The Xihuashan gold mining area is located in the Qilian tectonic metallogenic belt of the Qinling-Qilian-Kunlun orogenic belt，Machang and Liugou gold deposits have been found in the mining area.The ore-bearing strata in the area are the metamorphic strata of the Haiyuan group，and the veins are controlled by the fault zone.The ore types are mainly altered lamprophyre type，quartz vein type and altered rock type.In order to find out the genetic type and metallogenic process of the Xihuashan gold deposit，the field geological survey，microthermometry of fluid inclusionsand H-O-S isotope geochemistry of Machang and Liugou gold deposit were carried out.The results show that the homogenization temperature of quartz fluid inclusions in Machang gold deposit ranges from 140.1 ℃ to 382.6 ℃，and mainly concentrated in 250~260 ℃，the corresponding salinity is 2.57%~10.72% NaCl_eq.The homogenization temperature of quartz fluid inclusions in Liugou gold deposit ranges from 203.2 ℃ to 353.9 ℃，and mainly concentrated in 270~280 ℃，and the freezing point temperature is -8.2~-3.2 ℃，the corresponding salinity is 5.28%~12.08% NaCl_eq，mainly concentrated in 7%~8% NaCl_eq.The δD values of quartz in Machang gold deposit are -86.5‰~-87.2‰，and the δ¹⁸O values are 15.4‰~16.7‰.The δD values of quartz in Liugou gold deposit are -90.2‰~-91.6‰，the δ¹⁸O values are 15.7‰~17.0‰.Therefore，the ore-forming fluid belongs to the medium-low temperature medium-low salinity fluid，the main source of magmatic water.Additionally，the δ³⁴S values in the pyrite of the Machang and Liugou mine areas range from -1.00‰ to 0.27‰.The combination of the S isotopic composition in the regional stratigraphy and electron probe analysis of pyrite suggests that the sulfur source of gold-bearing sulfides（with δ³⁴S values close to zero） is primarily derived from deep magma，whilesulfides containing trace amount of gold or without gold are derived from the surrounding rock stratigraphy.During the Late Garidonian period，the magmatic dynamic and thermal influence of the Juewushan rock mass made the ore-forming materials in the white schist such as muscovite albite quartz schist in the Xihuashan area concentrated in fracture fissures to form early hydrothermal quartz veins. Simultaneously，in the late stage of magmatic differentiation and evolution，the ore-froming materials were separated from the magma，forming mineralized veins such as lamprophyre veins and quartz albite veins.When the solution temperature eventually dropped to the temperature of gold precipitation，the ore-forming hydrothermal fluid precipitated and enriched in the favorable position of the fault zone，forming gold deposits such as quartz vein types and fracture alteration rock types.

The Xiling gold deposit，located on the east side of the Sanshandao gold deposit，is currently the largest gold deposit and deepest gold deposit newly discovered in the Jiaodong gold concentration area.Based on the geological observations，the thermoelectric characteristics of pyrite with different depths（-699 m，-1 190 m，-1 602 m，-2 274 m，and -2 615 m below sea level） in the Xiling gold deposit were analyzed.The results show that the dispersion range and degree（14.59~46.72） of pyrite thermoelectric coefficient in the Xiling gold deposit are generally wide and relatively steady.The thermoelectric conductive type of pyrite at the shallow elevations，such as the -699 m and -1 190 m below sea level，is N-type，while that of pyrite at the deep elevations（-2 615 m below sea level） is P-type.The ore-forming temperatures are mainly concentrated at 250~360 ℃，which is generally consistent with the homogenization temperatures of quartz fluid inclusions，thus belongs to a medium-high temperature hydrothermal gold deposit.The calculated gradient value（0.00~0.29） of the thermo-electric conductive type of pyrite is small，and the estimated denudation rate of the orebody is 75%.Combined with the various parameters of the thermoelectric characteristics of pyrite，it is considered that there is a great potential for exploration in the deep part of the Xiling gold deposit，and the metallogenic depth can reach to -3 000 m below sea level. According to the known regularity of lateral prostration that gold orebodies plunge NE，it is proposed that the potential deep gold orebodies plunge NE to the -3 000 m below sea level is an effective location for deep exploration targets.Through the study of the thermoelectric properties of pyrite in the Xiling gold deposit，it can provide a scientific basis for the deep exploration and prediction of many gold deposits in the Jiaodong gold concentration area.

The Paleoproterozoic potassic-ultrapotassic magmatic rocks are widely developed in western Yunnan，forming an alkali-rich magmatic rock belt along the Jinshajiang-Ailaoshan fracture zone.Due to the lack of systematic research on these potassic-ultrapotassic magmatic rocks，there are still many debates on the petrogenesis and their relationship with mineralization.In this paper，through the collection of published whole-rock major and trace element，Sr-Nd isotope，zircon Hf isotope and geochronology data of the whole rock in the alkali-rich magmatic belt，the rock belt is divided into three parts，namely，south，central and north rock belts according to the tectonic position.Through systematic comparative analysis，it is concluded that the diagenetic age of Paleoproterozoic potassic-ultrapotassic rock formation in western Yunnan is basically the same，with a peak value of 35 Ma，which is the product of the same period of tectonic thermal events.The basic-ultramafic and intermediate-acid rocks have different genesis.The former enriched in LILEs，deficit HFSEs，high （⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr） _i，and low ε_Nd（t） values，probably originating from a slab-accounted enriched lithospheric mantle.The latter may be the product of crust-mantle mixing due to its higher SiO₂ content.The formation of both is related to the shear slip and tensile action of the Jinshajiang-Ailaoshan fault，which is the product of partial melting of the lithosphere at different depths under the same tectonic thermal event.The potassic-ultrapotassic rocks of the southern and central rock belts are closely related to porphyry Au-（Cu-Mo） deposits.The magmatic formation process may provide favorable conditions for mineralization with high oxygen fugacity and water content，as well as ore-forming materials and ore-forming fluids.

The Lajiu area in Longzi County，Tibet，has superior metallogenic geological conditions and great potential for prospecting for gold polymetallic deposits.On the premise of comprehensive analysis of the regional geological background，the favorable position for mineralization was judged by remote sensing geo-logical interpretation，and the Lajiu area was identified as Zone Ⅳ for mineralization prediction. The 1∶50 000 stream sediment survey was used to sweep the surface，and multiple geochemical comprehensive anomalies were delineated. Then other large-scale geophysical and geochemical exploration work such as 1∶10 000 soil geochemical profile measurement，mercury vapor in soil and induced polarization medium gradient survey were carried out within the Lajiu anomaly（HS-13-B₂）.Two geochemical comprehensive anomalies，three polarizable bodies and two apparent polarizability anomalies were delineated，among which favorable mineralization target areas were selected.Anomaly verification and trenching engineering reveal that three gold mineralized alteration zones had been found，which had realized new discovery of ore prospecting. Finally，a comprehensive information prospecting model based on geological，geophysical，geochemical and remote sensing charac-teristics had been preliminarily established.The practice has proved that the application of integrated geo-physical，geochemical and remote sensing prospecting methods can greatly improve the ore prospecting rate，and this work provides a reference for the future development of polymetallic prospecting and exploration in plateau mountainous areas.

