Plant Ecology

Carbon density distribution pattern and its factors of the artificial forest vegetation in opencast coal mine

  • ZHANG Jianhua , 1 ,
  • ZHOU Xiaoyang 2 ,
  • GUO Xuting 1 ,
  • DU Xinxin 1 ,
  • AN Li 1 ,
  • QIN Hao 3 ,
  • LIU Yong 4 ,
  • ZHANG Hong 4 ,
  • XU Longchao , 2
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  • 1. Department of Biology, Xinzhou Normal University, Xinzhou 034000, Shanxi, China
  • 2. College of Ecology, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi, China
  • 3. School of Statistics, Shanxi University of Finance and Economics, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, China
  • 4. Institute of Loess Plateau, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, China

Received date: 2023-12-11

  Revised date: 2024-03-29

  Online published: 2025-08-12

Abstract

This study aimed to quantitatively analyze the distribution patterns of carbon density and its factors of artificial forest vegetation in opencast coal mines and provide a basis for improving the forest carbon (C) sink service function using available data. It selected Pinus tabulaeformis, Populus microphylla, Populus canadensis, Robinia pseudoacacia, Ulmus pumila, and mixed R. pseudoacacia-U. pumila plantations in the waste dump of the Antaibao mining area as the research objects. The biomass carbon density and spatial distribution pattern of each plantation were measured based on the field investigation data and by employing allometric approaches. The carbon density of the P. canadensis plantation was 36.95 t∙hm-2, significantly higher than others (P<0.05). The carbon density was markedly higher in the thickly planted P. tabulaeformis forest than in the sparsely planted one (P<0.05). The overall carbon density of each component in the artificial forest was as follows: tree layer>litter layer>herbaceous and shrub layers (P<0.05). The tree layer accounted for 78.3%-93.6% of the vegetation carbon density, indicating it has the highest carbon density in the artificial forest vegetation. The carbon density in the trunk of the tree layer was remarkably greater than that of the roots, branches, and leaves (P<0.05). The carbon density in the trunk of P. canadensis plantation was conspicuously higher than that of R. pseudoacacia and R. pseudoacacia-U. pumila. Similarly, the carbon density was significantly higher in the trunk of the sparsely planted P. tabulaeformis forest than in the densely planted forest. The carbon density of the tree and litter layers demonstrated a remarkable positive correlation with the stand density of artificial forests and negatively with the height and coverage of herbs. Additionally, the carbon density of the tree layer was markedly positively correlated with the tree height (P<0.05). From the perspective of carbon sequestration function, a reasonable and dense planting of P. tabulaeformis and P. canadensis in the Antaibao coal mine waste dump is beneficial for the ecological restoration of the area, thus achieving sustainable development of the ecology and environmental security.

Cite this article

ZHANG Jianhua , ZHOU Xiaoyang , GUO Xuting , DU Xinxin , AN Li , QIN Hao , LIU Yong , ZHANG Hong , XU Longchao . Carbon density distribution pattern and its factors of the artificial forest vegetation in opencast coal mine[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2024 , 41(6) : 974 -983 . DOI: 10.13866/j.azr.2024.06.07

