Based on multi-time-node remote sensing data and kilometer grid cells, the evolution pattern and process of the intensity of change, type and balance of spatial distribution of cultivated land resources in six counties along the Yellow River of Henan Province from 1990 to 2020 are analyzed using the methods of change intensity index, kernel density estimation and Lorenz curve. The results showed that: (1) The amount of cultivated land resources in the study area had changed dramatically, with an increase of 15 720.77 hm2 or 2.58% from 1990 to 2000 and a decrease of 16 185.47 hm2 or 2.59% from 2000 to 2020. The main reasons for the change of cultivated land were development of water beach and unused land and return of forest and wetland, and construction occupation. (2) The core density of cultivated land was generally located in the high-density range of 80~100 hm2/km2, and the spatial differentiation characteristics were more and more significant. The low-density area evolved from the beach area along the Yellow River to the town, extending in a ring shape, with obvious clustering characteristics, indicated that the development of urbanization continuously squeezes the space for agricultural production. (3) The change of cultivated land varied in different periods, with the increase in the amount of cultivated land as the main feature between 1990 and 2000, and the intensity of change of cultivated land was large and wide, and the intensity of change in the area along the Yellow River mudflats was between 35.01% and 100.00%. However, after 20 years, under the influence of returning farmland to forest and grass and occupying farmland for construction, the amount of farmland had been significantly reduced, and it was mostly concentrated around towns and rural settlements, and the problem of nonagriculturalization of farmland was prominent. (4) The spatial distribution of cultivated land had a certain balance, and its balance increased before 2000 and showed a continuous decreasing trend after 2000. Urban construction and ecological engineering occupancy are the key points that need attention to achieve cultivated land protection and stability.

This paper took the main urban area of Wuhan as an example， calculated the walking index and inverted the surface temperature based on the atmospheric correction method. The paper identified four types of spaces: high walkability and high heat-exposure-risk (pre-warning space), high walkability and low heat-exposure-risk (friendly space), low walkability and high heat-exposure-risk, low walkability and low heat-exposure-risk. Then the paper explored the health fairness based on the perspective of vulnerable populations. The results show that：The pre-warning space account for 12.53%, which is distributed in the central area of the city in the shape of large and small rocks. The friendly space account for about 1.13%, scattered sporadically in the pre-warning space. 32.5% of the permanent population in the study area live in the pre-warning space, 33.11% of the children and 40.01% of the elderly also live in the space with high walkability and high heat exposure risk. The pre-warning space show obvious tendencies to the elderly, and the health risk is high. In addition, children are more likely to live in low walkability space than the elderly, while the elderly are at higher heat exposure risk than children. 

Based on land use, meteorological data and socio-economic data of the Huaihe River Basin from 1995 to 2020, this paper uses the InVEST model and GIS spatial analysis to assess the spatial and temporal variability of five ecosystem services: water production, soil conservation, carbon storage, food supply and net primary productivity of vegetation, and uses principal component analysis to study the weighting of ecosystem services at the meta, county and municipal scales. The results showed that: (1) From 1995 to 2020, ecosystem services in the Huaihe River Basin were enhanced as a whole, with the annual average depth of water production increasing by 265.60 mm, soil conservation services increasing by 28.21×108 t, carbon storage decreasing by 1.04×108 t, food supply increasing by 702.76 t·km^-2, and NPP increasing by 293.88 gC·m^-2·a^-1. (2) The trade-off and synergy of ecosystem services in the Huaihe River Basin changed dynamically with time, relatively stable at the county and city scale, and changed significantly at the pixel scale. (3) The trade-off synergistic relationship of ecosystem services in the Huaihe River Basin showed heterogeneity and scale dependence with scale changes. The role relationships between ecosystem services showed some consistency at different scales, and were more manifested as differences and dynamics at scales.

Based on the theory of collaborative development, the data of the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration from 2011 to 2020 were used to explore the spatiotemporal evolution and impact correlation effect of the coupling coordination of basic public services, population development and regional economic system of the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration by using the coupling coordination model and the obstacle degree model. The results showed that: (1) The level of basic public services, population development and economic development showed an overall upward trend during the study period, among which the population development level was lower than that of basic public services and regional economic development; (2) The coupling system showed an upward trend, and 85% of the urban development was in a coordinated development state, an increase of 22% over 2011, showing a distribution pattern of “core highedge low” in space; (3) From the perspective of the degree of impact correlation, the coupling and coordination degree is the result of the comprehensive effect of the government’s investment regulation and control power, economic development driving force, and population quality assurance power. Among them, the general public budget expenditure, the proportion of scientific research and technical personnel, and the growth rate of regional GDP have a great impact on the level of coupled and coordinated development.

Innovation network is one of the important frontier research directions of economic geography. Based on the existing research results of economic geography, this paper discusses the theoretical logic system of regional innovation network from the aspects of innovation network type and structure, evolution process and mechanism, effect and governance. The results show that: (1) The types of regional innovation networks can be classified mainly by knowledge creation mode, network status and knowledge types. The structure of regional innovation networks mainly focuses on exploring the main structure and spatial structure, but there is still controversy about the difference of innovation capability of innovation networks with different spatial scales. (2) Multidimensional proximity, cooperation foundation, knowledge level, space transaction cost, ternary closure effect, subject attribute and innovation location are important factors that affect the evolution and interaction of innovation networks, but the research on the interaction between different factors and the coupling effect and mechanism of multi-space scale innovation networks is insufficient. (3) The main purpose of innovation network construction by innovation subject is to acquire innovation knowledge, improve innovation ability and promote regional growth. The analysis of the effects of technological progress and economic development is the main focus, and the ecological and environmental effects of innovation networks are not paid enough attention.

