EN中文

Journal of Subtropical Resources and Environment >

2026 , Vol. 21 >Issue 1: 176 - 185

DOI: https://doi.org/10.19687/j.cnki.1673-7105.2026.01.019

Application and Comparison of Three Stomatal Conductance Models in the BEPS Model

  • XIA Fanjin ,
  • WANG Rong ,
  • CAO Jianjie ,
  • LI Bing ,
  • LI Hongbin
Expand
  • a. Institute of Geography, b. School of Geographical Sciences, School of Carbon Neutrality Future Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China

Received date: 2025-10-16

  Online published: 2026-03-11

Fold

Abstract

Stomata act as the gateways for carbon and water exchange between vegetation and the atmosphere. Stomatal conductance reflects the physiological balance between water flux protection and carbon flux capture in plants. Therefore, accurately simulating stomatal conductance is crucial for the simulation of ecosystem gross primary productivity(GPP) and evapotranspiration(ET). In this study, three stomatal conductance models, Ball-Woodrow-Berry(BWB), Ball-Berry-Leuning(BBL), and Unified Stomatal Optimization(USO), were applied to the BEPS(Boreal Ecosystem Produtivity Simulator) land surface ecological process model for simulation analysis. The differences among the models and their applicability to evergreen needleleaf forests(ENF) and deciduous broadleaf forests(DBF) were explored. The results showed that, 1) the overall accuracy of GPP and ET simulations based on the three stomatal conductance models was relatively high, with BEPS-USO performing the best. 2) The GPP simulation accuracy at ENF sites was similar, whereas substantial differences were observed at DBF sites, with an overall performance ranking of BEPS-USO > BEPS-BBL > BEPS-BWB. For ET simulation, BEPS-USO performed best at ENF sites, while BEPS-BBL slightly outperformed BEPS-USO at DBF sites, followed by BEPS-BWB. 3) The seasonal variations in simulated stomatal conductance(gs) values by different models at ENF sites were more significant than those at DBF sites. The gs simulated by the three models at the four flux sites all showed seasonal variations consistent with GPP, and the coupling between gs and GPP was weaker than that between gs and ET. This study achieved the embedding of three stomatal conductance models in the BEPS model and their simulation application at flux sites, compared and analyzed the differences and applicability of the three stomatal conductance models in different vegetation types. The findings provide practical guidance for selecting appropriate stomatal conductance models in the simulation of carbon and water cycles in terrestrial ecosystems.

Key words： stomatal conductance model; stomatal conductance; carbon and water simulation; BEPS model

Cite this article

XIA Fanjin , WANG Rong , CAO Jianjie , LI Bing , LI Hongbin . Application and Comparison of Three Stomatal Conductance Models in the BEPS Model[J]. Journal of Subtropical Resources and Environment, 2026 , 21(1) : 176 -185 . DOI: 10.19687/j.cnki.1673-7105.2026.01.019