我国大部分露天煤矿均处于干旱、半干旱地区,高强度的煤炭开采造成的生态环境恶化和生态恢复困难,露天煤矿生态环境治理问题亟待解决[1-2]。植被的恢复与重建一直是矿区生态恢复的重要手段之一[3]。近30余年以来,随着矿区环境治理责任明确化和生态修复技术的提升,大幅度恢复了露天煤矿植被[4]。矿区多种人工植被的重建,有效减轻排土场水土流失,提高其水源涵养功能、提升土地生产力[2,5]。在全球节能减排、努力实现碳中和的背景下,矿山废弃地人工植被积累的碳库,在保持矿区碳循环和碳平衡中发挥着重要作用[6-7]。国内外学者对不同森林类型的生物量和碳储量进行了多方面的探究[8-10],然而有关矿区重建人工植被的研究主要集中于土壤质量[11-12]、群落结构和物种多样性[13-14]、水土保持[15-16]等方面。植被恢复的固碳效益是衡量生态恢复成效的关键参数之一[17],前人主要从复垦矿区土壤碳汇的角度开展研究[18-19],对复垦矿区植被碳储量的分析较少[20]。因此,研究排土场人工林地植被碳储量和碳密度对于评价排土场植被恢复效果和生态功能有重要意义。
刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)和油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)的适应性强,是黄土高原进行人工种植的首选乔木种类,在水土保持和生态功能防护等方面发挥巨大作用,具有良好的生态效益,能够有效地促进黄土高原生态恢复[21]。加拿大杨(Populus canadensis)属杂交种,具有生长快、易存活、对环境适应能力强等优点,可以作为人工种植林的树种之一[22]。榆树(Ulmus pumila)是一种生长在海拔1000~2500 m以下的山坡、山谷、川地、丘陵、沙丘等地的优良树种,对土壤重金属有吸附作用[23],是矿区修复重要树种。小叶杨(Populus microphylla)是中国特有的杨树,具有较强的抗逆能力,能适应各种立地环境,广泛分布于西北、华北和东北各地,分布海拔高度为600~3800 m,在我国“三北”防护体系建设中占有重要的地位[24]。从20世纪90年代初开始,国内众多矿山废弃地开展了生态恢复工作,目前,大量的矿山荒地逐渐形成了以上述树种为优势种或建群种的森林生态系统。
本文以安太堡露天煤矿排土场典型人工林为研究对象,在群落调查的基础上,利用前人已建立的异速生长模型计算乔木层、灌木层的生物量,同时,实测草本层生物量和凋落物层干重,估算复垦区典型人工林的植被碳密度及分配格局,为我国矿区植被恢复地人工林资源的管理经营和碳汇研究提供有力证据,为科学制定矿区土地的复垦模式提供支持。

1 材料与方法

1.1 研究区概况

平朔安太堡露天煤矿位于山西省宁武煤田的北端(112°10′~113°30′E,39°23′~39°37′N),地跨朔州市平鲁区和朔城区,是目前中国最大的超大型露天煤矿[25]。该区域属于典型的温带半干旱大陆性季风气候,年降水量为428.2 mm,年平均气温为5.5 ℃,≥10 ℃的年积温为2300~2500 ℃,无霜期为117 d。原地貌植被零星分布,覆盖率低,属于干草原类型,土壤类型为栗钙土与栗褐土的过渡类型[26]。经过二十多年的复垦,安太堡露天煤矿植被覆盖占比已超过90%,目前,已经形成以刺槐、油松、榆树、加拿大杨、小叶杨等树种为主的植被恢复区,其生态环境得到了有效恢复[14,27-28]

1.2 样地设置

在安太堡煤矿排土场,选取处于相同气候和地形条件下的几种典型人工林,即刺槐林、油松林、榆树林、小叶杨林、刺槐-榆树混交林、加拿大杨林,其林分特征和立地状况见表1。主要灌木包括山杏(Armeniana sibirica)、柠条(Caragana korshinskii)和沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides)等;主要草本植物有林地早熟禾(Poa nemoraliformis)、火绒草(Leontopodium leontopodioides)、赖草(Leymus secalinus)、铁杆蒿(Heteropappus altaicus)、凤毛菊(Saussurea japonica)、披针薹草(Carex lancifolia)、兴安胡枝子(Lespedeza daurica)等。在每块林地分别随机设置3块乔木样方(10 m×10 m),共计21块。沿每块乔木样方的对角线方向,分别设置3个灌木样方(2 m×2 m)、3个草本样方(1 m×1 m)和3个凋落物样方(1 m×1 m)。
表1 林分基本特征

Tab. 1 Basic characteristics of the stands

林型 采样点 纬度(N) 经度(E) 海拔/m 林分密度/(株·hm-2) 林龄/a 胸径/cm 树高/m
小叶杨林PM 西排 39°29′26.15″ 112°18′55.30″ 1469.00 2.13×103 20 10.90 5.50
榆树林UP 西排 39°29′28.64″ 112°18′44.41″ 1474.00 1.03×103 20 12.90 5.50
油松林SPT 西排 39°29′29.80″ 112°18′46.49″ 1471.00 1.47×103 20 10.70 4.70
刺槐林RP 西排 39°29′33.35″ 112°18′44.08″ 1474.00 2.03×103 20 9.80 4.80
刺槐-榆树混交林RP-UP 南排 39°27′41.45″ 112°20′04.13″ 1391.00 3.40×103 30 7.20 4.60
油松林DPT 南排 39°27′41.54″ 112°20′05.26″ 1384.00 3.43×103 30 8.80 5.60
加拿大杨PC 南排 39°27′59.82″ 112°19′39.85″ 1348.00 3.23×103 30 7.20 5.90

