Remote Sensing for Natural Resources >
Deep forest-based model for detecting changes in remote sensing images
Received date: 2024-10-07
Revised date: 2025-03-17
Online published: 2026-06-03
The deep learning-based models currently available for detecting changes in remote sensing images face several challenges, including limited multi-granularity, poor classification performance of networks, high sensitivity to parameters, and great efforts in parameter adjustment. To address these challenges, this study proposed a deep forest-based model for detecting changes in remote sensing images. Initially, preliminary results were determined using a basic change detection method. Then, the results were optimized using the multi-granularity scanning characteristics and strong data classification of deep forest sub-networks. In this manner, the final change detection results were obtained. Verification experiments conducted on the LEVIR-CD and SYSU-CD datasets using various common change detection models indicated that the proposed deep forest-based model significantly outperformed other models in terms of precision, F1 score, and recall. Additionally, the proposed model exhibited strong adaptability on small datasets, as verified by loss function comparison, small-sample experiments, and ablation studies. This adaptability can reduce the complexity of parameter adjustment and address the issues that other deep learning sub-networks fail to be applicable to medium and small datasets.
GE Lihua , WANG Peng , ZHANG Yanqin , ZHAO Shuanglin . Deep forest-based model for detecting changes in remote sensing images[J]. Remote Sensing for Natural Resources, 2025 , 37(6) : 118 -127 . DOI: 10.6046/zrzyyg.2024327
图6 LEVIR-CD测试集上不同方法的结果Fig.6 Results of the different methods on the LEVIR-CD test sets |
图7 SYSU-CD测试集上不同方法的结果Fig.7 Results of the different methods on the SYSU-CD test sets |
表1 2个数据集上各方法的对比Tab.1 Comparison of the two test sets |
| 方法 | LEVIR-CD | SYSU-CD | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 准确率 | 召回率 | F1 | 准确率 | 召回率 | F1 | |
| FC-EF | 0.922 | 0.773 | 0.841 | 0.721 | 0.902 | 0.801 |
| FC-EF_DF | 0.942 | 0.966 | 0.954 | 0.804 | 0.827 | 0.815 |
| FC-Siam-conc | 0.910 | 0.850 | 0.879 | 0.695 | 0.831 | 0.757 |
| FC-Siam-conc_DF | 0.927 | 0.935 | 0.930 | 0.783 | 0.853 | 0.817 |
| FC-Siam-diff | 0.914 | 0.861 | 0.887 | 0.991 | 0.632 | 0.772 |
| FC-Siam-diff_DF | 0.931 | 0.952 | 0.941 | 0.988 | 0.805 | 0.887 |
| SNUnet | 0.864 | 0.947 | 0.904 | 0.689 | 0.718 | 0.703 |
| SNUnet_DF | 0.939 | 0.933 | 0.936 | 0.855 | 0.926 | 0.889 |
| DTCDSCN | 0.883 | 0.904 | 0.893 | 0.810 | 0.857 | 0.833 |
| DTCDSCN_DF | 0.918 | 0.887 | 0.902 | 0.807 | 0.869 | 0.837 |
