Physical quantity characteristics and atmospheric circulation of different types of rainstorms on the northern slope of the Kunlun Mountains
Received date: 2025-05-30
Revised date: 2025-09-04
Online published: 2026-03-12
Accurate weather forecasting in the Kunlun Mountains relies on accurate determination of the physical-quantity characteristics and atmospheric circulation of different types of rainstorms on the northern slope of the mountains. This paper newly classifies the rainstorms on the northern slope of the Kunlun Mountains into short-term rainstorms, non-short-term rainstorms, and mixed rainstorms. The climatic characteristics, physical quantity parameters, and synoptic system configurations of these three rainstorm types are comparatively analyzed using data from ground automatic weather stations, conventional sounding data, and ERA-5 reanalysis data collected from 2016 to 2024. The results show that (1) rainstorms on the northern slope of the Kunlun Mountains are dominated by non-short-term rainstorms in summer, most frequently by nonshort-term rainstorms and mixed rainstorms in August and by short-term rainstorms in July. As the elevation increases, the frequency of mixed rainstorms increases while the frequencies of short-term rainstorms and non-short-term rainstorms increase and then decline. The range of rainstorms is wider in the western section than in the central section of the northern slope of the Kunlun Mountains. The western section experiences many short-term rainstorms whereas the central section experiences a high incidence of non-short-term and mixed rainstorms. (2) The South Asia High presents a Qinghai-Xizang high pattern during short-term rainstorms, an Iran high pattern during non-short-term rainstorms, and a two-center pattern during mixed rainstorms. All three rainstorm types occur to the right of the entrance zone of the upper level jet streams, where strong divergence and rising motion occur. (3) The rainstorms are dominantly influenced by the Central Asian trough system. During the short-term rainstorms, the Tarim easterly low level jet is not formed and the systematic dynamic uplift effect is relatively weak. Therefore, such rainstorms will more likely occur in areas with good thermal conditions. Non-short-term and mixed rainstorms are accompanied by abundant water vapor transported by the southern path and the formation of a strong Tarim easterly low level jet. The substantial forced-uplift effect facilitates rainstorm formation on the windward slope. (4) The water vapor conditions negligibly differ among the three types of rainstorms but the instability parameters are significantly higher during short-term rainstorms than during the other rainstorm types. The intensity of the deep vertical wind shear is typically moderate (weak) during short-term rainstorms (non-short-term rainstorms) and the short-term (non-short-term) precipitation is mainly generated by convective (stratiform) clouds. The deep vertical wind-shear intensity of mixed rainstorms is between those of the short-term and non-short-term rainstorms and is characterized by convective-cloud and stratiform-cloud precipitation.
ZHANG Meng , YANG Xia . Physical quantity characteristics and atmospheric circulation of different types of rainstorms on the northern slope of the Kunlun Mountains[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2025 , 42(12) : 2153 -2165 . DOI: 10.13866/j.azr.2025.12.01
图3 2016—2024年6—8月昆仑山北坡各站累计暴雨频次(a)及不同类型站点(b)短时暴雨站、(c)非短时暴雨站、(d)混合暴雨站的暴雨频次分布Fig. 3 Distribution of cumulative rainstorms frequency by station (a) and different types of stations (b) short-term rainstorms stations, (c) non-short-term rainstorms stations, (d) mixed rainstorms stations on the northern slope of the Kunlun Mountains from June to August 2016 to 2024 |
表1 2016—2024年6—8月昆仑山北坡不同类型暴雨在不同海拔区间的分布Tab. 1 Distribution of different types of rainstorms on the northern slope of Kunlun Mountains at different altitudes from June to August 2016 to 2024 |
| 海拔≤1500 m | 1500 m<海拔≤2000 m | 2000 m<海拔≤3000 m | 海拔>3000 m | 合计 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 总站数/个 | 194 | 70 | 55 | 34 | 353 |
| 暴雨站数/个 | 124 | 50 | 47 | 9 | 230 |
| 暴雨站数占总站数的比例/% | 63.9 | 71.4 | 85.5 | 26.5 | 65.2 |
| 累计暴雨站次/次 | 196 | 132 | 264 | 50 | 642 |
| 平均暴雨站次/次 | 1.58 | 2.64 | 5.62 | 5.56 | 2.79 |
| 短时暴雨站数/个 | 20 | 7 | 1 | 0 | 28 |
| 短时暴雨站数占总暴雨站数的比例/% | 16.1 | 14.0 | 2.1 | 0.0 | 12.2 |
| 累计短时暴雨站次/次 | 25 | 11 | 1 | 0 | 37 |
| 平均短时暴雨站次/次 | 1.3 | 1.6 | 1.0 | - | 1.3 |
| 非短时暴雨站数/个 | 72 | 20 | 19 | 7 | 118 |
| 非短时暴雨站数占总暴雨站数的比例/% | 58.1 | 40.0 | 40.4 | 77.8 | 51.3 |
| 累计非短时暴雨站次/次 | 92 | 38 | 89 | 14 | 233 |
| 平均非短时暴雨站次/次 | 1.3 | 1.9 | 4.7 | 2.0 | 2.0 |
| 混合暴雨站数/个 | 32 | 23 | 27 | 2 | 84 |
| 混合暴雨站数占总暴雨站数的比例/% | 25.8 | 46.0 | 57.4 | 22.2 | 36.5 |
| 累计暴雨站次/次 | 79 | 79 | 186 | 28 | 372 |
| 平均暴雨站次/次 | 2.5 | 3.4 | 6.9 | 14.0 | 4.4 |
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