Ecosystem carbon flux inversion method combining LSTM and fuzzy mathematics
Received date: 2025-02-24
Revised date: 2025-04-01
Online published: 2026-03-11
This study proposes a carbon flux inversion model based on the long short-term memory (LSTM) network. A comprehensive Euclidean distance index is introduced by integrating FLUXNET flux tower observation data with corresponding remote-sensing biophysical parameter datasets to quantify data heterogeneity between training and testing sets. Furthermore, a fuzzy mathematics theory is incorporated to develop the inversion model. Models were developed using random forest, support vector machine, multiple linear regression, and LSTM algorithms through data preprocessing and model training. Results revealed that the LSTM network performed better than the other algorithms in carbon flux inversion. In addition, using the leave-one cross-validation strategy, many carbon flux machine learning models were developed to reflect the spatial heterogeneity of the surface, and the determination coefficient R2 was used to evaluate the models. Results revealed that the comprehensive Euclidean distance was significantly negatively correlated with R2. The constructed model was applied to the US flux station for verification, and the mean R2 values of the total primary productivity and ecosystem respiration were both 0.72. Overall, this study proposed an effective carbon flux simulation method, which has good application potential.
Ruixiang GAO , Geping LUO , Wenqiang ZHANG , Mingjuan XIE , Yuangang WANG . Ecosystem carbon flux inversion method combining LSTM and fuzzy mathematics[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2025 , 48(12) : 2210 -2219 . DOI: 10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2025.092
表1 通量塔汇总表Tab. 1 Flux tower summary table |
| 干旱指数分区 | 站点数量 |
|---|---|
| 干旱区 | 15 |
| 半干旱区 | 44 |
| 半湿润区 | 20 |
| 湿润区 | 111 |
表2 解释变量汇总表Tab. 2 List of the explanatory variables used in this study |
| 解释变量 | 描述 | 单位 | 时间/空间分辨率 | 来源 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tmax | 最高气温 | ℃ | 日 | 通量塔 |
| Tmin | 最低气温 | ℃ | 日 | 通量塔 |
| Tmean | 平均气温 | ℃ | 日 | 通量塔 |
| P | 降水量 | mm | 日 | 通量塔 |
| WS | 风速 | m·s-1 | 日 | 通量塔 |
| VPD | 大气水气压差 | hPa | 日 | 通量塔 |
| LAI | 叶面积指数 | m2 | 8 d/500 m | MODIS |
| DSR | 向下短波辐射 | W·m-2 | d/5 km | Seoul National |
| DEM | 高程 | m | 静态变量 | GLOBE from NOAA |
| Aspect | 坡向 | (°) | 静态变量 | GLOBE from NOAA |
| Slope | 坡度 | (°) | 静态变量 | GLOBE from NOAA |
| Clay | 表土黏土占比 | % | 静态变量 | HWSD from FAO |
| Sand | 表土砂占比 | % | 静态变量 | HWSD from FAO |
| Silt | 表土粉砂占比 | % | 静态变量 | HWSD from FAO |
表3 模型均方根误差均值和方差Tab. 3 Mean and variance of root mean square error of the model /g C·m-2·d-1 |
| 干旱指数分区 | LSTM模型 | RF模型 | SVM模型 | MLR模型 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 干旱区(GPP) | 0.62(±0.37) | 0.80(±0.20) | 0.98(±0.55) | 0.99(±0.32) |
| 干旱区(ER) | 0.78(±0.40) | 0.99(±0.65) | 1.01(±0.69) | 1.17(±0.66) |
| 半干旱区(GPP) | 0.74(±0.50) | 0.81(±0.52) | 0.84(±0.33) | 0.80(±0.51) |
| 半干旱区(ER) | 0.85(±1.13) | 0.96(±1.07) | 0.87(±0.76) | 0.90(±0.91) |
| 半湿润区(GPP) | 1.06(±2.04) | 1.31(±2.90) | 1.29(±2.64) | 2.99(±9.24) |
| 半湿润区(ER) | 0.80(±1.14) | 0.84(±0.94) | 0.90(±1.45) | 1.95(±1.05) |
| 湿润区(GPP) | 0.61(±0.39) | 0.63(±0.34) | 0.78(±0.29) | 0.70(±0.55) |
| 湿润区(ER) | 0.63(±0.45) | 0.64(±0.51) | 0.83(±0.46) | 0.78(±0.70) |
注:RF为随机森林模型;MLR为多元线性回归;LSTM为长短期记忆网络;SVM为支持向量机。括号内数值为RMSE的方差;括号外数值为均值。 |
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