Spatial and temporal variation of drought in Northwest China based on CMIP6 model
Received date: 2023-11-18
Revised date: 2024-01-21
Online published: 2024-06-20
Based on data from 152 meteorological stations in Northwest China and 16 climate models of CMIP6, the CMIP6 model data were bias-corrected using the RoMBC method. The Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) was then constructed to analyze the spatial and temporal distribution and variation of drought in Northwest China under the historical and future scenarios (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0, SSP5-8.5). The results are as follows: (1) Under the historical scenario, the northwest area experienced a notable increase in both the temperature and precipitation. The temperature and precipitation have been rising at a rate of 0.15-0.74 ℃ and 2.71-14.83 mm per decade, respectively, and the same is expected for future scenarios. (2) From 1975 to 2014, the annual and seasonal SPEI in Northwest China decreased overall. The maximum decline rate in spring was 0.19 per decade. Droughts in most areas were increasingly intense throughout the year, particularly in spring and winter. In terms of drought frequency in Northwest China, mild and moderate droughts appeared more than severe and extreme droughts, and this type of natural disaster was more frequent in the east of the country than in the west. (3) From 2020 to 2100, Northwest China is likely to suffer from droughts, but there are no distinct drought characteristics identified in the research under the SSP1-2.6 scenario. The northwest region is expected to experience an increase in the number of droughts, trends in drought, and drought frequency under the other three scenarios. The most severe drought conditions were observed under the SSP5-8.5 scenario. This study provides insights into the spatial and temporal development of drought in Northwest China using meteorological and model data. The findings can serve as a basis for drought risk assessment, scientific water resources management, and agricultural production in the region.
Key words: SPEI; spatial-temporal pattern of drought; CMIP6; Northwest China
SHAN Jian'an , ZHU Rui , YIN Zhenliang , YANG Huaqing , ZHANG Wei , FANG Chunshuang . Spatial and temporal variation of drought in Northwest China based on CMIP6 model[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2024 , 41(5) : 717 -729 . DOI: 10.13866/j.azr.2024.05.01
表1 CMIP6中16个GCMs模式基本信息Tab. 1 Basic information of 16 GCMs models in CMIP6 |
| 模式名称 | 研发机构 | 格点数/个 |
|---|---|---|
| ACCESS-CM2 | 澳大利亚联邦科学与工业研究组织 | 192×144 |
| ACCESS-ESM1-5 | 澳大利亚联邦科学与工业研究组织 | 192×144 |
| CanESM5 | 加拿大环境署 | 128×64 |
| CMCC-ESM2 | 欧洲地中海气候变化中心 | 288×192 |
| EC-Earth3 | 欧盟地球系统模式联盟 | 512×256 |
| FGOALS-g3 | 中国科学院大气物理研究所 | 180×80 |
| GFDL-ESM4 | 美国大气海洋局 | 288×180 |
| INM-CM4-8 | 俄罗斯科学院计算数学研究所 | 180×120 |
| INM-CM5-0 | 俄罗斯科学院计算数学研究所 | 180×120 |
| IPSL-CM6A-LR | 皮埃尔-西蒙拉普拉斯研究所 | 144×143 |
| MIROC6 | 日本海洋地球科学与技术处 | 256×128 |
| MPI-ESM1-2-HR | 德国气候和地球系统研究中心 | 384×192 |
| MPI-ESM1-2-LR | 德国马普气象研究所 | 192×96 |
| MRI-ESM2-0 | 日本气象厅气象研究所 | 320×160 |
| NorESM2-MM | 挪威气候中心 | 288×192 |
| TaiESM1 | “中研院” | 288×192 |
表2 SPEI干旱等级变化Tab. 2 SPEI drought grade change |
| 干旱等级 | SPEI值 |
|---|---|
| 无旱 | SPEI>-0.5 |
| 轻旱 | -1.0<SPEI≤-0.5 |
| 中旱 | -1.5<SPEI≤-1.0 |
| 重旱 | -2.0<SPEI≤-1.5 |
| 特旱 | SPEI≤-2.0 |
图8 不同情景2020—2100年西北地区年尺度和季节尺度SPEI年际变化趋势注:a为SSP1-2.6,b为SSP2-4.5,c为SSP3-7.0,d为SSP5-8.5;1为年,2为春季,3为夏季,4为秋季,5为冬季。下同。 Fig. 8 The interannual variation trend of SPEI at annual and seasonal scales in Northwest China from 2020 to 2100 under different scenarios |
表3 不同情景下年和季节尺度不同干旱类型发生频率Tab. 3 The frequency of different drought types at annual and seasonal scales under different scenarios /d |
| SSP1-2.6 | SSP2-4.5 | SSP3-7.0 | SSP5-8.5 | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 轻旱 | 中旱 | 重旱 | 特旱 | 轻旱 | 中旱 | 重旱 | 特旱 | 轻旱 | 中旱 | 重旱 | 特旱 | 轻旱 | 中旱 | 重旱 | 特旱 | |||||
| 年 | 20.17 | 14.77 | 7.14 | 2.04 | 20.57 | 15.37 | 7.51 | 2.08 | 20.88 | 15.5 | 7.4 | 1.91 | 21.17 | 16.82 | 8.27 | 1.83 | ||||
| 春 | 17.46 | 12.4 | 5.78 | 1.61 | 18.24 | 13.12 | 6.09 | 1.71 | 18.66 | 13.04 | 5.88 | 1.51 | 18.66 | 13.69 | 6.67 | 1.8 | ||||
| 夏 | 15.4 | 10.16 | 4.6 | 1.16 | 15.84 | 10.81 | 4.72 | 1.24 | 16.84 | 11.31 | 4.89 | 1.14 | 16.23 | 10.89 | 4.77 | 1.21 | ||||
| 秋 | 17.08 | 12.17 | 5.61 | 1.63 | 17.57 | 12.59 | 5.96 | 1.67 | 17.7 | 12.39 | 5.7 | 1.48 | 17.59 | 13.42 | 6.7 | 1.76 | ||||
| 冬 | 17.68 | 12.62 | 6.04 | 1.64 | 18.52 | 13.67 | 6.47 | 1.7 | 19.14 | 13.73 | 6.38 | 1.51 | 19.09 | 14.52 | 7.04 | 1.66 | ||||
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