From the perspective of regional resilience, urban economic resilience measurement model and geographical weighted regression model were used to analyze the differences and influencing factors of economic resilience of different counties in Fujian under the COVID-19  epidemic situation. The results showed that: （1）Firstly, the economic toughness of Fujian Province was dominated by two grades: high economic toughness and medium economic toughness. The proportion of lower toughness and lower toughness was small, but the proportion of high toughness was small. The overall toughness of county economy needs to be improved. The resilience pattern of county economy in Fujian Province presents two agglomeration centers with high economic resilience, namely west Fujian agglomeration center and east Fujian agglomeration center. （2）Secondly, the influence factors of industrial resilience, innovation factors and epidemic severity in the past disasters were not strongly explanatory. Consumption level, economic exportability and government management capacity were the main factors affecting the resilience of Fujian county economy. （3）Thirdly, Consumption, the scale of import and export trade, the level of foreign capital utilization, government management ability and other factors had significant heterogeneity on the resilience of county economy in Fujian, showing different spatial pattern characteristics.

This paper constructed the evaluation index system of urban development quality, using the entropy value method, spatial autocorrelation analysis to analyze the level of quality and the evolution characteristics of the spatial pattern of the county urban development based on 137 county-level administrative units in Shandong Province. Research shows: （1） The overall level of urban development quality in Shandong Province is on the rise, but the relative differences are still relatively significant，Jinan and Qingdao municipal districts are the most dynamic areas for county urban development. （2） Affected by natural conditions, economic location, government policies and other factors, the spatial pattern of “four high and four low” development quality of county towns in Shandong Province is significant, and the counties with high scores generally show an inclined “H” shape distribution. （3） The quality of county urban development in Shandong Province has significant spatial correlation characteristics, forming respectively a small range of high-clustering areas and low-clustering areas.

Through case analysis, literature retrieval, field research and other methods, based on the diachronic dimension guidance, taking the famous historical and cultural town of Lu Canal as an example, this paper divides the historical evolution stages of the ancient town and explores the development and evolution law of the ancient town. The results show that: (1) The main line of the evolution stage includes the main line of water environment, water conservancy technology, economy and industry, history and culture, military defense and spatial development. The evolution stage can be divided into “occurrence-development-prosperity-decline-transition stage” based on the time replacement and evolution of dynasties; (2) The main laws of different evolution are as follows: the evolution of water environment changes from shipping function to cultural function; evolution of water conservancy technology changes from functional demands to technological progress; evolution of history and culture has changed from unity and symbiosis to pluralism; evolution of economic industry has changed from canal derivatization to pluralistic derivatization; evolution of military defense has changed from element persistence to element point; evolution of space development has changed from canal oriented development to canal culture led development; (3) The motivation of evolution can be direct motivation, core motivation and endogenous motivation. Based on the evolution law and action motivation, the development path can be put forward from the aspects of canal cultural activation, industrial optimization and spatial inheritance.

This paper explored the spatio-temporal differentiation characteristics and influencing factors of urban-rural integration level at the county level in the Chengdu-Chongqing Economic Circle from 2007 to 2020 by using improved entropy method, Jenks natural fracture method, and obstacle model.The results show that: (1) The level of urban-rural integration development in the Chengdu-Chongqing region continues to improve, with the urban-rural integration index increasing from 0.239 in 2007 to 0.534 in 2020, the number of low and lower level integration areas decreasing from 25 in 2007 to 8 in 2020, and the number of high and higher level integration areas increasing from 2 to 12. (2) The development of different integration dimensions is not synchronized, and the highest index of social integration development level is 0.612 in 2020. (3) The high-level integration zone forms two small-scale agglomeration areas in the western and southeastern parts of the Chengdu-Chongqing region, presenting a development pattern of “dual core dominance” but “central collapse”. (4) The obstacles degree to urban-rural integration development in the Chengdu-Chongqing Economic Circle are relatively higher in the early stage due to natural factors than population, land, and financial factors. In the later stage, the obstacles degree of natural factors decrease, while the obstacles degree of  industrial structure and financial factors are more significant.

Based on the GlobeLand 30 dataset and the social and economic data of Zhengzhou City, the ArcGIS 10.7 spatial analysis technique and SPSS statistical technology were used to analyze the data. Land use transfer matrix, standard deviation ellipse, hot spot analysis, principal component analysis and other methods were used to deeply analyze the spatiotemporal change characteristics of land use types in Zhengzhou from 2000 to 2020, dig out their change rules, and analyze the driving factors of land use transformation. The results show that: (1)From 2000 to 2020, the fluctuation of construction land and cultivated land area is the largest, increasing by 19.54% and decreasing by 18.67%, respectively; (2) The main axis of land use change in Zhengzhou City is tilted from northeast to southwest, and the land use showed a trend of expansion to a larger area. (3)The hot spots of land use spatial change are concentrated in the central area of Zhengzhou City, while the cold spots are concentrated in the west and east of Zhengzhou City. (4) Population and economic factors are the main driving factors of land use transformation in Zhengzhou City.