| STANet | 0.918 | 0.833 | 0.873 | 0.792 | 0.838 | 0.814 |
| STANet_DF | 0.924 | 0.867 | 0.894 | 0.903 | 0.806 | 0.852 |
表2 不同损失函数的影响Tab.2 The effect of different loss functions |
| 损失函数 | 准确率 | 召回率 | F1 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 交叉熵损失 | 0.942 | 0.966 | 0.954 |
| 均方误差损失 | 0.902 | 0.979 | 0.939 |
| 平方损失 | 0.948 | 0.920 | 0.934 |
| 焦点损失 | 0.946 | 0.951 | 0.948 |
表3 数据集的大小对实验结果的影响Tab.3 The effect of the datasets size |
| 方法 | 原始数据集 | 小数据集 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 准确率 | 召回率 | F1 | 准确率 | 召回率 | F1 | |
| FC-EF | 0.922 | 0.773 | 0.841 | 0.817 | 0.742 | 0.778 |
| FC-EF_DF | 0.942 | 0.966 | 0.954 | 0.920 | 0.931 | 0.925 |
| FC-Siam-conc | 0.910 | 0.850 | 0.879 | 0.883 | 0.752 | 0.812 |
| FC-Siam-conc_DF | 0.927 | 0.935 | 0.930 | 0.920 | 0.844 | 0.880 |
| FC-Siam-diff | 0.914 | 0.861 | 0.887 | 0.835 | 0.786 | 0.810 |
| FC-Siam-diff_DF | 0.931 | 0.952 | 0.941 | 0.897 | 0.904 | 0.900 |
| SNUnet | 0.864 | 0.947 | 0.904 | 0.833 | 0.898 | 0.864 |
| SNUnet_DF | 0.939 | 0.933 | 0.936 | 0.879 | 0.903 | 0.891 |
| DTCDSCN | 0.883 | 0.904 | 0.893 | 0.796 | 0.847 | 0.821 |
| DTCDSCN_DF | 0.918 | 0.887 | 0.902 | 0.880 | 0.862 | 0.871 |
| STANet | 0.918 | 0.833 | 0.873 | 0.801 | 0.799 | 0.799 |
| STANet_DF | 0.924 | 0.867 | 0.894 | 0.877 | 0.830 | 0.853 |
表4 深度森林对运行时间的影响Tab.4 The effect of the deep forest module on running time (ms/张) |
| 方法 | 平均运行时间 | 增加的时间 |
|---|---|---|
| FC-EF | 10.08 | 2.12 |
| FC-EF_DF | 12.20 | |
| FC-Siam-conc | 10.53 | 2.28 |
| FC-Siam-conc_DF | 12.81 | |
| FC-Siam-diff | 9.41 | 2.06 |
| FC-Siam-diff_DF | 11.47 | |
| SNUnet | 10.49 | 2.35 |
| SNUnet_DF | 12.84 | |
| DTCDSCN | 16.19 | 2.26 |
| DTCDSCN_DF | 18.45 |
| [1] |
|
| [2] |
|
| [3] |
|
| [4] |
|
| [5] |
|
| [6] |
|
| [7] |
|
| [8] |
|
| [9] |
|
| [10] |
|
| [11] |
|
| [12] |
史文中, 张鹏林, 吕志勇, 等. 地理国情综合指数及其计算模型研究[J]. 测绘地理信息, 2016, 41(1):1-6.
|
| [13] |
李德仁, 眭海刚, 单杰. 论地理国情监测的技术支撑[J]. 武汉大学学报(信息科学版), 2012, 37(5):505-512,502.
|
| [14] |
|
| [15] |
|
| [16] |
|
| [17] |
|
| [18] |
Sivic, Zisserman. Video Google:A text retrieval approach to object matching in videos[C]// Proceedings Ninth IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision. October 13-16,2003, Nice,France.IEEE, 2003:1470-1477.
|
| [19] |
|
| [20] |
邸凤萍, 朱重光, 丁玲. 方向矢量法在城市土地利用变化检测中的应用[J]. 计算机工程, 2008, 34(2):253-254.
|
| [21] |
|
| [22] |
|
| [23] |
|
| [24] |
|
| [25] |
|
| [26] |
|
| [27] |
|
| [28] |
杜俊翰, 赖健, 王雪, 等. 基于多尺度注意力特征与孪生判别的遥感影像变化检测及其抗噪性研究[J]. 数据采集与处理, 2022, 37(1):35-48.
|
| [29] |
|
| [30] |
|
| [31] |
杨惠. 基于深度森林的SAR图像变化检测技术研究[D]. 西安: 西安电子科技大学, 2019.
|
| [32] |
李恒. 基于遥感影像的森林变化检测方法研究[D]. 长沙: 中南林业科技大学, 2022.
|
| [33] |
|
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |