accessibility of border zones. In the article, it was decided to look at changes in the offer of tourist trails(hiking and cycling) along the entire border of the Czech Republic after the extension of the Schengen area(within this area, crossing the border is possible anywhere, and not only at official border crossings). It should be emphasized here that the borders of the Czech Republic over most of their length run through mountainous areas and, apart from political factors, natural features should have a major impact on the development of tourist routes. In order to determine the coherence of the current network of trails on both sides of the Czech Republic state border, modern tourist maps have been analyzed, determining the number of places where it is possible to cross the state border with the help of a marked tourist trail. Based on that, two indicators were introduced to determine the degree of openness with all neighboring countries as regards the opportunity to cross on a tourist trail. Changes in the historical situation, a comparison of the accessibility of the border area before entering the Schengen area and 2019, were analyzed for two study areas using archival maps. Over a decade after the extension of the Schengen area, the number of places where tourist trails of neighboring countries approach the border has clearly increased. Crossing is more often made possible using hiking trails than cycling routes(trails of the first type cross the border every 7.91 km, while the latter every 13.3 km), but considering the speed of movement, it can be assessed that the openness for cyclists is higher than for hikers. Moreover, in many places there is still significant potential for further integration of tourist trail networks as trails created in one country often do not have a continuation on the other side of the border.
  • Augmented planning support system framework for mountainous urban master planning
    SUN Xiao-tao, XU Jian-gang, WANG Zhen-bo
    2020, 17(04): 973-991.
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    As a reflection of the relationship between human and mountainous environment, urban planning has an impact on the mountainous environment by changing the topography, landform and spatial layout. A good urban planning can mitigate and adapt to the mountainous environmental impact. Urban master planning involves the interrelationships and interactions of various components of urban complex systems. Planning Support System(PSS), as a technical means to assist planning decision-making, is mostly based on the construction mode of "user(stakeholder)-system". Its strong professional characteristics are not conducive to the consensus of diverse stakeholders on urban planning. The aim of this paper is therefore to build an augmented planning support system framework that is based on complex adaptive system theory, this framework is ontology-driven, and thus will enable the generation of a planning support prototype system for mountainous urban master planning founded on this framework. The framework fuses the urban planning ontology and the planning support system together, which helps different urban agents to reach a consensus based on a common understanding of urban planning. The defect is that the construction of the urban planning ontology is still manually constructed. The approach advocated here will enable a common understanding of mountainous urban master planning, support efficient and flexible decision in this area, and provide reference framework for future mountainous urban master PSS developments and application. The PSS prototype developed based on augmented planning support system framework has been applied to the urban master planning of Changting County in Fujian Province, China. Through the application of multiscenario analysis, urban agents can deepen their understanding of the current situation and future development of the city, and ultimately helps to promote urban planning decisions and implementation.
  • Environmental influence in the forested area toward human health: incorporating the ecological environment into art psychotherapy
    Ju-hyoung LEE, Ji-sook PARK, Sunnam CHOI
    2020, 17(04): 992-1000.
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    This study on the development of a psychotherapy program based on the relationship between forests and human health focused on actively considering the natural ecological environment. This study categorized and compared an art psychotherapy program that simply moved to an outdoor space and a forest-art therapy program that actively utilized the forest environment as a medium. The characteristics of the natural environment, such as openness, change, and diversity, shortened the amount of time participants took to develop a rapport and open up and played a vital role in recovering mental health. After a bold attempt at integrating forest environment and art psychotherapy by going beyond outdoor art therapy, there were significant results pertaining to improvements in mental disorders in today's society, including stress vulnerabilities, depression, anxiety, and aggression. The research results verified that the developed forest-art therapy method had greater efficacy in relation to both the Stress Vulnerability-Interpersonal Sensitivity Scale and the Stress Vulnerability-Self-Regulation Scale.
  • Swelling characteristics of andesite foundation induced by water immersion and their influence on ballastless track subgrade
    DUAN Jun-yi, YANG Guo-lin, HU Min, LEI Xiao-qin, LIN Yu-liang
    2020, 17(04): 1001-1012.
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    To study the mechanical and deformation characteristics of ballastless track subgrade filled with micro-expansion fillers in a water-immersed environment, a physical model of ballastless track subgrade was constructed on a 1:2 scale with expansive andesite fillers. A water immersion test was carried out to model the soaking of the expansive soil foundation caused by rising groundwater. The swelling behaviors of the foundation and their influences upon the mechanics and deformations of the subgrade were analyzed. The lateral swelling pressure of the foundation and the heave of the subgrade obviously increased due to the water immersion, and the values were closely related to the overlying load and lateral restraint. The heave deformation of the double-line ballastless track subgrade showed significant nonuniformity along the lateral direction, causing the track slab to incline with a maximum inclination angle of 1.55×10-3 deg. The heave of the foundation caused a heave in subgrade, but this transferred heave was significantly attenuated. The attenuation rate of the heave at the midline of the track slab was up to 13.38%. The attenuation characteristic can be fully utilized for the anti-heave deformation measures of railway subgrade in expansive soil areas.