Residents’ commuting mode choice is influenced not only by social environmental perception, but also by natural environmental perception such as atmospheric environment. Based on the survey data of residents in Shijiazhuang City and Jinan City, the study uses mixed Logit model to analyze the influence and mechanism of atmospheric environmental perception on residents’ commuting mode choice. The results show that: (1) Compared with walking, atmospheric environmental quality perception and risk perception significantly negatively affect residents’ choice of using public transportation and private car. (2) Atmospheric environmental quality perception mainly affects residents with low health status, while environmental risk perception mainly affects residents with high health status. (3) Atmospheric environmental quality and risk perception have significant impacts on urban residents, while suburban residents are only affected by environmental risk perception. (4) Residents’ age, education level, income level and commuting time have significant effects on commuting mode choice. 

Utilizing quantitative methods such as kernel density estimation, nearest neighbor index method, Kriging spatial interpolation analysis, and multi-scale geographically weighted regression, this paper explores the spatio-temporal evolution characteristics and influencing factors of childcare service resources in Xi’an City from 2016 to 2023. The results show that: (1) The childcare service in Xi’an can be divided into three stages: initial stage, rapid development stage, and explosive growth stage. The three-core is developmented into multi-core and mainly concentrated in the three districts of the city. (2) The distribution of childcare service resources in Xi ’an is concentrated, and the degree of agglomeration increases year by year. It has the characteristics of centralized agglomeration on the whole and outward development at the same time. The west and north directions are the main directions of expansion. (3) High-capital childcare service resources mainly cluster in business districts and colleges and universities, presenting four high-capital hot areas, which expect to provide more competitive childcare service resources. (4) Population factors, education factors, and industry factors significantly affect the distribution of childcare service resources, while traffic factors and economic factors have little impact on the spatial distribution of childcare service resources.

This study examines the patterns of population spatial distribution and mobility in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration by analyzing mobile phone data at a 250 m×250 m grid cell resolution. The research reveals that the population distribution center of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration is mainly concentrated in Beijing and Tianjin, with non-uniform radiations along major transport arteries. Additionally, the population density decreases from the central cities to surrounding areas. Furthermore, the number of population flows in Beijing, Tianjin, and Shijiazhuang is significantly higher than that in other cities and surrounding counties. The inter-county population flow has rapidly increased. Also, there is an imbalance in job-housing space between districts and counties. This study reveals the spatiotemporal distribution and mobility patterns of the population in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, providing scientific reference for population management and regional governance in urban agglomerations.

Based on the data of 2020 city physical examination questionnaire, a multi-layer linear model was used to measure the comprehensive level and differences of urban governance in 36 central cities, and to explore the key factors affecting urban governance. The research shows that：From the perspective of spatial characteristics, the cities with high governance evaluation are mostly distributed along the Yangtze River and the eastern coastal areas, while the cities with low governance evaluation are mostly distributed in the northwest and northeast areas. From the perspective of differences between cities, there is a “weak board effect” in urban governance, and there are significant differences between cities in ecological environment governance and road environment improvement; From the perspective of key influencing factors, residents’ comprehensive perception of urban governance is influenced by urban built environment, urban socio-economic conditions and individual attributes. Among the variables of urban built environment, high green coverage rate, low PM2.5 concentration and high accessibility of bus stops and shopping malls promote residents’ satisfaction with urban governance.Among the variables of urban socio-economic conditions, large economic scale and high wage level enhance residents’ satisfaction with urban governance. Among the individual attribute variables, old age, high education and “new citizens” are more sensitive to the effect of urban governance.

Workplace-originated shopping trip is an important content of residents’ consumption activities. Understanding its characteristics and causes can help improve the coordinated layout of urban employment centers and commercial centers, and enrich the theoretical understanding of urban living space. Taking Wuhan as an example, the study uses location\|based service data, sample survey data, GIS spatial analysis and structural equation modeling to measure the travel distance of workplace-originated shopping trips, and reveal its influencing factors. The study found that Wuhan residents’ workplace-originated shopping activities are dominated by short and medium-range trips, the heterogeneity of travel distances is obvious, and convenience is worse in the urban fringe areas. The commercial accessibility of employment centers, individuals’ socio-economic attributes, commuting costs, and online shopping habits are important factors. The study suggests that optimization should be carried out in more than 10 employment centers with prominent inconveniences, not only to promote comprehensive optimization based on multifactorial synergy, but also to differentiate the main causes of workplace-originated shopping difficulties, and to implement type-specific improvement measures.

Based on the PSR model, the tourism ecological security evaluation index system was constructed. Max-DEA software, spatial autocorrelation and geographic detector methods were used to analyze the spatio-temporal pattern evolution characteristics and leading factors of tourism ecological security in 35 counties of Fenhe River Basin from 2010 to 2020. The results showed that: (1)The overall tourism ecological security level of Fenhe River Basin showed a “W” type evolution trend of “decreasing-increasing-decreasing-increasing”from 2010 to 2020, mostly concentrated in the “sensitive level”, and slowly tended to the “general safety level”.(2) In terms of spatial pattern, the spatial differentiation characteristics of county tourism ecological security level in Fenhe River Basin were significant, showing two spatial evolution patterns of overall and regional.(3) In terms of spatial correlation, there was a significant positive spatial correlation of county tourism ecological security in the Fenhe River Basin, and the global spatial correlation experienced a change from weak correlation to strong correlation.(4) The main factors affecting the ecological security of tourism  in the Fenhe River Basin are economic development intensity, tourism resource endowment attraction degree and ecological environmental protection strength.