Jiuzhanggou gold deposit in Songxian County，Henan Province，is located in the northern section of the Manyu-Dianfang gold ore belt in the Xiong’ershan-Waifangshan ore concentration area.It is a typical large-scale tectonic altered rock type gold deposit.Firstly，the prospecting target area was delineated by 1∶50 000 stream sediment survey.Secondly，the mineralization enrichment site was determined by 1∶10 000 soil geochemical survey.Finally，the tectonic fracture zone and mineralization intensity were identified by rock geochemical（primary halo）survey，and the relative denudation degree of orebody was predicted.The results show that geochemical measurements at different scales provide prospecting information at different stages for the exploration of the gold deposit.Among them，the stream sediment survey delineated the 11-C-Au anomaly in the Jiuzhanggou mining area.The soil geochemical survey found the 1-A₁-Au-Ag-Pb-Cu-Hg-As-Bi-Ni anomaly in Jiuzhanggou.The peak position of trace elements in the primary halo profile determined the mineralization alteration zone of F₁ structure，and finally obvious prospecting results was achieved.By summarizing the geochemical anomaly characteristics and prospecting indicators of the deposit，an exploration geochemical model was established to provide theoretical guidance for the exploration of the same type of gold deposits in the region and around the mining area.

The Wulong gold mine in Liaodong has been mined for more than 80 years，the reserve of mining resources has seriously declined，and the problem of insufficient reserve resources is particularly prominent.It is urgent to identify the deep and peripheral mineral resources in the mining area.Through the measurement of transient electromagnetic method（TEM）in the northwest and southeast sides of the v163 ore vein and the south side of the No.100 fault，the corresponding 2D and 3D geoelectric models were constructed，and the charac-teristics of low resistance anomalies in the mining area were analyzed.Combined with previous achievements，the genetic types of gold deposits and the next exploration direction were inferred.The results show that the low resistance area on the P0 section in the northwest direction of the v163 ore vein is caused by a group of fine-grained diorite veins，including the northwest section of the v163 ore vein，which is highly likely to belong to the quartz vein type mineralization.The low resistance area in the 3D geoelectric model on the south side of the No.100 fault corresponds to the Dagudingzi gold deposit.The deep scale of the low resistance area on the north side increases，and the anomaly is not closed，indicating that the deep part of the north side of the area has a good prospecting prospects and it is worthy of further work.In the 3D geoelectric model in the southeast direction of the v163 ore vein，the low resistance anomaly value is significantly lower in magnitude than the former two，suggesting that it is caused by an alteration zone.After the engineering verification hole，it is revealed that there are multiple layers of discontinuous silicified altered rocks vertically in this area，with a maximum thickness of 41 m.The alteration types include silicification，sericitization，chloritization，and varying degrees of pyrite mineralization.This research indicates that there are not only quartz vein type gold orebodies in the Wulong gold deposit，but also altered rock type gold，which may be the main direction of the next pros-pecting in the mining area.

The large tungsten-molybdenum polymetallic ore concentration area in the western of Zhen’an，Shaanxi Province is located in the north of the southern Qinling tectonic belt，where faults，joints and complex intermediate-acid intrusions are closely related to skarn type and quartz vein type tungsten-molybdenum mineralization.Although certain exploration and research achievements have been made in the study area，it is still unclear which period of magmatic activity in the complex massif is related to mineralization.That is，the source of ore-forming materials is still unclear，which restricts the further exploration and prospecting.On the basis of the basic geological study of the deposit，related magmatic rock samples were collected for geochemical testing and zircon U-Pb isotope dating，sulfide mineral for sulfur isotope analysis，and molybdenite for Re-Os isotope dating.Based on the spatio-temporal relationship between complex massif and tungsten-molybdenum mineralization，it is considered that the Tianwan unit of Lanbandeng rock mass，Wangjiaping concealed rock mass and granitic fine-grained dike are rich in SiO₂，and the Mg^# and the total REE content are low.The REE distribution curve shows obvious tetrad effect with strong negative Eu anomaly，and the magmatic differentiation crystallization degree is high.Zircon U-Pb isotope ages of Jiujianwu unit of Lanbandeng rock mass and Wangjiaping concealed rock mass are （222.7±2.6）Ma and （201.6±4.7）Ma，respectively. The Re-Os isotope model ages of molybdenite in Qipangou tungsten deposit and Jiangkou molybdenum deposit are （199.7±3.9）Ma and （198.7±3.9）Ma，respectively. The sulfide mineral δ³⁴S of tungstan-molybdenum deposit ranges from 3.6‰ to 10.2‰.The source of ore-forming materials should be the acid intrusion formed in late stage between 190 Ma and 200 Ma，which is represented by Tianwan unit of Lanbandeng rock mass，Wangjiaping concealed rock mass and granitic dike.

The Jiangshan-Shaoxing tectonic belt is characterized by the development of numerous Late Cretaceous acidic volcanic-intrusive rock masses，such as Baijuhua granite，Cuishan granite，and Dazhou rhyolite.Previous studies on the chronology of these rocks indicate that they were formed between 137~126 Ma，and the geochemical studies show that these rock masses have geochemical characteristics of A-type granites.These studies are of significant geological importance for understanding the genesis and tectonic background of the rock bodies in the Jiangshan-Shaoxing tectonic belt.Based on the regional geological survey in the Jiuhuashan area of western Zhejiang Province，LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating of Jiuhuashan granite rock mass was carried out，the results indicate that the Jiuhuashan rock mass was formed in （132.7±4.3）Ma，which is the product of early Cretaceous volcanic activity.By means of isotope chronology and rock geochemistry，the diagenetic age of Jiuhuashan rock mass was re-dissected，its geochemical charateristics and Sr-Nd isotope charateristics were analyzed，and the magma source area was discussed.The results show that the Jiuhuashan rock mass has the characteristics of high silicon，rich aluminum alkali，relatively high potassium and low sodium，and low calcium and magnesium.The content of SiO₂ is 68.58%~72.21%，which has the characteristics of quasi-aluminous-peraluminous and high-potassium calc-alkaline-basalt series.The distribution of trace elements shows significant negative anomalies in Sr，Ba，Ti，and P，and the distribution of rare earth elements shows obvious negative Eu anomalies，which has the typical features of A-type granites.The εNd（t） values of the rock samples range from -6.3 to -5.8，with an average value of -6.0 and the two-stage model age T_DM2（Nd） ranges from 1.34 Ga to 1.43 Ga，with an average of 1.40 Ga.The results show that the magma source of the rock mass is mainly the Mesoproterozoic basement，but some mantle-derived material is added，which has the characteristics of crust-mantle mixing.

