The Kudeerte gold deposit is a medium-sized gold deposit newly discovered in the western section of East Kunlun.Granodiorite is the host rock of gold deposit，but the petrogenesis，tectonic background and its relationship with mineralization are still unclear.The above questions have been discussed by studying the petrogeochemistry，U-Pb zircon geochronology，and Hf isotopes of the granodiorite in Kudeerte.The petrogeochemical characteristics show that the Kudeerte granodiorite is a set of quasi-aluminum-potassium basalt rocks，showing a right-inclined distribution pattern of light rare earth enrichment，with obvious negative Eu anoalies.The relative enrichment of elements such as large-ion lithophile elements Rb and K，the active incompatible elements Th and U，the depleted high field strength （Nb，Ta，Ti），HREE，and Sr elements，with the characteristics of shell-derived magma.Zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating showes that the age of granodiorite was （242.9±1.3）Ma（n=20，MSWD=0.65）.The Kudeerte granodiorite is a Ⅰ-type granitic rock series of aluminous high potassium calc-alkaline rocks formed in the Middle Triassic.The tectonic environment is the transition environment between subduction and collision of oceanic plate.

The transformation of resource-based cities is an important grip to achieve high-quality development.Sixty-three resource cities in China were selected as research cases.Based on the TOE framework model，the influencing of the transformation of resource cities was constructed.The DEA method was applied to measure the transformation efficiency of resource cities.Further，fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis （fsQCA） was used to explore the driving mechanism of the coupling of factors in the three dimensions of technology，organization and environment on the transformation of resource-based cities.The complex causal relationship between factors in the technology，organization and environment dimensions and urban transformation was analyzed.The research shows that a single factor can’t constitute a necessary conditions for the high trans-formation efficiency of resource-based cities.The three combination paths of environment-driven，organisation-environment-driven and integrated-driven can produce high transformation efficiency.The environmental factors play an important role in the transformation of resource-based cities.The technological innovation and resource dependence are also the core elements in the transformation of resource-based cities，while the human capital factors don’t play a role as a core condition.The research results reveal the interaction between various factors in the transformation of different resource-based cities，and provide theoretical guidance for the transformation and upgrading of various resource-based cities.Based on the “group perspective” and in conjunction with the local development situation，resource cities should optimize the allocation of resources at the technical，organizational and environmental levels，choose appropriate transformation paths and take multiple measures to achieve urban transformation and upgrading.

The Wulong gold mine in Liaodong has been mined for more than 80 years，the reserve of mining resources has seriously declined，and the problem of insufficient reserve resources is particularly prominent.It is urgent to identify the deep and peripheral mineral resources in the mining area.Through the measurement of transient electromagnetic method（TEM）in the northwest and southeast sides of the v163 ore vein and the south side of the No.100 fault，the corresponding 2D and 3D geoelectric models were constructed，and the charac-teristics of low resistance anomalies in the mining area were analyzed.Combined with previous achievements，the genetic types of gold deposits and the next exploration direction were inferred.The results show that the low resistance area on the P0 section in the northwest direction of the v163 ore vein is caused by a group of fine-grained diorite veins，including the northwest section of the v163 ore vein，which is highly likely to belong to the quartz vein type mineralization.The low resistance area in the 3D geoelectric model on the south side of the No.100 fault corresponds to the Dagudingzi gold deposit.The deep scale of the low resistance area on the north side increases，and the anomaly is not closed，indicating that the deep part of the north side of the area has a good prospecting prospects and it is worthy of further work.In the 3D geoelectric model in the southeast direction of the v163 ore vein，the low resistance anomaly value is significantly lower in magnitude than the former two，suggesting that it is caused by an alteration zone.After the engineering verification hole，it is revealed that there are multiple layers of discontinuous silicified altered rocks vertically in this area，with a maximum thickness of 41 m.The alteration types include silicification，sericitization，chloritization，and varying degrees of pyrite mineralization.This research indicates that there are not only quartz vein type gold orebodies in the Wulong gold deposit，but also altered rock type gold，which may be the main direction of the next pros-pecting in the mining area.

In order to remove the noise components mixed in the blasting vibration signals of open-pit mine，a noise reduction method based on the PEMD-MPE algorithm was proposed.This algorithm obtains a completely orthogonal Intrinsic Mode Function （IMF） components through Adaptive Orthogonal Empirical Mode Decomposition （PEMD）.Subsequently，it performs a randomness test on the IMF components and calculates its Mean Power Entropy （MPE）.Finally，based on a preset entropy threshold of 0.6，it determines whether a component is noise.If the obtained MPE is greater than 0.6，the component is identified as a noise component and needs to be removed，thus achieving the purpose of noise recluction.Applying this algorithm to denoise measured open-pit mining explosion vibration signals，the results indicate that compared to the EMD-MPE and EEMD-MPE algorithms，the proposed algorithm improves the signal-to-noise ratio by 3.520 dB and 1.107 dB，respectively.It exhibits the best denoising effect，with the smallest reconstruction standard deviation and root mean square error，providing better fidelity to the original signal.Using Adaptive Optimal Kernel （AOK） time-frequency analysis technology to analyze the signal waveforms before and after denoising，a comparison reveals consistent main frequencies.Throughout the denoising process，peak energy and energy in the main frequency band （0~300 Hz） do not show a significant decrease.This indicates that the PEMD-MPE algorithm，while preserving the authenticity of the real signal，more effectively removes noise components.

Logging lithology identification is helpful to quickly and accurately identify the underlying strata and rock mass in the overburden area，which is of great significance to the geological prospecting exploration of metal mines. Based on the actual logging data of the Zhaoxian gold deposit in the northwest of Jiaodong Peninsula，this paper combined machine learning methods to research on intelligent identification of lithology. In view of the diversity and non-equilibrium of lithology distribution of complex rock formations in the deposit，considering the strong non-linear relationship between logging response and lithology，this paper proposed an intelligent identification method for logging lithology based on ADASYN imbalanced data processing and CatBoost machine learning.Firstly，the ADASYN algorithm was used to process the unbalanced logging sample data and generate synthetic samples according to the weighted distribution of small class samples. Then，the CatBoost algorithm was used to construct a machine learning model between logging characteristic and lithology. The validation curve was used to determine the hyperparametric grid search range of the model. Parameters were optimized by combining grid search with grid search and 10-fold cross validation to establish the optimal lithology classification model.Finally，the performance of the model was evaluated by indices such as accuracy，recall and F1 score on the test set，while the results of the lithology classification were interpreted by the model output of the feature importance and the partial dependence map.An example was given on the logging data from the Zhaoxian gold deposit in northwest Jiaodong peninsula，the lithology identification and interpretation analysis were conducted on 10 types of lithologies based on sample data equalisation. The model evaluation results show that the accuracy，recall and F1 score on the test set reached 98.21%，98.20% and 98.20%，respectively.CatBoost lithology classification was compared with GBDT and LightGBM algorithms，and the results show that CatBoost classifier has the best performance and is superior to the lithology recognition effect of sample data without equalization processing.The comparison with the lithology of example logging section cores verifies the validity of the model classification results.The results of the feature importance of the model output indicate that the logging features contribute to lithology classification are resistivity，natural potential and natural gamma.The strong correlation between these logging features and the identification of the lithology is a good indication of further mineralization.

In order to grasp the action law of process factors affecting the actual recovery rate of a gold ore and predict the gold recovery rate，the flotation test was carried out by the method of orthogonal experiment.The sensitivity of process factors was analyzed by Pearson coefficient，and the gold recovery rate was predicted by using double hidden layer BP neural network.The results show that the sensitivity of the gold recovery rate to different factors in the production process is in descending order：2^# oil dosage，sodium sulfide dosage，butyl xanthate dosage，copper sulfate dosage and grinding fineness.The reasons for the significant differences in the effects of 2^# oil dosage，sodium sulfide dosage and butyl xanthate dosage on gold recovery rate were also elucidated.On this basis，used three main influencing factors such as 2^# oil dosage，the study selected different input layer to the first implicit layer functions，such as tansig，purelin and logsig，and the rest of the activation functions remained unchanged.The first hidden layer to the second hidden layer function was logsig，and the second hidden layer to the output layer function was purelin.When research used logsig as the activation function，the fitted degree and accuracy are high，the goodness of fit R² is 0.9792，and the relative average error is only 0.666%.The model can be used to predict the recovery rate of gold.The research has certain reference significance for the prediction of metal recovery rate in the production of precious metal mines.