注:SPT为密植油松林;DPT为疏植油松林;RP为刺槐林;UP为榆树林;RP-UP为刺槐-榆树混交林;PM为小叶杨;PC为加拿大杨。下同。

1.3 乔木层碳密度的测定

于2020年8月对每块乔木样方所有胸径≥2 cm的乔木进行调查,记录乔木物种名称、胸径(D)、树高(H)等。基于同一区域、相近地点或相同气候区域内同一树种的生长特点相似的规律,故本文采用前人在上述条件下建立的各树种不同器官和总生物量与D和H的异速生长方程(表2[29-32],来分别估算各人工林乔木层生物量。基于已建立的方程和调查获得的各乔木的D和H数据,求得单株乔木各器官(干、枝、叶和根)生物量和整株生物量,样方乔木层生物量则为样方内所有乔木生物量之和。森林碳密度根据估算得到的生物量,采用目前国际上常用的乔木含碳率转换系数0.5(即每克干物质的碳含量)进行转换[33]。按含碳量50%换算得到各样方的乔木层碳密度。
表2 乔木生物量相对生长方程

Tab. 2 Relative growth equation of tree biomass

树种 器官 回归方程 回归系数(R2 备注
刺槐RP Y=0.1145 (D2H)0.6328 [29] - 胸径范围:2.7~20.6 cm
树高范围:2.2~7.0 m
Y=0.02425(D2H)0.7908 [29] -
Y=0.0545(D2H)0.4574 [29] -
Y=0.05527(D2H)0.8576 [29] -
油松PT Y=0.340D0.839e0.082D[29] 0.947 胸径范围:3.4~20.6 cm
树高范围:2.7~9.0 m
Y=0.483D0.870e0.060D[29] 0.944
Y=0.320D0.810e0.058D[29] 0.959
Y=1.373D0.465e0.113D[29] 0.978
Y=2.905D0.549e0.097D[29] 0.971
榆树UP Y=0.0146D2.893[30] - 胸径范围:4.7~20.7 cm
树高范围:2.5~9.0 m
Y=0.0303D2.3445[30] -
Y=0.033D1.7241[30] -
Y=0.0146D2.5837[30] -
小叶杨PM Y=10.5723+0.0044(D2H)[31] 0.6691 胸径范围:3.8~18.3 cm
树高范围:3.0~7.5 m
Y=12.5405+0.0091(D2H)[31] 0.5595
Y=6.5542+0.0014(D2H)[31] 0.1971
Y=0.4644(D2H)0.6455[31] 0.7517
Y=1.9729(D2H)0.5608[31] 0.8064
加拿大杨PC Y=10-0.8268(D2H)0.5798[32] - 胸径范围:2.2~10.8 cm
树高范围:2.5~10.0 m
Y=10-0.7804(D2H)0.5321[32] -
Y=10-0.4701(D2H)0.3778[32] -
Y=10-0.7143(D2H)0.6811[32] -

注:D为胸径;H为株高;D2H为基径平方与树高乘积。

1.4 林下灌草和凋落物层碳密度的测定

在每块样地内的灌丛小样方中,采用样方收获法收获各样方内所有灌木,并测其鲜质量。另外,在每个草本和凋落物样方内,同样采用收获法获得草本植物地上部分和凋落物的鲜重。将各部分分别取样带回实验室,于65 ℃的烘箱中烘干至恒重,获得灌木层、草本层和枯落层生物量,按含碳量0.5换算得到各样地灌木层、草本层和枯落层的碳密度。
各样方植被碳密度为乔木、灌木、草本和凋落物层共4个层次的碳密度之和。

1.5 数据处理

采用PASW Statistics 18.0软件中因素方差分析方法(one-way ANOVA)和最小显著差异法(LSD)检验不同人工林类型、乔木不同器官之间碳密度的差异性,相关性分析和冗余分析采用R 4.3.0软件处理。文中柱形图均采用SigmaPlot 12.5软件绘制,相关性热图和冗余分析图采用R 4.3.0绘制。

