Simulation of climate characteristics in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau by regional climate models at different horizontal resolutions
Received date: 2023-10-18
Revised date: 2023-12-24
Online published: 2024-06-20
The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has a unique climate, complex topography, and few meteorological observation stations, which makes it difficult to observe and simulate its regional climate and water cycle processes. Using the regional climate models RegCM and WRF, the spatial and temporal distribution of the climate in this region from 1989 to 2008 was systematically analyzed, and the simulation capability of the RegCM and WRF models was investigated at 10, 25, and 50 km horizontal resolutions in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Results show that the trend of annual average temperature simulated by both models at 10 km horizontal resolution is 1.60-2.12 ℃ lower than the multiyear average temperature simulation at 25 and 50 km horizontal resolution. With increasing horizontal resolution, the simulation biases of annual and seasonal temperatures simulated by the WRF model decrease, and the cold bias of temperature in the central and western parts of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau improves. The simulated temperature in the RegCM model at a 10 km horizontal resolution has the lowest error, and it is significantly better for simulating the spatial distribution of temperature in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The correlation between the simulated temperature of both models in different seasons and the observation data has been improved. In the precipitation simulation, the WRF model at a horizontal resolution of 25 km has the best correlation with the observed data but has the largest error. With the increase of horizontal resolution, the overestimation of precipitation in the southeastern and southern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau by the WRF model has been significantly improved, and the annual precipitation simulated by the RegCM model gradually approaches the measured values (the overestimation decreases from about 2.73 times to 1.77 times). However, the overall overestimation of precipitation by both models still exists. In the simulation of the five major river sources on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, with increasing horizontal spatial resolution, the WRF model reduces the biases of the air temperature in the source region of the Mekong river and Salween River, whereas the RegCM model reduces the biases of the air temperature in the source region of the Brahmaputra River and Mekong river. The largest reduction in precipitation bias was achieved in the Brahmaputra River source region at 10 km horizontal resolution by the WRF and RegCM models. This study can lay the foundation for understanding the impact of climate change on the water cycle process in the Qighai-Tibet Plateau.
WANG Xueying , GU Huanghe , DAI Bin , ZHANG Hanwen , YU Zhongbo . Simulation of climate characteristics in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau by regional climate models at different horizontal resolutions[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2024 , 41(3) : 363 -374 . DOI: 10.13866/j.azr.2024.03.02
表1 试验设计方案Tab. 1 The design scheme of the test |
| RegCM | WRF | |
|---|---|---|
| 水平分辨率 | 10 km、25 km、50 km | 10 km、25 km、50 km |
| 经纬度范围 | 70 °~106 °E, 23 °~42 °N; 49 °~180 °E, 0 °~61 °N; 33 °E~180 °E, 24 °S~67 °N | 74 °~106 °E, 22 °~42 °N; 50 °~180 °E, 0 °~49 °N; 40 °E~180 °E, 24 °S~65 °N |