As the demand for transportation increases in China，more and more highway tunnels adopt the form of super-large section.However，there is still a lack of clear guidance for the design and construction of super-large section tunnels with four lanes or more in the current highway tunnel specifications. There is still a need for in-depth research on the section shape，construction methods，and construction mechanics of super-large section tunnels. Existing research indicates that the use of the benching method for excavation construction of super-large section tunnels is feasible. To obtain the optimized schemes for bench length and anchor rod spacing，numerical simulation was performed in this study to investigate seven different scenarios based on the upper and lower bench construction sections of a certain super-large section flat structure tunnel.The scenarios included bench lengths of 30 m，40 m，50 m，and 60 m，as well as anchor rod longitudinal spacings of 1.0 m，1.5 m，and 2.0 m. The distribution patterns of the plastic zone in the surrounding rock mass，the stress of the surrounding rock，and the deformation of the surrounding rock were analyzed.The study results indicate that the overall maximum principal stress around the tunnel shows a trend of “arch foot>arch waist>arch crown”.An increase in bench length or anchor rod spacing leads to a significant increase in the maximum principal stress at the arch crown. Overall，the settlement and horizontal convergence values of the tunnel arch crowns increase with the increase in bench length. An increase in anchor rod spacing requires other support structures in the initial support to exert stronger control over surrounding rock deformation，potentially leading to the destruction of the support structure. Based on the numerical results and on-site monitoring data，considering factors such as construction efficiency and rock stability，the optimized scheme with a bench length of 50 m and an anchor rod spacing of 1 m was applied in the construction site.The results of this research has high reference value for the optimal selection of excavation and support parameters for super-large section flat structure tunnels.

Pakistan is rich in mineral resources and is one of China’s “all-weather strategic partners” and an important mining investment country.Based on the five risk levels of politics and law，economy and finance，resource extraction，social culture and infrastructure，this paper constructs a mining investment environmental risk evaluation index system in Pakistan from a dynamic perspective.The weight of indicators is determined by the improved CRITIC method，and the index information is collected by the TOPSIS method to explore the possible risk factors of Pakistan’s mining investment environment，so that the evaluation results are more accurate，scientific and referenceable.The deep learning model was used to predict the mining investment environment in Pakistan from 2023 to 2033，which provides a reference for the risk prevention of Pakistan’s mining investment environment in the future.The results show that：（1）Anti-globalization risk，resource abundance，social stability，environmental regulation，credit risk and corruption risk sink are the main influencing factors of Pakistan’s mining investment environment.（2）From 2000 to 2022，Pakistan’s mining investment environment score generally showes a spiraling trend，and the risk level was stable after being reduced to medium risk.In addition to the overall dynamic downward trend of infrastructure risk scores，the political and legal risks，economic and financial risks，social and cultural risks and resource exploitation risk scores all show a fluctuating upward trend.（3）From 2023 to 2033，Pakistan’s mining investment environment will be reduced from medium risk to low risk level，stable and improving.

The Jiangshan-Shaoxing tectonic belt is characterized by the development of numerous Late Cretaceous acidic volcanic-intrusive rock masses，such as Baijuhua granite，Cuishan granite，and Dazhou rhyolite.Previous studies on the chronology of these rocks indicate that they were formed between 137~126 Ma，and the geochemical studies show that these rock masses have geochemical characteristics of A-type granites.These studies are of significant geological importance for understanding the genesis and tectonic background of the rock bodies in the Jiangshan-Shaoxing tectonic belt.Based on the regional geological survey in the Jiuhuashan area of western Zhejiang Province，LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating of Jiuhuashan granite rock mass was carried out，the results indicate that the Jiuhuashan rock mass was formed in （132.7±4.3）Ma，which is the product of early Cretaceous volcanic activity.By means of isotope chronology and rock geochemistry，the diagenetic age of Jiuhuashan rock mass was re-dissected，its geochemical charateristics and Sr-Nd isotope charateristics were analyzed，and the magma source area was discussed.The results show that the Jiuhuashan rock mass has the characteristics of high silicon，rich aluminum alkali，relatively high potassium and low sodium，and low calcium and magnesium.The content of SiO₂ is 68.58%~72.21%，which has the characteristics of quasi-aluminous-peraluminous and high-potassium calc-alkaline-basalt series.The distribution of trace elements shows significant negative anomalies in Sr，Ba，Ti，and P，and the distribution of rare earth elements shows obvious negative Eu anomalies，which has the typical features of A-type granites.The εNd（t） values of the rock samples range from -6.3 to -5.8，with an average value of -6.0 and the two-stage model age T_DM2（Nd） ranges from 1.34 Ga to 1.43 Ga，with an average of 1.40 Ga.The results show that the magma source of the rock mass is mainly the Mesoproterozoic basement，but some mantle-derived material is added，which has the characteristics of crust-mantle mixing.

The distribution area of karst in China can reach about 33% of the country’s land area，therefore，in the process of tunnel excavation and construction in karst area，it is inevitable to cross the karst development location.At the same time，due to the hidden nature and irregularity of karst development，water and mud surges may occur locally in tunnel excavation，which greatly reduces the safety and stability of the tunnel and easily causes collapse accidents and threatens construction safety.To solve this problem，the geological situation of the surrounding rock needs to be fully grasped.Therefore，the evaluation of the quality of the surrounding rock is of great significance to the safety of tunnel rock design and construction.In order to scientifically and accurately evaluate the surrounding rock quality of karst tunnels，CRITIC method was used to determine the objective weight of the surrounding rock quality index affecting the tunnel in karst areas according to the measured data.The improved analytic hierarchy process was used to determine the subjective weight，and the combined weight was used to calculate the comprehensive weight of each index.Finally，the classification of surrounding rock was determined according to the fuzzy matter-element theory.Thus，the evaluation method of surrounding rock quality of tunnel in karst areas based on the comprehensive weight-fuzzy matter-element method was proposed，and this method was applied to the evaluation of surrounding rock quality of tunnel group in the seven-star data center of Tencent in karst areas.The research results show that the comprehensive fuzzy evaluation model established by introducing variance coefficients to the CRITIC method and introducing optimal transfer matrix optimization AHP method can avoid the influence of purely human subjective factors and evaluate and grade the rock quality more objectively and comprehensively.The evaluation results are in good agreement with the actual on-site grading，and the method can achieve a more scientific and accurate comprehensive determination of karst tunnel quality.The rock quality of the tunnel in this project example is mainly Ⅳ and Ⅴ surrounding rocks，which are poor and less stable，and the support of the surrounding rocks need to strengthen.

In order to explore the sensitivity of the tailings dam height and the physical parameters of accumulated tailings silt of dry tailings reservior to the factors affecting the stability of the tailings reservior，the sensitivity of influencing factors of tailings reservior to the factors affecting the stability of the tailings reservior was quantitatively and intuitively analyzed by the combination method of orthogonal design and grey correlation analysis.After analysis，five factors of dam height of tailings reservior，cohesion of tailing silt，internal friction angle，permeability coefficient and elastic modulus of tailings reservoir were determined as test factors.Five test factors were selected according to the dam height of tailings reservior and the physical parameters of tailing silt.The orthogonal design scheme was designed and the safety factor of the orthogonal test scheme was calculated by MIDAS numerical simulation software.Then the grey correlation analysis method was used to analyze the five different factors，and the correlation degree of five values of dam height，cohesion，internal friction angle，permeability coefficient and elastic modulus of tailings reservoir to the stability of tailings pond is analyzed.The analysis results show that the correlation degree of dam height，internal friction angle，elastic modulus，cohesion and permeability coefficient of tailings reservoir to the safety factor of tailings pond was 0.746，0.620，0.581，0.542 and 0.490 respectively.It can be concluded that the order of influence factors of the stability on tailings reservior stability is as follows：sub-dam height>internal friction angle>elastic modulus>cohesion>permeability coefficient.It can be seen that the most significant influence on the stability of tailing reservior is the dam height of tailing reservior，followed by the internal friction angle，elastic modulus and cohesion of tailing silt，while the permeability coefficient of tailing silt has the least significant influence on the stability of tailings reservior.Therefore，in the process of the design and daily management of tailings reservior，the balance between dam height and storage capacity of tailings pond should be considered.In the process of daily treatment，the flood discharge management of tailings reservior should be strengthened to reduce the erosion of water on the tailings silt.

The large tungsten-molybdenum polymetallic ore concentration area in the western of Zhen’an，Shaanxi Province is located in the north of the southern Qinling tectonic belt，where faults，joints and complex intermediate-acid intrusions are closely related to skarn type and quartz vein type tungsten-molybdenum mineralization.Although certain exploration and research achievements have been made in the study area，it is still unclear which period of magmatic activity in the complex massif is related to mineralization.That is，the source of ore-forming materials is still unclear，which restricts the further exploration and prospecting.On the basis of the basic geological study of the deposit，related magmatic rock samples were collected for geochemical testing and zircon U-Pb isotope dating，sulfide mineral for sulfur isotope analysis，and molybdenite for Re-Os isotope dating.Based on the spatio-temporal relationship between complex massif and tungsten-molybdenum mineralization，it is considered that the Tianwan unit of Lanbandeng rock mass，Wangjiaping concealed rock mass and granitic fine-grained dike are rich in SiO₂，and the Mg^# and the total REE content are low.The REE distribution curve shows obvious tetrad effect with strong negative Eu anomaly，and the magmatic differentiation crystallization degree is high.Zircon U-Pb isotope ages of Jiujianwu unit of Lanbandeng rock mass and Wangjiaping concealed rock mass are （222.7±2.6）Ma and （201.6±4.7）Ma，respectively. The Re-Os isotope model ages of molybdenite in Qipangou tungsten deposit and Jiangkou molybdenum deposit are （199.7±3.9）Ma and （198.7±3.9）Ma，respectively. The sulfide mineral δ³⁴S of tungstan-molybdenum deposit ranges from 3.6‰ to 10.2‰.The source of ore-forming materials should be the acid intrusion formed in late stage between 190 Ma and 200 Ma，which is represented by Tianwan unit of Lanbandeng rock mass，Wangjiaping concealed rock mass and granitic dike.