Based on both representational and non-representational perspectives, this paper takes Xi’an Yongxingfang as an example. It represents symbol perception in three aspects: material landscape attraction, intangible cultural atmosphere and localization of consumption space. The non-representational tourist practice is represented by interpersonal interaction, co-production and individual experience. The research model of tourists’ place identity in intangible heritage tourism streets is established. The results show that: (1) The physical landscape attraction, intangible cultural atmosphere and the localization of tourism consumption space have different impacts on tourist practice. Among them, material landscape attraction has a significant positive impact on the three aspects of tourist practice, intangible cultural atmosphere only has a significant positive impact on co-production, and the localization of consumption space has a significant positive impact on interpersonal interaction and personalized experience. (2) Interpersonal interaction, co-production and individualized experience have significant positive effects on tourists’ place identity. (3) Tourist practice plays a complete mediating role in the relationship between symbol perception and tourist place identity. The research results provide a theoretical basis for introducing intangible heritage projects into historic districts and enhancing tourists’ place identity.

Based on the panel data of the middle reaches of Yangtze River urban agglomerations from 2005 to 2020, the spatial Durbin model is used to explore the impact of environmental regulations on green economic efficiency in the middle reaches of Yangtze River urban agglomerations from the perspective of the spatial influence mechanism of environmental regulations on green economic efficiency. The study finds that: (1) There is a positive correlation between formal and informal environmental regulations and green economic efficiency in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River urban agglomeration. (2) Formal and informal environmental regulations significantly contribute to green economic efficiency in the middle reaches of Yangtze River urban agglomeration, and environmental regulations can improve green economic efficiency in nearby cities due to positive spatial spillover effects. Regionally, both formal and informal environmental regulations have significant positive effects on the green economic efficiency of Wuhan City Circle, Changzhutan City Cluster and Poyang Lake City Cluster. (3) Among the control variables, R&D investment and economic development have a significant positive effect on green economic efficiency in the middle reaches of Yangtze River urban agglomeration, while the degree of regional openness has a significant negative effect, and the effects of fixed assets and industrial structure are insignificant.

From 2001 to 2019, the rationalization and advanced level of industrial structure and tourism efficiency in 30 provinces in China were measured, the temporal and spatial evolution characteristics of the three were explored, and the spatial econometric model was used to investigate the spatial spillover effect of industrial structure optimization and upgrading on tourism efficiency. The results show that: (1) During the study period, the rationalization level of industrial structure is significantly improved, and the development pattern is stable; The level of advanced industrial structure is generally low and the gap between provinces and regions is small; Tourism efficiency has improved significantly, and medium-level provinces and regions account for a relatively large proportion. (2) The rationalization, advanced and tourism efficiency of industrial structure have obvious spatial correlation, 
mainly showing the spatial clustering mode of “high-high” and “low-low”. (3) The rationalization of industrial structure has both local and external inhibitory effects on tourism efficiency; The advanced industrial structure can significantly improve tourism efficiency, but the spatial spillover effect is significantly negative. (4) Economic development level, tourism resource endowment, population density and other factors are important forces to promote tourism efficiency, tourism resource endowment and population density have obvious positive spatial effects, and the negative spillover effect of informatization and tourism industry agglomeration is significant.

This paper constructs an evaluation system of digital economy in Anhui Province from three dimensions: policy environment, innovation atmosphere and infrastructure, and uses social network analysis to study the spatio-temporal divergence characteristics of digital economy network in Anhui Province in 2015, 2017, 2019, respectively. It is found that Hefei is not only the core city in the province’s digital economy network, but also an important bridge to promote the digital economy exchange in the province. Regional central cities, adjacent cities in developed provinces and some cities in northern Anhui have significant linkage effects on the surrounding areas in digital economy. The urbanization process of major cities at the current stage amplifies the value-added effect of the digital economy network while strengthening the spatial network connection of the province’s digital economy. In the future, efforts should be made to grow the overall strength of the digital economy in the Hefei metropolitan area, rely on inter-provincial industrial cooperation parks and inter-provincial neighboring areas, and use the advanced digital elements of the Yangtze River Delta to accelerate the digital upgrading of local traditional industries.

With the support of infrastructure geospatial data and OD traffic big data under multiple modes of transportation, the spatial pattern of the potential hinterland and the real hinterland of the main ports of the New Western Land-Sea Corridor is identified, and the spatial matching relationship between the two types of hinterland is evaluated. The results show that: (1) The scope of the two types of hinterlands of the major ports of the New Western Land-Sea Corridor is roughly the same, and there are differences in the spatial distribution of competitiveness within the hinterland; (2) The potential hinterland coverage of the major ports of the New Western Land-Sea Corridor is wide but the competitiveness is weak. The corridor has more attractive potential for freight with a higher value of time; (3) The real hinterland coverage of major ports in the New Western Land-Sea Corridor has significant differences between modes, with highway hinterland being adjacent to ports and railway hinterland being separated from ports; (4) The quality of transportation infrastructure and the level of transportation services are important factors affecting
the matching relationship between the two types of hinterlands. The lack of large-capacity transportation infrastructure leads to weak transportation supply capabilities in Guangxi and the west side of the corridor. The lack of competitiveness of trains restricts the share of corridor transportation in the Sichuan and Chongqing regions. In the future, the supply and demand matching of the construction of the New Western Land-Sea Corridor should be improved, and the construction of the China-Myanmar Indian Ocean New Corridor should be expanded to further ensure the supply security of my country’s overseas strategic key resources.