The Nanlü-Xinmu gold deposit is a super large gold deposit since explored.In order to discuss the occurrence status and enrichment mechanism of gold，rock and ore samples were collected in this study.The ore structure，mineral composition，mineral generation sequence，mineralization stage division，and the morphology，particle size，fineness，occurrence status，and enrichment mechanism of gold were obtained by using optical thin section identification，energy spectrum，and electron probe microanalysis（EPMA） methods.The mineralization stage of Nanlü-Xinmu gold deposit can be divided into four stages，namely pyrite-quartz（Ⅰ），gold-pyrite-quartz（Ⅱ），gold-quartz-polymetallic sulfide （Ⅲ）and quartz-carbonate（Ⅳ）.The main mineralization stage of gold is the second and third stages.The existence modes of gold include interstitial gold（49.87%），fissure gold（42.81%），and inclusion gold（7.31%）.The size of crack gold is 7~20 μm.The fineness of gold is between 886 and 943，the average fineness is 845.10，and the coefficient of variation is 11.72%.The correlation analysis results show that the most significant correlations are gold-silver and iron-sulfur.The correlation between gold and other elements is in the order of Au-Ag-Cr-Fe-S，with little correlation with Pb，Cu，Zn，etc.Pyrite is a gold bearing mineral.Gold is leached out from the ore source bed（ancient Metamorphic rock and Linglong composite rock body） and migrated as simple chlorides and complexes.Gold mineralization is concentrated in the superposition of two mineralization stages.This study provides basic data for revealing the occurrence and genesis of regional gold.

The layout of survey line and survey point is an important work in geophysical exploration project，which is constantly updated with the operation of the project.The application of Ovital map provides great convenience for the layout of survey lines and survey points.In view of the problem that geologic map can’t be integrated into APP and the layout efficiency of survey line and survey point is not high in geophysical exploration work，based on the basic method operation of Ovital map，this paper introduces the application method of importing maps downloaded from WeMap into Ovital map，explains in detail the specific method exploration research of importing collected geologic map into Ovital and integrating it into APP，effectively solves the problem of realizing the portable presentation of geologic map in APP，and improves the layout of survey line and survey point，improved deployment efficiency.Combined with examples of geophysical exploration work carried out in Inner Mongolia and Tibet，the auxiliary role of software VIP sharing function was supplemented.Field work has shown that it is of great significance to reasonably utilize the maximum efficiency of Ovital map software and explore new software usage methods to improve field work efficiency and strengthen data management.

The Huaniushan gold deposit is located in the south of Beishan orogenic belt.The orebody is hosted in the contact zone between the Indosinian K-feldspar granite veins and marble.The mineralization process can be divided into early skarn stage and late quartz sulfide stage（main metallogenic stage）.The fluid inclusion properties of quartz and calcite in the main metallogenic period indicate that the ore-forming fluid has the characteristics of medium-low temperature，medium salt，medium-high density，and with CO₂ and CH₄，which belongs to the H₂O-CO₂-NaCl system.The temperature-salinity characteristics indicate that the ore-forming fluid is the mixture of magmatic water and atmospheric precipitation.The average value of δ¹³C_V-PDB，δ¹⁸O_V-PDB and δ¹⁸O_V-SMOW of calcite is 1.7‰，-22.5‰ and 7.69‰，respectively，and the O isotope strong differentiation suggest that magmatic water mixed with atmospheric precipitation to form ore-forming fluids.The average value of sulfur isotope δ³⁴S of pyrite in the ore is -9.73‰，and its large negative value may be related to the surrounding rock strata，indicating that the sulfur source of the deposit may be a mixed source of magma and strata.The metallogenic depth and pressure features hint that the Huaniushan gold deposit belongs to the shallow metal-logenic depth.Comprehensive analysis shows that Huaniushan gold deposit is a medium-low temperature hydrothermal metasomatic （skarn type） gold deposit.Summarily，in the late Triassic，Huaniushan area expe-rienced multi-stage post-orogenic lithospheric extension and mantle-derived magma underplating，the ore-forming fluid produced in the deep and moved upward along the fracture，reacted with the surrounding rock and mixed with atmospheric precipitation.With the pressure decreasing，the ore-forming materials were precipitated and enriched，and initiated the gold mineralization.

It has an excellent metallogenic geological conditions in northeast Jiangxi Province，and large ore fields such as Dexing，Lehua and Yinshan have been discovered successively.Among them，the Yinshan polymetallic ore field can be divided into two metallogenic series of copper and lead-zinc.In order to deeply understand the occurrence state of associated gold in Yinshan copper ore and the process characteristics of main ore minerals，on the basis of field investigation and laboratory experiments，the process characteristics of copper ore minerals represented by Jiuqu-Xishan district from Yinshan ore field were studied by the methods such as rock-mineral identification and scanning electron microscopy.The results show that the intercalation state of gold minerals is dominated by wrapped gold（46.41%），followed by intergranular gold （44.17%） and fissure gold（9.42%）.The particle size of gold minerals is dominated by fine-grained gold（94.61%），supplemented by a small amount of fine-grained gold and medium-grained gold.Coarse-grained gold and giant-grained gold have not been found yet.The content of gold（Au）in gold minerals is 75.87%~95.68%，the content of silver（Ag）is 4.32%~24.13%，the content ratio of Ag and Au is 0.05~0.32.The gold minerals are mainly silver-gold，less natural gold，the average fineness of gold is 843.7.The natural gold in copper ore is usually golden yellow，and its fineness range is 936.4~956.8，with an average of 946.6.The silver-gold ore in copper ore is usually brass-colored，and the fineness range is 758.7~839.9，with an average of 809.4.The gold-bearing minerals in the copper ore are mainly chalcopyrite，tennantite，pyrite，and some are associated with gangue minerals.By clarifying the occurrence status of associated gold， it is helpful to optimize the ore beneficiation process，so as to improve the recovery rate of gold and enhance the economic benefits of the mine.

The formation of the Dayingezhuang gold deposit involves the coupled effects of tectonic deformation，pore-fluid transport，heat transfer，and hydrogeochemical reactions.In this paper，FLAC^3D nume-rical simulation software and modern mineralization rate concept were used to carry out numerical simulation of force-heat-fluid-chemical coupling of Dayingezhuang gold deposit，so as to explore the controlling effect of fracture structure，bulk deformation，and chemical process coupling on the emplacement of gold orebody.The simulation results demonstrate the following findings： From the perspective of physical process，the steep-slow transition and its local undulation zones along the Zhaoping fault tend to develop larger volume strains with differences of up to 1% compared to the surrounding rocks.This uneven strain distribution leads to the formation of uneven ore-holding spaces and pore pressure variation distribution.Significantly differences between high values of positive and negative pore pressure gradients are observed near the zones with large volume strains，while the differences in other zones are less notable.From the perspective of chemical process，mineralizing fluids tend to converge and stagnate at sites with high volume strain during their migration from the deep to the shallow parts.This convergence of mineralizing fluids leads to a greater precipitation of gold orebodies （mineralization rate less than 0），indicating the occurrence of intense water-rock reactions.In contrast，the areas where the mineralizing fluids don’t converge exhibit a predominance of positive mineralization rate dis-tribution，suggesting the absence of significant gold orebody precipitation.Furthermore，the ROC curve analysis with an AUC value of 0.815 provides quantitative evidence of the strong correlation between the mineralization rate and known gold orebodies，suggesting that this coupling of multiple physical-chemical processes at the same sites may be a key factor governing the formation of Dayingezhuang gold deposit. Based on these observations，it can be inferred that the deep-seated regions of Dayingezhuang deposit hold considerable mineralization potential.

Logging lithology identification is helpful to quickly and accurately identify the underlying strata and rock mass in the overburden area，which is of great significance to the geological prospecting exploration of metal mines. Based on the actual logging data of the Zhaoxian gold deposit in the northwest of Jiaodong Peninsula，this paper combined machine learning methods to research on intelligent identification of lithology. In view of the diversity and non-equilibrium of lithology distribution of complex rock formations in the deposit，considering the strong non-linear relationship between logging response and lithology，this paper proposed an intelligent identification method for logging lithology based on ADASYN imbalanced data processing and CatBoost machine learning.Firstly，the ADASYN algorithm was used to process the unbalanced logging sample data and generate synthetic samples according to the weighted distribution of small class samples. Then，the CatBoost algorithm was used to construct a machine learning model between logging characteristic and lithology. The validation curve was used to determine the hyperparametric grid search range of the model. Parameters were optimized by combining grid search with grid search and 10-fold cross validation to establish the optimal lithology classification model.Finally，the performance of the model was evaluated by indices such as accuracy，recall and F1 score on the test set，while the results of the lithology classification were interpreted by the model output of the feature importance and the partial dependence map.An example was given on the logging data from the Zhaoxian gold deposit in northwest Jiaodong peninsula，the lithology identification and interpretation analysis were conducted on 10 types of lithologies based on sample data equalisation. The model evaluation results show that the accuracy，recall and F1 score on the test set reached 98.21%，98.20% and 98.20%，respectively.CatBoost lithology classification was compared with GBDT and LightGBM algorithms，and the results show that CatBoost classifier has the best performance and is superior to the lithology recognition effect of sample data without equalization processing.The comparison with the lithology of example logging section cores verifies the validity of the model classification results.The results of the feature importance of the model output indicate that the logging features contribute to lithology classification are resistivity，natural potential and natural gamma.The strong correlation between these logging features and the identification of the lithology is a good indication of further mineralization.

The Baishi W-Cu deposit is a medium-sized quartz vein type deposit formed in Indosinian in southern Jiangxi Province.It belongs to the Nanling metallogenic belt.Although it had been exploited since the founding of the People’s Republic of China，few studies have been done on ore-forming mass.The Baishi granite is the main magmatic rock exposed in the mining area and it is recognized as the ore-forming rock.The Baishi granite has undergone carbonation，chlorite，and muscovite alteration.The Baishi granite has obvious tungsten and copper mineralization.In order to probe into the magma genesis and its relationship with metallogenesis，this study conducted detailed geochemical analysis for the Baishi granite.From the feature of the major elements，the Baishi granite has relatively high SiO₂ contents （71.59%~75.36%），total alkali content（Na₂O+K₂O：6.28%~7.45%），aluminum saturation index（A/CNK：1.71~2.11） and differentiation index（DI：81.53~90.39）.It can be inferred that the Baishi granite is peraluminous granite and it has a high degree of differentiation.In the characteristics of rare earth elements，the Baishi granite exhibits obvious enrichment of light rare earth elements，relative depletion of heavy rare earth elements（LREE/HREE=9.94~12.29） and obvious Eu negative anomaly（δEu=0.28~0.57）.Additionally，in the diagram of trace element spider pattern，the Baishi granite is relatively enriched in large ion lithophile elements，such as Rb，Th and U，and depleted in high field strength elements，such as Nb and Ti.While Ba is depleted relative to Rb.The geochemical characteristics mentioned above and relevant geochemical diagrams of the Baishi granite display obvious characteristics of differential S-type granites.Based on the comprehensive analysis，it can be concluded that the Baishi granite is formed in the intraplate environment.The Baishi granite’s magma source is crust and it is mainly derived from the pelite.In addition，the fractional crystallization plays more important role in its forming process than partial melting.In terms of the tectonic setting，the Baishi granite was formed in the extensional environment after the Indosinian orogeny.More and more studies have shown that the Indosinian mineralization played an important role in W and Sn mineralization in South China，and the Baishi granite is closely related to the Indosinian mineralization in South China.

A series of hydrothermal cobalt polymetallic deposits in northeastern Hunan Province occurr along the Changsha-Pingjiang fault zone，the middle section of the Jiangnan orogen belt. These deposits are hosted in the tectonic-hydrothermal alteration belt at the footwall of the Changsha-Pingjiang fault zone，and controlled by the fault zone and its secondary structures.However，the occurrence state of cobalt and cobalt-containing minerals in the whole belt isn’t sufficient，which restricts the understanding of the metallogenic process of cobalt in the belt.The detailed mineralogical observation，TIMA analysis and EPMA showed that the pyrite is the main sulfide and also an important cobalt-containing mineral in the Hengdong deposit.It exhibits a complex textural characteristics，that is，the cobalt-rich pyrite with silk-shaped，ring-shaped or irregularly at the edge replaced by the cobalt-poor pyrite at the core.The cobalt-rich pyrite has a clear oscillating zone exhibits high Co （up to 3.52%） but low Ni contents （≤0.09%）. The complex zoning indicated that fluid-coupled dissolution and precipitation mechanism was responsible for the formation of Co-rich pyrite. In comparison，cobaltite ore is the most important cobalt-bearing mineral in the Jintang cobalt polymetallic deposit，which is closely related to pyrite，marcasite，and arsenopyrite，and occurs as an isolated granular form or wrapped in arsenopyrite particles.The particle size of cobaltite is between 3 μm and 45 μm. The contents of Co，Fe，and Ni of cobalt vary from 9.51% to 23.21%（average is 15.50%），4.33% to 17.66%（average is 9.46%），and 5.52% to 15.24%（average is 9.31%），respectively.Combied with the occurrence form of cobalt in the Jingchong cobalt-copper polymetallic deposit，it could be concluded that the cobalt-containing minerals vary from cobaltite to pyrite along the Changsha-Pingjiang fault zone from southwest to northeast.Furthermore，the Co contents in cobaltite increases tend to while Ni contents decreases，and the high content of Co in pyrite decreases.The mineralizing disparity could be explained by controlling factors such as ore-forming fluid migration direction and physical-chemical conditions（e.g.，pH value and f_S2）. Combined with Co（-polymetallic） orebodies controlled by the NE-trending Changsha-Pingjiang deep fault zone，it was proposed that the southwestern part of the deep fault in Lianyunshan area would be the focus of next cobalt exploration in northeastern Hunan Province.

As an important geological prospecting method，geochemical survey has been widely used in regional mineral prospect survey with its fast and efficient characteristics，and has achieved good geological prospecting results.At present，the main methods used include river sediment survey，soil survey，rock survey，etc.The southern belt of Beishan，Gansu Province，is an important metallogenic belt in the Beishan area of Gansu Province，belonging to the arid desert Gobi landscape area，with poor natural conditions and low degree of geological work.In the area，the development of river system is generally short，and the primary and secondary river systems are the main ones. The river sediment can well reflect the mineralization information in the catchment area. The 1∶50 000 stream sediment survey was carried out in the selected blocks in the research area，and the content information of 14 elements in the research area was obtained，such as Au，Ag，Cu，Pb，Zn，Co，Ni，Hg，Sb，As，Mo，W，Sn，Bi. The obtained geochemical data were processed in combination with the strata，structure，and distribution of magmatic rocks in the research area.The elements in the research area have obvious classification characteristics，in which Au，Ag，As，Sb，Hg are a group of medium-low temperature hydrothermal elements，Cu，Pb，Zn，Mo，Ni，Co are a group of medium-high temperature hydrothermal elements and basic elements in basic and ultrabasic rocks，which are related to hydrothermal activities and basic and ultrabasic dikes controlled by NW and NE trending fault structures in the research area.W，Sn and Bi are a group of high-temperature element combinations，representing W mineralization in the research area.According to the distribution characteristics of the elements and the geological background，five comprehensive anomalies were delineated in the research area，including two Class B1 anomalies，two Class B2 anomalies，and one Class C3 anomaly. Through the general inspection and key inspection of the anomalies，Huayaoshan tungsten deposit was found in the HS-3 anomaly，and Dakouzi Dongshan tungsten deposit and Huayaoshan toxic placer deposit were found in the HS-4 anomaly.In the research area，three prospecting prospects with tungsten ore as the main ore were divided.It shows that the measurement of stream sediment has good geological prospecting effect in the southern belt of Beishan，and provides basic data for further geological prospecting work in the research area. At the same time，combined with the geological prospecting results in the southern belt of Beishan in recent years，the authors comprehensively analyzed the metallogenic geological background，metallogenic environment，mineralization，and metallogenic law in the research area，and put forward new prospecting directions and suggestions for the next step，which has reference significance for carrying out mineral prospecting in the arid desert Gobi natural landscape area of Beishan in Gansu Province.

In recent years，many types of gold deposits have been found in Wangjiaping-Shangnan area，Shaanxi Province.Due to the lack of detailed antomy of the typical deposits in the region，and insufficient understanding of the ore-controlling factors，occurrence regularity，and genesis of the regional gold deposits，the metallogenic regularity and propecting direction in the region are not clear，which restricts the propecting breakthrough in this area.On the basis of investigating the regional geological structure background，the geological characteristics，ore-controlling factors and ore-bearing laws of typical gold deposits in Wangjiaping-Shangnan area were systematically sorted out.Combined with the characteristics of fluid inclusions in typical gold deposits，the spatial distribution characteristics，metallogenic conditions and the occurrence and mineralization patterns of gold deposits（points）in the area were summarized.The results show that the gold deposits（points） in the area are controlled by the nearly EW-trending Shanyang-Fengzhen fault，Zhen’an Banyanzhen fault，or their secondary fault belts.They are developed in the interlayer faults of specific strata and controlled by dual factors of faults and strata，the gold deposits（spots）in the area are generally enriched in the nearly EW-trending zonal segmentation.The gold orebodies in different sections are controlled by different forms of faults and overall lenticular output.According to the metallogenic characteristics，ore-controlling factors and metallogenic regularity of the mining area，the prospecting prediction model of gold deposits in the area was established，and five prospecting target areas were predicted in combination with the distribution range of strata，structures and geochemical anomalies，which provides new ideas and new directions for the next step of ore exploration work in the area.

In order to identify the occurrence， enrichment， storage conditions and distribution characteristics of rare metal ore in the clay layer，to study the sedimentary characteristics，variation law and metallogenic law of the Qaidam Basin，the evaluation of resource potential were studied in Balunhaima Basin of Qaidam Basin. The investigation and evaluation of lithium rare light metals as the main minerals in Balunmahai salt lake Basin of Qaidam Basin has been carried out， including drilling， sample collection and testing， statistical analysis of data， correlation of rock and ore-bearing clay layers， law summary and research work on the availability of ore-bearing clay. Three layers of ore-bearing clay layers were delineated in the Quaternary Holocene （Qh）， Upper Pleistocene （Qp³） and Middle Pleistocene （Qp²）. It is estimated that the total potential resources of LiCl can reach 1.1441 million tons， which is converted into the total potential resources of Li₂O， Rb₂O and Cs₂O reaching 403 200 tons， 357 200 tons and 31 300 tons respectively.The lithium leaching rate reaches 51%~55% with 10% sulfuric acid concentration，25% pulp concentration，1 hour leaching time and 25 ℃ leaching temperature.The thickness of ore-bearing clay layer and the contents of Li，Rb and Cs are stable. Lithium is mainly composed of Fe-Mn binding state，followed by residue state，Rb and Cs are mainly composed of residue state.The clay minerals are mainly illite，and the contents of Li，Rb and Cs are positively correlated with the clay content. It is concluded that there are both structural lithium and adsorbed lithium in clay-type lithium deposits in this area，which is a kind of clay-type lithium deposits between carbonate clay-type lithium deposits and volcanic clay-type lithium deposits.This type is a new type in Balunmahai Basin，and the mining area has the conditions for extraction and utilization.In this paper，the investigation and evaluation of rare light metal lithium deposits were carried out for the first time in clay layer，and the clay-type lithium rare light metal resources were found.The orebody is associated with liquid ore and solid salt ore，which is an important part of salt lake resources.The research lays a foundation for the overall planning，development and efficient utilization of the evaluation area of the Balunmahai Basin.

The East Kunlun metallogenic belt is an important gold and other metal metallogenic belt in Qinghai Province，but it is mostly concentrated in the eastern part of the East Kunlun.The western part of the East Kunlun not only has a small number of deposits， but also has a small scale of ore deposits.Meanwhile，the research on the genesis of the deposits is weak and the prospecting potential is unknown，which become the bottleneck restricting the breakthrough of gold prospecting in the western part of the East Kunlun.The discovery of Aqiyin gold ore deposit can not only enrich the types of gold deposit in the East Kunlun metallogenic belt，but also have important scientific research value to improve the understanding of gold mineralization rules in the western part of the East Kunlun.The Aqiyin gold deposit is located in the western part of the East Kunlun metallogenic belt，which is a structural ore-control gold deposit occurred in porphyritic quartz monzonite. In order to determine the metallogenic age of the gold deposit，the ⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar age test of sericite in the altered granite-porphyry related to gold mineralization was carried out，and the weighted average ages of sericite are （263.2±4.5）Ma and （268.7±9.7）Ma，respectively. The results show that the main ore-forming age of the Aqiyin gold deposit is the Middle Permian，which is of great significance for further understanding of the genetic mechanism and geodynamic background and regional gold exploration of the gold deposit in the western part of East Kunlun.Meanwhile，enough attention should be paid to whether there is a Middle Permian gold deposit in the East Kunlun area.

The Geita greenstone belt is located in the northwest of Tanzania craton，and developed a world-class large-scale gold deposit with a 387 t gold resources，namely Geita gold deposit.The main rock type of Geita greenstone belt is banded iron formation（BIF），volcanic clastic sedimentation and kavirondian system conglomerate，both with syn-orogenic granite，lamprophyre and trachyandesite.The structure of folds and shear zones are well developed in the area，and the structure directions are mainly NW-SE，NE-SW and nearly E-W.The gold veins are developed in the contact of BIF and lamprophyre，and found in nearby parallel quartz veins.The characteristics of geochemistry shows that the orebodies were formed from the magmatic hydrothermal，and hosted in the shear zone.Based on the study of geology，typical gold deposits and ore-forming age of the Geita greenstone belt，this paper determines the era of mineralization and summarizes the evolutionary history of Geita greenstone belt.As a preliminary view，the evolutionary history of Geita greenstone belt shows many periods，including volcanic activities，deposit formation，tectonic activities，multi-hydrothermal activities and tectonic reworking.For the tectonic reworking of Geita greenstone belt，determines the main era of mineralization is （2 699±9）~（2 617±17）Ma，and the Geita gold deposit is a typical greenstone belt gold deposit of orogenic belt type of Archean.

Yudai copper deposit is a newly discovered and medium-sized copper deposit located in the Kalatag district，northern Dananhu-Tousuquan island-arc belt，eastern Tianshan，NW China.Through field geological survey and laboratory research，the geological characteristics and genesis of the deposit were discussed.The ore-bearing geological formation is a set of volcanic-pyroclastic rocks，and the orebody is hosted in the porphyritic quartz diorite and volcanic rocks of the Daliugou Formation.It is controlled by the faults and is mainly vein and lenticular type.The ore types are mainly disseminated and veined and the structures are mainly granular，disseminated and veined.The metal minerals are mainly chalcopyrite and pyrite，and the gangue minerals are mainly quartz，followed by chlorite and sericite.The ore-forming process can be divided into four stages，namely quartz-magnetite stage，K-feldspar-quartz-pyrite stage，quartz-pyrite-chalcopyrite-molybdenite stage and quartz-carbonate-gypsum stage.The hydrothermal alteration is characterized by K-feldspar，silica，chlorite，epidote，sericite and carbonate.The alteration is typically zoned from center to outer with K-feldspar-silica zone，silica-sericite zone，argillic zone and chlorite-epidote- carbonate zone，and K-feldspar-silica zone，silica-sericite-pyrite zone and chlorite-epidote-carbonate zone from top to bottom. The metallogenic geological conditions，ore body characteristics and hydrothermal alteration of the Yudai copper deposit are consistent with the porphyry copper deposit in the Dananhu-Tousuquan island-arc belt.Therefore，it is considered that Yudai copper deposit belongs to porphyry copper deposit.

The northern margin of the Qaidam Basin is located in the north of the Qaidam Basin and the south of the Qilian orogenic belt，and in the Qinling-Qilian-Kunlun orogenic belt with strong tectonic-magmatic activity.It is one of the hot areas of geological research in recent years.A large number of early Paleozoic granites are distributed in the Xiaridawu niobium-tantalum mining area in the northern margin of the Qaidam Basin.The analysis of the magma source， formation mechanism and tectonic environment of granites plays an important role in revealing the formation mechanism and tectonic environment of granites，which also plays an important role in revealing the formation and evolution mechanism of continental crust in the northern margin of the Qaidam Basin.Based on the analysis of petrological and geochemical characteristics of granites in Xiaridawu niobium-tantalum mining area on the northern margin of Qaidam Basin，the magma source，formation me-chanism and tectonic environment of granites was analized.It is found that the biotite granite porphyry in the Xiaridawu area has high silicon，high potassium and aluminum，and the other major elements show the characteristics of low magnesium and low manganese，poor phosphorus and titanium.The biotite granite porphyry is enriched in light rare earth elements，while relatively depleted in heavy rare earth elements，REE chondrite-normalized partitioning curve is ‘V’ shaped distribution，and the negative Eu anomaly is obvious.It is relatively enriched in large ion lithophile elements，relatively depleted in high field strength elements. According to the analysis of related parameters of major，trace and rare earth elements， the granite porphyry in the mining area is a highly differentiated S-type peraluminous granite. In addition to the low-temperature melting of crustal materials， the source is not excluded from the contamination of mantle materials， and there are some separated crystallization products， which has a very favorable effect on the mineralization of niobium and tantalum deposits in this area. According to the tectonic environment discrimination of multiple sets of main elements and trace elements，the granite porphyry in the Xiaridawu niobium-tantalum mining area on the northern margin of Qaidam Basin was formed in the collision tectonic environment of the transition from collision orogenic to intraplate.The study has important geological significance for understanding the genesis，provenance，tectonic environment and prospecting direction of granite in this area.

