青藏高原高寒草甸草原土壤冻融过程中地-气水热交换特征
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曹晓云(1993-),女,硕士,工程师,主要从事青藏高原气候与环境研究. E-mail: xiaoyun_cao@126.com |
收稿日期: 2025-04-19
修回日期: 2025-07-24
网络出版日期: 2026-03-12
基金资助
国家自然科学基金项目(U21A2021)
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFF1302601)
Characteristics of land-atmospheric water and heat exchange during soil freezing-thawing process of alpine grassland soils on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau
Received date: 2025-04-19
Revised date: 2025-07-24
Online published: 2026-03-12
曹晓云 , 周秉荣 , 颜玉倩 , 权晨 , 赵全宁 , 李全平 , 王秀英 , 李甫 . 青藏高原高寒草甸草原土壤冻融过程中地-气水热交换特征[J]. 干旱区研究, 2025 , 42(12) : 2195 -2206 . DOI: 10.13866/j.azr.2025.12.04
Using soil temperature, humidity and eddy observation data from the Haibei Pastoral Experiment Station of the China Meteorological Administration (hereinafter referred to as Haibei station), we analysed the characteristics of land-atmospheric water and heat exchange during soil freezing-thawing process of typical alpine meadowed grassland soils on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. The results showed that: (1) the soil freezing and thawing process significantly affected the shallow soil temperature and humidity. The soil temperature was the lowest during the stable freezing period (-13.8 ℃) and the highest during the complete thawing period (23.3 ℃), while soil humidity decreased to 5.7% during the stable freezing period and increased to 24.7% during the complete thawing period. (2) Soil freezing and thawing processes significantly changed the surface energy distribution, especially during the freeze-thaw transition season. Net radiation was highest during the complete thaw period (107.1 W·m-2) and lowest during the stable freeze period (8.9 W·m-2), and was mainly consumed by sensible and latent heat, accounting for 45.1% and 49.7% of the year, respectively. During the complete thaw (stable freeze) period, latent heat (sensible) fluxes predominated, whereas during the thaw (freeze) period, both were dominated by sensible heat fluxes. During the complete melting (stable freezing) period, the latent heat (sensible heat) flux was dominant, while during the ablation (freezing) period, the sensible heat flux was dominant. (3) The daily changes of temperature, humidity and energy fluxes in the shallow soil showed a single-peak pattern. The daily variation of soil temperature was the largest (10.9 ℃) during the complete melting period on sunny day and the smallest (1.8 ℃) during the freezing period, the daily variation of soil humidity was small, with a maximum of 1.5% during the melting period. The daily variation of net radiation was the largest (635.7 W·m-2) during the complete melting period, and the variation of latent heat fluxes was the largest (197.5 W·m-2), the variation of sensible heat flux reached its maximum during the melting period (315.1 W·m-2), while the variation of surface heat flux peaked during the stable freeze period (180.0 W·m-2). The weather type and the freeze-thaw phase jointly regulate the soil temperature and humidity changes, and influence the energy distribution by regulating the radiation input and the soil phase change.
表1 海北站观测仪器说明Tab. 1 Description of observation instruments at Haibei station |
| 观测项目 | 观测仪器 | 架设高度(埋深)/m | 观测频率/min |
|---|---|---|---|
| 三维超声风速 | IRGASON | 4 | 30 |
| 水汽/CO2通量 | IRGASON | ||
| 辐射分量 | NR01 | 1.5 | |
| 空气温度 | HMP45C | 2 | |
| 降水量 | SL3-1 | 0.75 | |
| 土壤温度 | 109 | 0.05、0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4 | |
| 土壤湿度 | CS616 | ||
| 土壤热通量 | HFP01 | 0.05 |
表2 土壤冻融阶段划分判据Tab. 2 Soil freezing and thawing stage classification criteria |
| 阶段 | 划分判据 |
|---|---|
| 冻结 | |
| 稳定冻结 | |
| 融化 | |
| 完全融化 | |
表3 海北站2022年7月—2023年6月浅层土壤冻融阶段信息Tab. 3 Information on the freeze-thaw stages of shallow soil at Haibei station from July 2022 to June 2023 |
| 土壤状态 | 开始时间 /年-月-日 | 结束日期 /年-月-日 | 日数/d | 典型晴天 /年-月-日 | 典型云天 /年-月-日 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 冻结 | 2022-11-05 | 2022-11-16 | 12 | 2022-11-05 | 2022-11-11,2022-11-13 |
| 稳定冻结 | 2022-11-17 | 2023-03-06 | 109 | 2023-02-19,2023-02-25,2023-03-03,2023-03-04 | 2022-11-21,2022-12-11,2023-01-16,2023-02-17,2023-03-02 |
| 融化 | 2023-03-07 | 2023-04-02 | 26 | 2023-03-10,2023-03-13,2023-03-27 | 2023-03-15,2023-03-22 |
| 完全融化 | 2022-07-01, 2023-04-03 | 2022-11-04, 2023-06-30 | 219 | 2022-07-11,2022-08-01,2022-09-06,2022-10-16,2023-04-28,2023-05-13,2023-06-18 | 2022-07-15,2022-08-22,2022-09-18,2022-10-05,2023-04-13,2023-05-27,2023-06-17 |
图4 海北站2022年7月—2023年6月平均能量通量的季节变化Fig. 4 Seasonal variation of daily mean energy fluxes from July 2022 to June 2023 at Haibei station |
表4 研究区各冻融期平均地表能量参数Tab. 4 Surface energy parameters for each freeze-thaw period in the study area |
| 时期 | 净辐射 /(W·m-2) | 潜热通量 /(W·m-2) | 感热通量 /(W·m-2) | 地表热通量 /(W·m-2) | 波文比 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 全年 | 71.4 | 35.5 | 32.2 | -1.6 | 0.9 |
| 完全融化 | 107.1 | 54.8 | 35.6 | 1.4 | 0.7 |
| 融化 | 63.9 | 12.5 | 50.7 | 5.9 | 4.1 |
| 冻结 | 20.0 | 9.0 | 23.4 | -7.9 | 2.6 |
| 稳定冻结 | 8.9 | 6.0 | 22.0 | -8.7 | 3.7 |
注:表中加粗数字代表该能量分支在对应时期占比较大。 |
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