The high and steep slopes formed by open-pit mining have potential safety hazards due to landslides，posing a significant threat to the safety of downstream residents’ lives and property.Using modern monitoring technology to monitor the stability of high and steep slopes is a necessary means to prevent disasters.The existing research theory basically relies on the corresponding monitoring technology to realize the slope monitoring and management，and lacks the system information integration platform，which is not conducive to the management of the mine in the overall safety production operation process.Therefore，a comprehensive framework for online monitoring data integration on the internet has been designed in this paper by using the principles of radar and GNSS monitoring technology.This framework allows for full time and comprehensive monitoring of displacement，blasting vibration，and other aspects of high and steep slopes in the Nannihu mining site and waste dump.Based on the data information obtained by the monitoring system，the landslide deformation characteristics and landslide inducing factors are analyzed.The appropriate monitoring indicators are selected to establish the threshold model，and the early warning threshold is calculated according to the model，which can divide the corresponding early warning level.The on-line monitoring system realizes the modern slope monitoring target of high precision，large area，non-contact，all-day，all-weather and early detection.The on-line monitoring system is safer，more efficient and more accurate than traditional manual monitoring，and plays a significant role in disaster warning.

The Nanlü-Xinmu gold deposit is a super large gold deposit since explored.In order to discuss the occurrence status and enrichment mechanism of gold，rock and ore samples were collected in this study.The ore structure，mineral composition，mineral generation sequence，mineralization stage division，and the morphology，particle size，fineness，occurrence status，and enrichment mechanism of gold were obtained by using optical thin section identification，energy spectrum，and electron probe microanalysis（EPMA） methods.The mineralization stage of Nanlü-Xinmu gold deposit can be divided into four stages，namely pyrite-quartz（Ⅰ），gold-pyrite-quartz（Ⅱ），gold-quartz-polymetallic sulfide （Ⅲ）and quartz-carbonate（Ⅳ）.The main mineralization stage of gold is the second and third stages.The existence modes of gold include interstitial gold（49.87%），fissure gold（42.81%），and inclusion gold（7.31%）.The size of crack gold is 7~20 μm.The fineness of gold is between 886 and 943，the average fineness is 845.10，and the coefficient of variation is 11.72%.The correlation analysis results show that the most significant correlations are gold-silver and iron-sulfur.The correlation between gold and other elements is in the order of Au-Ag-Cr-Fe-S，with little correlation with Pb，Cu，Zn，etc.Pyrite is a gold bearing mineral.Gold is leached out from the ore source bed（ancient Metamorphic rock and Linglong composite rock body） and migrated as simple chlorides and complexes.Gold mineralization is concentrated in the superposition of two mineralization stages.This study provides basic data for revealing the occurrence and genesis of regional gold.

The harmless treatment process of cyanide-containing gold tailings were used as the subject of study.The Life Cycle Assessment （LCA） method was applied to construct evaluation models for two options to quantitatively assess the environmental load and resource consumption of tailings press washing，filter residue treatment and filtrate treatment.The results show that：（1） The tailings toxicity level in Option 2 is 98.5% lower than that in Option 1，but does not achieve a lower overall environmental impact；（2） The main environmental issue in Option 1 is freshwater ecotoxicity，while the environmental impacts in Option 2 are，in descending order，resource depletion，freshwater ecotoxicity and human toxicity；（3） The Thiocyanide reduction with Fenton and dry stacking of tailings in Option 1 are the main links that affect the overall environment with the dry stacking of tailings contributing over 50% to human non-carcinogenic toxicity and freshwater ecotoxicity，and the cyanide removal with Fenton from tailings in Option 2 is the most central issue in all 14 environmental impact indicators.The large number of chemicals used in both options is a major element of the environmental impact while electrical energy shows low environmental impact.The transfer of environmental impacts from Option 1 to Option 2 occurs in terms of form，volume and linkage.In terms of overall environmental impact，the treatment of tailings can move towards pharmaceutical reduction and the use of clean，environmentally friendly substances.

The Paleoproterozoic potassic-ultrapotassic magmatic rocks are widely developed in western Yunnan，forming an alkali-rich magmatic rock belt along the Jinshajiang-Ailaoshan fracture zone.Due to the lack of systematic research on these potassic-ultrapotassic magmatic rocks，there are still many debates on the petrogenesis and their relationship with mineralization.In this paper，through the collection of published whole-rock major and trace element，Sr-Nd isotope，zircon Hf isotope and geochronology data of the whole rock in the alkali-rich magmatic belt，the rock belt is divided into three parts，namely，south，central and north rock belts according to the tectonic position.Through systematic comparative analysis，it is concluded that the diagenetic age of Paleoproterozoic potassic-ultrapotassic rock formation in western Yunnan is basically the same，with a peak value of 35 Ma，which is the product of the same period of tectonic thermal events.The basic-ultramafic and intermediate-acid rocks have different genesis.The former enriched in LILEs，deficit HFSEs，high （⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr） _i，and low ε_Nd（t） values，probably originating from a slab-accounted enriched lithospheric mantle.The latter may be the product of crust-mantle mixing due to its higher SiO₂ content.The formation of both is related to the shear slip and tensile action of the Jinshajiang-Ailaoshan fault，which is the product of partial melting of the lithosphere at different depths under the same tectonic thermal event.The potassic-ultrapotassic rocks of the southern and central rock belts are closely related to porphyry Au-（Cu-Mo） deposits.The magmatic formation process may provide favorable conditions for mineralization with high oxygen fugacity and water content，as well as ore-forming materials and ore-forming fluids.

In order to solve the problem of fuzzy uncertainty of index parameters between adjacent grades of rock quality evaluation， the theory of topology was introduced and the topological rock mass quality grading model based on optimal combination weight was proposed to evaluate the quality of rocks in underground mining of the phosphate mine in Kunyang No.2 mine.According to the geological characteristics of the mine，six influence indexes，namely，uniaxial saturated compressive strength of rock（R_c），rock quality index（RQD），joint spacing（J_d），structural surface condition（J_f），groundwater status（W） and geostress influence coefficient（Z） were selected，and each index was divided into five grades.Then，the subjective and objective weights of the indicators were determined by the improved hierarchical analysis and entropy weight methods，respectively，and the moment estimation method was introduced to optimize the combination of subjective and objective weights.Finally，the modified RMR method and Q-system method were applied to evaluate the quality of the rock mass，and the grading results were compared with the quality classification results of the rock mass based on the optimal combination weights.The results show that，among the five rock masses to be evaluated，the evaluation result for the upper ore body rock is Class Ⅱ，with a characteristic value of 2.57，indicating good rock mass quality and certain self-stabilizing ability.It is determined that the support method of anchor spraying and hanging net should be adopted.For the lower ore body，the characteristic value is 3.68，indicating that the rock mass quality is approaching Class Ⅳ，and the stability of the surrounding rock in the roadway is poor.Immediate initial spraying should be carried out after the excavation of the roadway to control the deformation of the surrounding rock，followed by the use of the anchor spraying and hanging net support method.There are differences in the grading results of the upper ore body N₃，and the grading results of the rest of the rock bodies by the proposed method are the same as those of the modified RMR method.The overall low evaluation results using the Q-system method are caused by the failure to take into account the role of geostress and the discontinuity in the grading between the grades.In addition，the model is able to determine the degree to which the rock mass quality grade leans towards the adjacent grade.The classification results are consistent with the geological exploration report of the Kunyang No.2 mine，and are more accurate than the modified RMR method and Q-system method，validating the reliability of the method proposed in this paper and providing technical support for underground mining.