Based on the “institution-space” theory, taking the development zones of Jiangsu Province as an example, this paper analyzed the interaction mechanism between industrial space evolution and institutional transformation and found that： (1) Driven by the institutional transformation from the growth pole strategy to the regional coordination strategy and the innovation transformation strategy, development zone has experienced the industrial spatial evolution process of polarization, diffusion and multi-polarization. (2) The institutional transformation and industrial space evolution present an interactive mechanism. The institutional transformation promotes the agglomeration and flow of industrial elements, while the problems and demands in industrial evolution promote the institutional transformation of development zone. (3) The supply of institutional innovation in development zones has changed to adapt to the specialized development of industries and promotes industries to break through path dependence.

Based on the land use of the Beipan River Basin in Guizhou, combined with socio-economic development factors, the land use dynamic degree, land use transfer matrix, and geographic detector were used to analyse the spatial and temporal evolution patterns of its production-living-ecological spaces and their driving factors in the Beipan River Basin in the period of 2000—2020. Results show: (1) The production-living-ecological space of Beipan River Basin shows spatial divergent. Ecological, production and living spaces account for 74.0%, 25.1% and 0.9% of the study area, respectively; (2) The centre of gravity of industrial production land and urban living land have a larger migration distance, and both of them show a tendency to migrate to the south-east; (3) The distribution of the three living spaces has a significant relationship with the scale of towns, average annual precipitation, slope and elevation; (4) The production-living-ecological space is result of the joint action of natural factors and socio-economic factors, factors and the interaction effects are non-linear and two-factor enhancement. Improving the efficiency of land use, protecting the ecological environment and agricultural land, curbing the disorderly expansion of industrial land and urban residential areas, and exerting the guiding role of policies to guide the reasonable transfer of land will be conducive to the high-quality development of land space in the Beipan Basin.

Focusing on the perspective of digital ecology, this paper uses network analysis and exponential random graph model to take into account the overall and individual effects and explores the impact mechanism of China’s smart city construction on carbon emission efficiency from the perspectives of relevance, dynamics and aggregation. The results show that: (1) From the perspective of the overall network and individual network, the construction of smart city significantly improves the index performance of the carbon emission efficiency network, promotes the cooperation between cities, and ensures the rational allocation and utilization of resources. Developed and resource-based cities occupy a dominant position in the network and have greater control capabilities. (2) From the perspective of network topology, the scale-free nature and small-world nature are not significant, while the number of core cities in the southeast coastal area and North China gradually increases, and with the gradual maturity of smart city construction, the local agglomeration is significantly strengthened. (3) From the perspective of influencing factors, reciprocity has a positive correlation with the network, the impact of smart talents on the network is the most significant, and the development of smart environment, smart economy and smart technology has an improvement effect on carbon emission efficiency, but there are periodic changes, and the impact on carbon emission efficiency is not regular.

Based on the research idea of “overall judgment-center identification-hot spot detection-factor analysis”, a variety of quantitative analysis methods were used to explore the spatial evolution and influencing factors of medical and health resources in the central urban area of Zhengzhou City. The results show that:(1) The spatial diffusion characteristics of medical and health resources are basically consistent with the development direction of urban space, mainly distributed along the northwest to southeast, and the spatial center of gravity shifts to the northeast. The spatial diffusion of hospital health resources is weak, and the spatial diffusion of medicine health resources is relatively stable. Diagnosis and physical therapy health resources are the strongest spatial diffusion effect and the fastest spatial diffusion speed respectively.(2) The nature of different types of medical and health resources determines their spatial evolution mode. The spatial agglomeration characteristics of various medical and health resources show a multi-center and network evolution trend, and its spatial hotspots show three evolution modes: the spreading mode, the tentacles mode and the enclave mode.(3) Population and built environment factors play a fundamental and important role in the evolution of the pattern of medical and health resources, while traffic and economic factors play a promotive and fundamental role. In addition, the superposition effect of the spatial correlation of important interaction factors further strengthens its impact on the spatial pattern of medical and health resources.

A system of influencing factors for urban night-time economy was constructed based on the dimensions of product supply, consumer demand, environmental protection, industrial foundation, and policy system. To study the centrality, causal degree, and hierarchical relationship of factors affecting urban night-time economy, the article used a combined approach of DEMATEL and ISM. The results show that: (1) Influence factor system of urban night-time economy includes 11 causal factors and 9 outcome factors. The causal degree of urban industrial economy is the largest, followed by the structure of the industrial economy, while the causal degree of the quality of night-time economic products and the types of night-time product formats are negative and the smallest. (2) The quality of night-time economic products, residents’ consumption preferences and habits, the cultural environment of night-time economy, the scale of urban industrial economy, and night-time economic policies have the largest centrality among the five dimensions. In the new era, consumers prefer night-time product quality and consumption experience. Moreover, long-term consumer preferences and habits can also have an impact on the night-time economy. (3) The influencing factor system of urban night economy can be divided into three main levels and five sub-levels. In the level of direct factors, supply factors such as the scale, quantity, and type of products in the urban night-time economy dominate. In the level of indirect factors, the factors mainly belong to two dimensions: consumer demand and environmental protection. At the deeper level of factors, factors belong to two dimensions: policy system and industrial foundation.

