Remote Sensing for Natural Resources >
Estimation and spatial pattern analysis of forest above-ground biomass based on Sentinel-2 and GEDI data
Received date: 2024-09-20
Revised date: 2025-01-10
Online published: 2026-06-03
Forest above-ground biomass (AGB) is recognized as an important indicator of forest productivity. Rapid and accurate estimation of forest AGB is crucial for sustainable forest management and carbon cycle research. Based on spaceborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data from the global ecosystem dynamic investigation (GEDI) and Sentinel-2 optical data,this study extracted GEDI L2B,Sentinel-2 remote sensing features,and topographic factors (elevation,aspect,and slope) in the study area. Among them,variables were determined through Pearson correlation analysis. Then,this study constructed the partial least squares regression (PLSR),gradient boosting regression tree (GBRT),and random forest (RF) models for forest AGB inversion. Consequently,this study estimated these models’ potential for forest AGB estimation and analyzed the spatial distribution differences of forest AGB. The results indicate that the estimation using multi-source data consistently outperformed that using single-source data. Among them,the RF model based on GEDI and Sentinel-2 data exhibited the best performance (R2=0.76,root mean square error (RMSE)=23.02 t/hm2),followed by the GBRT model,while the PLSR model performed the worst (R2=0.26). In terms of spatial distribution,within the elevation range of 1 200~1 800 m,forest AGB density increased with elevation. Slope variation had little effect on forest AGB density,but a pronounced decrease in AGB density was observed on steep slopes. Aspect analysis showed that semi-shaded and sunny slopes exhibited high forest AGB density,while shaded and semi-sunny slopes presented similar values. Slope-aspect interaction analysis revealed that sunny and semi-sunny slopes displayed the highest total forest AGB on gentle and moderate slopes,respectively. In contrast,forest AGB significantly decreased across all orientations on flat and steep slopes,with a more significant decline observed on shaded and semi-shaded slopes. These findings provide a scientific basis for formulating forest protection and cultivation policies at the provincial level.
WANG Lu , JI Yongjie , DONG Wenquan , ZHANG Wangfei . Estimation and spatial pattern analysis of forest above-ground biomass based on Sentinel-2 and GEDI data[J]. Remote Sensing for Natural Resources, 2025 , 37(5) : 224 -232 . DOI: 10.6046/zrzyyg.2024304
表1 GEDI L2B数据特征信息Tab.1 Parameter information of GEDI L2B data |
| 特征名称 | 物理含义 | 特征名称 | 物理含义 |
|---|---|---|---|
| sensitivity | 灵敏度 | pgap_theta | 森林冠层间隙率 |
| modis_treecover | 根据MODIS数据得出的植被百分比 | modis_nonvegetated | 根据MODIS数据得出的非植被百分比 |
| pgap_theta_error | 森林冠层间隙率的误差 | landsat_treecover | Landsat树冠覆盖率 |
| rv | 波形中植被分量的积分 | height_lastbin | 相对森林冠层间隙误差的地面高度 |
| rh100 | 接收波形信号的起始点离地面的高度 | fhd_normal | 叶片高度多样性指数 |
| rg | 波形中地面分量的积分 | digital_elevation_model | 数字高程模型高于WGS84椭圆形的高度 |
| pai | 植被总面积指数 | cover | 树冠总覆盖率 |
| shot number | 激光点号 | degrade_flag | 指向或定位信息降级状态的标志 |
| lat_lowestmode | 最低模式中心的纬度 | lon_lowestmode | 最低模式中心的经度 |
| quality_flag | 标记以简化最有用数据的选择 | leaf_off_flag | 指示观察是否在落叶林条件下记录 |
| beam | 激光器强弱指示 |
表2 Sentinel-2数据特征信息Tab.2 Features information of Sentinel-2 data |
| 类型 | 特征名称 |
|---|---|
| 原始波段 | B2,B3,B4,B5,B6,B7,B8,B11 |
| 植被指数 | 归一化植被指数、差值植被指数、比值植被指数、变换的归一化差异植被指数、绿色标准化差异植被指数、归一化差异指数、红边拐点指数、Sentinel-2红边位置指数 |
| 纹理特征 | 均值、方差、熵、对比度、同质性、相关性、非相似性、角二阶矩 |
| 缨帽变换特征 | 亮度、绿度、湿度 |
| 主成分分析 | PCA1,PCA2,PCA3 |
表3 森林AGB模型估测精度Tab.3 Estimation accuracy of forest AGB model |
| 数据源 | 模型 | R2 | RMSE/(t·hm-2) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sentinel-2 | RF | 0.73 | 24.34 |
| GBRT | 0.48 | 33.72 | |
| PLSR | 0.14 | 40.36 | |
| Sentinel-2+GEDI | RF | 0.76 | 23.02 |
| GBRT | 0.60 | 29.35 | |
| PLSR | 0.26 | 37.56 |
表4 坡度-坡向交互作用下的森林AGB分布情况Tab.4 Forest AGB distribution under the interaction of slope and aspect |
| 坡度 | 坡向 | 森林 AGB/104 t | 坡度 | 坡向 | 森林 AGB/104 t |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 平坡 | 平地 | 0.62 | 陡坡 | 平地 | 0.29 |
| 阴坡 | 3.97 | 阴坡 | 27.26 | ||
| 半阴坡 | 4.61 | 半阴坡 | 18.44 | ||
| 阳坡 | 5.16 | 阳坡 | 27.25 | ||
| 半阳坡 | 5.71 | 半阳坡 | 22.44 | ||
| 缓坡 | 平地 | 0.97 | 急坡 | 平地 | 0.11 |
| 阴坡 | 43.72 | 阴坡 | 8.73 | ||
| 半阴坡 | 35.79 | 半阴坡 | 5.85 | ||
| 阳坡 | 57.95 | 阳坡 | 7.47 | ||
| 半阳坡 | 58.08 | 半阳坡 | 5.24 | ||
| 斜坡 | 平地 | 0.76 | 险坡 | 平地 | 0.01 |
| 阴坡 | 59.37 | 阴坡 | 0.95 | ||
| 半阴坡 | 38.70 | 半阴坡 | 0.80 | ||
| 阳坡 | 64.98 | 阳坡 | 0.60 | ||
| 半阳坡 | 53.76 | 半阳坡 | 0.51 |
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