The Fuwen gold deposit is located in Fuwen County，central and northern Hainan Province，and also in the northern margin of the Wuzhishan fold belt of the South China fold system.The Early Cretaceous Lumuwan Formation （K₁l） is mainly exposed in the ore district.The structure in this area is developed，the magmatic volcanic movement is more frequent，the gold mineralization points are more，and the metallogenic geological conditions are better.Geological and mineral work was carried out earlier in the area，including geophysical exploration，geochemical exploration，mineral exploration，etc.，but these works focused on the ore fabric characteristics，sulfide characteristics，ore-forming fluid characteristics and isotope date of the deposit，and the research methods of element geochemical testing of gold deposits are less involved.In order to further explore the source of ore-forming materials of Fuwen gold deposit，this paper analyzed the main，trace and rare earth elements of quartz vein type ore，clastic sedimentary rock and magmatic rock of Lumuwan formation.The chemical analysis of the main components of the clastic sedimentary rocks in Lumuwan Formation shows that the weathering and alteration of the source area are weak，which reflects that the sedimentary rocks were first deposited in the active tectonic belt，and the provenance is mainly felsic rocks.The results of chemical analysis of rare earth elements show that REE is characterized by enriched LREE，lost HREE，and right-inclined normalized curve patterns，and the standardized distribution curves of REE in each sample are basically the same.It is inferred that the ore has homology with strata and rock masses.The results of trace element chemical analysis show that the ore，Lumuwan Formation strata and rock mass （quartz diorite，fine-grained granite） are significantly lost in Ba，Nb，Sr，Hf and enriched in Rb，Th，U，Pb，Sm，and their distribution trends are similar.Comprehensive analysis shows that the formation of Fuwen gold ore body in Hainan is closely related to Lumuwan strata and rock mass.Both of them provide ore-forming materials for the formation of ore bodies，and the deposit type is a magmatic hydrothermal deposit.

The tectonic position of the study area belongs to the junction of the southwest edge of the Yangtze quasi platform and the Youjiang fold belt of the south China fold belt，which is an important component of carlin-type gold deposits area in southwest Guizhou.The deep hidden deposit prospecting has not made a new breakthrough.Based on the recent research on structure-controlled alteration zone （SBT） and the latest theoretical results of multi-level structural slippage metallogenic system of carlin-type gold deposits in Nanpanjiang-Youjiang area，the geological background and geological characteristics of typical deposits are studied through field investigation in the Kawu，Southwestern Guizhou，China.The results further clarified the geological characteristics of gold deposits in the Kawu area and identified the main prospecting criteria，established the core elements of gold prospecting prediction in the Kawu area，and newly identified the existence of SBT between the rock interfaces with large differences in rock competence in the area，providing an important basis for regional prospecting prediction.The gold orebody is deposited in SBT and the high-angle pressure fault and the interlayer fracture zone，system summary Kawu area gold metallogenic elements.The study shows that the regional structural detachment and interlayer fracture zone are the main channel of metallogenic fluid migration and the ore site of gold ore body，the abnormal overlap parts of the metallogenic elements such as Au，As，Sb and Hg are the most favorable parts of mineralization，which is the same metallogenic system as the regional carlin-type gold deposit，and the gold metallogenic conditions are superior.Based on the multi-level structural detachment metallogenic system and the prospecting prediction model，the prospecting prediction was carried out，3 prospecting prediction areas were delineated，the gold resources in Kawu area were predicted as 50 t，and the prospecting direction in the area is defined，so as to provide guidance and reference for the subsequent prospecting work in this area.

In order to solve the problem of prospecting around and deep prospecting in Daiyinzhang mining area in Wutai County，Shanxi Province，the geoelectrochemical exploration method was carried out in the sections of three profiles 6，8 and 12 lines in the mining area，and the geoelectrochemical exploration method test under the conditions of energization （dipolar geoelectric extraction） and non-energization （foam-plastic adsorption extraction） was compared and analyzed in order to verify the feasibility of the method in the area and the influence of the applied electric field on the exploration effect.The results show that the geoele-ctrochemical extraction anomaly is clearly displayed above the known gold orebody，which corresponds well to the occurrence location of the gold orebody，and the exploration effect is remarkable，and it is effective and feasible to use geoelectrochemical methods to find hidden gold deposits in Wutai area of Shanxi Province.The applied electric field does improve the efficiency of geoelectrochemical extraction，the detection depth is also greater than the adsorption extraction without electricity，which is more sensitive，and it can clearly show the hidden orebody and weak mineralization abnormality.The anomaly corresponds to the burial location of the deep orebody，and the extracted orebody information is more comprehensive and complete，which has a good effect on further analysis of the location and distribution form of the underground orebody，and it can play a good indicator effect in deep prospecting prediction.

Due to the long-term mining，the resource crisis in Xishan section of Linglong gold field is becoming more and more serious.The known main veins have been basically explored and mined by pit exploration，finding new resources has become an urgent need for mines.Through regional geological analysis and summary of metallogenic regularity，the veins in the ore-section are sorted out one by one，and it is found that the local geological structure is inconsistent with the regional structural regularity.The researchers selected the 108# vein group with stable overall occurrence but large local changes to study the metallogenic regularity and tectonic movement regularity.Through the study of the movement law of the upper and lower plates of the 108# vein group and the mineralization of 108# vein group，it was found that the main vein of 108# vein is a reverse fault with obvious displacement，while its branch vein 96#，vein 98# and vein 107# are tensile-torsional or tensile faults with no obvious displacement.At the same time，there are obvious differences in mineral structure and mineral composition，so it is speculated that there are a series of structures in the footwall of the western main vein of 108# vein，which are consistent with the structural laws of the branches in the footwall and move downward with the footwall.Therefore，108# blind branches were found in the blind zone prospecting in the speculated area at -50 elevation level of Xishan ore section.The exploration of 108# veins verified the study of this metallogenic regularity and established a branch prospecting model，that is，the upper and lower walls of the main vein of 108# vein have ore-hosting secondary structures corresponding to each other with nearly parallel arrangement and nearly equal spacing distribution，and the blind veins of 108 2# veins and 108 3# veins were successfully explored by this model.At present，the proven metal amount is 2.4 tons，which prolongs the service life of the mine.It is worth mentioning that after the upper and lower wall branches of 108# main vein were dislocated by the fault of 108# main vein，the lower branch vein and the upper branch vein experienced different metallogenic periods.In the later period，the main vein of the 108# vein blocked the ore-forming hydrothermal solution，so that the ore-bearing faults of the lower plate could form better orebodies，and the mineralization of the footwall branches vein at the far end of 108# main vein also confirmed this point.According to the results of this prospecting，the same tectonic regularity and metallogenic environment have been found in other vein groups such as 53#，55# vein group，which points out the direction for the next prospecting.