Sanjiang area in southwest China is an important area for geological research.On the basis of previous studies，through collecting and collating the geochemical literature related to Yanshanian deposits in the Geza island arc，418 representative geochemical data of ore-bearing rock masses in the area were obtained，including Xiuwacu tungsten-molybdenum deposit，Tongchanggou molybdenum-copper deposit，Relin molybdenum-tungsten-copper deposit，Hongshan copper-molybdenum deposit and Hongniu copper-molybdenum deposit.Combined with computer big data，referring to previous research methods and according to the principle of data screening，the data with SiO₂ content greater than 56% and less than 90%（granite SiO₂>56%） were retained during screening.Excluding data with H₂O and LOI content greater than 7% and CO₂ content greater than 3%（high H₂O and LOI content indicates strong alteration； high CO₂ content indicates strong carbonation and calcitization）. Remove some samples with abnormally high content of main elements，such as samples with Fe₂O₃>30% and abnomally high MnO content.Remove the data with abnormally high trace elements（sample retention）.Draw the confidence ellipse and calculate the corresponding overlap rate.Meanwhile，the abnormal values in the study area（such as abnormal high values，abnormal low values，20 times higher than the average value of sample elements，etc.） were deleted during the study，the sample was retained and the negative value（which may exceed the detection limit） was deleted.The big data method was used to calculate the comparison values of different elements，and 65 536 maps were obtained by comparing with the global adakites.The study shows that the Yanshanian rock mass has the global adakite attribute，but also has its own characteristics.Some element ratios （the denominator contains Mo and Cu） are small and exceed the range of global adakite，which indicates that Mo and Cu elements dominate the Yanshanian rock mass in this area and the enrichment degree is good.In maps such as K₂O/Mo-SiO₂/Cu，Na₂O/Cu-SiO₂/Mo，MnO/Cu-SiO₂/Cu，Na₂O/Zn-SiO₂/Mo，Mo and Cu fit well with most elements such as SiO₂，TiO₂，K₂O and Na₂O，and have the same trend of change，which indicates that the ore-bearing fluid and mineralization of Mo and Cu porphyry copper molybdenum ore are evolving continuously.The farther the Yanshanian granite data points related to ore-bearing deviate from the global adakite distribution range，the greater the escape degree.The Yanshanian ore-bearing rock mass in this area has a similar occurrence background to adakites.The application of relevant research on adakites in this area can further guide geological work.

The Xiong’ershan ore concentration area is located in the middle eastern part of the Qinling orogenic belt. Multi-stage tectonic activity leads to regional multi-level faults，among which the first-grade fault is a deep fault with multi-stage activity and structural inheritance characteristics，which controls the distribution of original source of ore-forming materials and regional mineralization.The second-grade fault controls the distribution of metallogenic belts.The third and fourth grade faults are the main ore hosting faults.The regional extension and tectonic extension in Yanshanian period led to extensive magmatic activities，which provided important material and energy sources for mineralization.The interaction between the Yanshanian mantle and the crust led to large-scale magmatic activities and tectonic movement，thus forming a large number of precious and nonferrous metal deposits of different stages and scales in the area.The Dongcaogou deposit is a new gold-silver deposit discovered in the Xiong’ershan ore concentration area in recent years，which is still in the stage of exploration and development.Field structural analysis shows that the orebody of the Dongcaogou deposit is strictly controlled by faults.From the end of Indosinia to the early Yanshanian，the structure in the near EW direction is dominant in this region，with minor NNE-near SN direction faults.Five stages of tectonic activities in the deposit were identified in this study，and their sequence and tectonic stress field are as follows：The first stage tectonic stress field is near SN compression，the second stage tectonic stress field is near EW compression，the third stage tectonic stress field is NW compression，these three stages fault are pre-mineralization structures，the fourth stage tectonic stress field is NNE compression，which is a fault structure in the syn-mineralization，and the late stage tectonic stress field is converted into extension due to stress relaxation.The fifth stage tectonic stress field is NE compression，which is a post-mineralization fault.According to the occurrence，kinematics and deformation characteristics，the ore-control faults can be divided into structural fracture zone （strong structural deformation zone） and steep fault.The study of the time-space relationship between structure and mineralization shows that the ore-controlling faults in the early and late ore-forming stages have obviously difference in structural characteristics.In the early ore-forming stage （late Indosinian early Yanshanian） ，the ore-controlling faults are compressive faults and show obvious ductile brittle deformation where S-C structures and tectonic schistosity zones are developed，reflecting a tectonic stress field of nearly S-N compression. In the late ore forming stage （middle and late Yanshanian） ，the ore-controlling faults are characterized by tensile faults and brittle deformation，and the ore veins are characterized by typical expansive filling veins，which suggested that tectonic stress field is nearly E-W oriented extension.The ore-controlling faults in different directions in the area are multi-directional conjugate fault systems formed under the near S-N direction compression，and the secondary faults derived from them.The assembly patterns of the compound conjugate fault system control the spatial distribution and pattern of ore bodies in the Dongcaogou Au-Ag deposit.

The mining industry provides an important material basis for modernization and has become the basic industry for China’s economic construction.In order to promote the high-quality development of mining industry，the construction of green mines is the only way for sustainable development.There are studies on the evaluation of green mine construction，which mainly focus on the content analysis method and case study method，but rarely from the perspective of policy design，while the government is also an important subject to promote green mine construction.In order to improve the adaptability and scientificity of the policies，it is necessary to conduct a systematic evaluation of China’s green mine construction policies.Therefore，this study quantitatively evaluated and assessed the existing green mine construction policies in China，identified the deviations and shortcomings of the existing policies and proposed optimization strategies，which is of great theoretical and practical significance for the development and improvement of green mine policies in the new era.Unlike subjective evaluation methods such as expert scoring，the study analyzed the content of 193 green mine construction policies in China between 2005 and 2021 through social network analysis and text mining，extracted important subject terms，and build a framework for evaluating green mine construction policies on this basis.39 of these policies were selected as samples （13 policies at the central level and 26 policies at the local level）.The Policy Consistency Index Model （PMC），an important modeling method for policy research analysis，was used for quantitative evaluation and comparative analysis.The study found that China’s green mine construction policies are reasonable，but there are still some problems that need to be improved.Among the 39 selected Chinese green mine construction policy texts，8 of them are excellent，31 are acceptable，and there are no perfect and poor policies，while the central government’s policies generally score higher than local governments.At the central and local levels，there are common problems in green mine construction，including the scope of regulation and implementation agencies are small，economic benefits，tourism aspects，long-term planning，talent incentives，laws and regulations need to be improved.At the regional level，there are differences in green mine construction policies，including the lack of effective supervision in the central region，the lack of binding in the northeast region，and the need to improve the policy areas in the eastern and western regions.The research results provide a reference basis for the formulation of green mine related policies in China，and also provide new ideas and methods for the evaluation of green mine construction policies.

Rare earths are listed as crisis minerals，key raw materials or strategic minerals by countries around the world.Taking the trade networks of main rare earth products as the research object，the research gets trade data of 7 kinds of rare earth products from 54 major countries（or regions） during the period of 2009—2020，and the evolution of 7 rare earth products trade networks was compared by social network analysis，and the basis of trade network formation mechanism was explained by using the Exponential Random Graph Model（ERGM） analysis method.The conclusions are as follows：（1）Trade network links of some rare earth products，such as rare earth mineral substances，compounds of rare-earth metals，Ferro-cerium and permanent magnet，are getting tight.While the overall structures of all the networks are still relatively loose.Trade networks of all rare earth products have a high community structure and connectivity，showing a small world property but gradually weakening.（2）In the trade networks of 7 rare earth products，it can be easily found that huge trade volumes are controlled by a few countries，with an obvious center-periphery phenomenon.Rich Club Phenomenon is significant in trade networks of rare earth metals，rare-earth compounds，cerium compounds，Ferro-cerium and Ferro-alloys.（3）Countries’ performance in Degree Centrality remain stable.Germany and China are both core countries，but Germany’s advantage is weakening while China strengthening.（4）Influences of mutualism，multi-connectivity，transitive closure，convergence and expansionary structural effects on trade network evolution of 7 rare earth products are significantly heterogeneous.The research results provide policy enlightenment for China to strengthen the strategic research and judgment of the new pattern and new situation of global rare earth product trade and alleviate economic and trade frictions.

In the upper middle section of West No.2 mining area of Longshou mine，it is necessary to adopt the non-pilar sublevel caving method within the range of ore body with a height of less than 70 m to achieve safe，efficient and low loss mining of low grade ore resources，the ore mining conditions are very complex.In view of these key technical problems，the research was carried out one by one.Firstly，a technical scheme for the formation of overburden by inducing caving of large volume cemented backfill was proposed.At the same time，the mechanical properties，structural characteristics and caving ability of cemented backfill were studied，the results show that backfill has good collapsibility.Secondly，the fragmentation degree of cemented backfill was studied by means of field investigation and physical experiment.The results show that although the strength of cemented backfill is small，it will not produce a large amount of powder after the initial caving and secondary crushing during ore drawing，and the average block size of cemented backfill is greater than the average block size of the ore falling from the fan-shaped blasthole.Therefore，the caving cemented backfill will not lead to the premature dilution of the ore.Subsequently，a combined ore drawing scheme was proposed for the only four stoping sections in the caving stope，and the effectiveness of the scheme was studied by physical ore drawing experiments.The experimental results show that the ore recovery rate of the scheme can reach 85.4%，while the dilution rate is only 6.5%.Finally，the above research results were applied to the field production practice，and the roof cementation backfill was successfully induced to fall naturally to form a covering layer with a thickness of about 30 m.While ensuring the ore recovery rate in the stope，the dilution rate is controlled within 10%，so that the stope productivity is increased by 30%，the mining cost is reduced by 28%，and the safe，efficient，low loss，and low-cost mining of low-grade ore in the West No.2 mining area was realized under complex mining conditions.

