Remote Sensing for Natural Resources >
Remote sensing-based monitoring and identification mechanisms of the spatiotemporal dynamics of Suaeda salsa in the Liaohe estuary, China
Received date: 2023-09-22
Revised date: 2024-03-11
Online published: 2026-06-03
The Liaohe estuary of China boasts the largest red beach landscape in the world. Monitoring the spatiotemporal dynamics of Suaeda salsa in this region is of great significance for revealing the performance of conservation measures such as returning aquaculture to wetlands. Currently, satellite remote sensing technology has been widely applied to the mapping and identification of coastal vegetation including Suaeda salsa. However, existing classification methods rely on black-box models, which are difficult to interpret, while overlooking exploring identification mechanisms. This has hindered the improvement and development of related methods. Fortunately, the advancement in explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) has provided new directions for analyzing the black-box models. Considering that the decision rules in random forests are interpretable, this study developed a new method to extract the optimal decision rules from trained random forest models. Using this method, this study ultimately reconstructed the optimal decision rules used to identify Suaeda salsa, i.e., B3/B4<0.90 & B5/B3≥1.46, with an overall data accuracy exceeding 90%. Using annual Sentinel-2 images from 2017 to 2022 as a data source, the study successfully extracted the annual dynamics of Suaeda salsa in the Liaohe Estuary. Accordingly, by combining the centroid migration method, this study analyzed the spatiotemporal changes in the Suaeda salsa following the implementation of returning aquaculture to wetlands, revealing the current status that the Suaeda salsa in this region is undergoing rapid restoration.
LI Yubin , WANG Zongming , ZHAO Chuanpeng , JIA Mingming , REN Chunying , MAO Dehua , YU Hao . Remote sensing-based monitoring and identification mechanisms of the spatiotemporal dynamics of Suaeda salsa in the Liaohe estuary, China[J]. Remote Sensing for Natural Resources, 2025 , 37(1) : 195 -203 . DOI: 10.6046/zrzyyg.2023293
表1 选中的2017—2022年卫星影像Tab.1 Selected satellite images during 2017 and 2022 |
| 时间 | 产品类型 | 云量/% |
|---|---|---|
| 2017-09-29 | Level-1C | 0 |
| 2018-09-04 | Level-1C | 1.08 |
| 2019-09-14 | Level-2A | 0.51 |
| 2020-09-18 | Level-2A | 0.01 |
| 2021-09-23 | Level-2A | 0 |
| 2022-09-18 | Level-2A | 0 |
表2 Sentinel-2影像特征介绍Tab.2 Features derived from the Sentinel-2 Images |
| 特征类型 | 特征 | |
|---|---|---|
| 光谱 特征 | B2,B3,B4,B5,B6,B7,B8,B8A,B11,B12,VV,VH | |
| 波段比 值特征 组 | B2/B4,B3/B4,B3/B8,B4/B2,B4/B3,B4/B5,B4/B8,B5/B3,B5/B4,B6/B3,B6/B5,B7/B3,B7/B4,B8/B2,B8/B3,B8/B4,B8/B5,B8/B11,B8/B12,B8A/B5,B11/B8,B11/B12,B12/B4,B12/B8,B12/B11,VV/VH,VH/VV | |
| 指数特 征组① | 归一化植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index, NDVI) | |
| 增强植被指数(enhanced vegetation index, EVI) | ||
| 植被衰减指数(plant senescence reflectance index, PSRI) | ||
| 归一化差异红色变异指数(normalized difference red edge, NDRE) | ||
| 地表水分指数(land surface water index, LSWI) | ||
| 归一化水分指数(normalized difference water index, NDWI) | ||
| 修正的归一化差异水体指数(modified normalized difference water index, mNDWI) | ||
| 植被近红外反射指数(near-infrared reflectance of vegetation, NIRv) | ||
①SWIR表示B11和B12这2个波段; RE表示B5, B6, B7, B8A这4个波段。 |
表3 混淆矩阵与精度分析Tab.3 Classification confusion matrix and precision analysis |
| 类别 | 碱蓬 | 非碱蓬 |
|---|---|---|
| 碱蓬 | 199 | 23 |
| 非碱蓬 | 1 | 177 |
| UA/% | 89.6 | 99.4 |
| PA/% | 99.5 | 89.0 |
| OA/% | 94.0 | |
表4 不同年份对应决策规则的分类精度结果Tab.4 Classification accuracy results of decision rules in different years |
| 时间 | 阈值信息 | OA/% |
|---|---|---|
| 2017-09-29 | B3/B4<0.98 & B5/B3≥1.16 | 86.0 |
| 2018-09-04 | B3/B4<1.0 & B5/B3≥1.20 | 92.5 |
| 2020-09-18 | B3/B4<0.88 & B5/B3≥1.46 | 96.8 |
| 2021-09-23 | B3/B4<0.83 & B5/B3≥1.46 | 97.3 |
| 2022-09-18 | B3/B4<0.96 & B5/B3≥1.26 | 98.5 |
图3 2017—2022年辽河口盐地碱蓬时空变化Fig.3 Temporal and spatial distribution changes of Suaeda Salsa in Liaohe estuary from 2017 to 2022 |
表5 2017—2022年辽河口盐地盐地碱蓬面积Tab.5 Area information of Suaeda salsa in Liaohe estuary from 2017 to 2022 (hm2) |
| 年份 | 2017年 | 2018年 | 2019年 | 2020年 | 2021年 | 2022年 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 面积 | 1 154.69 | 732.43 | 658.15 | 1 380.20 | 3 048.38 | 4 221.75 |
表6 SSVI提取盐地碱蓬结果的混淆矩阵Tab.6 Confusion matrix of extraction results of Suaeda Salsa using SSVI |
| 类别 | 碱蓬 | 非碱蓬 |
|---|---|---|
| 碱蓬 | 139 | 5 |
| 非碱蓬 | 61 | 195 |
| UA/% | 96.5 | 75.9 |
| PA/% | 69.5 | 97.5 |
| OA/% | 83.3 | |
表7 2017—2022年SSVI提取盐地碱蓬的阈值与精度Tab.7 Threshold and accuracy of SSVI extraction Suaeda Salsa from 2017 to 2022 |
| 时间 | 阈值信息 | OA/% |
|---|---|---|
| 2017-09-20 | SSVI > 4 | 73.0 |
| 2018-09-27 | SSVI > 0.3 | 84.0 |
| 2020-09-30 | SSVI > 1 | 71.5 |
| 2021-09-01 | SSVI > 3 | 66.8 |
| 2022-09-01 | SSVI > 5 | 79.5 |
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