Taking urban live-streaming e-commerce as a typical case to study the profound changes in function and organization of urban space caused by the vigorous development of such new economic activities in the era of mobile internet. Using Tianyan database to check the data of enterprises, analyze the spatial agglomerationn and diffusion trends of live-streaming e-commerce enterprises in the main urban area of Hangzhou City from 2016 to 2022 and found that live-streaming e-commerce, a new economic activity, presents a distinct phenomenon under the combined effect of virtual agglomeration and physical agglomeration the characteristics of the emerging production service industry: （1）The physical space of urban live-streaming has obvious agglomeration characteristics, showing a multi-center distribution pattern that is dislocated from traditional commercial centers; （2）The evolution of urban live-streaming space presents the characteristics of adjacent diffusion and near-field encryption. With the continuous upgrading of the industry, spatial agglomeration has gradually changed from being influenced by both goods and talents to being mainly influenced by talents, and the attributes of the mid-to-high-end production service industry have become increasingly prominent. The above spatial characteristics and trends not only reflect the existing mechanisms and laws of physical agglomeration, but also demonstrate the spatial empowerment and talent orientation of virtual agglomeration.

Taking Xi’an City as an example, we measured the convenience of infrastructure services in residential communities from six dimensions of transportation, education, medical care, leisure, shopping and life convenience based on POI data. At the same time, we researched its impact on housing prices and spatial heterogeneity of second-hand houses. The results show that: (1) There are obvious spatial distribution differences in housing prices in Xi’an. It shows that the characteristics of high in the south and low in the north, low in the center and high in the periphery, scattered in the south and concentrated in the north. (2) In terms of the characteristics of house itself, the age of the house is the most important factor affecting housing price. Key primary schools and parks in infrastructure service can promote the rise of housing price. (3) Compared with the global regression model, the fitting effect of the mixed geographically weighted regression model is improved by 23%, indicating that the housing price of Xi’an has spatial heterogeneity. It means the impact of infrastructure on housing price varies with the change of spatial location.

This study explores the spatial-temporal evolution patterns of regional economic disparity in the Yellow River Basin using coefficient of variation, Gini coefficient, and GIS spatial analysis, and analyzes their influencing factors with the help of multiscale geographically weighted regression model. The results demonstrate that the absolute and relative disparity of regional economy at different scales in the Yellow River Basin are obvious from 2002 to 2020, and the regional economic differences, from large to small, are in the order of prefecture-level cities, provincial-level cities, urban agglomerations, upstream, midstream, and downstream. The regional economic development levels in the Yellow River Basin show an increasing trend from 2002 to 2020 showing a decreasing pattern from east to west, and the smaller the scale, the more obvious the regional economic heterogeneity. Using MGWR model analysis, it is found that the factors show significant spatial heterogeneity patterns and influence ranges on the regional economic disparity in the Yellow River basin. Among them, the influence of urbanization, decentralization, industrial structure and constant terms on the economic development of prefecture-level cities in the Yellow River Basin decreases from east to west. The regional investment level has a greater impact on the economic development of cities in the upper reaches of the Yellow River Basin. The negative impact of development increases from east to west.

Based on the classification of 116 camping travel and leisure destinations in Wuhan City, this paper used metrological mathematics and spatial analysis to analyze its temporal-spatial distribution characteristics and influencing factors, the following conclusions show that: (1) Since the rise of camping travel and leisure in Wuhan City in the 1980s, camping travel and leisure have experienced four distinct development stages of “initial brewing-rapid expansion-vigorous development-upgrading transformation”.(2) The spatial cold-hot spots formed by the polarization development of Wuhan-s camping travel and leisure areas are characterized by agglomeration and disequilibrium. Finally, a “northwest-southeast” trend is formed in the northwestern region, a “northeast-southwest” trend is formed in the central and western regions, and a “northeast-southeast” trend is formed in the central and eastern regions. (3) At present, the camping travel and leisure destinations in Wuhan City mainly fall into four types, namely leisure travel, entertainment activities, education training, and countryside adventure. There are differences in agglomeration scale and evolution trend. (4) Urbanization, policy, demand, nature and location jointly affect the temporal-spatial distribution characteristics of camping travel and leisure destinations in Wuhan City.There is some heterogeneity in the effect of different factors.