The leaching agent cyanide has been on the verge of elimination due to its great harm to the environment and human health.The non-cyanide agent thiocyanate as an efficient and environmentally friendly gold leaching agent has become the object of research by scholars both domestic and foreign.However，the recovery methods from thiocyanate leachate are less studied，and there are problems with low efficiency and high cost of gold recovery.Therefore，it is urgent to find a highly productive，low-cost，and simple method to recover gold from leaching solution efficiently.On the basis of the above problems，ammonium thiocyanate was used for the leaching test of bio-oxidized slag from a difficult gold concentrate，and recovered gold from the leaching solution by electrodeposition.The single factor method was used to study the influence of various factors on the gold deposition rate.The results show that the self-made electrode with a large surface area，good corrosion resistance，and high metal deposition efficiency is an excellent cathode.The graphite rods with good conductivity，not involved in the reaction process，reused，is a good choice for anode materials.Stainless steel rods are not suitable as electrode materials due to their susceptibility to corrosion.Under the conditions of electrode spacing of 10 mm，cell voltage of 4 V，solution pH value of 12，and solution temperature of 35 ℃，using a graphite rod as an anode and a self-made electrode as a cathode，the gold deposition rate can reach 98.95%.The interaction between tank voltage，solution pH value，and solution temperature and the effect on gold deposition rate were investigated by response surface methodology，and the electrodeposition gold response surface regression model was established.The P value and mismatch value of the model are within a reasonable range，and the predicted value and actual value of the gold deposition rate basically fell in a straight line，shows that the model fits well and is highly reliable.The correlation between the test factors and the gold deposition rate can be described.The final results show that the degree of each factor on the gold deposition rate is cell voltage>solution pH value>solution temperature，among them，the interaction between cell voltage and solution pH value is the most significant，and the interaction between solution pH value and solution temperature is the least significant.Under the optimal conditions of cell voltage 4.10 volts，solution pH value of 12.40，and solution temperature of 39.58 ℃，the predicted value of the model is 99.06%，and the experimental average value is 99.04%.The two results are remarkably close，which proves that the model can accurately analyze and predict the gold deposition rate.This study further improves the theoretical system of thiocyanate gold extraction process.

The metal mine is an important industry type for China’s social-economic development in China.In recent years，mines have been constructing safety digitalization，and improving the level of mine safety management and control capacity is the key aspect of achieving enterprise transformation and high-quality development.The Internet of Things，cloud computing，roboticized equipment，and modern mining deve-lopment，safety production and other technologies are deeply integrated，gradually forming an intelligent security control system that integrates situational awareness，dynamic prediction，and intelligent warning.During this process，metal mining enterprises still face problems such as lack of safety management，unclear decision-making targets，and frequent safety accidents.Therefore，during the construction of metal mine safety digi-talization，a new evaluation index system for metal mine safety control capacity was proposed.The CWM method was used to comprehensively analyze the influencing factors of the safety control capacity of metal mining enterprises，and the CWM-TOPSIS method was used to construct an evaluation model for the safety control capacity of metal mines.The safety management and control capacity of five gold enterprises in Shandong Province was evaluated.AHP-TOSIS and EWM-TOPSIS model were used to verify the CWM-TOSIS model.The results show that the order of the most significant indicators affecting the safety management and control capacity of metal mining enterprises is emergency response ability （x₁₁） > safety technology level （x₁₀） > risk intelligent early warning ability （x₁₃），and Enterprise 1 has the highest safety control capacity，which is consistent with the actual situation.The model and method can be adapted to the safety control capacity evaluation of metal mines.

The demand for cobalt metals has accelerated due to the increased use of cobalt in high-technology industries，thus the security supply of cobalt ore resources has attracted attention worldwide.Cobalt，as one of the critical metals，is in an acute shortage in China.The East Kunlun Orogen is a significant Au-Cu-Fe-Co-Ni-Pb-Zn polymetallic metallogenic belt in western China.The Tuolugou Co（Au） deposit has great reputation as the first large independent cobalt deposit discovered in the northwestern China，whereas the understanding of the metallogenic process of Co is controversial.By combining EPMA and EBSD analyses，together with the field investigation and detailed microscopic observation，the paper revealed the sedimentary exhalative mineralization and superimposed reworking process responsible for the formation of the Tuolugou deposit.The sedimentary exhalative mineralization formed the fine-grained pyrite（PyⅠ），and the superimposed reworking process consists of two mineralizing stages，i.e.，fine-grained pyrite （PyⅡ）+cobaltite+gersdorffite+siegenite+pyrrhotite+minor chalcopyrite stage and coarse-grained pyrite （PyⅢ）+native Au stage.The three generations of pyrite have different chemical compositions，of which PyⅠ has Co contents ranging from 0.03% to 4.86%，PyⅡ ranging from 0.38% to 2.74% and PyⅢ ranging from 0.03% to 0.58%.The obvious negative correlations of Co with Fe uncover that Co exists in the pyrite lattice by stoichiometric substitution of Fe.These results concluded that Co occurs as either independent minerals（e.g.，cobaltite，gersdorffite and siegenite） or cobaltiferous pyrite in the Tuolugou deposit.The EMPA mappings depict that pyrite has complicated textural and chemical compositions，which suggest that the composite pyrite grains were formed by fluid-mediated coupled dissolution-reprecipitation reactions according to the sharp contact boundaries，the distinct chemical compositions，and the consistent morphology and crystallographic orientation among different generations of pyrite in EBSD inverse maps.In combination with the previous work，it is deduced that both the sedimentary exhalative mineralization and subsequent reworking process contributed Co mineralization in the Tuolugou deposit.This study provides a useful guide for the Co mineral exploration and efficient metallurgy in the eastern Kunlun Orogenic Belt.

The Xihuashan gold mining area is located in the Qilian tectonic metallogenic belt of the Qinling-Qilian-Kunlun orogenic belt，Machang and Liugou gold deposits have been found in the mining area.The ore-bearing strata in the area are the metamorphic strata of the Haiyuan group，and the veins are controlled by the fault zone.The ore types are mainly altered lamprophyre type，quartz vein type and altered rock type.In order to find out the genetic type and metallogenic process of the Xihuashan gold deposit，the field geological survey，microthermometry of fluid inclusionsand H-O-S isotope geochemistry of Machang and Liugou gold deposit were carried out.The results show that the homogenization temperature of quartz fluid inclusions in Machang gold deposit ranges from 140.1 ℃ to 382.6 ℃，and mainly concentrated in 250~260 ℃，the corresponding salinity is 2.57%~10.72% NaCl_eq.The homogenization temperature of quartz fluid inclusions in Liugou gold deposit ranges from 203.2 ℃ to 353.9 ℃，and mainly concentrated in 270~280 ℃，and the freezing point temperature is -8.2~-3.2 ℃，the corresponding salinity is 5.28%~12.08% NaCl_eq，mainly concentrated in 7%~8% NaCl_eq.The δD values of quartz in Machang gold deposit are -86.5‰~-87.2‰，and the δ¹⁸O values are 15.4‰~16.7‰.The δD values of quartz in Liugou gold deposit are -90.2‰~-91.6‰，the δ¹⁸O values are 15.7‰~17.0‰.Therefore，the ore-forming fluid belongs to the medium-low temperature medium-low salinity fluid，the main source of magmatic water.Additionally，the δ³⁴S values in the pyrite of the Machang and Liugou mine areas range from -1.00‰ to 0.27‰.The combination of the S isotopic composition in the regional stratigraphy and electron probe analysis of pyrite suggests that the sulfur source of gold-bearing sulfides（with δ³⁴S values close to zero） is primarily derived from deep magma，whilesulfides containing trace amount of gold or without gold are derived from the surrounding rock stratigraphy.During the Late Garidonian period，the magmatic dynamic and thermal influence of the Juewushan rock mass made the ore-forming materials in the white schist such as muscovite albite quartz schist in the Xihuashan area concentrated in fracture fissures to form early hydrothermal quartz veins. Simultaneously，in the late stage of magmatic differentiation and evolution，the ore-froming materials were separated from the magma，forming mineralized veins such as lamprophyre veins and quartz albite veins.When the solution temperature eventually dropped to the temperature of gold precipitation，the ore-forming hydrothermal fluid precipitated and enriched in the favorable position of the fault zone，forming gold deposits such as quartz vein types and fracture alteration rock types.