2 结果与分析

2.1 人工林各组分碳密度及其分配比例

加拿大杨林植被碳密度为36.95 t·hm-2,显著高于刺槐、榆树、刺槐-榆树混交、小叶杨人工林(P<0.05),密植油松林植被碳密度显著高于疏植油松林(P<0.05,表3)。各类型植被碳密度组成中,各组分碳密度分配比例大小为:乔木层>凋落物层>灌木层、草本层(P<0.05)。乔木层碳密度是植被碳密度的主体,占植被层碳密度的78.34%~93.60%(P<0.05),其中,加拿大杨林乔木层碳密度最高(33.84 t·hm-2),均显著高于刺槐林和小叶杨林,密植油松林显著高于疏植油松林。凋落物层碳密度占植被层碳密度的5.36%~18.95%,是人工林植被碳密度的第二大主体部分,各类型人工林凋落物层碳密度大小为:油松林>刺槐林、刺槐-榆树混交林>小叶杨林、加拿大杨林>榆树林(P<0.05),可见,针叶林凋落物层明显高于阔叶林。灌木层和草本层碳密度所占比例最小,分别仅占植被碳密度的0~0.56%和0.09%~1.23%。
表3 安太堡煤矿复垦区人工林碳密度及其分配比例

Tab. 3 Carbon density and distribution proportion of plantations in Antaibao coal mine reclamation area

组分 项目 SPT DPT RP UP RP-UP PM PC
乔木层
碳密度/(t·hm-2) 18.24±1.56c 30.08±3.27ab 19.23±1.35c 20.93±1.50bc 21.61±3.19bc 18.09±4.12c 33.84±4.09a
比例/% 80.54 93.60 84.40 80.80 83.32 78.34 91.59
灌木层
碳密度/(t·hm-2) 0.03±0.01b 0.06±0.03b 0.13±0.002a 0.001±0.001b 0.13±0.04a 0.01±0.01b -
比例/% 0.12 0.01 0.06 0.56 0.51 0.15 -
草本层
碳密度/(t·hm-2) 0.09±0.02de 0.03±0.003e 0.29±0.01a 0.23±0.02ab 0.15±0.02cd 0.18±0.03bc 0.11±0.04cde
比例/% 0.39 1.04 0.82 1.23 0.57 0.09 0.29
凋落物层
碳密度/(t·hm-2) 4.29±0.11b 8.22±0.16a 4.14±0.33b 1.20±0.14d 4.05±0.24b 3.15±0.20c 3.00±0.03c
比例/% 18.95 5.36 14.71 17.41 15.60 21.42 8.13
总计
碳密度/(t·hm-2) 22.65±1.60b 38.39±3.43a 23.80±1.64b 22.36±1.61b 25.94±3.14b 21.43±3.96b 36.95±4.05a
比例/% 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

注:同行不同小写字母表示群落类型间LSD检验显著性差异分组(α=0.05)。

2.2 乔木层不同器官碳密度及其分配特征

所有典型人工林乔木层树干碳密度均显著高于根、枝和叶(P<0.05),且树干部分的碳密度占绝对优势,约占整个乔木层碳密度的48.4%~68.4%(图1)。加拿大杨林树干碳密度为16.40 t·hm-2,显著高于刺槐-榆树混交林和刺槐林,密植油松林树干碳密度为16.43 t·hm-2,显著高于疏植油松林(P<0.05,图2)。人工林乔木层根的碳密度大小为:加拿大杨林>油松林>榆树林>小叶杨林(P<0.05),而乔木层枝的碳密度大小表现为:加拿大杨林>油松林>小叶杨林、刺槐林和刺槐-榆树混交林(P<0.05);加拿大杨林乔木层叶碳密度最高,显著高于其他类型人工林(P<0.05)。
图1 乔木层各器官碳密度分配格局

注:SPT为疏植油松林;DPT为密植油松林;RP为刺槐林;UP为榆树林;RP-UP为刺槐-榆树混交林;PM为小叶杨;PC为加拿大杨。下同。

Fig. 1 Carbon density proportion of overstory components

图2 乔木层各器官碳密度

注:不同小写字母表示同一乔木层组分在不同人工林之间LSD检验显著性差异分组(α=0.05);不同大写字母表示同一人工林在不同乔木层组分之间LSD检验显著性差异分组(α=0.05)。

Fig. 2 Carbon density of overstory components

2.3 不同人工林根冠比

安太堡矿区典型人工林根冠比(R/S)在0.08~0.37之间(图3),各人工林类型间差异显著,其中,不同人工林R/S表现为:刺槐林>刺槐-榆树混交林>加拿大杨林>油松林和小叶杨林>榆树林(P<0.05)。
图3 不同人工林根冠比(R/S)