Based on the review text data of tourism portals, term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF) algorithm and latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) model were used to mine the characteristics of tourists’ image perception. And a comprehensive attraction evaluation model integrating emotional factor, accessibility factor and hierarchical factor was constructed to reveal the spatial distribution pattern of tourist destinations in Nanjing City. The results show that: (1) The keywords extracted by TF-IDF algorithm reveal the explicit aspects of tourists’ concerns and reflect tourists’ image perception in imagery space markers, tourism attraction, emotional resonance, and the like. (2) The seven themes of LDA model cluster reveal the overall image of 22 tourist destinations in Nanjing City, which is characterized by diversified landscape, high structural complexity, good environmental quality, more time required for sightseeing, and higher cost performance and so on. (3) The tourist destinations represented by Nanjing Confucius Temple and Zhongshan Scenic Area have successfully shaped profound images. The characteristics of ancient capitals not only brand some hot tourist destinations with “historical and cultural” nameplates, but weaken the carrier’s own characteristics to some extent. (4) The comprehensive attractiveness evaluation shows that Qinhuai District and Xuanwu District, which have high tourism resources grade and obvious agglomeration effect, constitute the agglomeration area of Nanjing tourism center, and the newly developed tourist destinations constitute the middle ring distribution and remote scattered distribution area. 

As a marketoriented expression of the unbalanced allocation of residential space resources, the spatial differentiation of urban housing prices reflects the differences in the choice and demand for urban housing by different social groups.  Based on the residential POI data in urban areas of Yangzhou in 2021, a geographically weighted regression model was constructed to explore the factors and mechanisms of the spatial differentiation of housing prices. The results showed that: The housing prices in Yangzhou have significant spatial autocorrelation, forming a single-core structure with high housing prices as the core decreasing. Among the factors, shopping malls, general hospitals, bus stations, rivers and other factors have an inhibitory effect on housing prices, revealing the complex relationship between housing prices and influencing factors, and visualizing the spatial heterogeneity of housing prices. Finally, based on the perspective of a balanced urban spatial pattern, some countermeasures and suggestions are proposed.

This paper explored the spatial distribution pattern of existing childcare services, and assessed the cities’ insufficiency of services by applying POI, demographic and economic data. An indices system was built for evaluating pressure value of the inclusive childcare service construction, consist of 6 indicators covering 3 dimensions of supply construction, economic support, family infant care. The results show that: (1) The development of inclusive childcare services in China presents a spatial pattern of aggregation prominently. There are over 40% of the cities in mid-high states of deficiency. 138 institutions of inclusive childcare in average are entailed to alleviate the shortage of supplement for cities, particularly 1 302 institutions in Chongqing. (2) The cities in China generally face high pressure of inclusive childcare service construction. Among them, more than 85% cities are in the state of medium or high pressure. The pressure presents the spatial stratification pattern of “low in the north and high in the south”. (3) The results reveal that the pressure type of the first- and second-state early-warning cities are characterized by “three-dimension or two-dimension” high pressure, while the third-state warning cities are characterized by “non-directional” low pressure. Therefore, coping strategies of barrier breaking, supply increasing, advantage utilization, and multi-subject building are proposed to achieve downgrading, pressure reduction, and shortage reduction according to the pressure type of cities.

Using the ecological symbiosis theory for reference, based on the idea of “political sharing, economic coprosperity, social coconstruction, cultural cointegration, and ecological co-governance”, to construct comprehensive evaluation index system of urbanrural symbiosis relationship, using the urban and rural panel datas of 27 provinces and autonomous regions across the country from 2010 to 2019, the symbiotic model and kernel density function are used to empirically analyze the evolution and dynamic interaction of the symbiotic relationship between urban and rural areas. The research finds that: （1） At present, the symbiosis between urban and rural areas in our country is in the phase of asymmetric mutualism symbiosis, and it approaches to the symmetrical mutualism symbiosis. （2） Under the continuous dynamic interaction between urban and rural areas, both urban and rural areas have made great progress, but the urban development in the western and northeastern is relatively insufficient, and the ability of “taking the countryside with the city” is weak, the rural development in southwest and central areas is backward, and the ability of “promoting urban development with rural areas” is poor. The urbanrural symbiosis relationship in the other areas tends to balance. （3） The symbiotic relationship between urban and rural areas in China presents a multi peaks feature in the early development period. The regional development is extremely uneven. In the late development period, low value peak converges to the median area faster than high value peak. The problem of urban underdevelopment has been improved better than that of rural underdevelopment. The single peak trend is gradually emerging, regional differences are narrowing, and the overall trend is toward balanced development.

The geographical differentiation pattern of rural settlement land use is the scientific basis for the spatial classification and governance of the country. The spatial analysis, landscape pattern index, and the countryside order-scale rule were used to compare the spatial and temporal evolution patterns and influencing factors of rural settlements in the Northern Diversion Irrigation Area, Central Arid Zone and Southern Mountainous Area of Ningxia from 1990 to 2020. The results show that: （1）The spatial structure of rural settlements in the Northern Yellow Diversion Irrigation Area evolves in a high density cluster-wide banded-cluster pattern; the Central Arid Zone evolves in a low density dispersed-middle density scattered pattern; and the Southern Mountainous Area evolves in a medium density nested cluster pattern. （2）The land use has been integrated, firstly, the land use is mainly new and expanding, encroaching on agricultural production and grassland ecological space; after 2005, there is a tendency to compensate for agricultural production and ecological space. （3）Large scale settlements in the Northern Yellow Irrigation Area and Southern Mountainous Areas are poorly developed, and small scale settlements need to be integrated. The evolution pattern of rural settlements in different geographical zones of Ningxia has both commonalities and individualities.