Mine filling technology is an important technical means for the construction of green mines，and full pipe transportation is a very important technology in the filling operation of underground metal mines.Full pipe transportation can minimize the contact area between filling slurry and air，reduce the impact on the filling pipeline，extend the service life of the filling pipeline，and improve the efficiency of mining filling operations.Aiming at the problem of the long distance between the newly discovered edge ore body and the filling station in Fankou lead-zinc mine and the high difficulty of transportation，the surface pipeline SL1 and underground pipeline L2-2 in the mine design plan were selected as the research objects to study the optimization plan of the filling pipeline in Fankou lead-zinc mine.Firstly，using theoretical formulas and based on the filling data of Fankou lead-zinc mine，the filling line and full pipe rate of SL1 pipeline and L2-2 pipeline were calculated when transporting graded tailings and fine tailings，respectively.The comparison was made using the optimal full pipe rate of 0.8 as the standard.The results show that both pipelines are in a state of under pipe when transporting graded tailings，and are in a state of over pipe when transporting fine tailings，which do not meet the optimal full pipe rate and need optimization.Secondly，through formula derivation and calculation，the ideal horizontal pipe diameter and the hydraulic slope after diameter change when transporting different slurry were obtained.Finally，numerical simulation was used to verify the calculation results of pipe diameter optimization.A pipeline model was constructed using CFD.The vertical pipeline was taken as 5 m，the horizontal pipeline was 23 m，the total length of the pipeline was 28 m，and the curvature radius at the bend of the pipeline was 0.55 m.The horizontal pipe diameter was changed.Fluent software was used to simulate the full pipe transportation before and after the diameter change，and key data such as flow velocity and full process resistance were obtained when transporting graded tailings and fine tailings.By comparing and analyzing the pressure of the pipeline and the maximum outlet flow rate，it is concluded that SL1 and L2-2 can transport graded tailings by gravity after optimizing the pipe diameter，while fine tailings can’t be transported by gravity.However，the pumping pressure is significantly reduced，so the calculation results are reasonable.Therefore，this optimization plan is relatively reasonable and has strong guiding significance for mining filling operations.

It has an excellent metallogenic geological conditions in northeast Jiangxi Province，and large ore fields such as Dexing，Lehua and Yinshan have been discovered successively.Among them，the Yinshan polymetallic ore field can be divided into two metallogenic series of copper and lead-zinc.In order to deeply understand the occurrence state of associated gold in Yinshan copper ore and the process characteristics of main ore minerals，on the basis of field investigation and laboratory experiments，the process characteristics of copper ore minerals represented by Jiuqu-Xishan district from Yinshan ore field were studied by the methods such as rock-mineral identification and scanning electron microscopy.The results show that the intercalation state of gold minerals is dominated by wrapped gold（46.41%），followed by intergranular gold （44.17%） and fissure gold（9.42%）.The particle size of gold minerals is dominated by fine-grained gold（94.61%），supplemented by a small amount of fine-grained gold and medium-grained gold.Coarse-grained gold and giant-grained gold have not been found yet.The content of gold（Au）in gold minerals is 75.87%~95.68%，the content of silver（Ag）is 4.32%~24.13%，the content ratio of Ag and Au is 0.05~0.32.The gold minerals are mainly silver-gold，less natural gold，the average fineness of gold is 843.7.The natural gold in copper ore is usually golden yellow，and its fineness range is 936.4~956.8，with an average of 946.6.The silver-gold ore in copper ore is usually brass-colored，and the fineness range is 758.7~839.9，with an average of 809.4.The gold-bearing minerals in the copper ore are mainly chalcopyrite，tennantite，pyrite，and some are associated with gangue minerals.By clarifying the occurrence status of associated gold， it is helpful to optimize the ore beneficiation process，so as to improve the recovery rate of gold and enhance the economic benefits of the mine.

In order to solve the problem of prospecting around and deep prospecting in Daiyinzhang mining area in Wutai County，Shanxi Province，the geoelectrochemical exploration method was carried out in the sections of three profiles 6，8 and 12 lines in the mining area，and the geoelectrochemical exploration method test under the conditions of energization （dipolar geoelectric extraction） and non-energization （foam-plastic adsorption extraction） was compared and analyzed in order to verify the feasibility of the method in the area and the influence of the applied electric field on the exploration effect.The results show that the geoele-ctrochemical extraction anomaly is clearly displayed above the known gold orebody，which corresponds well to the occurrence location of the gold orebody，and the exploration effect is remarkable，and it is effective and feasible to use geoelectrochemical methods to find hidden gold deposits in Wutai area of Shanxi Province.The applied electric field does improve the efficiency of geoelectrochemical extraction，the detection depth is also greater than the adsorption extraction without electricity，which is more sensitive，and it can clearly show the hidden orebody and weak mineralization abnormality.The anomaly corresponds to the burial location of the deep orebody，and the extracted orebody information is more comprehensive and complete，which has a good effect on further analysis of the location and distribution form of the underground orebody，and it can play a good indicator effect in deep prospecting prediction.

Due to the long-term mining，the resource crisis in Xishan section of Linglong gold field is becoming more and more serious.The known main veins have been basically explored and mined by pit exploration，finding new resources has become an urgent need for mines.Through regional geological analysis and summary of metallogenic regularity，the veins in the ore-section are sorted out one by one，and it is found that the local geological structure is inconsistent with the regional structural regularity.The researchers selected the 108# vein group with stable overall occurrence but large local changes to study the metallogenic regularity and tectonic movement regularity.Through the study of the movement law of the upper and lower plates of the 108# vein group and the mineralization of 108# vein group，it was found that the main vein of 108# vein is a reverse fault with obvious displacement，while its branch vein 96#，vein 98# and vein 107# are tensile-torsional or tensile faults with no obvious displacement.At the same time，there are obvious differences in mineral structure and mineral composition，so it is speculated that there are a series of structures in the footwall of the western main vein of 108# vein，which are consistent with the structural laws of the branches in the footwall and move downward with the footwall.Therefore，108# blind branches were found in the blind zone prospecting in the speculated area at -50 elevation level of Xishan ore section.The exploration of 108# veins verified the study of this metallogenic regularity and established a branch prospecting model，that is，the upper and lower walls of the main vein of 108# vein have ore-hosting secondary structures corresponding to each other with nearly parallel arrangement and nearly equal spacing distribution，and the blind veins of 108 2# veins and 108 3# veins were successfully explored by this model.At present，the proven metal amount is 2.4 tons，which prolongs the service life of the mine.It is worth mentioning that after the upper and lower wall branches of 108# main vein were dislocated by the fault of 108# main vein，the lower branch vein and the upper branch vein experienced different metallogenic periods.In the later period，the main vein of the 108# vein blocked the ore-forming hydrothermal solution，so that the ore-bearing faults of the lower plate could form better orebodies，and the mineralization of the footwall branches vein at the far end of 108# main vein also confirmed this point.According to the results of this prospecting，the same tectonic regularity and metallogenic environment have been found in other vein groups such as 53#，55# vein group，which points out the direction for the next prospecting.

Aiming at the unfavorable blasting effects of the open-air step stripping blasting，such as large blocks and many root bottoms，the blasting effect of the open-air step was optimized by adopting the two-stage charge structure of water medium interval at the bottom of the blast hole and the middle part.To obtain the optimal two-stage charge structure of water medium interval in step stripping blasting of the open-pit mine，the blast hole pressure of the air-medium and water-medium interval charging were discussed from theoretical analysis，the unit consumption of water medium interval charge structure in Wujiata open-pit mine was optimized by experiments.On the basis of the selected optimal unit consumption，three groups of three-dimensional models of different water medium interval charge structure were established by using ANSYS/LS-DYNA numerical simu-lation software.The optimal water medium interval charge structure was selected by analyzing the stress change curve of rock mass，rock mass damage range，and free surface tensile crack area ratio at the bottom of the blast hole，the middle of the lower charge，and the upper position of the blast hole.The blasting effect was evaluated from the index of boulder yield by the blasting comparative experimental with the charge structure of air medium interval.The research results show that blasting with a charge structure of a water medium interval can significantly increase the blasting pressure and improve the rock-crushing effect.The optimal unit consumption of water medium interval charge structure blasting in Wujiata open-pit mine is 0.33~0.34 kg/m³，saving 0.03~0.04 kg/m³ unit consumption of explosives than before. The blasting of a charge structure with an upper water medium interval of 1 m and the lower water medium interval of 1 m has more stress on the rock mass and has a long duration，the damage is evenly distributed along the blast hole，the range is regular，and the free surface tensile crack area accounts for the highest proportion，and its blasting effect optimal.The blasting fragmentation indexes of the optimal water medium interval charge structure all show a good proportion.The research results can provide a reference for the application of water medium interval charge structure in open-pit step blasting.