| 格点数 | 297×189、394×249、 243×197 | 277×216、395×250、 233×197 |
| 对流参数化方案 | MIT-Emanuel | Kain-Fritch Ⅱ |
| 陆面参数化方案 | CLM 3.5 | NOAH LSM |
| 行星边界层 | Hotslag | YSU |
| 谱逼近方法 | 选用 | 选用 |
图1 WRF模式、RegCM模式不同水平分辨率下对青藏高原年平均气温模拟结果Fig. 1 The annual average temperature on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau simulated by WRF and RegCM at different horizontal resolutions |
表2 青藏高原年均、四季气温模拟结果误差分析Tab. 2 Error analysis of annual and seasonal temperature in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau based on the simulation results |
| 年均 | 春季 | 夏季 | 秋季 | 冬季 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RegCM模式10 km | MAE/℃ | 0.33 | 2.17 | 0.69 | 0.80 | 0.82 |
| RMSE/℃ | 0.44 | 2.27 | 0.79 | 1.00 | 1.04 | |
| R | 0.55 | 0.47 | 0.65 | 0.47 | 0.55 | |
| WRF模式10 km | MAE/℃ | 1.77 | 3.38 | 0.27 | 2.20 | 1.41 |
| RMSE/℃ | 1.78 | 3.40 | 0.34 | 2.24 | 1.47 | |
| R | 0.91 | 0.87 | 0.71 | 0.73 | 0.93 | |
| RegCM模式25 km | MAE/℃ | 2.45 | 4.20 | 2.80 | 1.67 | 1.14 |
| RMSE/℃ | 2.48 | 4.24 | 2.86 | 1.83 | 1.29 | |
| R | 0.75 | 0.67 | 0.50 | 0.19 | 0.81 | |
| WRF模式25 km | MAE/℃ | 3.37 | 5.65 | 1.54 | 2.40 | 3.92 |
| RMSE/℃ | 3.38 | 5.65 | 1.55 | 2.43 | 3.95 | |
| R | 0.93 | 0.96 | 0.92 | 0.84 | 0.91 | |
| RegCM模式50 km | MAE/℃ | 2.13 | 0.96 | 2.06 | 3.44 | 2.42 |
| RMSE/℃ | 2.15 | 1.00 | 2.07 | 3.47 | 2.82 | |
| R | 0.93 | 0.89 | 0.87 | 0.15 | 0.70 | |
| WRF模式50 km | MAE/℃ | 3.77 | 6.20 | 2.39 | 2.91 | 3.74 |
| RMSE/℃ | 3.79 | 6.24 | 2.41 | 2.95 | 3.86 | |
| R | 0.72 | 0.73 | 0.79 | 0.01 | 0.63 |
图2 WRF模式、RegCM模式不同水平分辨率下对青藏高原年降水量模拟结果Fig. 2 The annual precipitation on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau simulated by WRF model and RegCM model at different horizontal resolutions |
表3 青藏高原年均、四季降水量模拟结果误差分析Tab. 3 Error analysis of annual and seasonal precipitation in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau based on the simulation results |
| 年均 | 春季 | 夏季 | 秋季 | 冬季 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RegCM模式10 km | BIAS/% | 75 | 102 | 22 | 126 | 532 |
| MAE/mm | 290.7 | 70.6 | 49.3 | 98.3 | 73.3 | |
| RMSE/mm | 293.1 | 72.2 | 55.3 | 99.0 | 74.5 | |
| R | 0.69 | 0.28 | 0.60 | 0.48 | 0.62 | |
| WRF模式10 km | BIAS/% | 50 | 101 | 15 | 55 | 342 |
| MAE/mm | 195.4 | 69.9 | 35.4 | 42.5 | 47.2 | |
| RMSE/mm | 201.3 | 71.2 | 43.0 | 44.5 | 47.7 | |
| R | 0.37 | 0.08 | 0.63 | 0.03 | 0.50 | |
| RegCM模式25 km | BIAS/% | 125 | 210 | 68 | 123 | 640 |
| MAE/mm | 486.0 | 145.9 | 156.4 | 96.1 | 88.1 | |
| RMSE/mm | 489.5 | 146.8 | 161.1 | 97.2 | 88.5 | |
| R | -0.08 | 0.09 | -0.05 | 0.03 | 0.57 | |
| WRF模式25 km | BIAS/% | 134 | 151 | 113 | 139 | 365 |
| MAE/mm | 523.0 | 104.9 | 259.0 | 108.2 | 50.3 | |
| RMSE/mm | 524.6 | 105.4 | 261.1 | 108.9 | 51.0 | |
| R | 0.73 | 0.65 | 0.80 | 0.55 | 0.21 | |
| RegCM模式50 km | BIAS/% | 169 | 246 | 122 | 165 | 565 |
| MAE/mm | 658.8 | 170.5 | 279.5 | 128.4 | 77.9 | |
| RMSE/mm | 659.5 | 170.8 | 280.1 | 129.3 | 79.8 | |
| R | 0.83 | 0.76 | 0.83 | 0.52 | 0.29 | |
| WRF模式50 km | BIAS/% | 51 | 60 | 42 | 51 | 135 |
| MAE/mm | 197.2 | 41.6 | 95.4 | 40.1 | 18.5 | |
| RMSE/mm | 204.2 | 44.3 | 99.1 | 42.2 | 20.4 | |
| R | 0.28 | 0.05 | 0.57 | 0.45 | 0.19 |
图3 WRF模式(a)、RegCM模式(b)不同水平分辨率下对青藏高原年平均、四季气温模拟空间分布Fig. 3 Spatial distribution map of the annual average and seasonal temperature on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau simulated by WRF model (a) and RegCM model (b) at different horizontal resolutions |
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