Spatio-temporal pattern of urban-rural income gap in the Yellow River Basin and its response to urbanization
Received date: 2024-01-22
Revised date: 2024-02-25
Online published: 2026-03-11
Interpreting the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of the urban-rural income gap and the urbanization level in the Yellow River Basin and exploring their relationship are of great significance for addressing the imbalance in urban-rural and regional development, narrowing the urban-rural income gap, and promoting integrated urban-rural development. This paper took 76 prefectures and cities in the Yellow River Basin as research objects and employed the Theil index, kernel density estimation, spatial econometric model, GIS, and mathematical analysis methods to analyze the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of the urban-rural income gap and urbanization level from 2005 to 2020. It revealed the extent of the former’s response to the latter and examined other influencing factors of the urban-rural income gap. The results indicated the following. (1) From 2005 to 2020, the urban-rural income gap in the Yellow River Basin showed a narrowing trend, that in different zones exhibited a stair-step increase trend of “lower reaches<middle reaches<upper reaches”, and that between regions showed a narrowing and converging trend. Looking at different regions, 35 prefectures and cities, including Aba, Ankang, and Linfen, showed an “inverted U-shaped” trend in the urban-rural income gap, whereas 35 prefectures and cities, including Anyang, Baoji, and Baotou, showed a nearly linear trend in the urban-rural income gap. In terms of spatial distribution, the urban-rural income gap in the Yellow River Basin showed an upward trend from north to south and tended to decrease from west to east. (2) From 2005 to 2020, the urbanization level in the Yellow River Basin transformed from being mainly at a low level to being mainly at a medium to high level, with a significant increase in urbanization level. (3) The impact of urbanization level on the urban-rural income gap in the Yellow River Basin exhibited a nonlinear “inverted U-shaped” feature. After the urbanization level exceeded a certain threshold, its impact on the urban-rural income gap changed from positive promotion to negative inhibition. The impact of urbanization level on the urban-rural income gap exhibited spatial heterogeneity. In the upstream and middle reaches of the Yellow River Basin, the impact of urbanization level on the urban-rural income gap showed an “inverted U-shaped” feature, whereas the impact of urbanization level on the urban-rural income gap exhibited a negative linear feature in the downstream area. There was a spatial spillover effect of urbanization level in adjacent areas, and both the local urbanization level and the urbanization level in adjacent areas had significant nonlinear inverted “U-shaped” relationships with the local urban-rural income gap. These research results can provide reference and guidance for narrowing the urban-rural income gap in the Yellow River Basin and promoting urban-rural integration.
Key words: urban-rural income; urbanization; spatial lag model; Yellow River Basin
Haijin SHI , Xinzheng ZHAO , Xiangxiang LI , Yuzhong HUANG , Xing YU , Bochen XIANGLI . Spatio-temporal pattern of urban-rural income gap in the Yellow River Basin and its response to urbanization[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2024 , 47(10) : 1781 -1793 . DOI: 10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2024.050
表1 2005—2020年莫兰指数值Tab. 1 Moran index values from 2005 to 2020 |
| 年份 | 莫兰指数 | 莫兰指数均值 | 莫兰指数标准差 | Z统计量 | P值 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2005 | 0.024 | -0.013 | 0.015 | 2.260 | 0.024 |
| 2010 | 0.052 | -0.013 | 0.015 | 4.214 | 0.000 |
| 2015 | 0.086 | -0.013 | 0.016 | 6.321 | 0.000 |
| 2020 | 0.070 | -0.013 | 0.015 | 5.604 | 0.000 |
表2 空间模型选择Tab. 2 Spatial model selection |
| 模型种类 | 显著性检验 |
|---|---|
| LM-lag | 8.702*** |
| Robust LM-lag | 8.886*** |
| LM-error | 0.022 |
| Robust LM-error | 0.186 |
| Hausman | 79.260*** |
| LR_ind | 23.130 |
| LR_time | 446.180*** |
注:*、**、***分别表示P<0.10、P<0.05、P<0.01。下同。 |
表3 模型回归结果Tab. 3 Model regression results |
| 变量 | OLS模型1 | SLM模型2 | SLM模型3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| (lnui)2 | -1.1745*** (0.1177) | -1.1448*** (0.1149) | -1.1138*** (0.1166) |
| lnui | -3.2045*** (0.2339) | -2.9685*** (0.2459) | -3.0231*** (0.2223) |
| lnesin | -0.5754** (0.2671) | 0.3741 (0.2747) | |
| lnfaipi | -0.0909*** (0.0303) | -0.0991*** (0.0306) | |
| lnpbea | 0.0779 (0.0513) | -0.1271** (0.0608) | |
| lnhmpa | -0.1453*** (0.0287) | -0.1090*** (0.0323) | |
| AIC | 370.7102 | 359.3769 | |
| BIC | 396.7294 | 389.1132 | |
| R-sq | 0.59 | 0.58 |
注:(lnui)2、lnui、lnesin、lnfaipi、lnpbea、lnhmpa分别为城镇化水平二次项、城镇化水平、产业结构、第一产业固定资产投资份额、农林水事务公共预算支出的份额、公路里程;AIC为赤池信息准则;BIC为贝叶斯信息准则;R-sq为模型拟合度。括号内数值为统计标准误差。下同。 |
表4 2005—2020年黄河流域城镇化水平对城乡收入差距异质性检验Tab. 4 Examining heterogeneity of urbanization levels on urban-rural income gap in the Yellow River Basin from 2005 to 2020 |
| 变量 | 黄河流域上游 | 黄河流域中游 | 黄河流域下游 |
|---|---|---|---|
| (lnui)2 | -1.1411*** (0.1710) | -0.9182*** (0.2726) | -0.3988 (0.3507) |
| lnui | -3.0147*** (0.3880) | -2.2709*** (0.5491) | -1.0993* (0.6349) |
| lnesin | 0.0932 (0.4016) | -1.4921** (0.7290) | 1.0006* (0.5938) |
| lnfaipi | -0.0593 (0.0640) | -0.1025** (0.0476) | -0.0494 (0.0342) |
| lnpbea | -0.1846** (0.0918) | -0.1218 (0.1081) | -0.3446** (0.1501) |
| lnhmpa | -0.1470*** (0.0538) | -0.3776*** (0.1094) | -0.1206 (0.1361) |
表5 空间溢出效应结果Tab. 5 Spatial spillover effect results |
| 变量 | 直接效应 | 间接效应 | 总效应 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 系数 | Z值 | 系数 | Z值 | 系数 | Z值 | |||
| (lnui)2 | -1.1375*** | -9.90 | -0.4821*** | -3.29 | -1.6196*** | -7.10 | ||
| lnui | -2.8861*** | -11.97 | -1.2198*** | -3.44 | -4.1059*** | -8.19 | ||
| lnesin | 0.3580 | 1.33 | 0.1499 | 1.20 | 0.5079 | 1.31 | ||
| lnfaipi | -0.1058*** | -3.31 | -0.0444** | -2.48 | -0.1503 | -3.21 | ||
| lnpbea | -0.1132* | -1.72 | -0.0465 | -1.49 | -0.1597* | -1.69 | ||
| lnhmpa | -0.0975*** | -3.34 | -0.0404*** | -2.60 | -0.1379*** | -3.36 | ||
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