With the booming development of big data and Internet of Things technology，traditional mines have developed to smart mines and intelligent mines，and unmanned technology has been gradually applied to mining areas.In order to solve the problem that the rockfall detection of unstructured road in open-pit mine area has complex environment，large difference in rockfall size and similar color between rockfall and unstructured road surface，a rockfall detection model of mining road based on weighted bidirectional feature fusion was proposed.First，the SimAM attention mechanism is added to the backbone network，this attention mechanism is different from the previous channel attention mechanism and spatial attention mechanism，it can effectively eliminate the interference of the background environment without adding additional parameters，so that the model can focus more on the target characteristics of rockfall.Second，the weighted bidirectional feature pyramid（BiFPN）structure was used to realize multi-scale feature fusion in the neck.Since the PANet structure in the YOLOv5s network model only adds or splice the characteristics of the pyramid structure in the melting process，the bidirectional feature weighting was combined with the bidirectional feature of the weight and adaptive adjustment to ensure that the network model attaches proper importance to the rock ebaissees different sizes and different levels and realizes the addition between the low-level position information and high-level semantic information for multiple cross-layer weighted feature fusion，thus enhancing the feature extracion ability of the model for rockfall of different sizes.Finally，the lightweight convolution GSConv module was introduced into the col，which can be used to process function cards at this time，not only reducing redundant information，but also avoiding compression.The GSConv lightweight convolution module is based on deep separable convolution（DSC），ordinary convolution（SC） and channel shuffle operation，which improves the detection speed of the model by effectively reducing the complexity of the model.The experimental results show that the average detection accuracy of this algorithm reaches 92.8%.and the detection speed reaches 63.1FPS.Compared with the current fastest R-CNN，YOLOv4-tiny，YOLOv7 and YOLOv5s algorithms，the average detection accuracy is increased by 17.0，13.6，3.4 and 2.5 percentiles，and the detection speed is increased by 32.2，1.4，14.6 and 2.6 FPS，respectively.Moreover，the model size of the algorithm is only 12.9 MB，which is easy to deploy on mobile devices.Therefore，the algorithm can realize the real-time and accurate detection of unstructured road rockfall in mining area，and ensure the safe driving of unmanned mining card.

With the increasing mining depth of metal mines，the problem of high temperature damage in mines is becoming more and more serious，which has become an urgent problem to be solved in deep mining of metal mines.At present，high-temperature mine cooling technology can be divided into two categories：Non-artificial refrigeration cooling technology and artificial refrigeration cooling technology.The latter can effectively solve the cooling problem of high-temperature mines，and is widely used in high-temperature mines at home and abroad.However，a large amount of heat will be generated during the operation of the artificial cooling equipment，which is easy to cause heat accumulation，thus affect the cooling effect.Therefore，it is a reasonable and feasible method to use the local ventilation system of the mine to discharge the heat generated by the operation of the cooling equipment.The high-temperature single-headed excavation roadway on the west side of the -20 m level of the north along the vein in the west section of the Dahongshan copper mine was taken as the research object，and numerical simulations were conducted by Fluent software to investigate the effects of the vent duct height，the distance of the exhaust vent duct lagging the forced vent duct and the exhaust forced ratio on the cooling effect of artificial cooling.The results show that the height of forced vent duct has an obvious influence on the cooling effect，and the optimal height is 1.0 m.The cooling effect is the best when the height of exhaust vent duct is equal to that of forced vent duct，and the optimal height is 1.0 m.The distance between exhaust vent duct and forced vent duct is too large，which is not conducive to cooling，and the optimal distance is 5.0 m.The exhaust forced ratio is too small or too large to form a good wind circulation in the driving drift，and the cooling effect is poor，the optimal exhaust forced ratio is 2.0.The research results can provide guidance for the selection of artificial cooling parameters for high temperature mine ventilation assisted cooling.

The bunch holes，which consist of multiple dense and parallel holes and detonated simultaneously，are widely used in mines because of its high rock-breaking efficiency.With the worldwide depletion of resources in the shallow part of the earth，many mines are transitioning to the deep mining stage，and the influence of the complex high stress environment on the effect of blasting on rock breaking in the deep mining process needs to be further studied.In order to explore the law of blasting damage and fracture of bunch holes cutting blasting in deep mining under high stress stope environment，LS-DYNA finite element numerical analysis software was used to study.Combined with the mine blasting engineering practice，the planar numerical model with the same size as the actual working conditions was established，which contained four charge holes and one auxiliary empty hole.The rupture damage process of the bunch holes under no static stress was analyzed.On this basis，in the case of one-way static stress and two-way equivalent static stress，when the static stress is 20 MPa and 40 MPa respectively，the blasting fracture damage of the bunch holes cutting blasting was analyzed，and the number of failures units of the numerical model under different static stress states was compared. In addition，the hole spacing and the arrangement of peripheral auxiliary holes were optimized under different static stress conditions，and engineering experiments were carried out to verify the reliability of the optimization results by counting the chunk rate of different schemes.The results show that compared with the no static stress condition，the expansion of the bunch holes blasting damage cracks will be suppressed under the unidirectional static stress and bidirectional equivalent static stress conditions.With the increase of static stress，the number of model failure units decreases gradually，and the inhibition of crack extension is more significant.When the static stress reaches 40 MPa，no penetration crack can be formed between the four bunch holes and the center empty hole.In particular，in the bidirectional equivalent static stress state，the inter-hole crack penetration mode of the bunch holes changes from a square penetration to a circular penetration.Practice shows that according to the size of the static stress to adjust the bunch holes spacing and peripheral auxiliary holes arranged way can reduce the rate of large pieces of slot blasting，so as to obtain a good slot blasting rock-breaking effect.

In order to identify the occurrence， enrichment， storage conditions and distribution characteristics of rare metal ore in the clay layer，to study the sedimentary characteristics，variation law and metallogenic law of the Qaidam Basin，the evaluation of resource potential were studied in Balunhaima Basin of Qaidam Basin. The investigation and evaluation of lithium rare light metals as the main minerals in Balunmahai salt lake Basin of Qaidam Basin has been carried out， including drilling， sample collection and testing， statistical analysis of data， correlation of rock and ore-bearing clay layers， law summary and research work on the availability of ore-bearing clay. Three layers of ore-bearing clay layers were delineated in the Quaternary Holocene （Qh）， Upper Pleistocene （Qp³） and Middle Pleistocene （Qp²）. It is estimated that the total potential resources of LiCl can reach 1.1441 million tons， which is converted into the total potential resources of Li₂O， Rb₂O and Cs₂O reaching 403 200 tons， 357 200 tons and 31 300 tons respectively.The lithium leaching rate reaches 51%~55% with 10% sulfuric acid concentration，25% pulp concentration，1 hour leaching time and 25 ℃ leaching temperature.The thickness of ore-bearing clay layer and the contents of Li，Rb and Cs are stable. Lithium is mainly composed of Fe-Mn binding state，followed by residue state，Rb and Cs are mainly composed of residue state.The clay minerals are mainly illite，and the contents of Li，Rb and Cs are positively correlated with the clay content. It is concluded that there are both structural lithium and adsorbed lithium in clay-type lithium deposits in this area，which is a kind of clay-type lithium deposits between carbonate clay-type lithium deposits and volcanic clay-type lithium deposits.This type is a new type in Balunmahai Basin，and the mining area has the conditions for extraction and utilization.In this paper，the investigation and evaluation of rare light metal lithium deposits were carried out for the first time in clay layer，and the clay-type lithium rare light metal resources were found.The orebody is associated with liquid ore and solid salt ore，which is an important part of salt lake resources.The research lays a foundation for the overall planning，development and efficient utilization of the evaluation area of the Balunmahai Basin.

The “cloud-edge-terminal” system of smart mines under the mode of industrial internet of things（IIoT） has become the focus of development of mining enterprises.At present，the digitalization and intelligence at the “cloud” and “end” levels have began to take shape.However，the construction at the “edge” level，namely the edge layer，is relatively weak，which restricts the production efficiency of smart mines.Therefore，the concept of “mine-edge intelligence” were proposed，which was defined as an edge intelligence technology system specifically designed for mining production environments，with multi-dimensional characteristics in geography，network and technology.The key technologies include data fusion，information communication and edge security.Data fusion not only integrates data from different sources，but also solves the issue of equipment compatibility.The equipment in the mining environment comes from various vendors，utilizing different communication protocols and data formats.It is very important to establish a data fusion platform that can handle heterogeneous data and ensure compatibility among devices.This necessitates the conversion of data formats，so that the data in the system circulation，coupled with data cleaning，processing，and analysis.The information and communication capacities focus on establishing an efficient and reliable communication network in the mining environment.This includes the adoption of advanced communication technologies and network architectures to optimize network configuration and management，and ensure rapid and secure data transmission between the “cloud”，“edge” and “end”.The edge security technology focuses on protecting edge layer devices and data，including encryption，authentication，and access control methods to enhance security.Moreover，it is necessary to emphasize the deep integration of mining technology with intelligent technology.This includes process reshaping driven by software requirements，as well as innovations in process decision-making，network architecture and environmental sensing.In summary，as the core of the smart mine’s edge layer，“mine-edge intelligence”needs to strengthen data fusion，information communication and edge security technology.Future development should focus on the deep integration of mining technology and intelligent technology to enhance production efficiency and safety.