Based on the report of the Communist Party of China’s 19th National Congress, this paper built a four-dimensional evaluation index system for the coordinated development of real economy, scientific and technological innovation, modern finance, and human resources, and adopts the coupling coordination degree model to measure the four-dimensional coupling synergy of the modern industrial system in the Yellow River Basin from 2007 to 2020 and explore its spatial and temporal evolution. The results show that: (1) From 2007 to 2020, the coupling and synergy degree of modern industrial system in the Yellow River Basin shows an upward trend of fluctuation, but remains in the primary state of coordination. (2) The spatial pattern of the coupling and synergy degree of modern industrial system in the Yellow River Basin shows the characteristics of “weak upstream and strong midstream and downstream”, but overall regional differences tend to converge. (3) The development levels of the four subsystems of the modern industrial system in the Yellow River Basin show different changes. The COVID-19 outbreak in 2020 caused a decline in the development of the real economy and technological innovation, but the development of modern finance and human resources increased. (4) In the Yellow River Basin, there are regional differences in the spatial distribution of all subsystems of modern industrial system, but only the regional differences of modern finance subsystem tend to converge.

An examination of the digital financial inclusion in 89 cities in the Yellow River Basin from 2011 to 2021 was conducted using Dagum Gini coefficient and spatial autocorrelation analysis, and the time fixed effects SDM model was employed to assess the influencing factors. The research shows that: (1)On the whole, digital inclusive finance in the Yellow River Basin is on a slow upward trend, with a distribution pattern of “high in the east and low in the west, high in the north and low in the south”, and the growth rate shows an evolutionary pattern of “fast in the southwest and slow in the north”. (2) The Gini coefficient has been gradually narrowing over the course of the study, with the intra-regional difference being downstream>middlestream>upstream, and the inter-regional difference being upstream-downstream>middle-downstream>upstream-middlestream. The main source of the overall difference is the contribution rate of hypervariable density. (3) Digital inclusive finance in the Yellow River Basin shows a fluctuating and rising spatial agglomeration trend, and is dominated by “high-high” and “low-low” types, while “high-low” and “low-high” types are relatively scattered. (4) Digital inclusive finance benefits from factors like economic development, traditional financial development, and population density, whereas education has a detrimental impact, with positive spillover effects from industrial structure and geographic location, and negative spillover effects from government support and internet development.

Taking the national cultural relics protection units in the Yellow River Basin as the research object, this paper uses kernel density estimation,nearest neighbor index and other methods to analyze the spatio-temporal evolution characteristics of the national cultural relics protection units, and then uses Pearson correlation coefficient and buffer zone analysis method to explore the influencing factors. The results showed that: (1) In terms of time distribution, the national cultural relics protection units in the Yellow River Basin showed an increasing trend. (2) In terms of spatial distribution, the distribution of national cultural relics protection units in the Yellow River Basin is uneven, with obvious centralized distribution characteristics. The concentration degree of different types of national cultural relics protection units is different. From high to low, the concentration degree is divided into ancient buildings, cave temples and stone carvings, modern and important historical sites and representative buildings, ancient sites and ancient tombs. (3) In terms of spatial evolution, the national cultural relics protection units in the Yellow River Basin are distributed in three stages, namely, the central and eastern parts, the central and western parts, and the whole region. However, most of the national cultural relics protection units are distributed in the central and eastern parts of the Yellow River Basin. (4) In terms of spatial influencing factors, the spatial distribution of national cultural relics protection units in the Yellow River Basin is influenced by both natural and social factors.

A total of 330 marine cultural heritage sites were selected from the national key cultural relics protection sites in 11 coastal provinces and cities. With the help of GIS spatial analysis tools and Geodetector, the temporal and spatial patterns and influencing factors of marine cultural heritage were analyzed. The results show that the distribution of marine cultural heritage presents two intensive areas, mainly in the Yangtze River Delta and Fujian. In each historical period, the marine cultural heritage in the Yangtze River Delta has the most vital continuity; the Qin-Han Dynasties and modern times are the two critical periods for the qualitative changes in the composition of the marine cultural heritage. The formation of the spatial and temporal pattern of marine cultural heritage is affected by various factors, with the historical process of human beings involved in the sea as the leading factor. The river basin and dialect are the main environmental factors that determine the spatial and temporal pattern of marine cultural heritage and have spatial heterogeneity in the north and south coastal areas. In the process of social development, the regional policy environment significantly impacts the registration of marine cultural heritage.

This paper explores the spatial accessibility and spatial justice pattern of medical facilities at different levels in Xi’an City by using the nearest facility point method based on spatial grids and by using the distribution of medical facilities, POI data and Tencent point data. The results show that the spatial structure of medical facility accessibility in Xi’an City is “center-periphery”. The 15-minute accessibility circle of tertiary hospitals was confined to the main urban areas. The accessibility of the first and second level medical facilities was similar, and the coverage rate of the 30-minute accessibility circle was over 70%. The coverage rate of the 15-minute accessibility circle in primary medical facilities reached 71.02%, and only 2.04% of residential sites were not covered. The spatial justice of medical facilities has formed four types of regions: comprehensive medical space justice covers 90.88% of residential areas and 48.13% of regional space; The spatial inequities of higher medical facilities are mainly located in suburban areas, while the spatial inequities of basic medical facilities are narrow and distributed only at the junction of administrative regions. The overall spatial inequity of medical facilities is mainly distributed in the Qinling Mountains in the south and east of Xi’an City.