The Kudeerte gold deposit is a medium-sized gold deposit newly discovered in the western section of East Kunlun.Granodiorite is the host rock of gold deposit，but the petrogenesis，tectonic background and its relationship with mineralization are still unclear.The above questions have been discussed by studying the petrogeochemistry，U-Pb zircon geochronology，and Hf isotopes of the granodiorite in Kudeerte.The petrogeochemical characteristics show that the Kudeerte granodiorite is a set of quasi-aluminum-potassium basalt rocks，showing a right-inclined distribution pattern of light rare earth enrichment，with obvious negative Eu anoalies.The relative enrichment of elements such as large-ion lithophile elements Rb and K，the active incompatible elements Th and U，the depleted high field strength （Nb，Ta，Ti），HREE，and Sr elements，with the characteristics of shell-derived magma.Zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating showes that the age of granodiorite was （242.9±1.3）Ma（n=20，MSWD=0.65）.The Kudeerte granodiorite is a Ⅰ-type granitic rock series of aluminous high potassium calc-alkaline rocks formed in the Middle Triassic.The tectonic environment is the transition environment between subduction and collision of oceanic plate.

Sanjiang area in southwest China is an important area for geological research.On the basis of previous studies，through collecting and collating the geochemical literature related to Yanshanian deposits in the Geza island arc，418 representative geochemical data of ore-bearing rock masses in the area were obtained，including Xiuwacu tungsten-molybdenum deposit，Tongchanggou molybdenum-copper deposit，Relin molybdenum-tungsten-copper deposit，Hongshan copper-molybdenum deposit and Hongniu copper-molybdenum deposit.Combined with computer big data，referring to previous research methods and according to the principle of data screening，the data with SiO₂ content greater than 56% and less than 90%（granite SiO₂>56%） were retained during screening.Excluding data with H₂O and LOI content greater than 7% and CO₂ content greater than 3%（high H₂O and LOI content indicates strong alteration； high CO₂ content indicates strong carbonation and calcitization）. Remove some samples with abnormally high content of main elements，such as samples with Fe₂O₃>30% and abnomally high MnO content.Remove the data with abnormally high trace elements（sample retention）.Draw the confidence ellipse and calculate the corresponding overlap rate.Meanwhile，the abnormal values in the study area（such as abnormal high values，abnormal low values，20 times higher than the average value of sample elements，etc.） were deleted during the study，the sample was retained and the negative value（which may exceed the detection limit） was deleted.The big data method was used to calculate the comparison values of different elements，and 65 536 maps were obtained by comparing with the global adakites.The study shows that the Yanshanian rock mass has the global adakite attribute，but also has its own characteristics.Some element ratios （the denominator contains Mo and Cu） are small and exceed the range of global adakite，which indicates that Mo and Cu elements dominate the Yanshanian rock mass in this area and the enrichment degree is good.In maps such as K₂O/Mo-SiO₂/Cu，Na₂O/Cu-SiO₂/Mo，MnO/Cu-SiO₂/Cu，Na₂O/Zn-SiO₂/Mo，Mo and Cu fit well with most elements such as SiO₂，TiO₂，K₂O and Na₂O，and have the same trend of change，which indicates that the ore-bearing fluid and mineralization of Mo and Cu porphyry copper molybdenum ore are evolving continuously.The farther the Yanshanian granite data points related to ore-bearing deviate from the global adakite distribution range，the greater the escape degree.The Yanshanian ore-bearing rock mass in this area has a similar occurrence background to adakites.The application of relevant research on adakites in this area can further guide geological work.

Rubidium，as one of the rare metals，plays an increasingly prominent role in military and civilian fields.The granite rubidium deposit is the main type of rubidium ore with high economic value.Recently，lots of exploration achievements and research progress have been made in the granite rubidium deposit，but there is no systematic summary and review.In addition，as the national strategic resource and an important reserve base of critical metals，the prospecting direction of rubidium deposit in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are still unclear.This paper summarized and reviewed the granite type rubidium deposit from the metallogenic age，geological background，ore-controlling structure，ore-bearing rocks，geological characteristics of deposit and metallogenic mechanism.Then，combined with the new exploration achievements of rubidium deposit in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau，reveal its metallogeny and exploration direction of rubidium deposit. For the subsequent exploration evaluation and theoretical research of granite-type rubidium deposits，the occurrence state，fluid characteristics and source of rubidium can be identified by mineralogical evidence，such as microscopic identification，backscattering and scanning electron microscopy，combined with current cutting-edge analytical techniques and methods，such as electron probe，LA-ICP-MS analysis and in-situ O isotope analysis.Furthermore，the process and genesis mechanism of rubidium mineralization were revealed.According to the specific geological characteristics of different metallogenic zones，based on the study of regional geological background，magmatic activity，rock properties and tectonic interpretation，the metallogenic dynamic background of different zones was summarized.A systematic comparative study was carried out on the ore-bearing and non-ore-bearing rock masses of several large and ultra-large granitic rubidium deposits to reveal their petrogeochemical characteristics in detail and clarify the mineralization specificity.At the same time，it is recommended to use the frontier conventional and unconventional isotope analysis，such as micro situ oxygen isotope，lithium isotope，etc.，to explore the source of ore-forming materials （rubidium，fluid） in detail.According to the research results，three prospecting direction are recommended.The first is by looking for the high differentiation granite as the rubidium vision area.The second is，by combining with the comprehensive analysis of infrared spectral characteristics，to explore albitization，greisenization，Tianhe petrochemical altered minerals and fluorite，topaz and other fluorides.The last is to use geophysical prospecting method for delineating magnetic anomaly and IP anomaly center，these methods have a good indicative significance for finding granitic rubidium deposits.