References

[1] DIXON R K,SOLOMON A M,BROWN S,et al.Carbon pools and flux of global forest ecosystems[J].science,1994,263(5144):185-190.
[2] 于贵瑞,高扬,王秋凤,等.陆地生态系统碳氮水循环的关键耦合过程及其生物调控机制探讨[J].中国生态农业学报,2013,21(1):1-13.[YU G R,GAO Y,WANG Q F,et al.Discussion on the key processes of carbon-nitrogen-water coupling cycles and biological regulation mechanisms in terrestrial ecosystem[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2013,21(1):1-13.]
[3] YU G,SONG X,WANG Q,et al.Water-use efficiency of forest ecosystems in eastern China and its relations to climatic variables[J].New Phytologist,2008,177(4):927-937.
[4] FALGE E,BALDOCCHI D,TENHUNEN J,et al.Seasonality of ecosystem respiration and gross primary production as derived from FLUXNET measurements[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2002,113(1-4):53-74.
[5] 范嘉智,王丹,胡亚林,等.最优气孔行为理论和气孔导度模拟[J].植物生态学报,2016,40(6):631-642.[FAN J Z,WANG D,HU Y L,et al.Optimal stomatal behavior theory for simulating stomatal conductance[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2016,40(6):631-642.]
[6] JARVIS P G.The interpretation of the variations in leaf water potential and stomatal conductance found in canopies in the field[J].Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B:Biological Sciences,1976,273:593-610.
[7] HOUBORG R,ANDERSON M C,NORMAN J M,et al.Intercomparison of a ‘bottom-up’ and ‘top-down’ modeling paradigm for estimating carbon and energy fluxes over a variety of vegetative regimes across the U.S[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2009,149:1875-1895.
[8] MISSON L,PANEK J A,GOLDSTEIN A H.A comparison of three approaches to modeling leaf gas exchange in annually drought-stressed ponderosa pine forests[J].Tree Physiology,2025,24:529-541
[9] WHITE D A,BEADLE C L,SANDS P J,et al.Quantifying the effect of cumulative water stress on stomatal conductance of Eucalyptus globulus and Eucalyptusnitens:A phenomenological approach[J].Functional Plant Biology,1999,26:17-27.
[10] WILLIAMS M,RASTETTER E B,FERNANDES D N,et al.Modelling the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum in a Quercus-Acer stand at Harvard Forest:The regulation of stomatal conductance by light,nitrogen and soil/plant hydraulic properties[J].Plant,Cell & Environment,1996,19(8):911-927.
[11] NOE S M,GIERSCH C.A simple dynamic model of photosynthesis in oak leaves:Couping leaf conductance and photosynthetic carbon fixation by a variable intracellular CO2 pool[J].Functional Plant Biology,2004,31:1195-1204.
[12] BALL J T,WOODROW I E,BERRY J A .A model predicting stomatal conductance and its contribution to the control of photosynthesis under different environmental conditions[J].Progress in Photosynthesis Research,1987,4(5):221-224.
[13] LEUNING R.A critical appraisal of a combined stomatal photosynthesis model for C3 plants[J].Plant,Cell & Environment,1995,18:339-355.
[14] MEDLYN B E,BARTON C V M,BROADMEADOW M S J,et al.Stomatal conductance of forest species after long-term exposure to elevated CO2 concentration:A synthesis[J].New Phytologist,2001,149:247-264.
[15] COWAN I R,FARQUHAR G D.Stomatal function in relation to leaf metabolism and environment [M].In:Integration of Activity in the Higher Plant (ed.Jennings DH).1977:471-505.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
[16] MEDLYN B E,DUURSMA R A,EAMUS D,et al.Reconciling the optimal and empirical approaches to modelling stomatal conductance[J].Global Change Biology,2011,17:2134-2144.
[17] WHITE M A,THORNTON P E,RUNNING S W,et al.Parameterization and sensitivity analysis of the BIOME-BGC terrestrial ecosystem model:Net primary production controls[J].Earth interactions,2000,4(3):1-85.
[18] LIU J.A process-based boreal ecosystem productivity simulator using remote sensing inputs[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,1997,62(2):158-175.
[19] MALY D K,KWAN K S.Optimal battery energy storage system (BESS) charge scheduling with dynamic programming[J].IEE Proceedings-Science,Measurement and Technology,1995,142(6):453-458.