注:不同字母表示不同林分之间LSD检验显著性差异分组(α=0.05)。

Fig. 3 Root and shoot ratio of different artificial forest

2.4 林分因子对人工林各组分碳密度的影响

乔木层碳密度和凋落物层碳密度均与林分密度显著正相关(P<0.05,图4),与草本高度和草本盖度显著负相关(P<0.05),且乔木层碳密度与乔木高度呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05);灌木层碳密度与乔木高度显著负相关(P<0.001),与根冠比显著正相关(P<0.05);草本层碳密度与林分密度显著负相关(P<0.01),与草本高度和盖度呈显著正相关关系(P<0.001)。基于各组分碳密度和林分因子的复杂的相关关系,综合各种林分因子与各组分碳密度进行冗余分析(图5)。由于草本高度和草本盖度极显著正相关(P<0.001),共线性高,因此,选取与各组分碳密度相关性高的草本盖度因子进行下一步的冗余分析。该冗余分析模型R2为0.6661(P<0.05),轴Ⅰ和Ⅱ的解释率分别为40.82%和22.38%,共同解释率为63.20%,因此,轴Ⅰ和Ⅱ可反映出林分因子与森林各组分碳密度的关系,且主要由Ⅰ决定。图中自变量箭头越长,表明对因变量的影响程度越大;其夹角与坐标轴角度越小,表明其与该轴的相关性越强。林分密度和草本盖度与轴Ⅰ相关性较强,其中,林分密度有促进作用;根冠比和灌木高度对轴Ⅱ有正效应,而乔木高度对轴Ⅱ有负效应。
图4 人工林各组分碳密度与不同林分因子的相关关系

注:CDT为乔木层碳密度;CDS为灌木层碳密度;CDH为草本层碳密度;CDL为凋落物层碳密度;HT为乔木高度;TD为林分密度;R/S为根冠比;HS为灌木高度;HH为草本高度;HC为草本盖度。下同。*、**、***分别代表在0.05、0.01和0.001水平上显著相关。

Fig. 4 Relationships between carbon density and different forest factors in artificial forests

图5 人工林各组分碳密度与不同林分因子的冗余分析(P<0.001)

Fig. 5 Redundancy analysis between carbon density and forest factors of different artificial forests (P<0.001)

3 讨论

3.1 安太堡矿区人工林碳密度

本研究中采用的碳密度换算系数为0.5时,人工林平均植被碳密度为27.36 t·hm-2,当碳密度换算系数为0.467时,人工林平均植被碳密度为25.55 t·hm-2,仍然高于山西省人工林的平均生物量碳密度(23.13 t·hm-2[34] (碳密度换算系数为0.467),且二者均远低于中国(42.8 t·hm-2[35]或全球(89.4 t·hm-2)水平[36]。人工林植被碳密度与林分密度呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05,图4),与Wang等[37]研究山西吕梁山天然林和人工林碳密度的结果一致,即碳密度随着林分年龄和林分密度的增加而增加。在山西省乔木林中幼龄林和中龄林所占比例较高(69.01%)[34],安太堡矿区人工林种植于20世纪90年代,目前,尚未达到成熟林阶段[38-39],这些因素是导致山西森林和安太堡矿区人工林生物量碳储量和碳密度较低的主要原因[34]。此外,矿区排土场土壤水分和养分亏缺、重金属污染严重,导致地上植被无法正常生长[40],也是导致安太堡矿区人工林植被碳密度较低的另一重要原因。上述森林中幼龄和中龄林占了绝大部分,它们将在未来的碳汇中发挥越来越重要的作用。

