Remote Sensing for Natural Resources >
Extracting information on benches in open-pit coal mines based on Sentinel-2 images and the BenchSegNet model
Received date: 2024-10-24
Revised date: 2025-03-10
Online published: 2026-06-03
Benches, important surface features in open-pit coal mines, can reflect the production status in the mines. Extracting information about benches from remote sensing images can provide a significant basis for production monitoring in coal mines, as well as ecological protection and restoration. This study established the BenchSegNet deep learning model for extracting information on benches in open-pit coal mines from Sentinel-2 images. The results indicate that the BenchSegNet model inherited the strong generalization capability of SegFormer and the powerful detail extraction ability of U-Net, achieving an accuracy of 97.69%. Compared to the SegFormer model, the BenchSegNet model demonstrated increases of 6.19 percentage points, 4.09 percentage points, and 5.06 percentage points in precision, recall, and F1 score, respectively. Compared to two traditional convolutional neural network models, i.e., U-Net and ASPP-UNet, the BenchSegNet model exhibited increases of nearly 10 percentage points in the three metrics. In addition, compared to two traditional machine learning algorithms, i.e., random forest and support vector machine, the BenchSegNet model showed increases of approximately 15 percentage points in the three metrics. The comparisons verify that the BenchSegNet deep learning model delivers high accuracy. Given that the Sentinel-2 satellite is characterized by global coverage, short revisit time, and high spatial resolution, the combination of Sentinel-2 images and the BenchSegNet model can effectively monitor the change process of benches in open-pit coal mines.
Key words: environmental remote sensing; deep learning; open-pit coal mine; bench; SegFormer
LI Kaixuan , LIU Junwei , WANG Zhibo , JIANG Wenlong , CAI Hanlin , LEI Shaogang , YANG Yongjun . Extracting information on benches in open-pit coal mines based on Sentinel-2 images and the BenchSegNet model[J]. Remote Sensing for Natural Resources, 2025 , 37(6) : 148 -155 . DOI: 10.6046/zrzyyg.2024345
L=p·yln(σ(x))+(1-y)ln(1-σ(x)),
表1 基于不同方法的露天煤矿台阶提取结果对比Tab.1 Comparison of bench extraction results in open-pit coal mines obtained using different methods |
| 台阶 | 影像 | 标签 | RF | SVM | U-Net | ASPP-UNet | SegFormer | BenchSegNet |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 直线型 台阶 | ![]() | |||||||
| 弯曲型 台阶 | ![]() | |||||||
| 折线型 台阶 | ![]() | |||||||
表2 不同方法的精度评价指标对比Tab.2 Comparison of the accuracy evaluation metrics of different methods (%) |
| 方法 | 精确率 | 召回率 | F1分数 | 准确率 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| RF | 64.56 | 63.33 | 63.94 | 93.71 |
| SVM | 65.32 | 59.11 | 62.06 | 94.60 |
| U-Net | 66.77 | 66.01 | 66.39 | 96.02 |
| ASPP-UNet | 66.16 | 69.46 | 67.77 | 96.12 |
| SegFormer | 74.74 | 69.38 | 71.96 | 97.20 |
| BenchSegNet | 80.93 | 73.47 | 77.02 | 97.69 |
表3 消融实验结果Tab.3 The result of ablation study (%) |
| 方法 | 精确率 | 召回率 | F1分数 |
|---|---|---|---|
| SegFormer | 74.74 | 69.38 | 71.96 |
| SegFormer+Iimage | 78.04 | 68.11 | 72.74 |
| SegFormer+U-Net | 76.27 | 72.35 | 74.26 |
| SegFormer+Iimage+U-Net(BenchSegNet) | 80.93 | 73.47 | 77.02 |
表4 芒来露天煤矿2022—2023年台阶提取结果Tab.4 Bench extraction results in the Manglai open-pit coal mine from 2022 to 2023 |
| 类型 | 2022年3月 | 2022年11月 | 2023年3月 | 2023年11月 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
芒来煤 矿影像 台阶提 取结果 | ![]() | |||
表5 每个模型解码器产生的置信度热力图Tab.5 The confidence heat maps generated by the decoders of each model |
| 台阶 | 影像 | 标签 | U-Net | ASPP-UNet | SegFormer | BenchSegNet |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 直线型台阶 | ![]() | |||||
| 弯曲型台阶 | ![]() | |||||
| 折线型台阶 | ![]() | |||||
| 图例 | ![]() | |||||
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