[20] BONAN B G,LEVIS S,KERGOAT L,et al.Landscapes as patches of plant functional types:An integrating concept for climate and ecosystem models[J].Global Biogeochemical Cycles,2002,16(2):1021.
[21] CHEN J M,LIU J,CIHLARJ,et al.Daily canopy photosynthesis model through temporal and spatial scaling for remote sensing applications[J].Ecological modelling,1999,124(2-3):99-119.
[22] WANG H,GUAN H,DENG Z,et al.Optimization of canopy conductance models from concurrent measurements of sap flow and stem water potential on Drooping Sheoak in South Australia[J].Water Resources Research,2014,50(7):6154-6167.
[23] 王秋玲,周广胜.春玉米持续干旱过程中常用气孔导度模型的比较研究[J].生态学报,2018,38(19):6846-6856.[WANG Q L,ZHOU G S.Comparisons between common stomatal conductance models under progressive drought in spring maize[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2018,38(19):6846-6856.]
[24] 曹健捷,王荣.不同时间尺度 BEPS 模型模拟差异分析[J].亚热带资源与环境学报,2024,19(1):53-60.[CAO J J,WANG R.Analysis of differences in BEPS model simulations at different time scales [J].Journal of Subtropical Resources and Environment,2024,19(1):53-60.]
[25] CHEN J M,MO G,PISEK J,et al.Effects of foliage clumping on the estimation of global terrestrial gross primary productivity[J].Global Biogeochemical Cycles,2012,26(1):GB1019.
[26] LIU Y,ZHOU Y,JU W,et al.Impacts of droughts on carbon sequestration by China's terrestrial ecosystems from 2000 to 2011[J].Biogeosciences,2014,11(10):2583-2599.
[27] MONTAGNANI L,MANCA G,CANEPAE,et al.A new mass conservation approach to the study of CO2 advection in an alpine forest[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,2009,114:D07306.
[28] ETZOLD S,RUEHR N K,ZWEIFEL R,et al.The carbon balance of two contrasting mountain forest ecosystems in Switzerland:similar annual trends,but seasonal differences[J].Ecosystems,2011,14(8):1289-1309.
[29] JIN J,YAN T,WANG H,et al.Improved modeling of canopy transpiration for temperate forests by incorporating a LAI-based dynamic parametrization scheme of stomatal slope[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2022,326:109157.
[30] CHEN J,CHU H,NOORMETSA.AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-Oho Oak Openings[R].Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL),Berkeley,CA (United States).AmeriFlux;University of Toledo/Michigan State University,2023.
[31] WEI S,FANG H,SCHAAF C,et al.Global 500 m clumping index product derived from MODIS BRDF data (2001—2017).Remote Sensing of Environment.2019,232:111296.
[32] LIANG S,ZHAO X,LIU S,et al.A long-term Global LAnd Surface Satellite (GLASS) data-set for environmental studies[J].International Journal of Digital Earth,2013,6(sup1):5-33.
[33] LU X,JU W,LI J,et al.Maximum carboxylation rate estimation with chlorophyll content as a proxy of rubisco content[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Biogeosciences,2020,125(8):e2020JG005748.
[34] JI S,TONG L,KANGS,et al.A modified optimal stomatal conductance model under water-stressed condition[J].International Journal of Plant Production,2017,11(2):295-314.
[35] YONGZHI B,TING X L,LI M D,et al.A comparative study of three stomatal conductance models for estimating evapotranspiration in a dune ecosystem in a semi-arid region[J].Science of the Total Environment,2022,802:149937.
[36] 陈骎,梁宗锁.气孔导度对空气湿度的反应的数学概括及其可能的机理[J].植物生理学报,2013,49(3):241-246.[CHEN Q,LIANG Z S.Rules and Possible mechanisms of stomatal response to air humidity[J].Plant Physiology Journal,2013,49(3):241-246.]
[37] LEUNING R.Modelling stomatal behaviour and photosynthesis of Eucalyptus grandis[J].Functional Plant Biology,1990,17:159-175.
[38] BUCKLEY T N.Modelling stomatal conductance in response to environmental factors[J].Plant,Cell & Environment,2017,40(6):953-971.
[39] LAWSON T,VIALET-CHABRAND S.Speedy stomata,photosynthesis and plant water use efficiency[J].New Phytologist,2019,221(1):93-98.
[40] FLEXAS J,CARRIQUÍ M.Photosynthesis and mesophyll conductance in a changing world:Consequences for leaf water use efficiency and productivity[J].Plant Science,2020,295:110395.
Options
Outlines

/

〈 〉