In recent years，with the decrease of land mineral resources，the development of marine minerals has become a global emerging industry，especially the mining of coastal bedrock deposits under the sea，has been the focus of mining development in various countries.For large-scale mining under the sea，the movement and deformation of the submarine rockbody poses a major threat to mining safety.It is important to pay attention to the deformation damage of the surrounding rock，which is important to realize the safe and efficient production of submarine mines. In order to study the deformation and damage characteristics of the surrounding rocks of the underground mine body in the Xinli mining area，the 55 exploration line perpendicular to the mine body was used as the monitoring profile，and the roadway roofs of -200 m，-240 m，-320 m，-400 m，-480 m，and -600 m sublevels were monitored by the underground four-level monitoring system that has been deployed since December 2015.The vertical displacements of the surrounding rocks in sublevels of the roadway at -200 m，-240 m，-320 m，-400 m，-480 m and -600 m were monitored for a long time，and the time series data of the settlement of the roadway roof in each sublevel were obtained.The deformation of the surrounding rock caused by metal ore mining is a complex mechanical problem.By analyzing the multi-year monitoring results，several significant characteristics of underground settlement are revealed.（1）The deformation caused by mining of the orebody in sublevel at different depths of the seabed shows a large influence range on the rock mass of the fault hanging wall，while the influence range on the footwall rock mass is small.（2）The closer to the orebody（or the ore-control fault F₁） the greater the subsidence of the rock body，forming the feature that the slope of the curve to the left of the maximum settlement point in the settlement curve is larger in absolute value，while the slope of the curve to the right is slightly smaller in absolute value.（3）The final subsidence curves of the six sublevels in the line 55 profile have similar shapes and are generally asymmetric funnel-shaped，with the -200 m sublevel and the -240 m sublevel having a gentle bottom of the cumulative subsidence curve，which is similar to a “pot”，while the -320 m，-400 m，-480 m and -600 m sublevels have a “funnel” shaped subsidence curve.This phenomenon is related to the mining activities in the mine area.（4）The single settlement value in any monitoring period in the sublevel at any depth has the characteristics of up and down fluctuation，which reflects the non-linear characteristics of settlement deformation to a certain extent.The practice of seabed mining in Sanshandao gold mine confirms that：Since 2005，with the expansion of mining scale，the increase of mining intensity and the extension of mining years，the deformation of some of the underground tunnels is serious，and the movement and deformation of the underground surrounding rocks may cause seawater to gush into the tunnels along the damaged rocks，thus threatening the life safety of mining personnel.The study concluded that the thickness of the orebody，mining depth，mining intensity，surrounding lithology and rock structure as well as filling effect in the Xinli mining area are potential factors affecting the deformation of the surrounding rock in the mining of the inclined orebody.Among them，the presence of the controlling fault F₁ in the mine area directly affects the shape of the surrounding rock deformation curve，and this deformation feature should be considered in future production work as well as safety maintenance work（roadway repair work） to prevent from affecting productivity or even generating safety accidents.

There are few rugged plains in southwest China，and tunnel construction plays an important role in southwest China.However，when the tunnel is excavated by blasting in grade Ⅳ and Ⅴ weak surrounding rock，the traditional continuous charge smooth blasting technology often has problems such as over-excavation，low footage rate and large fragmentation after blasting.In order to solve such problems，based on the principle and application status of shaped water pressure smooth blasting technology，an axial porous shaped charge tube was designed.The integrated shaped water pressure structure was formed by alternately arranging the water bag and cartridge in the tube with detonating cord and digital electronic detonator.Four kinds of tests were carried out in the Ⅳ surrounding rock area of Mengsheng tunnel in Yunnan Province，including continuous charge smooth blasting，water bag interval smooth blasting，air interval smooth blasting and shaped water pressure smooth blasting.In order to maintain comparability，15 holes at the vault position were selected for the four tests.The blasting effect was checked one hour after blasting，and the blasting technical indexes such as single cycle footage，half-hole rate and overbreak and underbreak were measured by using range finder，tape and benchmark.The test results show that the half-hole rates of continuous charge smooth blasting，water bag interval smooth blasting and air interval smooth blasting are 13%，45% and 38% respectively，and the footage of one cycle is 3.40 m，3.50 m and 3.45 m respectively.The surrounding rock of the contour surface is broken and there is overbreak and underbreak phenomenon，while the half-hole rate of the shaped water pressure smooth blasting with integrated charge structure is 62%.The contour of a test area with a cycle footage of 3.60 m is relatively flat，there is no obvious over-excavation phenomenon，and the gravel after blasting is small.The comparison between the control test groups verifies the superiority of the energy-gathering structure based on plastic pipe research and development.The field application shows that the new shaped water pressure blasting has a significant effect on the flatness control of the surrounding contour of the weak surrounding rock tunnel.While reducing the number of boreholes and the amount of explosives，it maintains the integrity of the surrounding rock.It is an environmentally friendly and energy-saving controlled blasting technology.

As a typical process industry，the mining of underground metal mines depends on the smooth operation of the ore transportation link，and the unmanned mine truck bears an indispensable and important responsibility in the ore transportation link，so the intelligent scheduling and management of the unmanned mine truck is the key to ensure the smooth production of the mine.There are few studies on the scheduling and management of unmanned mine trucks，and it is difficult to meet the new requirements brought by the increasing degree of unmanned mine trucks.Based on the analysis of the current situation of cluster intelligent scheduling strategy，scheduling business flow，and data integration system for unmanned mining trucks in a certain underground mine in Gansu province，an integrated system platform for intelligent decision-making，automatic scheduling，and process control serving unmanned mining trucks scheduling was proposed.In response to the transformation of unmanned mining trucks scheduling mode and two traffic control challenges，corresponding intelligent scheduling strategies were designed，and the overall architecture was designed.Some functional modules were designed，including scheduling console，real-time monitoring，scheduling visualization，and production management.The system platform has been successfully applied to the mine through the intelligent transformation of the mine truck，the construction of the intelligent dispatching system，and the development of the system.The application results show that the existing traffic control problems have been solved and the dispatching efficiency has been improved by 7.18% with the help of the intelligent dispatching system with the core of vehicle end scheduling algorithm，single-lane collision avoidance algorithm and merging truck algorithm.It provides a centralized and unified management and use platform for data，breaks the information island，and greatly improves the data utilization rate.Through vocational work split and process drive，the scheduling modular management is realized.The successful application of the platform has innovated the dispatching mode，supplemented the research in relevant fields，provides an important reference for the intelligent transformation of underground mines，and also provides reference experience for the development of cluster dispatching management system platform across equipment categories and production areas.

The open-pit mining area is a complex scene，and the traveling obstacle detection is seriously interfered by dust noise such as dust and particles，which makes it difficult to accurately identify obstacles，especially at night when the light is poor，which is not conducive to correct decision-making，thus affecting the safety and overall efficiency of unmanned operation.In view of the above problems，a YOLOv8n-based YOLOv8n-Enhanced algorithm for detecting traveling obstacles in open-pit mining areas was proposed.The algorithm is mainly improved in three aspects：Firstly，for the problems of serious interference by dust noise and poor light at night，a C2fCA module structure was proposed instead of the original C2f module，which utilizes the shared weights and context-aware weights to enhance the dependency relationship between different locations of the image，mitigate the noise interference，and improve the feature extraction ability of the model.Secondly，to trade-off the accuracy and real-time performance of the open-pit obstacle detection model，the Neck end of the model was reconstructed，and the lightweight convolutional techniques GSConv and VoV-GSCSP modules were used to reduce the complexity of the computation and network structure，and realize a higher computational cost-effectiveness of the detector.Finally，for the situation that there is a large gap between the quality of data in the open-pit mining area，especially at night when there is insufficient light，and low-quality data will affect the ability of the model to learn features in training，the loss function was optimized to solve the problem of the bounding box regression equilibrium between the samples of different qualities，to improve the ability of the model to generalize and accelerate the convergence.The experimental results show that the improved algorithm in this paper reduces the computational GFLOPs of the model by about 8.5% and the number of parametric params by about 3% while maintaining the real-time performance，and improves the mean Average Precision（mAP） of the YOLOv8n by 1.8% and 2.6% in daytime and nighttime scenarios，respectively，and realizes obstacle recognition at different scales in daytime and nighttime scenes.