Spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of extreme precipitation events on the Loess Plateau from 1960 to 2023
Received date: 2024-08-03
Revised date: 2024-09-21
Online published: 2026-03-11
The Loess Plateau of China has been experiencing an increase in extreme climate events due to global warming. Understanding the spatiotemporal characteristics of extreme precipitation events in this region is crucial for disaster prevention. This study analyzes daily precipitation data from 111 meteorological stations across the Loess Plateau, spanning the years 1960 to 2023. Using detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA), we established thresholds for extreme precipitation events and examined their spatiotemporal characteristics through the Mann-Kendall test and other methods. The findings reveal the following. (1) Extreme precipitation thresholds at meteorological stations vary between 27.4 mm and 89.1 mm, with 54% of the stations exceeding a threshold of 50 mm. The average threshold values across different ecological regions range from 35.0 mm to 59.6 mm, exhibiting a gradient that is lower in the northwest and higher in the southeast. (2) The amount and intensity of extreme precipitation events increase from 10.6 mm·a-1 and 33.0 mm·d-1 in the northwest to 71.5 mm·a-1 and 133.0 mm·d-1 in the southeast, respectively. The frequency of their occurrence increases from 0.3 d·a-1 in the north to 0.8 d·a-1 in the south. The number of extreme precipitation days closely aligns with heavy rain days, particularly in the loess hilly gully B2 sub-region. (3) The loess tableland gully, earth-rocky mountainous, and river valley plain regions are identified as high-risk areas for extreme precipitation events and should be prioritized for disaster prevention and control. (4) Over the past 64 years, extreme precipitation events have shown distinct interannual variability, with an overall increase observed, particularly in July and August. (5) In the last decade, the loess tableland gully and loess hilly gully regions have seen increased precipitation amounts and frequencies of extreme events. By contrast, the declining trend of extreme precipitation events in the sandy land and irrigated agricultural regions has slowed, whereas both the earth-rocky mountainous and river valley plain regions experienced a sudden spike in extreme precipitation events in 2020. This study serves as a reference for disaster prevention and mitigation regarding extreme precipitation events across the different ecological regions of the Loess Plateau.
Xinhan ZHANG , Wenting ZHAO , Juying JIAO , Xiaowu MA , Bo YANG , Qi LING . Spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of extreme precipitation events on the Loess Plateau from 1960 to 2023[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2025 , 48(7) : 1153 -1166 . DOI: 10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2024.461
图1 黄土高原生态分区及气象站点分布注:基于资源环境科学与数据平台(https://www.resdc.cn/data.aspx?DATAID=140)的黄土高原空间范围数据制作。A1为黄土高塬沟壑区A1副区;A2为黄土高塬沟壑区A2副区;B1为黄土丘陵沟壑区B1副区;B2为黄土丘陵沟壑区B2副区;C为沙地和农灌区; D为土石山区及河谷平原区。下同。 Fig. 1 Ecological regionalizations and distribution of meteorological stations on the Loess Plateau |