3.2 人工林各组分碳密度及其分配

安太堡矿区人工林植被碳密度以乔木层所占的比例最大,约为84.65%,可能是由于乔木层占据了整个生态系统的上部,且枝叶数量繁茂,能够更充分地进行光合作用,进而在高大的树干中存储合成的有机物质[41]。因此,加大对乔木层的管理,增加乔木层生物量,是增加群落生物量储碳量的关键[41]。乔木根的碳密度也比较大,仅次于树干部分,根通过导管和管胞,从土壤中吸收水分和无机盐的功能[42],人工林根系发达,功能强,生物量较大,因此,根的碳密度所占比例较高。叶和枝的碳密度虽然比树干和根低,但二者均是不可缺少的贮碳器官,应调整其到最佳状态,提升其碳汇功能[41]。本研究中加拿大杨林、刺槐-榆树混交林林、刺槐林、榆树林、小叶杨林、密植油松林、疏植油松林乔木层的碳密度分别为33.84、21.61、19.23、20.93、18.09、30.08 t·hm-2和18.24 t·hm-2,其中,加拿大杨林乔木层生长状况良好,碳密度均高于山西省乔木层的平均碳密度(23.76 t·hm-2[43],即使在碳密度换算系数为0.467时,密植油松林碳密度变为28.09 t·hm-2,仍高于山西省油松林平均碳密度(25.77 t·hm-2)(碳密度换算系数为0.467)[44]。中国森林生态系统的乔木层碳密度在38.40~49.45·hm-2之间[43],本研究中人工林的乔木层碳密度均低于此值,应该考虑对该地区人工林进行结构调整,以增加碳储量。同时,加强人工林的管理、增加一些抚育树木的相关措施,提高人工林的固碳能力。
凋落物层对碳储量的贡献远小于乔木层,高述超等[45]、Cheng等[46]和Liu等[47]均得出类似结果。油松林凋落物层碳含量高于阔叶林,这与朱万泽等[48]研究结果一致,在中国温带地区,叶习性对凋落叶分解速率有显著影响,落叶植物叶片含氮量较常绿植物高,其凋落叶分解速率快于常绿树种[49]。此外,常绿树种叶片需要越冬,因而叶片中的木质素、丹宁等难分解物质含量高,这也是其分解速率慢于落叶树种的重要原因之一[49]。各典型人工林灌草层平均碳密度仅为0.21 t·hm-2,低于全国灌草层碳密度0.58 t·hm-2 [50],可能是由于该研究区域乔木层叶量繁茂,影响光照,进而抑制了草本和灌木生长[42]。由于灌草层和凋落物层的碳贮量占整个森林生态系统的比重相对较小,在研究森林碳贮量时往往被忽略,因此,森林生态系统的碳贮量在一定程度上被低估[41]。同时,人工林灌草层和凋落物层可有效防止地表水土流失、保持土壤对碳的吸存,对于生态系统的正常维持以及碳循环具有很重要的作用[41,48,51],因此,应对森林灌草层和凋落物层加强保护。

3.3 林分因子对人工林碳密度的影响

研究发现,林分密度和树高与乔木层和凋落物层碳密度显著正相关(P<0.05,图4),这与前人研究结果相一致[10,37,48]。密植油松林植被碳密度、乔木层和凋落物层碳密度显著高于疏植油松林,而二者的乔木层碳密度分配比例及根冠比均无显著差异,这可能是因为密植油松林的林分密度和树高均高于疏植油松林。草本高度和草本盖度与乔木层碳密度及林分密度显著负相关(P<0.05),这是由于林分密度高的人工林乔木层生长旺盛,枝叶繁茂,郁闭度高严重影响林下光照条件,从而抑制了林下草本植物的生长[42]。高林分密度油松林的植被碳密度最高(38.39 t·hm-2),高于山西森林植被平均碳密度(19.95 t·hm-2[44],可见,油松林具有较高的生产能力和固碳潜力[52],因此,在该地区适宜合理密植油松可增加固碳。
根冠比受各种非生物因素和生物因素的影响[53],反映了植被地上与地下部分的相关性。本研究各地区人工林平均根冠比为0.23±0.005,低于全球水平(0.25),但与全国森林的根冠比(0.23)结果一致[54]。近几十年来,我国一少部分原始森林在遭到人为和非人为的破坏后,逐渐形成次生林,之后随着人工林种植面积迅速增加,在原始林向人工林转变的过程中,植物地下生物量和根冠比逐渐减小,人类活动是造成这一结果的重要原因[54]

4 结论

安太堡露天煤矿加拿大杨林生物量碳密度显著高于其他人工林生物量碳密度(P<0.05),密植油松林(密植)生物量碳密度显著高于疏植油松林(P<0.05);各组分碳密度表现为:乔木层>凋落物层>草本层、灌木层,其中,乔木层碳密度占绝对优势,占植被碳密度的78.3%~93.6%,乔木层碳库是人工林的主要碳库;人工林乔木层树干中碳密度显著高于根、枝和叶(P<0.05),其中,树干部分的碳密度占整个乔木层碳密度的48.4%~68.4%。乔木层和凋落物层碳密度均与林分密度显著正相关,且乔木层碳密度与乔木高度显著正相关关系(P<0.05)。安太堡露天煤矿排土场复垦合理密植油松和加拿大杨,有利于该矿区人工林植被碳密度的提升和生态环境恢复。
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