表1 极端降水指标及定义Tab. 1 Extreme precipitation indicators and definitions |
| 极端降水指标 | 定义 | 单位 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 极端降水事件指标 | 极端降水量 | 年内超过极端降水阈值的降水量总和 | mm |
| 极端降水日数 | 年内发生极端降水事件的日数 | d | |
| 极端降水强度 | 极端降水量与极端降水天数的比值 | mm·d-1 | |
| 极端降水指数 | 连续降水日数(CWD) | 年内日降水量≥1 mm的最长持续时间 | d |
| 大雨日数(R25mm) | 年内日降水量>25 mm的总日数 | d | |
| 暴雨日数(R50mm) | 年内日降水量>50 mm的总日数 | d | |
| 日最大降水量(RX1day) | 年内日降水量最大值 | mm | |
| 连续5 d最大降水量(RX5day) | 年内连续5 d降水量最大值 | mm | |
图2 黄土高原各站点极端降水阈值及年均降水量的空间分布Fig. 2 Spatial distributions of extreme precipitation thresholds and annual average precipitation at each station on the Loess Plateau |
表2 不同生态分区的极端降水阈值Tab. 2 Extreme precipitation thresholds in different ecological regionalizations |
| 分区 | 雨量站数量/站 | 阈值范围/mm | 平均值±标准误/mm |
|---|---|---|---|
| A1 | 26 | 27.4~49.1 | 35.0±1.1 |
| A2 | 12 | 42.4~59.0 | 51.6±1.5 |
| B1 | 10 | 53.3~61.2 | 57.1±0.7 |
| B2 | 8 | 41.8~62.6 | 50.6±2.8 |
| C | 17 | 34.1~57.2 | 44.5±1.8 |
| D | 38 | 35.7~89.1 | 59.6±2.2 |
注:A1为黄土高塬沟壑区A1副区;A2为黄土高塬沟壑区A2副区;B1为黄土丘陵沟壑区B1副区;B2为黄土丘陵沟壑区B2副区;C为沙地和农灌区;D为土石山区及河谷平原区。下同。 |
表3 不同生态分区的极端降水指标值Tab. 3 Extreme precipitation indicator values in different ecological regionalizations |
| 极端降水指标 | 生态分区 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A1 | A2 | B1 | B2 | C | D | ||
| 极端降水事件指标 | 极端降水量/mm | 22.83±1.71 | 33.75±2.22 | 35.37±2.18 | 30.09±1.74 | 21.08±1.81 | 42.94±2.34 |
| 极端降水日数/d | 0.50±0.03 | 0.49±0.03 | 0.48±0.03 | 0.46±0.03 | 0.34±0.02 | 0.53±0.02 | |
| 极端降水强度/mm·d-1 | 45.17±1.68 | 68.35±2.11 | 74.99±1.23 | 66.40±4.24 | 59.91±2.40 | 79.91±3.33 | |
| 极端降水指数 | CWD/d | 7.22±0.34 | 7.06±0.27 | 6.27±0.18 | 5.73±0.17 | 4.35±0.13 | 6.80±0.14 |
| R25mm/d | 1.64±0.19 | 3.59±0.34 | 3.84±0.20 | 2.94±0.15 | 1.48±0.19 | 4.77±0.29 | |
| R50mm/d | 0.14±0.03 | 0.58±0.06 | 0.70±0.05 | 0.50±0.06 | 0.26±0.04 | 0.96±0.10 | |
| RX1day/mm | 33.81±1.41 | 50.53±1.89 | 54.27±1.27 | 48.30±2.12 | 38.10±1.91 | 59.64±2.43 | |
| RX5day/mm | 54.92±2.58 | 79.56±4.11 | 85.16±3.10 | 74.51±3.18 | 52.18±3.25 | 95.92±3.83 | |
图4 各气象站点极端降水指标的变化趋势Fig. 4 Variation trends of extreme precipitation indicators at each meteorological station |
表4 黄土高原全区的极端降水指标统计检验结果Tab. 4 Statistical test results of extreme precipitation indicators on the whole Loess Plateau |
| 极端降水指标 | 平均值 | 最大值 | 最小值 | 变异系数 | Z值 | Sen斜率 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 极端降水事件指标 | 极端降水量/mm | 32.4 | 76.7 | 7.5 | 0.40 | 1.40 | 0.128 |
| 极端降水日数/d | 0.5 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 0.39 | 1.49 | 0.001 | |
| 极端降水强度/mm·d-1 | 66.9 | 90.9 | 54.5 | 0.10 | 0.25 | 0.009 | |
| 极端降水指数 | CWD/d | 6.4 | 9.5 | 5.0 | 0.13 | -1.63 | -0.009 |
| R25mm/d | 3.2 | 5.1 | 1.4 | 0.22 | 1.85 | 0.010 | |
| R50mm/d | 0.6 | 1.2 | 0.2 | 0.35 | 1.37 | 0.001 | |
| RX1day/mm | 48.0 | 61.3 | 32.2 | 0.12 | 0.74 | 0.035 | |
| RX5day/mm | 75.3 | 90.7 | 47.5 | 0.14 | 0.57 | 0.036 | |
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